সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Gitartha.bordoloi

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[[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi/Archive 1|পুৰণি বাৰ্তা:২০১১]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi/Archive 2|পুৰণি বাৰ্তা:২০১২ জানুৱাৰী-মাৰ্চ]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi/Archive 3|পুৰণি বাৰ্তা: ২০১২ এপ্ৰিল-ডিচেম্বৰ]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi/Archive 4|পুৰণি বাৰ্তা: ২০১৩]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi/Archive 5|পুৰণি বাৰ্তা: ২০১৪]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi/Archive 6|পুৰণি বাৰ্তা: ২০১৫-১৬]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi/Archive 7|পুৰণি বাৰ্তা: ২০১৭-১৮]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi/Archive 8|পুৰণি বাৰ্তা: ২০১৯-২২]]
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==কৰ্মশালাৰ সোণালী পদক==
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid lightgrey; background:white; border-radius: 2em 1em 4em / 0.5em 3em; box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35), inset 1px -6px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.35), inset 0px 0px 30px 1px orange; padding:1em; margin: 5px 2px 5px 5px; &quot;
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| [[File:WikiProject Barnstar Hires.png|left|70px|কৰ্মশালাৰ সোণালী পদক]] || হে ৱিকিসতীৰ্থ, ২০২৩ চনৰ জুন মাহত অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ উদ্যোগত অনুষ্ঠিত অসমীয়া ৱিকিপ্ৰকল্পৰ অনলাইন কৰ্মশালাত সমল ব্যক্তি হিচাপে আপুনি যি সক্ৰিয় সহায়-সহযোগিতা আগবঢ়ালে তাৰ বাবে অসমীয়া ৱিকিমিডিয়া সমাজ আপোনাৰ ওচৰত চিৰঋণী । ইয়াৰেই কৃতজ্ঞতা হিচাপে অসমীয়া ৱিকিমিডিয়া সমাজৰ হৈ আপোনালৈ এই সামান্য পদকটি আগবঢ়ালোঁ। ধন্যবাদেৰে। -'''অসমীয়া ৱিকিমিডিয়া সমাজ
|}

: ধন্যবাদ৷ [[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi|— গীতাৰ্থ বৰদলৈ]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Gitartha.bordoloi|বাৰ্তা]]) 07:58, 28 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)


==ৱিকিউৎসৰ ভোটাতৰা==
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7; &quot;
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|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em; &quot; | '''ৱিকিউৎসৰ ভোটাতৰা'''
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|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray; &quot; | শেহতীয়াকৈ অসমীয়া ৱিকিউৎসত অৰ্ধশতাধিক অসমীয়া গ্ৰন্থ আপল'ড কৰি তুমি যি অমূল্য অৱদান আগবঢ়ালা তাৰে সামান্য স্বীকৃতি হিচাপে অসমীয়া ৱিকিমিডিয়া সমাজৰ হৈ তোমাক এই পদকটো প্ৰদান কৰিছোঁ। -[[সদস্য:Joli Rumi|Joli Rumi]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Joli Rumi|বাৰ্তা]]) 20:16, 28 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
|}

== Invitation to Rejoin the [https://mdwiki.org/wiki/WikiProjectMed:Translation_task_force Healthcare Translation Task Force] ==

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You have been a [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/prior/index.php medical translators within Wikipedia]. We have recently relaunched our efforts and invite you to [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php join the new process]. Let me know if you have questions. Best [[User:Doc James|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 12:34, 13 August 2023 (UTC)
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==ৱিকি সজাগতা পদক==
{| style=&quot;border: 1px solid lightgrey; background:white; border-radius: 2em 1em 4em / 0.5em 3em; box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35), inset 1px -6px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.35), inset 0px 0px 30px 1px orange; padding:1em; margin: 5px 2px 5px 5px; &quot;
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| [[File:Wikipedia Logo Puzzle Globe Spins Horizontally, Revealing The Contents Of All Of Its Puzzle Pieces Without Background.gif|left|70px|ৱিকি সজাগতা পদক]] || হে ৱিকিসতীৰ্থ, ২০২৩ চনৰ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ মাহত অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অধিক প্ৰসাৰৰ বাবে গুৱাহাটীৰ বীৰকুছিত অনুষ্ঠিত ৱিকিপিডিয়াত প্ৰবন্ধ লেখন সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰশিক্ষণত সমল ব্যক্তি অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ বাবে অসমীয়া ৱিকিমিডিয়া সমাজৰ হৈ আপোনালৈ এই সামান্য পদকটি আগবঢ়ালোঁ। ধন্যবাদেৰে। -'''অসমীয়া ৱিকিমিডিয়া সমাজ
|}

== মহাত্মা গান্ধী এডিটাথন, ২০২৩ ==

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| [[File:Mahatma Gandhi 01.svg|left|70px|The Epic Barnstar]] || প্ৰিয় ৱিকিসতীৰ্থ, অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত সদ্য সমাপ্ত [[:m:Assamese Wikimedia Community/Events/Mahatma Gandhi 2023 edit-a-thon|মহাত্মা গান্ধী এডিটাথন,২০২৩]] প্ৰতি আপোনাৰ উৎসাহ আৰু আপুনি আগবঢ়োৱা পৰামৰ্শ আৰু অৱদানৰ বাবে আপোনাৰ আন্তৰিক শলাগ ল'লোঁ। আপোনাৰ ৱিকি-যাত্ৰা ক্ৰমাৎ অধিক শক্তিশালী হওঁক। শুভকামনা।
|} [[সদস্য:JyotiPN|JyotiPN]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:JyotiPN|বাৰ্তা]]) 04:13, 12 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)JyotiPN

: ধন্যবাদ। [[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi|— গীতাৰ্থ বৰদলৈ]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Gitartha.bordoloi|বাৰ্তা]]) 18:19, 18 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
== কৃতজ্ঞতা আৰু অভিনন্দন ==

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|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em; &quot; | '''কৃতজ্ঞতা আৰু অভিনন্দন'''
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&lt;big&gt;''“এটোপ এটোপ কৰি ডাৱৰৰ পানী পৰি ভৰি গ'ল বহল সাগৰ, কণ কণ বালি চাহী ইটে সিটে লগ লাগি সাজি দিলে ধৰণী ডাঙৰ”''&lt;/big&gt;

প্ৰিয় ৱিকিসতীৰ্থ, চলিত বৰ্ষৰ ১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীৰ পৰা ৩১ মাৰ্চলৈকে পৃথিৱীৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লগতে [[অসমীয়া]] ভাষাইও স্থানীয়ভাৱে [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন ২০২৪|নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথা এডিটাথন ২০২৪]] আয়োজন কৰিছিল৷ আপোনাক জনাবলৈ পাই আমি সুখী হৈছোঁ যে, সম্পাদনা-মেলাখনত অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ ১৩ গৰাকী স্বেচ্ছাসেৱকে অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰি [https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/as-feminism-and-folklore ৫৪৬টা ভিন্ন বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ প্ৰবন্ধ] সংযোজন কৰে৷ এইসমূহ প্ৰবন্ধই ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নাৰীবাদ আৰু লোকগাথাৰ সমল বৃদ্ধি কৰাৰ লগতে ইণ্টাৰনেটত অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ স্থিতিও সন্দেহাতীতভাৱে শক্তিশালী কৰিব৷ ইয়াৰ আঁৰতেই আছে আপোনালোকৰ দৰে নিষ্ঠাৱান স্বেচ্ছাসেৱকৰ নিৰৱচ্ছিন্ন অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সক্ৰিয় বৰঙণি৷ 

প্ৰিয় সুহৃদ, সম্পাদনা-মেলাত অংশ লৈ প্ৰতিযোগিতাখনৰ সৌষ্ঠৱ বঢ়োৱাৰ বাবে অসমীয়া ৱিকিমিডিয়া সমাজ আপোনাৰ প্ৰতি সদায়েই কৃতজ্ঞ হৈ ৰ'ব৷ পৰৱৰ্তী সময়তো আপোনাৰ সক্ৰিয়তা আমি আন্তৰিকতাৰে কামনা কৰিলোঁ৷ অভিনন্দন!! -'''অসমীয়া ৱিকিমিডিয়া সমাজ
|}

== User page  ==

Hello can you delete my Assamese Wikipedia user page for the visibility of global user page. [[সদস্য:KhiLanTzi|KHI-LAN-TZI]] 06:39, 25 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
:Please make a request [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Synchbot#How_do_I_make_a_request? here]. [[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi|— গীতাৰ্থ বৰদলৈ]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Gitartha.bordoloi|বাৰ্তা]]) 07:17, 25 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
::@[[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi|Gitartha.bordoloi]] thanks for the guidance. [[সদস্য:KhiLanTzi|KHI-LAN-TZI]] 08:42, 25 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

== বিচাৰক পদক ==

{| style=&quot;border: 2px solid brown; background-color: #D0F0C0; &quot;
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|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em; &quot; | '''বিচাৰক পদক'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray; &quot; |হে ৱিকিসতীৰ্থ,
শেহতীয়াকৈ ৱিকিপিডিয়াত অনুষ্ঠিত [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৪|এছিয়ান মাহ ২০২৪]] সম্পাদনা মেলাখন নিয়াৰিকৈ চলাই নিয়াত বিচাৰক হিচাপে আপুনি যি নিৰপেক্ষ দায়িত্ব পালন কৰিলে, তাৰেই কৃতজ্ঞতাস্বৰূপে আপোনালৈ এই সামান্য সন্মান আগবঢ়ালোঁ। ধন্যবাদেৰে,
&lt;br /&gt;— '''অসমীয়া ৱিকিমিডিয়া সমাজ'''ৰ হৈ,&lt;br /&gt;[[সদস্য:Rumi Borah~aswiki|ৰুমি বৰা]]&lt;br /&gt;[[সদস্য:JyotiPN|প্ৰাণজ্যোতি নাথ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[সদস্য:-chanakyakdas|চাণক্য কুমাৰ দাস]]
|} [[সদস্য:-chanakyakdas|চাণক্য]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:-chanakyakdas|বাৰ্তা]]) 13:44, 15 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

== Invitation to Participate in the Wikimedia SAARC Conference Community Engagement Survey ==

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[[:m:User:Biplab Anand|Biplab Anand]]
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== এই মাহৰ ৱিকিমিডিয়ান==
{{এই মাহৰ ৱিকিমিডিয়ান}}
-&lt;span style=&quot;text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;&quot;&gt;[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|&lt;font color=&quot;#663300&quot;&gt;'''দিব্য দত্ত'''&lt;/font&gt;]]&amp;nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])&lt;/span&gt; 08:08, 1 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
: ধন্যবাদ। [[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi|— গীতাৰ্থ বৰদলৈ]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Gitartha.bordoloi|বাৰ্তা]]) 15:32, 2 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)

== Question from [[User:দেৱভূষষণ|দেৱভূষষণ]] (12:08, 6 June 2025) ==

ভলতে মোৰ নামটে দেৱভূষণৰ ঠাইত দেৱভূষষণ হৈ পৰিল একাউণ্ট খোলাৰ সময়ত৷ গতিকে নামটো শুদ্ধ কৰিবলৈ কি উপায় অৱলম্বন কৰিব পাৰি? সহায় কৰিবচোন৷ --[[সদস্য:দেৱভূষষণ|দেৱভূষষণ]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:দেৱভূষষণ|বাৰ্তা]]) 12:08, 6 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
: [[সদস্য:দেৱভূষষণ|দেৱভূষষণ]], আপুনি [[:m:Steward requests/Username changes|Steward requests/Username changes]] পৃষ্ঠাত অনুৰোধ কৰিব লাগিব। কেনেকৈ লিখিব লাগে তাতে দিয়া আছে। [[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi|— গীতাৰ্থ বৰদলৈ]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Gitartha.bordoloi|বাৰ্তা]]) 11:01, 10 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)</text>
      <sha1>552jdalknjuk7rnoe5e2tb8mlvgecvh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
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      <text bytes="34488" sha1="fk1j3oafyr2e19l0ub4q72j57o74bfe" xml:space="preserve">{{বিহু}}
অসমীয়া লোকসকলৰ বাপতিসাহোন উৎসৱ [[বিহু|বিহুৰ]] সময়ত গোৱা পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে চলি অহা গীতসমূহকে '''বিহুনাম''' বুলি কোৱা হয়। বৰ্তমান সময়ত বিহুগীত আৰু বিহুনাম দুয়োটাকে সমাৰ্থক শব্দ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। অসমীয়া জনজীৱনৰ লগত জড়িত সকলো বিষয়েই বিহুগীতত স্থান লাভ কৰিছে। মুখ্যতঃ পৰম্পৰাগত বিহু অনুষ্ঠানকেইটাৰ আধাৰতে বিহুনামবোৰ ৰচিত আৰু পৰিৱেশিত হৈ আহিছে। এনে পৰম্পৰাগত বিহু অনুষ্ঠান হৈছে: [[ৰাতিবিহু]], দিনৰ ভাগত বৰ গছৰ তল, পথাৰ আৰু জুপজুপীয়া হাবিয়নিত মৰা [[গছতলৰ বিহু]] বা [[গাভৰু বিহু]] ([[চেনেহী বিহু]]/[[মাইকী বিহু]]/[[জেং বিহু]]) আৰু গৃহস্থৰ চোতালত মৰা [[হুঁচৰি]]।
[[image:Dhonseng.ogg|thumb|right|এটি জনপ্ৰিয় বিহুগীত, শিল্পী: [[অংগৰাগ মহন্ত|অঙ্গৰাগ &quot;পাপন&quot; মহন্ত]]]]

==ৰাতিবিহু আৰু গছতলৰ বিহুৰ বিহুনাম==
ৰাতিবিহু আৰু গছতলৰ বিহুত বিহুনামৰ একো একোটা ফাকি ইফাকিৰ পিছত সিফাকিকৈ সকলোৱে গাইছিল। লগত বজোৱা হৈছিল [[টকা (বাদ্য)|টকা]] আৰু হাত চাপৰি। ৰাতিবিহুৰ প্ৰচলিত বিহুনাম গোৱা অন্য এটা ধৰণ আছিল [[যোৰানাম]]। একোফাকি বিহুনামৰ উত্তৰ হিচাপে তাৰ পিছৰ ফাকি বিহুনাম গোৱা হৈছিল। ৰাতিবিহু আৰু গছতলৰ বিহুৰ বিহুনামবিলাক ৰচিত হৈছিল দুলড়ী ছন্দৰ দুটা পংক্তিত। প্ৰায়বোৰ বিহুনামৰ ফাকিতে ব্যৱহৃত হৈছিল উপমাৰ, অৰ্থাৎ অতি পোনপটীয়াকৈ বা প্ৰত্যক্ষভাৱে নকৈ একোটা উপমাৰ আলমত একোটা ভাব একোফাকি নাম/গীতৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল।

==হুঁচৰি অনুষ্ঠানৰ বিহুনাম==
[[হুঁচৰি]] অনুষ্ঠানতো প্ৰধানতঃ দুচাপৰীয়া তালতে বিহুনাম গোৱা হয়। হাত চাপৰি আৰু [[টকা (বাদ্য)|টকা]]ৰ উপৰিও বিহুনাম গাঁৱতে [[ঢোল]] সংগত কৰা হয়। হুঁচৰি অনুষ্ঠানত সাধাৰণতে একোটা মূল বিহুনাম বা জাত থাকে। যিটো প্ৰথমে এজন নামতিয়ে লগায় দিয়ে আৰু তাৰ পাছত সকলোৱে একেলগে গায়।&lt;ref&gt;প্ৰান্তিক ১৬ এপ্ৰিল ২০১১&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--
==কেইটামান জনপ্ৰিয় বিহুগীত==

'''পৰ্বতৰ ঢেকীয়া লিহিৰি লিহিৰি'''

দেখিলে ল’বৰ মন যায়,

অতি চেনেহৰ ব’হাগৰ বিহুটি

হাততে মলঙি যায়।


'''আয়ে দিয়ে যিটোলৈ মই নেযাওঁ সেইটোলৈ'''

বায়ে পাৰে ছবুৰি গালি,

মইনো ভনীয়ে যিটো চান্দি থৈছো

সাইলাখ তিঁয়হৰ জালি।


'''তিতাকৈ কেৰালা খালেহে বুজিবা'''

মুখত কেনেকুৱা লাগে,

মৰম কেনেকুৱা দিলেহে বুজিবা

বুকুত কেনেকুৱা লাগে।


'''চাপৰি চাপৰি তোলো মই বাবৰি'''

পুৰণিকলীয়া কচু,

যাকে চাব খোজো তাকে মই নেদেখো

কিনো জুয়ে লগা চকু।


'''কচুটেঙা ঢেঁকীয়া বিলাহী বেঙেনা'''

জুতি লগাই লগা খাবা,

ৰাতিৰে ৰাতিটো দুাৰ দাং খুলি থ’ম

বিৰালী যোৱাদি যাবা।


'''কুৱাই কা নকৰা জিলি জা নকৰা'''

শদিয়া পাৰৰে আলি,

কেঁচাই খাওঁ কেঁচাই খাওঁ নকৰ সোণমুৱা

নহওঁ ম তিয়ঁহৰ জালি।

দীঘলী বজাৰৰ পাভমাছ কিনি নি

খৰিচ টেঙা দি ৰান্ধো,

খাবৰে সময়ত তোলৈ মনত পৰে

ভাতৰ পাতত বহি কান্দো।

ঢাপৰে বেঙেনা চাপৰ ঐ নাচনী

ঢাপৰে বেঙেনা চাপৰ,

আমাৰে নাচনী লহঙে পহঙে

আনৰে নাচনী চাপৰ।

গেলাকৈ কোমোৰা পানী ঐ লাহৰী

গেলাকৈ কোমোৰা পানী,

এইজনী নাচনী আমাকো নালাগে

নিয়ক বৰেঘৰে টানি।

লাওলৈ বুলি হেন্দালি পাতিলো

বগালে বঙালী পূৰৈ,

তোমাক পামে বুলি মই আশা কৰা নাই

তুমি হ’লা বহুতৰ দূৰৈ।

নৈৰ কাষৰীয়া মাটি টাকৰীয়া

বেঙেনা ঢপলা পাত,

বয়স ভাটি দিলে বিহুকো নালাগে

আনন্দ নাথাকে গাত।

লাইৰ মাজে মাজে লফা ৰুই দিলো

কুকুৰাই খুঁচৰি খায়,

অতিকৈ চেনেহৰ ব’হাগৰ বিহুটি

ধনে দি ৰাখোতা নাই।


'''ভঁৰালৰ টুপতে কেৰালা বগালে'''

কোমোৰা বগালে চালত,

জীৱনে মৰণে নেৰিবা লাহৰী

নেৰিবা বিপদৰ কালত।

চাইনো চাই থাকিলে হাবিয়াস নপলায়

নেখালে নুগুচে ভো্‌ক,

কিনো খায়ে যাবি বালিহাটৰ বেঙেনা

দলিয়াই দি যাম তোক।


'''চ’তে গৈয়ে গৈয়ে- নয়া নদী নয়া কুল'''

ব’হাগে পালেহি- নয়া নদী নয়া কুল

ফুলিলে বাবৰি ফুলেহে- নয়া নদী নয়া কুল

খোপাত মাৰে কপৌফুল, ফুলি আছে নাহৰ ফুল

হাততে ঐ, হাততে ঐ জেতুকাৰ, হাততে ঐ জেতুকাৰ বো্ল।

তোমাৰে লগতে- নয়া নদী নয়া কুল

মৰো যদি মৰিম মই- নয়া নদী নয়া কুল

এৰি যাম নিজৰে কুলেহে- নয়া নদী নয়া কুল

খোপাত মাৰে কপৌফুল, ফুলি আছে নাহৰ ফুল

হাততে ঐ, হাততে ঐ জেতুকাৰ, হাততে ঐ জেতুকাৰ বো্ল।


'''অ’ হায় হায়,'''

ধনশিৰি দলংখন- অ’ জোনে জোনালী

বান্ধিলে চেনাইকণ- অ’ জোনে জোনালী

লোহাৰে শলখা মাৰি জোনে জোনালী

জোনৰ আগত তৰাটি, ওলাই আহা চেনাইটি

বিহুনো মাৰিবলৈ, বিহুনো মাৰিবলৈ যাঁও।


'''আমাকে বান্ধিলে- অ’ জোনে জোনালী'''

সমাজৰ বান্ধোনে- অ’ জোনে জোনালী

দুটি দেহা দুফালে কৰি জোনে জোনালী

জোনৰ আগত তৰাটি, ওলাই আহা চেনাইটি

বিহুনো মাৰিবলৈ, বিহুনো মাৰিবলৈ যাঁও।


'''অ’ হায় হায়,'''

জাঁজী নৈক ভেটিলে- অ’ জোনে জোনালী

জোঙে ঐ জাবৰে- অ’ জোনে জোনালী

লুইতক ভেটিলে কোনে জোনে জোনালী

জোনৰ আগত তৰাটি, ওলাই আহা চেনাইটি

বিহুনো মাৰিবলৈ, বিহুনো মাৰিবলৈ যাঁও।

আমাকে ভেটিলে- অ’ জোনে জোনালী

সমাজৰ বান্ধোনে- অ’ জোনে জোনালী

মনকনো ভেটিব কোনে জোনে জোনালী

জোনৰ আগত তৰাটি, ওলাই আহা চেনাইটি

বিহুনো মাৰিবলৈ, বিহুনো মাৰিবলৈ যাঁও।


'''জাঁপ মাৰি আনকগৈ-ঐ লাং লাং'''

ঢাপৰ পুলি তামোল-থৈ লাং লাং

মৈতা দি আনকগৈ পাণে হেই-

ঐ লাং লাং থৈ লাং লাং

পদুমণি পুখুৰীত জাকৈ বাং

ৰঙিলী অ’ বাই পমিলী অ’ বাই

জকাই এৰি বিহুলৈ যাং।


'''খৰেকৈ যাঁওকগৈ- ঐ লাং লাং'''

শৰাইখন আনকগৈ- থৈ লাং লাং

বিহুৱাক ধৰকহি মানে হেই-

ঐ লাং লাং থৈ লাং লাং

পদুমণি পুখুৰীত জাকৈ বাং

ৰঙিলী অ’ বাই পমিলী অ’ বাই

জকাই এৰি বিহুলৈ যাং।


'''বোকাৰে গৰৈ মাছ অ’ ভনী ৰুণ-জুন'''

বোকাতে ঘূৰিলে অ’ ভনী ৰুণ-জুন

মলয়াত উৰিলে বগে ভনী ৰুণ-জুন

ওচৰ চাপি আহাচোন

কাণে কাণে কোৱাচোন

তোমাৰেনো মৰমৰ, তোমাৰেনো মৰমৰ কোন।


'''লোকে মাছে মাৰে আন্ধূলি-কুন্ধূলি'''

আমি মাছ মাৰো কুঢ়ি,

লোকে বিয়া কৰায় গাভৰু ছোৱালী

আমি বিয়া কৰাও বুঢ়ী।


লোকে মাছে মাৰে আন্ধূলি-কুন্ধূলি

আমি মাছ মাৰো টোৰা

লোকে বিয়া কৰায় চেঙেলীয়া ডেকাটো

আমি বিয়া কৰাওঁ বুঢ়া।


মাছখোৱা বজাৰত ছাতিটি কিনিলো

চিচিমুখত বদলি হ’ল,

তোমক আনিম বুলি বৰঘৰ সজালো

গৰুবন্ধা গোহালি হ’ল।


'''ম’হৰে গোৱালটি কাতিৰাম ককাইটি'''

কথালৈ কৰচোন কাণ,

হাতলে গগণা লৈয়ে আহিবি

ৰাতিবিহু মাৰিবলৈ যাম।


'''কঢ়া কুমতীয়া মধুমতী শিঙিয়া'''

ভটিয়াই বাসুদেউ পথাৰ,

আজি গধূলিকৈ যমে তোৰ ঘৰলৈ

পাতিম দীঘলীয়া কথা।


'''টকাৰ সৰু সৰু মাত সমনীয়া'''

টকাৰ সৰু সৰু মাত

ম’হঘূলি চাপৰিত টকাৰ মাত শুনি

এৰি যাওঁ পেটৰে ভাত।


'''ম’হঘূলি চাপৰিত ফাটবিহুতলীত'''

শুনিলো বিহুৰে উকি,

শালৰে মেলা তাঁত শালতে এৰিলো

বিহুলৈ আহিলো গুচি।


'''ঢাপে ঢাপে চৰিলে ঢাপলিকা চৰাইটি'''

বাঘলৈ নকৰে ভয়,

লক্ষ্মীমপুৰ জিলাৰে সোলেঙী গাভৰু

চেহাবলৈ নকৰে ভয়।


'''ঔৰে গছতে মৌৱে বাহে ল’লে'''

ককাই পাৰি দিয়া খাওঁ’

বাঁৰে টকাটি সাজি দিয়া ককাইটি

বিহু মাৰিবৈ যাওঁ।


'''আমি অসমীয়া গাতে মুগা-ৰিহা'''

খোপাত আমাৰ কপৌফুল,

আমাৰে চিনাকি ব’হাগৰ বিহুটি

হাততে জেতুকা বোল।


'''বিহুৰে বিৰিণা পাতে সমনীয়া'''

বিহু বিৰিণা পাত

বিহু থাকে মানে বিহুকে বিনাবা

বিহু গলে বিনাবা কাক।


'''চকলা টেঙাটি অকলে নাখাবা'''

আমাকো এচকল দিবা

বিহু মাৰিবলৈ অকলে নাযাবা

ঐ আমাকো লগতে নিবা।


'''চিৰিপ চিৰিপ কৰি কাপোৰ ধুই আছিলো'''

চিৰি লুইতলৈ চাই,

চিৰি লুইততে কিৰিলি পাৰিয়ে

চেনাই নাৱে মেলি যায়।


'''সুতুলি সুতুলি মাটিৰে সুতুলি'''

সুতুলি কিহেৰে বাও,

কঁকালৰ খোচনিত মাটিৰে সুতুলি

আঙুলি বোলায়ে বাও।

অসমৰ এজনী সোণ ঐ সোণজনী সোণোৱালী দলিচা

ধুনীয়া ছোৱালী সোণ ঐ সোণজনী সোণোৱালী দলিচা

কালৈ তুমি সাচিছা কালৈ তুমি ৰাখিছা

আশা মোৰে সোণ ঐ সোণজনী

দিবা জানো দিবা জানো

মৰমৰ মাত।


'''চৰাইদেওথানতে ৰেইকি ৰেৰেইৰেৰেই'''

ৰেলগাড়ী চলিছে ৰেইকি ৰেৰেইৰেৰেই

মোৰেসোণ চেনায়ে চলাইছে ৰেলগাড়ী

নাচনি কলবাৰীত

মাতে ঘেৰেঘেৰাই যায়ে কি অ চেনাই

বহুদিন দেখা নাই

তোমাৰ মিচিকিয়া হাঁহি

অ চেনাই তোমাৰ মিচিকিয়া হাঁহি

উকিয়াই উকিয়াই ৰেলগাড়ী চলি যায়

ষ্টেচনৰ, নাচনি কলবাৰীত

মাতে ঘেৰেঘেৰাই যায়, অ চেনাই মাতে ঘেৰেঘেৰাই যায়


'''আমাৰ বিহু চাবলৈ – হায় ঐ হালি-জাপি'''

আহিছে ককাইহঁত - হায় ঐ হালি-জাপি

আমালৈ আনিছে কি, ঐ আমালৈ আনিছে কি

আমালৈ আনিছে- হায় ঐ হালি-জাপি

ইলাচি দালচিনি- হায় ঐ হালি-জাপি

কোট-চোলা বনধকত দি, ঐ কোট-চোলা বনধকত দি-

দিয়েনো হালি-জাপি ঐ ভাঙোনো শলি-কাঠী ঐ

নিয়ৰতে, নিয়ৰতে তিয়াই যাও ভৰি l


'''গগনা আৰণি গগনা পুৰণি'''

গগনা কিহেৰে বায়

দুফালে দুচটি মাজতে এচটি

মুগাসূতা লগায়ে বায়।


'''বিহুৱতী চৰায়েনা, অ’ আইতা নকছাৰি'''

কৰে বিহু বিহুনা, অ’ আইতা নকছাৰি

আমাৰ বিহু ভাঙোতা নায়ে আইতা নকছাৰি

চাৰিগাঁৱৰ ডাব-কটাৰী

মৰিগাৱৰ তামোলে পাণে আইতা তেজীমলা

ৰৈ ৰৈ ধেমালি, ৰৈ ৰৈ ধেমালি কৰ।


'''কয়ে কলিকতা লয়ে লক্ষ্মীমপুৰ'''

ডিব্ৰুগড় কিমানৰ দূৰ

অতিকৈ বিয়াকুল ন’হবা মইনা

আমাৰ যোৰকটাত ঘৰ।


'''ওলায়ে দেখিলো চিচিমুখৰ কলঘৰ'''

দুৱাৰখন মুকলি হল

মোৰ যে লাহৰী মোকনো পাহৰি

নেদেখা ৰাজ্যলৈ গ’ল।


'''ঘৰলৈ গ’লে মোক আয়ে দংশিব'''

কেনেকৈ ছিঙিলি কাণ

লাইপুলীয়া নৈখন কুৰুকা কুৰুকি

তাতে পৰি ছিগিলে কাণ।


'''কঢ়া সোৱণসিৰি হ’ল একেসুঁতি'''

মাৰো চুলি মেলি বুৰ

ৰাতিয়ে ৰাতিটো ভাবিলো চিনতিলো

কথাৰো নেপালো ওৰ।


'''বিহুটি আদৰৰ বিহুটি সাদৰৰ'''

বিহুটি অসমৰ প্ৰাণ,

এনোৱা বিহুটি এৰিব লাগিলে

নাথাকে অসমৰ মান। &quot;


'''চ'তে গৈয়ে গৈয়ে ব'হাগে পালেহি'''

ফুলিলে ভেবেলি লতা,

কৈয়ে থাকো মানে ওৰকে নপৰে

ৰঙালী বিহুৰে কথা। &quot;


'''বিহু মাৰি থাকিবৰ মনে ঐ লাহৰী'''

বিহু মাৰি থাকিবৰ মন,

বিহু মাৰি থাকোঁতে পলুৱাই নিনিবি

ভৰিব লাগিব ধন। &quot;


'''আজি গধূলিকৈ যাম ঐ লাহৰী'''

বাটৰে নঙলা খুলি,

কুকুৰে ভুকিলে তই আহিবি

ক'ত কি দেখিছ বুলি। &quot;

&quot;আজি গধূলিকৈ নাহিবি চেনাই ঐ

নোপোৱা পদূলিত মোক,

পৰহিলৈ গধূলি আহিবা চেনাই ঐ

ফালি যাম বেৰৰে চুক। &quot;


'''হাঁহ হৈ পৰিমগৈ তোমাৰে পুখুৰীত'''

পাৰ হৈ পৰিমগৈ চালত,

ঘাম হৈ সোমামগৈ তোমাৰে শৰীৰত

মাখি হৈ চুমা দিম গালত। &quot;


'''কিনো খাই পাহৰিম তোকে ঐ লাহৰি'''

কিনো খাই পাহৰিম তোক,

মিচিকি আহিলে বৰবিহ আনিব

তাকে খাই পাহৰিম তোক। &quot;


'''পৰ্বতে পৰ্বতে বগাব পাৰো মই'''

লতাহে বগাবলৈ টান

জুৰীয়া হাতীকো বলাব পাৰো মই

চেনাইকহে বলাব টান। &quot;


'''হাতী হেৰুৱালো লিহিৰী বনত ঐ'''

ঘোঁৰা হেৰুৱালো ৰণত

পায়ো হেৰুৱালো সৰগৰ মুকুতা

চোতালৰ দুৱৰি বনত। &quot;


'''চৰাই হৈ পৰিমগৈ তোমালোকৰ চোতালত'''

মাছে হৈ ধৰা দিম জালত

ঘামে হৈ সোমামগৈ তোমাৰে শৰীৰত

মাখি হৈ চুমা দিম গালত। &quot;


'''জাপে দিম মই দিচাঙত'''

দেখা দিম মই সপোনত

মৰম দিলে চেনেহ দিম

চিঠিৰে ঐ লগতে

কবিতা মই লিখি দিম

সেইখন চিঠি পঢ়িবলৈ

লাইটৰ পোহৰ নালাগে

লেম্পৰ পোহৰ নালাগে

মোৰ কলিজাৰ কেঁচা তেজ

আন্ধাৰতো জিলিকে। &quot;


'''কচুপাতে খজুৱাই'''

পদুমপাতে হহুৱাই

তুমি হৈছা পদুমপাত

মইনো হৈছো কচুপাত

ওচৰ চাপি নাহিবা

খজুৱাব তোমাৰ গাত। &quot;


'''চিপবন চিৰাদৈ থুৰীয়াই কাটিলো'''

চিপবন চিৰাদৈ তামোল তিনিখনি

চিপবন চিৰাদৈ নুৰীয়াই বান্ধিলো পাণ,

অ’ চেনাই নুৰীয়াই বান্ধিলো পাণ

চিপবন চিৰাদৈ পথাৰে পথাৰে

চিপবন চিৰাদৈ বিচাৰি ফুৰিলো

চিপবন চিৰাদৈ ক’তে দাই আছিলা ধান

অ’ চেনাই ক’তে দাই আছিলা ধান। &quot;


'''ৰঙিলী ঐ পমিলি ঐ'''

বিহু মাৰিবলৈ ওলাই আহ। &quot;

কঢ়া সোৱণসিৰি হ’ল একেসুঁতি

মাৰো চুলি মেলি বুৰ

ৰাতিয়ে ৰাতিটো ভাবিলো চিনতিলো

কথাৰো নেপালো ওৰ।

ঘৰলৈ গ’লে মোক আয়ে দংশিব

কেনেকৈ ছিঙিলি কাণ

লাইপুলীয়া নৈখন কুৰুকা কুৰুকি

তাতে পৰি ছিগিলে কাণ।

ওলায়ে দেখিলো চিচিমুখৰ কলঘৰ

দুৱাৰখন মুকলি হল

মোৰ যে লাহৰী মোকনো পাহৰি

নেদেখা ৰাজ্যলৈ গ’ল।


'''কয়ে কলিকতা লয়ে লক্ষ্মীমপুৰ'''

ডিব্ৰুগড় কিমানৰ দূৰ

অতিকৈ বিয়াকুল ন’হবা মইনা

আমাৰ যোৰকটাত ঘৰ।


'''বিহুৱতী চৰায়েনা, অ’ আইতা নকছাৰি'''

কৰে বিহু বিহুনা, অ’ আইতা নকছাৰি

আমাৰ বিহু ভাঙোতা নায়ে আইতা নকছাৰি

চাৰিগাঁৱৰ ডাব-কটাৰী


'''মৰিগাৱৰ তামোলে পাণে আইতা তেজীমলা'''

ৰৈ ৰৈ ধেমালি, ৰৈ ৰৈ ধেমালি কৰ।

গগনা আৰণি গগনা পুৰণি

গগনা কিহেৰে বায়

দুফালে দুচটি মাজতে এচটি

মুগাসূতা লগায়ে বায়।

আমাৰ বিহু চাবলৈ – হায় ঐ হালি-জাপি

আহিছে ককাইহঁত - হায় ঐ হালি-জাপি

আমালৈ আনিছে কি, ঐ আমালৈ আনিছে কি

আমালৈ আনিছে- হায় ঐ হালি-জাপি

ইলাচি দালচিনি- হায় ঐ হালি-জাপি

কোট-চোলা বনধকত দি, ঐ কোট-চোলা বনধকত দি-

দিয়েনো হালি-জাপি ঐ ভাঙোনো শলি-কাঠী ঐ

নিয়ৰতে, নিয়ৰতে তিয়াই যাও ভৰি।

চৰাইদেওথানতে ৰেইকি ৰেৰেইৰেৰেই

ৰেলগাড়ী চলিছে ৰেইকি ৰেৰেইৰেৰেই

মোৰেসোণ চেনায়ে চলাইছে ৰেলগাড়ী

নাচনি কলবাৰীত

মাতে ঘেৰেঘেৰাই যায়ে কি অ চেনাই

বহুদিন দেখা নাই

তোমাৰ মিচিকিয়া হাঁহি

অ চেনাই তোমাৰ মিচিকিয়া হাঁহি

উকিয়াই উকিয়াই ৰেলগাড়ী চলি যায়

ষ্টেচনৰ, নাচনি কলবাৰীত

মাতে ঘেৰেঘেৰাই যায়, অ চেনাই মাতে ঘেৰেঘেৰাই যায়
--&gt;
== যোজনা আৰু বিহুনাম ==
কেইফাকিমান বিহু যোজনা আৰু বিহু নাম তলত দিয়া হ’ল:
{{div col|2}}
&lt;poem&gt;১) ঔৰে গছতে মৌৱে বাঁহে ল’লে
অ' ককাই পাৰি দিয়া ঐ খাওঁ। 
বাঁহৰে টকাটি সাজি দিয়া ককাইটি ঐ
অ' বিহু নাচিবলৈ যাওঁ॥

২) হাই ঐ  দিখৌত গুমেগুমাই কোম্পানীৰ জাহাজখন
অ' ঢেকীত গুমেগুমাই ঐ থোৰা। 
গাতে জুই জ্বলিছে সৰিয়হ ফুটিছে ঐ
অ' বিহুটি অহাৰে পৰা॥

৩) বিহুৰে বিৰিণা পাতে সমনীয়া
ঐ বিহুৰে বিৰিণা ঐ পাত। 
বিহু থাকে মানে বিহুকে বিনাবা ঐ
বিহু গ’লে বিনাবা কাক॥

৪) চ’তৰে শেষতে বহাগে পালেহি
গছে বনে সলালে ঐ পাত। 
আজি বিহু তলিত ঢোল পেঁপা বাজিলে ঐ
নাচো নাচো লাগিছে গাত॥

৫) ৰৈ নো ৰৈ বিনালে বনৰে কেতেকী
ৰৈ নো ৰৈ বিনালে ঐ কুলি
নৈৰে ঘাটতে কোনে সুৰ জুৰিলে ঐ
চেনাই চেনেহৰে বুলি। 

৬) হাই ঐ তোমালৈ যিমানে মৰম ঐ চেনাইটি
ঐ আনলৈ সিমানেই ঐ নাই
আশা কৰাই কৰাই নিৰাশা কৰিলা ঐ
তোমাৰ সমান নৰকী নাই। 

৭) ধনশিৰী পাৰে হৈ ঢপলিয়াই আহিলোঁ
জিৰালোঁ কলিয়াবৰত। 
তোমাকে বিচাৰি ঘৰ-বাৰী এৰিলোঁ  
তোমাক নাপালোহি ঘৰত। 

৮) বিহুৰে বিৰিণা পাতে সমনীয়া
ঐ বিহুৰে বিৰিণা ঐ পাত। 
ঐ গাভৰু ছোৱালী নাচোঁ জুমে পাতি ঐ
ঐ চ’তৰ বিহু লাগিছে গাত॥

৯) এ তুমি হ’লা শদিয়াৰ মই হ’লো ধুবুৰীৰ
লগ হ’লো বিহুৰে ঐ তলীত। 
এ তোমাকে মৰমজান এৰিব নোৱাৰি ঐ
তুমি মোৰ চকুৰে মণি। 

১০) আগলী বাঁহৰে লাহৰী গগনা
ঐ বহি তাঁতৰ পাতত বাওঁ
আহে কি নাহে ঐ মোৰেনো চেনাই ঐ
চিৰি পাতি মঙলখন চাওঁ। 

১১) অ জান ঐ ভৰ দুপৰীয়া বহোঁ তাঁতৰ পাতত
অ' মাকো সৰি সৰি ঐ পৰে। 
তাঁতৰ দোৰেপতি গৰকাতে ভৰি ঐ তোমালৈ মনতে পৰে॥

১২) হাবিলৈ গৈছিলো কটাৰী নিনিলো
ঐ লতাই বেৰি বেৰি ধৰে,
বিহুলৈ গৈছিলো হাঁচটি নিনিলো
ঐ ডেকাই বেৰি বেৰি ধৰে॥

১৩) চকলা টেঙাটি অকলে নাখাবি
ঐ আমাকো এচকল দিবা,
বিহু মাৰিবলৈ অকলে নাযাবি
ঐ আমাকো লগতে নিবি॥&lt;/poem&gt;
{{div col end}}

===বিহু নাম===
{{div col|2}}
&lt;poem&gt;১) মদাৰৰে ডালেটি অতিনোকৈ ঠুনুকা অতিনোকৈ ঠনুকা
আলাসতে ভাঙি পৰে অ’ চেনাইটি
হুৰহুৰ বতাহ বলে যেতিয়া
যৌৱনৰে বাৰিষা বতাহ বলে যেতিয়া২
ভয় লাগে মোৰ খহনীয়াই ঐ জানোচা নিয়ে উটুৱাই
কি কৰিম ঐ তেতিয়া, তাকে ভাগি ভাগে মোৰ২ হিয়া॥

২) ৰঙালী বিহুলৈ ও ককাই ও দদাই
ওলাই মই আহিছোঁ। 
দুহাতত জেতুকা ও ককাই ও দদাই
ওলাই মই আহিছোঁ। 
ঢোলৰে চাপৰত পেঁপাৰে লহৰত
নাচিম মই এইবেলি ও ককাই ও দদাই
এইবাৰ ব'হাগত
কপৌফুলাৰ বতৰত নাহৰ ফুলাৰ বতৰত২ আজি॥

৩) বজোৱাছোন ঢোলেটি ও ককাইটি
নাাচোনো হালিজালি ও ককাইটি
কিনো পেপাৰ অমিয়া মাত-২
মুগাৰ সাজ পিন্ধিলো অ' ককাইটি
খোপাত ফুল গুজিলো অ' ককাইটি
বিহু বিহু লাগিছে নাচো নাচো লাগিছে গাত। 

৪) ৰঙাকৈ চোলাটি এ ভনী কোনে চিলাই দিলে ভনী কোনে বোলাই দিলে ভনী
দুহাততে জেতুকাৰ বোল। 
নাচোতে নাচিবি এ ভনী ভালেকৈ
নাচোনত নকৰিবি ভুল॥
ৰঙাকৈ চোলাটি এ ককাই আয়ে চিলাই দিলে ককাই আয়ে বোলাই দিলে ককাই দুহাততে জেতুকাৰ বোল। 
বজালে বজাবি এ ককাই ঢোলেটি ভালেকৈ ককাই পেপাটি
চেওত নকৰিবি ভুল॥

৫) কুঞ্জলতা কপৌফুল ফুলি আছে
ফুলি আছে
নাচনী ভণ্টিক ঢুলীয়াই মাতি আছে
হায় ঐ মাতি আছে। 
নাযাও বুলি নক'বা বেয়া পাব
বেয়া পাব
চিৰদিনৰ কাৰণে বিদায় ল'ব
হায় ঐ বিদায় ল'ব॥

৬) হাতে মেলি হালধি নল'বি তই মালতী
নল'বি তই মালতী 
চুলি মেলি নল'বি তেল। 
চাৰিআলিৰ মূৰলৈ
অকলে তই নাযাবি
অকলে তই নাযাবি
ডেকা ল'ৰাই পাতিছে
ডেকা ল'ৰাই পাতিছে মেল॥
&lt;/poem&gt;
{{div col end}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{ৰেফলিষ্ট}}

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
{{wikisource|বিহু গীত}}
{{Wikiquote|বিহুনাম}}
* [http://onlinesivasagar.com/music/bihugeet.php বিহুগীত]
&lt;!-- * এটি বিহুগীত শুনিবলৈ ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰক [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_q-xJOUyGw]
* এটি আধুনিক বিহুগীত শুনিবলৈ ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰক [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QH3NzSmvIHo&amp;feature=related] --&gt;
* Bihu Songs of Assam, by Prafulladutta Goswami, published by Lawyers Book Stall,1957

{{অসমৰ লোক-সংস্কৃতি}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:বিহু]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ সংগীত]]</text>
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      <text bytes="21241" sha1="6ilrd8naeyz6815g6m0fw9gzrogs0db" xml:space="preserve">'''ওজাপালি''' ({{lang-en|Ojapali}}) [[অসম]]ৰ এক অৰ্ধ নাটকীয় পৰিবেশ্য কলা। সৰ্বভাৰতীয় কথকতা পৰম্পৰাৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষ ধাৰক আৰু বাহক ওজাপালি প্ৰাচীন কালৰে পৰা অসমত এক জনপ্ৰিয় কলা হিচাপে প্ৰচলিত হৈ আহিছে&lt;ref name=&quot;assamtribune&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.assamtribune.com/nov2108/mosaic1.html | title=Higligting Ojapali | publisher=[[দ্য আসাম ট্ৰিবিউন]] | accessdate=নৱেম্বৰ ৩০, ২০১২ | author=মনোৰঞ্জন কলিতা | archivedate=2009-09-05 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905083319/http://www.assamtribune.com/nov2108/mosaic1.html | deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;। ১৯৭৪ চনত [[অসম চৰকাৰ]]ৰ জনসংযোগ বিভাগৰ সঞ্চালক লুইতকোঁৱৰ ৰুদ্ৰ বৰুৱা আৰু আনন্দমোহন ভাগৱতীৰ সহযোগত ওজাপালি ৰাস্ত্ৰীয় কাৰ্য্যসূচীত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। 

== উদ্ভৱ আৰু বিকাশ ==
ওড্ৰ মাগধী শৈলীৰ চৰিত্ৰৰ লগত ভালেখিনি খাপখোৱা ওজাপালি অনুষ্ঠান ভাৰতীয় মাৰ্গী সংগীত পৰম্পৰাৰ পৰা জন্ম। ইয়াৰ উদ্ভৱ আৰু বিকাশত মন্দিৰৰ প্ৰভুত অৰিহণা আছে। এই ওজাপালি কলাশৈলীৰ উদ্ভৱ আৰু বিকাশ সন্দৰ্ভত বিভিন্ন জনশ্ৰুতি জড়িত হৈ আছে। এই দৈৱিক মতবাদ অনুসৰি বৃহন্নলাৰূপী [[অৰ্জুন]]ৰ দ্বাৰা এইবিধ কলা স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা মৰ্ত্যত প্ৰচলিত হয়। পাৰিজাত নামৰ এগৰাকী মহিলাই স্বপ্নৰ দ্বাৰা এই কলা আয়ত্ত কৰি শিষ্যসকলক শিকাই বুলিও বিয়াহৰ ওজাপালিসকলে বিশ্বাস কৰে। [[বিয়াহ কলা]]ই আৰু [[কেন্দুকলা]]ই এই দুয়োগৰাকী ব্যক্তিবিশেষো ওজাপালিৰ জনক বুলি জনশ্ৰুতি প্ৰচলিত। খ্ৰীষ্টিয় ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ বিশিষ্ট পণ্ডিত বেদাচাৰ্যৰ [[স্মৃতি-ৰত্নাকৰ]], [[অসম]]ৰ [[তাম্ৰ শাসন]], [[গুৰু-চৰিত]] কথা আৰু [[বৈষ্ণৱ]] যুগৰ বিভিন্ন সাহিত্যত এই ওজাপালি প্ৰাচীন কালৰে পৰা প্ৰচলন থকাৰ তথ্য দেখা পোৱা যায়। 

== বিষয়বস্তু, প্ৰকাৰ ==
[[ওজাপালি]] অনুষ্ঠানক বিষয়বস্তু ফালৰ পৰা দুটা ভাগত ভগাব পাৰি। 
* মহাকাব্য আশ্ৰয়ী
* মহাকাব্য অনাশ্ৰয়ী
মহাকাব্য আশ্ৰয়ীক আকৌ সাঁতোটা ভাগত ভগাব পাৰি। 
* বিয়াহৰ ওজাপালি
* ৰামায়ণ ওজাপালি
* ভাইৰা ওজাপালি
* দুৰ্গাবৰী ওজাপালি
* সত্ৰীয়া ওজাপালি
* পাঞ্চালি ওজাপালি
* দুলৰি ওজাপালি
মহাকাব্য অনাশ্ৰয়ীক পাঁচটা ভাগত ভগাব পাৰি
* সুকনান্নী ওজাপালি
* বিষহৰি গান
* মাৰে গান
* পদ্ম পুৰাণৰ গান
* টুকুৰীয়া ওজাপালি
ওজা আৰু পালি এই দুইবিধ অনুষ্ঠান নিৰ্বাহিকাৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাপালি অনুষ্ঠান সংগঠিত। 
পালি দুইবিধ- 
* দাইনা পালি
* সাধাৰণ পালি

এইধৰণৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন তথ্যসমৃদ্ধ হ’লেও আধুনিক সময়ত ওজাপালিক জীৱিত ৰূপত যি দুইধৰণেৰে পোৱা যায় সেয়া হ’ল—সুকনান্নী ওজাপালি আৰু ৰামায়ণ বা সভাগোৱা ওজাপালি। কামৰূপত ৰামায়ণ গোৱা ওজাক সভা গোৱা ওজা বোলে। আনহাতে দৰঙত প্ৰচলিত পদ্মপূৰাণৰ গীত-পদ গোৱা ওজাক সুকনানি ওজা বোলা হয়। কামৰূপ আৰু বৰপেটা জিলাৰ কিছু কিছু অঞ্চলত কিছু বছৰ আগলৈকে ছোৱালীয়েও ওজাপালি প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিছিল। ৰামায়ণ বা সভাগোৱা ওজাপালিৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য থকা এইবিধ ওজাপালিক তিৰি বা আপী ওজাপালি বুলি জনা গৈছিল। কিন্তু সমাজৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনশীল ধাৰাটোৰ বাবেই হওক বা আধুনিকতাৰ প্ৰভাৱতেই হওক এইবিধ ওজাপালি এতিয়ালৈ কামৰূপ আৰু বৰপেটাৰ প্ৰায় দুই এঠাইতহে দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। 

ইয়াৰে আকৌ ওজাপালিয়ে গোৱা গীত-পদৰ বিষয়বস্তু, গীত-পদবোৰলৈ লক্ষ্য কৰি মহাকাব্য আশ্ৰিত ওজাপালিক বৈষ্ণৱ পৰিৱেশ্য কলা আৰু মহাকাব্য অনাশ্ৰিত ওজাপালিক শাক্ত পৰিৱেশ্য কলা বুলিও আখ্যা দিব পাৰি। ব্যাসৰ ওজাপালিয়ে ৰামায়ণ, মহাভাৰত আৰু পুৰাণৰ গীতপদসমূহ গায় যদিও সুকনানি ওজাপালী শাক্ত দেৱীপূজাৰ সৈতে জড়িত হয় আৰু ইয়াত মনসাদেৱীক আৰাধনা কৰি পদ্মপুৰাণৰ গীতপদেৰে মনসাদেৱীৰ বন্দনা কৰা হয়।

== পৰিবেশন শৈলী ==
নৃত্য-গীতৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই দিহা, ৰাগ আদি লগাই দিয়ে আৰু পালিসকলে সহযোগ কৰে। দাইনা পালি আৰু অন্য পালিৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই পৰিবেশন কৰা গীতবোৰ কথিত গদ্যত ৰসালভাবে অথবা অভিনয়ভংগীত দৰ্শকক বুজাই দিয়ে। মুখ্যতঃ ধৰ্মীয় দিশৰ সৈতে সংপৃক্ত হোৱা বাবে ওজাপালিসকলে শুভ্ৰ পোছাক পিন্ধে। ওজাই জামাৰ উপৰিও মূৰত বিশেষধৰণৰ টুপী অথবা পাগ মাৰে।&lt;ref&gt;অসমীয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ কণিকা – সম্পাদনা- ড॰ পৰমানন্দ ৰাজবংশী, ড॰ নাৰায়ন দাস (পৃষ্ঠা-৫৪)&lt;/ref&gt;

==পোচাক-পৰিচ্চদ, পদ-মুদ্ৰা ইত্যাদি==
পোচাক পৰিচ্চদ হ’ল ওজাপালিৰ এটা লক্ষণীয় দীশ। সুকনানি ওজাপালিত ওজাই বগা ধুতি, গাত বগা চেলেং চাদৰ আৰু কপালত বগা চন্দনৰ ফোট লয়। ওজাজনৰ পাগুৰিটো দেখাত সাধাৰণযেন লাগিলেও ই ডিম্বাকৃতিৰ হয় আৰু সমুখৰফালটো এটা টেমুনাৰদৰে হয়। কিন্তু ৰামায়ণ গোৱা ওজাৰ সাজ-পাৰ কিছু পৃথক হয়। ৰামায়ন বা সভা গোৱা ওজাই সুকনানি ওজাৰ দৰে সাপকন চোলা পিন্ধে যদিও কপালত দীঘল ৰঙা-হালধীয়া বৰণৰ গামোচা বান্ধে। এনে ওজাই ভৰিত নূপুৰ, হাতত ৰূপৰ গামখাৰু আৰু কপালত চন্দনৰ ফোট লয়। আনহাতে এই দুয়োবিধ ওজাপালিতে পালিৰ পাগুৰিটোৰ ধৰণ একেই হয়। দেখাত সাধাৰণযেন লাগে যদিও এই পাগুৰিটোৰ সমুখভাগ ময়ূৰচৰাইৰ পাখীসদৃশ হয়। ইয়াৰ বৰণ বগা হয় আৰু কাপোৰত দহটা ভাঁজ দি ইয়াক ময়ূৰপাখীৰদৰে কৰি লোৱা হয়। 
পুৰণিকালত সুকনানি ওজাজনে তিৰোতাৰ নিচিনাকৈ দীঘল চুলি ৰাখিছিল আৰু খোপা বান্ধিছিল যদিও বৰ্তমান ই লোপ পাইছে বুলিব পাৰি। সভা গোৱা ওজাই আখ্যানৰ লগত ৰিজাই কিছুমান খুহুতীয়া কথাৰ মাজেৰে বৰ্ণনা দি দৰ্শকক হাঁহিৰ খোৰাক যোগায় আৰু সেইদৰেই নৃত্যটোক আমোদজনক কৰি তোলে। সভা গোৱা ওজাই খুটিতাল বজায়। কিন্তু সুকনানি ওজাপালিত পালিয়ে (আৰু কিছুক্ষেত্ৰহে ওজাই) এখন হাতেৰে বুঢ়া আঙুলিত ৰঙা ৰচীৰে মেৰিয়াই খঞ্জিৰা বজায়। 
নৃত্য-গীতৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই প্ৰথমে স্বস্তি মুদ্ৰা আৰু তাৰ পাচত সংহাৰী মুদ্ৰাৰে অনুষ্ঠান আৰম্ভ কৰে। তাৰ পাচতে দেৱ-দেৱীৰ বন্দনা কৰা হয় আৰু শেষত আহে গীত পদ সমূহৰ সুৰসঞ্চাৰিত পৰিৱেশন। এই পদ গোৱা পৰ্বত ওজাই প্ৰথমে দিহা, ৰাগ আদি লগাই দিয়ে আৰু পালিসকলে ইয়াত সহযোগ কৰে। দাইনা পালি আৰু অন্য পালিৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই পৰিবেশন কৰা গীতবোৰ কথিত গদ্যত ৰসালভাবে অথবা অভিনয়ভংগীত দৰ্শকক বুজাই দিয়ে। মুখ্যতঃ ধৰ্মীয় দিশৰ সৈতে সংপৃক্ত হোৱা বাবে ওজাপালিসকলে শুভ্ৰ পোছাক পিন্ধে বুলি জনশ্ৰোতিয়ে কয়। 

==দেওধনী নৃত্য==
সুকনানি ওজাৰ ওজাপালিৰ এক আংগিক উপাদান হ’ল দেওধনী নৃত্য। ৰামায়ণ গোৱা ওজাৰ লগত দেওধনী নাথাকে, কিন্তু সুকনানি ওজাৰ দেওধনী একপ্ৰকাৰ প্ৰধান অংগ বুলিব পাৰি। আজিকালি এই দেওধনী প্ৰায় লোপ পাই আহিছে। দেওধনীয়ে কিছুমান অলৌকিক শক্তি দেখুৱাই মানুহৰ মন আকৰ্ষণ কৰে। 
আখ্যানমতে বেউলাই লক্ষীণ্দাৰক জীয়াই তুলিবলৈ দেৱতাৰ আগত কৰা নৃত্যটোৱেই হ’ল দেওধনী নৃত্য। এই দেওধনীৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পদচালন মুদ্ৰা পালীৰ সৈতে একে হোৱাটো ইয়াৰ এটা সাধাৰণ বৈশিষ্ট। দেওধনী নৃত্যৰ পোচাক সাধাৰণতে ৰঙা বৰণৰ হয় আৰু বুকুত মৰা নীলা বৰণৰ মেথনিয়ে চুলিমেলি নচা নৰ্তকীক এক অনন্য মাত্ৰা প্ৰদান কৰে। এই নৃত্যক মৃত সঞ্জীৱনী নৃত্য বুলি ধৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰিৱেশনশৈলি আন নৃত্যৰ লগত নিমিলে। পুৰ্বতে অসমত দেওধনী নচা ছোৱালী নাছিল। সংৰক্ষণশীল সমাজব্যৱস্থাৰ বাবেই এনে হৈছিল। আনহাতে এই নৃত্যৰ যোগেদি ভগৱানৰ আগত সতী বেউলাই নিজৰ স্বামী লক্ষীণ্দাৰক জীয়াই তুলিবলৈ নাচিছিল বাবে সমাজে তেনে নৃত্য কৰা ছোৱালীক অসতী আৰু সতীৰ শ্ৰেণীতে ধৰিছিল আৰু হেয় জ্ঞান কৰাৰ লগতে বিবাহৰ অযোগ্য বুলি ভাবিছিল। সময়ৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনশীল ধাৰাটোৱে এই আহুকলিয়া চিন্তনত কিছু শিথিলতা আনে যদিও আজিও দেওধনী নচা ছোৱালীৰ সংখ্যা তেনেই নগণ্য বুলিব পাৰি। 

==বৰ্তমানৰ ওজাপালি==
জীৱনৰ চৌষষ্ঠী কলাৰ ভিতৰত বিশেষকৈ সাহিত্য, সংগীত আৰু নৃত্যকলাৰ এক সমন্বয় হ’ল ওজাপালি। প্ৰাক শংকৰী যুগৰো বহুকাল আগতে সুস্থৰূপত প্ৰচলিত আছিল ওজাপালি। ইয়াক ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান হিচাবে গণ্য কৰিলেও তেতিয়াৰ সময়ত ওজাপালিক অসমীয়া জাতিৰ এটা অতি আপুৰুগীয়া আৰু প্ৰধান কলা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল। এই কলাক জীয়াই ৰখাৰ বাবে কেৱল অসমীয়া লোকেই আহুপুৰোষাৰ্থ কৰিছিল তেনে নহয়। এই নৃত্যত আন আন জনগোষ্ঠীৰ লোকো সমানে জঢ়িত আছিল। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে পৰশু শেখ ওজাৰ নাম সজোৰে উচ্ছাৰণ কৰিব পাৰি। এইজন লোক ধৰ্মত ইচলাম আছিল যদিও ওজাপালি আৰু দেওধনী নৃত্যৰ বাবে আহুপুৰূষাৰ্থ কৰিছিল। তেওঁকেই প্ৰথম মুচলন্ত ওজা বুলি ধৰা হয়। তেওঁৰ নাট্যদলৰ কেইজনমান বিখ্যাত পালি হ’ল ফুটামৰা শেখ, পনৌ চানা, দুৰাণ আৰু পুৰাণ। আকৌ এই দলটোৰ লগতে দেওধনী নৃত্য পৰিৱেশন কৰা প্ৰথম মহিলা গৰাকী হ’ল হাফেজা বেগম। দৰঙ জিলাৰ মোচলন্ত অধ্যুষিত এলেকা ওজাপাৰা চুবাৰ নাম পৰশু শেখ ওজাৰ পৰাই হ’ল বুলি জনা যায়। 
আধুনিক বুৰঞ্জীৰ কিছূ পৃষ্ঠা লুটিয়াই চালে দেখা যায় যে বিশ্বসিংহৰ বংশধৰ কোঁচ নৃপতীসকলে দৰঙী কলা-কৃষ্টিৰ বিকাশ তথা প্ৰসাৰৰ বাবে আহোপুৰোষাৰ্থ কৰিছিল। এই দৰঙী ৰজাসকল আছিল সাক্তধৰ্মী। তেখেতসকলেই মাৰৈ পূজা কৰিছিল (অসমত অঞ্চলবিশেষে ইয়াক মাৰে পূজা বুলিও জনা যায়) আৰু এই পূজাত পৰিৱেশ্য কলা হিচাবে ওজাপালি আৰু দেওধনী নৃত্যৰ পোষকতা কৰিছিল। ৰজাই এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোত প্ৰয়োজন হোৱা খুটিতাল, বৰতাল, ঢোল, জয়ঢোল ইত্যাদিৰ যোগানো ধৰিছিল। আনকি নৃপতিসকলে গায়নৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰয়োজন হোৱা শুকনানি পুথিও ওজাসকলক যোগান ধৰিছিল। জনশ্ৰুতি মতে কোঁচ ৰজা ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতাত সুকবি নাৰায়ণদেৱে ১০,৫০০ পদেৰে শুকনানি বা পদ্মপুৰাণখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। কিন্তু, মনসা পূজা বা মাৰৈপূজাৰ লগত ই কেনেধৰণেৰে আৰু কোন সময়ত জঢ়িত হ’ল সেয়া জনাটো কঠিন। কিছুৰ মতে সুকবি নাৰায়ন দেবৰ নামেৰে ই সুকনানি নাম পায়। ওজাপালিৰ পৰম্পৰাগত গীত-পদ সমূহকেই প্ৰণালীবদ্ধভাৱে সুকবি নাৰায়নদেবে ওজাপালীয়ে গাব পৰাকৈ মনসাদেৱীক লৈ পদ্মপুৰাণ আৰু আন মনসা কাব্যকেইখন লিখি উলিয়াই। পাচলৈ দুৰ্গাবৰ আৰু মনকৰে ওজাপালিসকলে গাব পৰাকৈ ইয়াত সুৰ-সঞ্চাৰ আৰু অলংকৰণ কৰে। 

== তথ্যসংগ্ৰহ ==
{{reflist}}
==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
#অসমৰ পৰিৱেশ্য কলা ওজাপালি- ড॰ নবীন চন্দ্ৰ শৰ্মা। 
#সুকনানি সংগীতৰ ৰূপৰেখা- উমাকান্ত নাথ। 
#অসমীয়া লোকসংস্কৃতিৰ আভাস- ড॰ নবীন চন্দ্ৰ শৰ্মা। 
#শ্ৰী ললিত চন্দ্ৰ নাথ ওজাৰ ওপৰত প্ৰাপ্ত কিছু সমলভিত্তিক লেখা। 

{{অসমৰ লোক-সংস্কৃতি}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ সংগীত]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ সংস্কৃতি]]</text>
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      <text bytes="21240" sha1="k7b6nqdwcyfx2uz6aawep8wemfbuyk8" xml:space="preserve">'''ওজাপালি''' ({{lang-en|Ojapali}}) [[অসম]]ৰ এক অৰ্ধ নাটকীয় পৰিবেশ্য কলা। সৰ্বভাৰতীয় কথকতা পৰম্পৰাৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষ ধাৰক আৰু বাহক ওজাপালি প্ৰাচীন কালৰে পৰা অসমত এক জনপ্ৰিয় কলা হিচাপে প্ৰচলিত হৈ আহিছে&lt;ref name=&quot;assamtribune&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.assamtribune.com/nov2108/mosaic1.html | title=Higligting Ojapali | publisher=[[দ্য আসাম ট্ৰিবিউন]] | accessdate=নৱেম্বৰ ৩০, ২০১২ | author=মনোৰঞ্জন কলিতা | archivedate=2009-09-05 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905083319/http://www.assamtribune.com/nov2108/mosaic1.html | deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;। ১৯৭৪ চনত [[অসম চৰকাৰ]]ৰ জনসংযোগ বিভাগৰ সঞ্চালক লুইতকোঁৱৰ ৰুদ্ৰ বৰুৱা আৰু আনন্দমোহন ভাগৱতীৰ সহযোগত ওজাপালি ৰাস্ত্ৰীয় কাৰ্য্যসূচীত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। 

== উদ্ভৱ আৰু বিকাশ ==
ওড্ৰ মাগধী শৈলীৰ চৰিত্ৰৰ লগত ভালেখিনি খাপখোৱা ওজাপালি অনুষ্ঠান ভাৰতীয় মাৰ্গী সংগীত পৰম্পৰাৰ পৰা জন্ম। ইয়াৰ উদ্ভৱ আৰু বিকাশত মন্দিৰৰ প্ৰভুত অৰিহণা আছে। এই ওজাপালি কলাশৈলীৰ উদ্ভৱ আৰু বিকাশ সন্দৰ্ভত বিভিন্ন জনশ্ৰুতি জড়িত হৈ আছে। এই দৈৱিক মতবাদ অনুসৰি বৃহন্নলাৰূপী [[অৰ্জুন]]ৰ দ্বাৰা এইবিধ কলা স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা মৰ্ত্যত প্ৰচলিত হয়। পাৰিজাত নামৰ এগৰাকী মহিলাই স্বপ্নৰ দ্বাৰা এই কলা আয়ত্ত কৰি শিষ্যসকলক শিকাই বুলিও বিয়াহৰ ওজাপালিসকলে বিশ্বাস কৰে। [[বিয়াহ কলা]]ই আৰু [[কেন্দুকলা]]ই এই দুয়োগৰাকী ব্যক্তিবিশেষো ওজাপালিৰ জনক বুলি জনশ্ৰুতি প্ৰচলিত। খ্ৰীষ্টিয় ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ বিশিষ্ট পণ্ডিত বেদাচাৰ্যৰ [[স্মৃতি-ৰত্নাকৰ]], [[অসম]]ৰ [[তাম্ৰ শাসন]], [[গুৰু-চৰিত]] কথা আৰু [[বৈষ্ণৱ]] যুগৰ বিভিন্ন সাহিত্যত এই ওজাপালি প্ৰাচীন কালৰে পৰা প্ৰচলন থকাৰ তথ্য দেখা পোৱা যায়। 

== বিষয়বস্তু, প্ৰকাৰ ==
[[ওজাপালি]] অনুষ্ঠানক বিষয়বস্তু ফালৰ পৰা দুটা ভাগত ভগাব পাৰি। 
* মহাকাব্য আশ্ৰয়ী
* মহাকাব্য অনাশ্ৰয়ী
মহাকাব্য আশ্ৰয়ীক আকৌ সাঁতোটা ভাগত ভগাব পাৰি। 
* বিয়াহৰ ওজাপালি
* ৰামায়ণ ওজাপালি
* ভাইৰা ওজাপালি
* দুৰ্গাবৰী ওজাপালি
* সত্ৰীয়া ওজাপালি
* পাঞ্চালি ওজাপালি
* দুলৰি ওজাপালি
মহাকাব্য অনাশ্ৰয়ীক পাঁচটা ভাগত ভগাব পাৰি
* সুকনান্নী ওজাপালি
* বিষহৰি গান
* মাৰে গান
* পদ্ম পুৰাণৰ গান
* টুকুৰীয়া ওজাপালি
ওজা আৰু পালি এই দুইবিধ অনুষ্ঠান নিৰ্বাহিকাৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাপালি অনুষ্ঠান সংগঠিত। 
পালি দুইবিধ- 
* দাইনা পালি
* সাধাৰণ পালি

এইধৰণৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন তথ্যসমৃদ্ধ হ’লেও আধুনিক সময়ত ওজাপালিক জীৱিত ৰূপত যি দুইধৰণেৰে পোৱা যায় সেয়া হ’ল—সুকনান্নী ওজাপালি আৰু ৰামায়ণ বা সভাগোৱা ওজাপালি। কামৰূপত ৰামায়ণ গোৱা ওজাক সভা গোৱা ওজা বোলে। আনহাতে দৰঙত প্ৰচলিত পদ্মপূৰাণৰ গীত-পদ গোৱা ওজাক সুকনানি ওজা বোলা হয়। কামৰূপ আৰু বৰপেটা জিলাৰ কিছু কিছু অঞ্চলত কিছু বছৰ আগলৈকে ছোৱালীয়েও ওজাপালি প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিছিল। ৰামায়ণ বা সভাগোৱা ওজাপালিৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য থকা এইবিধ ওজাপালিক তিৰি বা আপী ওজাপালি বুলি জনা গৈছিল। কিন্তু সমাজৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনশীল ধাৰাটোৰ বাবেই হওক বা আধুনিকতাৰ প্ৰভাৱতেই হওক এইবিধ ওজাপালি এতিয়ালৈ কামৰূপ আৰু বৰপেটাৰ প্ৰায় দুই এঠাইতহে দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। 

ইয়াৰে আকৌ ওজাপালিয়ে গোৱা গীত-পদৰ বিষয়বস্তু, গীত-পদবোৰলৈ লক্ষ্য কৰি মহাকাব্য আশ্ৰিত ওজাপালিক বৈষ্ণৱ পৰিৱেশ্য কলা আৰু মহাকাব্য অনাশ্ৰিত ওজাপালিক শাক্ত পৰিৱেশ্য কলা বুলিও আখ্যা দিব পাৰি। ব্যাসৰ ওজাপালিয়ে ৰামায়ণ, মহাভাৰত আৰু পুৰাণৰ গীতপদসমূহ গায় যদিও সুকনানি ওজাপালী শাক্ত দেৱীপূজাৰ সৈতে জড়িত হয় আৰু ইয়াত মনসাদেৱীক আৰাধনা কৰি পদ্মপুৰাণৰ গীতপদেৰে মনসাদেৱীৰ বন্দনা কৰা হয়।

== পৰিবেশন শৈলী ==
নৃত্য-গীতৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই দিহা, ৰাগ আদি লগাই দিয়ে আৰু পালিসকলে সহযোগ কৰে। দাইনা পালি আৰু অন্য পালিৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই পৰিবেশন কৰা গীতবোৰ কথিত গদ্যত ৰসালভাবে অথবা অভিনয়ভংগীত দৰ্শকক বুজাই দিয়ে। মুখ্যতঃ ধৰ্মীয় দিশৰ সৈতে সংপৃক্ত হোৱা বাবে ওজাপালিসকলে শুভ্ৰ পোছাক পিন্ধে। ওজাই জামাৰ উপৰিও মূৰত বিশেষধৰণৰ টুপী অথবা পাগ মাৰে।&lt;ref&gt;অসমীয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ কণিকা – সম্পাদনা- ড॰ পৰমানন্দ ৰাজবংশী, ড॰ নাৰায়ন দাস (পৃষ্ঠা-৫৪)&lt;/ref&gt;

==পোছাক-পৰিচ্চদ, পদ-মুদ্ৰা ইত্যাদি==
পোছাক-পৰিচ্চদ হ’ল ওজাপালিৰ এটা লক্ষণীয় দিশ। সুকনানি ওজাপালিত ওজাই বগা ধুতি, গাত বগা চেলেং চাদৰ আৰু কপালত বগা চন্দনৰ ফোট লয়। ওজাজনৰ পাগুৰিটো দেখাত সাধাৰণযেন লাগিলেও ই ডিম্বাকৃতিৰ হয় আৰু সমুখৰফালটো এটা টেমুনাৰদৰে হয়। কিন্তু ৰামায়ণ গোৱা ওজাৰ সাজ-পাৰ কিছু পৃথক হয়। ৰামায়ন বা সভা গোৱা ওজাই সুকনানি ওজাৰ দৰে সাপকন চোলা পিন্ধে যদিও কপালত দীঘল ৰঙা-হালধীয়া বৰণৰ গামোচা বান্ধে। এনে ওজাই ভৰিত নূপুৰ, হাতত ৰূপৰ গামখাৰু আৰু কপালত চন্দনৰ ফোট লয়। আনহাতে এই দুয়োবিধ ওজাপালিতে পালিৰ পাগুৰিটোৰ ধৰণ একেই হয়। দেখাত সাধাৰণযেন লাগে যদিও এই পাগুৰিটোৰ সমুখভাগ ময়ূৰচৰাইৰ পাখীসদৃশ হয়। ইয়াৰ বৰণ বগা হয় আৰু কাপোৰত দহটা ভাঁজ দি ইয়াক ময়ূৰপাখীৰদৰে কৰি লোৱা হয়। 
পুৰণিকালত সুকনানি ওজাজনে তিৰোতাৰ নিচিনাকৈ দীঘল চুলি ৰাখিছিল আৰু খোপা বান্ধিছিল যদিও বৰ্তমান ই লোপ পাইছে বুলিব পাৰি। সভা গোৱা ওজাই আখ্যানৰ লগত ৰিজাই কিছুমান খুহুতীয়া কথাৰ মাজেৰে বৰ্ণনা দি দৰ্শকক হাঁহিৰ খোৰাক যোগায় আৰু সেইদৰেই নৃত্যটোক আমোদজনক কৰি তোলে। সভা গোৱা ওজাই খুটিতাল বজায়। কিন্তু সুকনানি ওজাপালিত পালিয়ে (আৰু কিছুক্ষেত্ৰহে ওজাই) এখন হাতেৰে বুঢ়া আঙুলিত ৰঙা ৰচীৰে মেৰিয়াই খঞ্জিৰা বজায়। 
নৃত্য-গীতৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই প্ৰথমে স্বস্তি মুদ্ৰা আৰু তাৰ পাচত সংহাৰী মুদ্ৰাৰে অনুষ্ঠান আৰম্ভ কৰে। তাৰ পাছতে দেৱ-দেৱীৰ বন্দনা কৰা হয় আৰু শেষত আহে গীত পদ সমূহৰ সুৰসঞ্চাৰিত পৰিৱেশন। এই পদ গোৱা পৰ্বত ওজাই প্ৰথমে দিহা, ৰাগ আদি লগাই দিয়ে আৰু পালিসকলে ইয়াত সহযোগ কৰে। দাইনা পালি আৰু অন্য পালিৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই পৰিৱেশন কৰা গীতবোৰ কথিত গদ্যত ৰসালভাৱে অথবা অভিনয়ভংগীত দৰ্শকক বুজাই দিয়ে। মুখ্যতঃ ধৰ্মীয় দিশৰ সৈতে সংপৃক্ত হোৱা বাবে ওজাপালিসকলে শুভ্ৰ পোছাক পিন্ধে বুলি জনশ্ৰুতিয়ে কয়।

==দেওধনী নৃত্য==
সুকনানি ওজাৰ ওজাপালিৰ এক আংগিক উপাদান হ’ল দেওধনী নৃত্য। ৰামায়ণ গোৱা ওজাৰ লগত দেওধনী নাথাকে, কিন্তু সুকনানি ওজাৰ দেওধনী একপ্ৰকাৰ প্ৰধান অংগ বুলিব পাৰি। আজিকালি এই দেওধনী প্ৰায় লোপ পাই আহিছে। দেওধনীয়ে কিছুমান অলৌকিক শক্তি দেখুৱাই মানুহৰ মন আকৰ্ষণ কৰে। 
আখ্যানমতে বেউলাই লক্ষীণ্দাৰক জীয়াই তুলিবলৈ দেৱতাৰ আগত কৰা নৃত্যটোৱেই হ’ল দেওধনী নৃত্য। এই দেওধনীৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পদচালন মুদ্ৰা পালীৰ সৈতে একে হোৱাটো ইয়াৰ এটা সাধাৰণ বৈশিষ্ট। দেওধনী নৃত্যৰ পোচাক সাধাৰণতে ৰঙা বৰণৰ হয় আৰু বুকুত মৰা নীলা বৰণৰ মেথনিয়ে চুলিমেলি নচা নৰ্তকীক এক অনন্য মাত্ৰা প্ৰদান কৰে। এই নৃত্যক মৃত সঞ্জীৱনী নৃত্য বুলি ধৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰিৱেশনশৈলি আন নৃত্যৰ লগত নিমিলে। পুৰ্বতে অসমত দেওধনী নচা ছোৱালী নাছিল। সংৰক্ষণশীল সমাজব্যৱস্থাৰ বাবেই এনে হৈছিল। আনহাতে এই নৃত্যৰ যোগেদি ভগৱানৰ আগত সতী বেউলাই নিজৰ স্বামী লক্ষীণ্দাৰক জীয়াই তুলিবলৈ নাচিছিল বাবে সমাজে তেনে নৃত্য কৰা ছোৱালীক অসতী আৰু সতীৰ শ্ৰেণীতে ধৰিছিল আৰু হেয় জ্ঞান কৰাৰ লগতে বিবাহৰ অযোগ্য বুলি ভাবিছিল। সময়ৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনশীল ধাৰাটোৱে এই আহুকলিয়া চিন্তনত কিছু শিথিলতা আনে যদিও আজিও দেওধনী নচা ছোৱালীৰ সংখ্যা তেনেই নগণ্য বুলিব পাৰি। 

==বৰ্তমানৰ ওজাপালি==
জীৱনৰ চৌষষ্ঠী কলাৰ ভিতৰত বিশেষকৈ সাহিত্য, সংগীত আৰু নৃত্যকলাৰ এক সমন্বয় হ’ল ওজাপালি। প্ৰাক শংকৰী যুগৰো বহুকাল আগতে সুস্থৰূপত প্ৰচলিত আছিল ওজাপালি। ইয়াক ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান হিচাবে গণ্য কৰিলেও তেতিয়াৰ সময়ত ওজাপালিক অসমীয়া জাতিৰ এটা অতি আপুৰুগীয়া আৰু প্ৰধান কলা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল। এই কলাক জীয়াই ৰখাৰ বাবে কেৱল অসমীয়া লোকেই আহুপুৰোষাৰ্থ কৰিছিল তেনে নহয়। এই নৃত্যত আন আন জনগোষ্ঠীৰ লোকো সমানে জঢ়িত আছিল। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে পৰশু শেখ ওজাৰ নাম সজোৰে উচ্ছাৰণ কৰিব পাৰি। এইজন লোক ধৰ্মত ইচলাম আছিল যদিও ওজাপালি আৰু দেওধনী নৃত্যৰ বাবে আহুপুৰূষাৰ্থ কৰিছিল। তেওঁকেই প্ৰথম মুচলন্ত ওজা বুলি ধৰা হয়। তেওঁৰ নাট্যদলৰ কেইজনমান বিখ্যাত পালি হ’ল ফুটামৰা শেখ, পনৌ চানা, দুৰাণ আৰু পুৰাণ। আকৌ এই দলটোৰ লগতে দেওধনী নৃত্য পৰিৱেশন কৰা প্ৰথম মহিলা গৰাকী হ’ল হাফেজা বেগম। দৰঙ জিলাৰ মোচলন্ত অধ্যুষিত এলেকা ওজাপাৰা চুবাৰ নাম পৰশু শেখ ওজাৰ পৰাই হ’ল বুলি জনা যায়। 
আধুনিক বুৰঞ্জীৰ কিছূ পৃষ্ঠা লুটিয়াই চালে দেখা যায় যে বিশ্বসিংহৰ বংশধৰ কোঁচ নৃপতীসকলে দৰঙী কলা-কৃষ্টিৰ বিকাশ তথা প্ৰসাৰৰ বাবে আহোপুৰোষাৰ্থ কৰিছিল। এই দৰঙী ৰজাসকল আছিল সাক্তধৰ্মী। তেখেতসকলেই মাৰৈ পূজা কৰিছিল (অসমত অঞ্চলবিশেষে ইয়াক মাৰে পূজা বুলিও জনা যায়) আৰু এই পূজাত পৰিৱেশ্য কলা হিচাবে ওজাপালি আৰু দেওধনী নৃত্যৰ পোষকতা কৰিছিল। ৰজাই এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোত প্ৰয়োজন হোৱা খুটিতাল, বৰতাল, ঢোল, জয়ঢোল ইত্যাদিৰ যোগানো ধৰিছিল। আনকি নৃপতিসকলে গায়নৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰয়োজন হোৱা শুকনানি পুথিও ওজাসকলক যোগান ধৰিছিল। জনশ্ৰুতি মতে কোঁচ ৰজা ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতাত সুকবি নাৰায়ণদেৱে ১০,৫০০ পদেৰে শুকনানি বা পদ্মপুৰাণখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। কিন্তু, মনসা পূজা বা মাৰৈপূজাৰ লগত ই কেনেধৰণেৰে আৰু কোন সময়ত জঢ়িত হ’ল সেয়া জনাটো কঠিন। কিছুৰ মতে সুকবি নাৰায়ন দেবৰ নামেৰে ই সুকনানি নাম পায়। ওজাপালিৰ পৰম্পৰাগত গীত-পদ সমূহকেই প্ৰণালীবদ্ধভাৱে সুকবি নাৰায়নদেবে ওজাপালীয়ে গাব পৰাকৈ মনসাদেৱীক লৈ পদ্মপুৰাণ আৰু আন মনসা কাব্যকেইখন লিখি উলিয়াই। পাচলৈ দুৰ্গাবৰ আৰু মনকৰে ওজাপালিসকলে গাব পৰাকৈ ইয়াত সুৰ-সঞ্চাৰ আৰু অলংকৰণ কৰে। 

== তথ্যসংগ্ৰহ ==
{{reflist}}
==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
#অসমৰ পৰিৱেশ্য কলা ওজাপালি- ড॰ নবীন চন্দ্ৰ শৰ্মা। 
#সুকনানি সংগীতৰ ৰূপৰেখা- উমাকান্ত নাথ। 
#অসমীয়া লোকসংস্কৃতিৰ আভাস- ড॰ নবীন চন্দ্ৰ শৰ্মা। 
#শ্ৰী ললিত চন্দ্ৰ নাথ ওজাৰ ওপৰত প্ৰাপ্ত কিছু সমলভিত্তিক লেখা। 

{{অসমৰ লোক-সংস্কৃতি}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ সংগীত]]
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      <text bytes="21237" sha1="c0vtybviuwrxnvgwxekffk0ljnvls2z" xml:space="preserve">'''ওজাপালি''' ({{lang-en|Ojapali}}) [[অসম]]ৰ এক অৰ্ধ নাটকীয় পৰিবেশ্য কলা। সৰ্বভাৰতীয় কথকতা পৰম্পৰাৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষ ধাৰক আৰু বাহক ওজাপালি প্ৰাচীন কালৰে পৰা অসমত এক জনপ্ৰিয় কলা হিচাপে প্ৰচলিত হৈ আহিছে&lt;ref name=&quot;assamtribune&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.assamtribune.com/nov2108/mosaic1.html | title=Higligting Ojapali | publisher=[[দ্য আসাম ট্ৰিবিউন]] | accessdate=নৱেম্বৰ ৩০, ২০১২ | author=মনোৰঞ্জন কলিতা | archivedate=2009-09-05 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905083319/http://www.assamtribune.com/nov2108/mosaic1.html | deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;। ১৯৭৪ চনত [[অসম চৰকাৰ]]ৰ জনসংযোগ বিভাগৰ সঞ্চালক লুইতকোঁৱৰ ৰুদ্ৰ বৰুৱা আৰু আনন্দমোহন ভাগৱতীৰ সহযোগত ওজাপালি ৰাস্ত্ৰীয় কাৰ্য্যসূচীত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। 

== উদ্ভৱ আৰু বিকাশ ==
ওড্ৰ মাগধী শৈলীৰ চৰিত্ৰৰ লগত ভালেখিনি খাপখোৱা ওজাপালি অনুষ্ঠান ভাৰতীয় মাৰ্গী সংগীত পৰম্পৰাৰ পৰা জন্ম। ইয়াৰ উদ্ভৱ আৰু বিকাশত মন্দিৰৰ প্ৰভুত অৰিহণা আছে। এই ওজাপালি কলাশৈলীৰ উদ্ভৱ আৰু বিকাশ সন্দৰ্ভত বিভিন্ন জনশ্ৰুতি জড়িত হৈ আছে। এই দৈৱিক মতবাদ অনুসৰি বৃহন্নলাৰূপী [[অৰ্জুন]]ৰ দ্বাৰা এইবিধ কলা স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা মৰ্ত্যত প্ৰচলিত হয়। পাৰিজাত নামৰ এগৰাকী মহিলাই স্বপ্নৰ দ্বাৰা এই কলা আয়ত্ত কৰি শিষ্যসকলক শিকাই বুলিও বিয়াহৰ ওজাপালিসকলে বিশ্বাস কৰে। [[বিয়াহ কলা]]ই আৰু [[কেন্দুকলা]]ই এই দুয়োগৰাকী ব্যক্তিবিশেষো ওজাপালিৰ জনক বুলি জনশ্ৰুতি প্ৰচলিত। খ্ৰীষ্টিয় ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ বিশিষ্ট পণ্ডিত বেদাচাৰ্যৰ [[স্মৃতি-ৰত্নাকৰ]], [[অসম]]ৰ [[তাম্ৰ শাসন]], [[গুৰু-চৰিত]] কথা আৰু [[বৈষ্ণৱ]] যুগৰ বিভিন্ন সাহিত্যত এই ওজাপালি প্ৰাচীন কালৰে পৰা প্ৰচলন থকাৰ তথ্য দেখা পোৱা যায়। 

== বিষয়বস্তু, প্ৰকাৰ ==
[[ওজাপালি]] অনুষ্ঠানক বিষয়বস্তু ফালৰ পৰা দুটা ভাগত ভগাব পাৰি। 
* মহাকাব্য আশ্ৰয়ী
* মহাকাব্য অনাশ্ৰয়ী
মহাকাব্য আশ্ৰয়ীক আকৌ সাঁতোটা ভাগত ভগাব পাৰি। 
* বিয়াহৰ ওজাপালি
* ৰামায়ণ ওজাপালি
* ভাইৰা ওজাপালি
* দুৰ্গাবৰী ওজাপালি
* সত্ৰীয়া ওজাপালি
* পাঞ্চালি ওজাপালি
* দুলৰি ওজাপালি
মহাকাব্য অনাশ্ৰয়ীক পাঁচটা ভাগত ভগাব পাৰি
* সুকনান্নী ওজাপালি
* বিষহৰি গান
* মাৰে গান
* পদ্ম পুৰাণৰ গান
* টুকুৰীয়া ওজাপালি
ওজা আৰু পালি এই দুইবিধ অনুষ্ঠান নিৰ্বাহিকাৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাপালি অনুষ্ঠান সংগঠিত। 
পালি দুইবিধ- 
* দাইনা পালি
* সাধাৰণ পালি

এইধৰণৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন তথ্যসমৃদ্ধ হ’লেও আধুনিক সময়ত ওজাপালিক জীৱিত ৰূপত যি দুইধৰণেৰে পোৱা যায় সেয়া হ’ল—সুকনান্নী ওজাপালি আৰু ৰামায়ণ বা সভাগোৱা ওজাপালি। কামৰূপত ৰামায়ণ গোৱা ওজাক সভা গোৱা ওজা বোলে। আনহাতে দৰঙত প্ৰচলিত পদ্মপূৰাণৰ গীত-পদ গোৱা ওজাক সুকনানি ওজা বোলা হয়। কামৰূপ আৰু বৰপেটা জিলাৰ কিছু কিছু অঞ্চলত কিছু বছৰ আগলৈকে ছোৱালীয়েও ওজাপালি প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিছিল। ৰামায়ণ বা সভাগোৱা ওজাপালিৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য থকা এইবিধ ওজাপালিক তিৰি বা আপী ওজাপালি বুলি জনা গৈছিল। কিন্তু সমাজৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনশীল ধাৰাটোৰ বাবেই হওক বা আধুনিকতাৰ প্ৰভাৱতেই হওক এইবিধ ওজাপালি এতিয়ালৈ কামৰূপ আৰু বৰপেটাৰ প্ৰায় দুই এঠাইতহে দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। 

ইয়াৰে আকৌ ওজাপালিয়ে গোৱা গীত-পদৰ বিষয়বস্তু, গীত-পদবোৰলৈ লক্ষ্য কৰি মহাকাব্য আশ্ৰিত ওজাপালিক বৈষ্ণৱ পৰিৱেশ্য কলা আৰু মহাকাব্য অনাশ্ৰিত ওজাপালিক শাক্ত পৰিৱেশ্য কলা বুলিও আখ্যা দিব পাৰি। ব্যাসৰ ওজাপালিয়ে ৰামায়ণ, মহাভাৰত আৰু পুৰাণৰ গীতপদসমূহ গায় যদিও সুকনানি ওজাপালী শাক্ত দেৱীপূজাৰ সৈতে জড়িত হয় আৰু ইয়াত মনসাদেৱীক আৰাধনা কৰি পদ্মপুৰাণৰ গীতপদেৰে মনসাদেৱীৰ বন্দনা কৰা হয়।

== পৰিবেশন শৈলী ==
নৃত্য-গীতৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই দিহা, ৰাগ আদি লগাই দিয়ে আৰু পালিসকলে সহযোগ কৰে। দাইনা পালি আৰু অন্য পালিৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই পৰিবেশন কৰা গীতবোৰ কথিত গদ্যত ৰসালভাবে অথবা অভিনয়ভংগীত দৰ্শকক বুজাই দিয়ে। মুখ্যতঃ ধৰ্মীয় দিশৰ সৈতে সংপৃক্ত হোৱা বাবে ওজাপালিসকলে শুভ্ৰ পোছাক পিন্ধে। ওজাই জামাৰ উপৰিও মূৰত বিশেষধৰণৰ টুপী অথবা পাগ মাৰে।&lt;ref&gt;অসমীয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ কণিকা – সম্পাদনা- ড॰ পৰমানন্দ ৰাজবংশী, ড॰ নাৰায়ন দাস (পৃষ্ঠা-৫৪)&lt;/ref&gt;

==পোছাক-পৰিচ্চদ, পদ-মুদ্ৰা ইত্যাদি==
পোছাক-পৰিচ্চদ হ’ল ওজাপালিৰ এটা লক্ষণীয় দিশ। সুকনানি ওজাপালিত ওজাই বগা ধুতি, গাত বগা চেলেং চাদৰ আৰু কপালত বগা চন্দনৰ ফোট লয়। ওজাজনৰ পাগুৰিটো দেখাত সাধাৰণযেন লাগিলেও ই ডিম্বাকৃতিৰ হয় আৰু সমুখৰফালটো এটা টেমুনাৰদৰে হয়। কিন্তু ৰামায়ণ গোৱা ওজাৰ সাজ-পাৰ কিছু পৃথক হয়। ৰামায়ন বা সভা গোৱা ওজাই সুকনানি ওজাৰ দৰে সাপকন চোলা পিন্ধে যদিও কপালত দীঘল ৰঙা-হালধীয়া বৰণৰ গামোচা বান্ধে। এনে ওজাই ভৰিত নূপুৰ, হাতত ৰূপৰ গামখাৰু আৰু কপালত চন্দনৰ ফোট লয়। আনহাতে এই দুয়োবিধ ওজাপালিতে পালিৰ পাগুৰিটোৰ ধৰণ একেই হয়। দেখাত সাধাৰণযেন লাগে যদিও এই পাগুৰিটোৰ সমুখভাগ ময়ূৰচৰাইৰ পাখীসদৃশ হয়। ইয়াৰ বৰণ বগা হয় আৰু কাপোৰত দহটা ভাঁজ দি ইয়াক ময়ূৰপাখীৰদৰে কৰি লোৱা হয়। 
পুৰণিকালত সুকনানি ওজাজনে তিৰোতাৰ নিচিনাকৈ দীঘল চুলি ৰাখিছিল আৰু খোপা বান্ধিছিল যদিও বৰ্তমান ই লোপ পাইছে বুলিব পাৰি। সভা গোৱা ওজাই আখ্যানৰ লগত ৰিজাই কিছুমান খুহুতীয়া কথাৰ মাজেৰে বৰ্ণনা দি দৰ্শকক হাঁহিৰ খোৰাক যোগায় আৰু সেইদৰেই নৃত্যটোক আমোদজনক কৰি তোলে। সভা গোৱা ওজাই খুটিতাল বজায়। কিন্তু সুকনানি ওজাপালিত পালিয়ে (আৰু কিছুক্ষেত্ৰহে ওজাই) এখন হাতেৰে বুঢ়া আঙুলিত ৰঙা ৰচীৰে মেৰিয়াই খঞ্জিৰা বজায়। 
নৃত্য-গীতৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই প্ৰথমে স্বস্তি মুদ্ৰা আৰু তাৰ পাচত সংহাৰী মুদ্ৰাৰে অনুষ্ঠান আৰম্ভ কৰে। তাৰ পাছতে দেৱ-দেৱীৰ বন্দনা কৰা হয় আৰু শেষত আহে গীত পদ সমূহৰ সুৰসঞ্চাৰিত পৰিৱেশন। এই পদ গোৱা পৰ্বত ওজাই প্ৰথমে দিহা, ৰাগ আদি লগাই দিয়ে আৰু পালিসকলে ইয়াত সহযোগ কৰে। দাইনা পালি আৰু অন্য পালিৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই পৰিৱেশন কৰা গীতবোৰ কথিত গদ্যত ৰসালভাৱে অথবা অভিনয়ভংগীত দৰ্শকক বুজাই দিয়ে। মুখ্যতঃ ধৰ্মীয় দিশৰ সৈতে সংপৃক্ত হোৱা বাবে ওজাপালিসকলে শুভ্ৰ পোছাক পিন্ধে বুলি জনশ্ৰুতিয়ে কয়।

==দেওধনী নৃত্য==
সুকনানি ওজাৰ ওজাপালিৰ এক আংগিক উপাদান হ’ল দেওধনী নৃত্য। ৰামায়ণ গোৱা ওজাৰ লগত দেওধনী নাথাকে, কিন্তু সুকনানি ওজাৰ দেওধনী একপ্ৰকাৰ প্ৰধান অংগ বুলিব পাৰি। আজিকালি এই দেওধনী প্ৰায় লোপ পাই আহিছে। দেওধনীয়ে কিছুমান অলৌকিক শক্তি দেখুৱাই মানুহৰ মন আকৰ্ষণ কৰে। 
আখ্যানমতে বেউলাই লক্ষীন্দাৰ জীয়াই তুলিবলৈ দেৱতাৰ আগত কৰা নৃত্যটোৱেই হ’ল দেওধনী নৃত্য। এই দেওধনীৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পদচালন মুদ্ৰা পালীৰ সৈতে একে হোৱাটো ইয়াৰ এটা সাধাৰণ বৈশিষ্ট। দেওধনী নৃত্যৰ পোছাক সাধাৰণতে ৰঙা বৰণৰ হয় আৰু বুকুত মৰা নীলা বৰণৰ মেথনিয়ে চুলিমেলি নচা নৰ্তকীক এক অনন্য মাত্ৰা প্ৰদান কৰে। এই নৃত্যক মৃত সঞ্জীৱনী নৃত্য বুলি ধৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰিৱেশন শৈলী আন নৃত্যৰ লগত নিমিলে। পূৰ্বতে অসমত দেওধনী নচা ছোৱালী নাছিল। সংৰক্ষণশীল সমাজব্যৱস্থাৰ বাবেই এনে হৈছিল। আনহাতে এই নৃত্যৰ যোগেদি ভগৱানৰ আগত সতী বেউলাই নিজৰ স্বামী লক্ষীন্দাৰক জীয়াই তুলিবলৈ নাচিছিল বাবে সমাজে তেনে নৃত্য কৰা ছোৱালীক অসতী আৰু সতীৰ শ্ৰেণীতে ধৰিছিল আৰু হেয় জ্ঞান কৰাৰ লগতে বিবাহৰ অযোগ্য বুলি ভাবিছিল। সময়ৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনশীল ধাৰাটোৱে এই আহুকলিয়া চিন্তনত কিছু শিথিলতা আনে যদিও আজিও দেওধনী নচা ছোৱালীৰ সংখ্যা তেনেই নগণ্য বুলিব পাৰি।

==বৰ্তমানৰ ওজাপালি==
জীৱনৰ চৌষষ্ঠী কলাৰ ভিতৰত বিশেষকৈ সাহিত্য, সংগীত আৰু নৃত্যকলাৰ এক সমন্বয় হ’ল ওজাপালি। প্ৰাক শংকৰী যুগৰো বহুকাল আগতে সুস্থৰূপত প্ৰচলিত আছিল ওজাপালি। ইয়াক ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান হিচাবে গণ্য কৰিলেও তেতিয়াৰ সময়ত ওজাপালিক অসমীয়া জাতিৰ এটা অতি আপুৰুগীয়া আৰু প্ৰধান কলা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল। এই কলাক জীয়াই ৰখাৰ বাবে কেৱল অসমীয়া লোকেই আহুপুৰোষাৰ্থ কৰিছিল তেনে নহয়। এই নৃত্যত আন আন জনগোষ্ঠীৰ লোকো সমানে জঢ়িত আছিল। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে পৰশু শেখ ওজাৰ নাম সজোৰে উচ্ছাৰণ কৰিব পাৰি। এইজন লোক ধৰ্মত ইচলাম আছিল যদিও ওজাপালি আৰু দেওধনী নৃত্যৰ বাবে আহুপুৰূষাৰ্থ কৰিছিল। তেওঁকেই প্ৰথম মুচলন্ত ওজা বুলি ধৰা হয়। তেওঁৰ নাট্যদলৰ কেইজনমান বিখ্যাত পালি হ’ল ফুটামৰা শেখ, পনৌ চানা, দুৰাণ আৰু পুৰাণ। আকৌ এই দলটোৰ লগতে দেওধনী নৃত্য পৰিৱেশন কৰা প্ৰথম মহিলা গৰাকী হ’ল হাফেজা বেগম। দৰঙ জিলাৰ মোচলন্ত অধ্যুষিত এলেকা ওজাপাৰা চুবাৰ নাম পৰশু শেখ ওজাৰ পৰাই হ’ল বুলি জনা যায়। 
আধুনিক বুৰঞ্জীৰ কিছূ পৃষ্ঠা লুটিয়াই চালে দেখা যায় যে বিশ্বসিংহৰ বংশধৰ কোঁচ নৃপতীসকলে দৰঙী কলা-কৃষ্টিৰ বিকাশ তথা প্ৰসাৰৰ বাবে আহোপুৰোষাৰ্থ কৰিছিল। এই দৰঙী ৰজাসকল আছিল সাক্তধৰ্মী। তেখেতসকলেই মাৰৈ পূজা কৰিছিল (অসমত অঞ্চলবিশেষে ইয়াক মাৰে পূজা বুলিও জনা যায়) আৰু এই পূজাত পৰিৱেশ্য কলা হিচাবে ওজাপালি আৰু দেওধনী নৃত্যৰ পোষকতা কৰিছিল। ৰজাই এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোত প্ৰয়োজন হোৱা খুটিতাল, বৰতাল, ঢোল, জয়ঢোল ইত্যাদিৰ যোগানো ধৰিছিল। আনকি নৃপতিসকলে গায়নৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰয়োজন হোৱা শুকনানি পুথিও ওজাসকলক যোগান ধৰিছিল। জনশ্ৰুতি মতে কোঁচ ৰজা ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতাত সুকবি নাৰায়ণদেৱে ১০,৫০০ পদেৰে শুকনানি বা পদ্মপুৰাণখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। কিন্তু, মনসা পূজা বা মাৰৈপূজাৰ লগত ই কেনেধৰণেৰে আৰু কোন সময়ত জঢ়িত হ’ল সেয়া জনাটো কঠিন। কিছুৰ মতে সুকবি নাৰায়ন দেবৰ নামেৰে ই সুকনানি নাম পায়। ওজাপালিৰ পৰম্পৰাগত গীত-পদ সমূহকেই প্ৰণালীবদ্ধভাৱে সুকবি নাৰায়নদেবে ওজাপালীয়ে গাব পৰাকৈ মনসাদেৱীক লৈ পদ্মপুৰাণ আৰু আন মনসা কাব্যকেইখন লিখি উলিয়াই। পাচলৈ দুৰ্গাবৰ আৰু মনকৰে ওজাপালিসকলে গাব পৰাকৈ ইয়াত সুৰ-সঞ্চাৰ আৰু অলংকৰণ কৰে। 

== তথ্যসংগ্ৰহ ==
{{reflist}}
==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
#অসমৰ পৰিৱেশ্য কলা ওজাপালি- ড॰ নবীন চন্দ্ৰ শৰ্মা। 
#সুকনানি সংগীতৰ ৰূপৰেখা- উমাকান্ত নাথ। 
#অসমীয়া লোকসংস্কৃতিৰ আভাস- ড॰ নবীন চন্দ্ৰ শৰ্মা। 
#শ্ৰী ললিত চন্দ্ৰ নাথ ওজাৰ ওপৰত প্ৰাপ্ত কিছু সমলভিত্তিক লেখা। 

{{অসমৰ লোক-সংস্কৃতি}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ সংগীত]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ সংস্কৃতি]]</text>
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      <comment>/* বৰ্তমানৰ ওজাপালি */</comment>
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      <text bytes="21239" sha1="0n10hxgt2ug0qbrmiyts58qlvomtcwz" xml:space="preserve">'''ওজাপালি''' ({{lang-en|Ojapali}}) [[অসম]]ৰ এক অৰ্ধ নাটকীয় পৰিবেশ্য কলা। সৰ্বভাৰতীয় কথকতা পৰম্পৰাৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষ ধাৰক আৰু বাহক ওজাপালি প্ৰাচীন কালৰে পৰা অসমত এক জনপ্ৰিয় কলা হিচাপে প্ৰচলিত হৈ আহিছে&lt;ref name=&quot;assamtribune&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.assamtribune.com/nov2108/mosaic1.html | title=Higligting Ojapali | publisher=[[দ্য আসাম ট্ৰিবিউন]] | accessdate=নৱেম্বৰ ৩০, ২০১২ | author=মনোৰঞ্জন কলিতা | archivedate=2009-09-05 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905083319/http://www.assamtribune.com/nov2108/mosaic1.html | deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;। ১৯৭৪ চনত [[অসম চৰকাৰ]]ৰ জনসংযোগ বিভাগৰ সঞ্চালক লুইতকোঁৱৰ ৰুদ্ৰ বৰুৱা আৰু আনন্দমোহন ভাগৱতীৰ সহযোগত ওজাপালি ৰাস্ত্ৰীয় কাৰ্য্যসূচীত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। 

== উদ্ভৱ আৰু বিকাশ ==
ওড্ৰ মাগধী শৈলীৰ চৰিত্ৰৰ লগত ভালেখিনি খাপখোৱা ওজাপালি অনুষ্ঠান ভাৰতীয় মাৰ্গী সংগীত পৰম্পৰাৰ পৰা জন্ম। ইয়াৰ উদ্ভৱ আৰু বিকাশত মন্দিৰৰ প্ৰভুত অৰিহণা আছে। এই ওজাপালি কলাশৈলীৰ উদ্ভৱ আৰু বিকাশ সন্দৰ্ভত বিভিন্ন জনশ্ৰুতি জড়িত হৈ আছে। এই দৈৱিক মতবাদ অনুসৰি বৃহন্নলাৰূপী [[অৰ্জুন]]ৰ দ্বাৰা এইবিধ কলা স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা মৰ্ত্যত প্ৰচলিত হয়। পাৰিজাত নামৰ এগৰাকী মহিলাই স্বপ্নৰ দ্বাৰা এই কলা আয়ত্ত কৰি শিষ্যসকলক শিকাই বুলিও বিয়াহৰ ওজাপালিসকলে বিশ্বাস কৰে। [[বিয়াহ কলা]]ই আৰু [[কেন্দুকলা]]ই এই দুয়োগৰাকী ব্যক্তিবিশেষো ওজাপালিৰ জনক বুলি জনশ্ৰুতি প্ৰচলিত। খ্ৰীষ্টিয় ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ বিশিষ্ট পণ্ডিত বেদাচাৰ্যৰ [[স্মৃতি-ৰত্নাকৰ]], [[অসম]]ৰ [[তাম্ৰ শাসন]], [[গুৰু-চৰিত]] কথা আৰু [[বৈষ্ণৱ]] যুগৰ বিভিন্ন সাহিত্যত এই ওজাপালি প্ৰাচীন কালৰে পৰা প্ৰচলন থকাৰ তথ্য দেখা পোৱা যায়। 

== বিষয়বস্তু, প্ৰকাৰ ==
[[ওজাপালি]] অনুষ্ঠানক বিষয়বস্তু ফালৰ পৰা দুটা ভাগত ভগাব পাৰি। 
* মহাকাব্য আশ্ৰয়ী
* মহাকাব্য অনাশ্ৰয়ী
মহাকাব্য আশ্ৰয়ীক আকৌ সাঁতোটা ভাগত ভগাব পাৰি। 
* বিয়াহৰ ওজাপালি
* ৰামায়ণ ওজাপালি
* ভাইৰা ওজাপালি
* দুৰ্গাবৰী ওজাপালি
* সত্ৰীয়া ওজাপালি
* পাঞ্চালি ওজাপালি
* দুলৰি ওজাপালি
মহাকাব্য অনাশ্ৰয়ীক পাঁচটা ভাগত ভগাব পাৰি
* সুকনান্নী ওজাপালি
* বিষহৰি গান
* মাৰে গান
* পদ্ম পুৰাণৰ গান
* টুকুৰীয়া ওজাপালি
ওজা আৰু পালি এই দুইবিধ অনুষ্ঠান নিৰ্বাহিকাৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাপালি অনুষ্ঠান সংগঠিত। 
পালি দুইবিধ- 
* দাইনা পালি
* সাধাৰণ পালি

এইধৰণৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন তথ্যসমৃদ্ধ হ’লেও আধুনিক সময়ত ওজাপালিক জীৱিত ৰূপত যি দুইধৰণেৰে পোৱা যায় সেয়া হ’ল—সুকনান্নী ওজাপালি আৰু ৰামায়ণ বা সভাগোৱা ওজাপালি। কামৰূপত ৰামায়ণ গোৱা ওজাক সভা গোৱা ওজা বোলে। আনহাতে দৰঙত প্ৰচলিত পদ্মপূৰাণৰ গীত-পদ গোৱা ওজাক সুকনানি ওজা বোলা হয়। কামৰূপ আৰু বৰপেটা জিলাৰ কিছু কিছু অঞ্চলত কিছু বছৰ আগলৈকে ছোৱালীয়েও ওজাপালি প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিছিল। ৰামায়ণ বা সভাগোৱা ওজাপালিৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য থকা এইবিধ ওজাপালিক তিৰি বা আপী ওজাপালি বুলি জনা গৈছিল। কিন্তু সমাজৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনশীল ধাৰাটোৰ বাবেই হওক বা আধুনিকতাৰ প্ৰভাৱতেই হওক এইবিধ ওজাপালি এতিয়ালৈ কামৰূপ আৰু বৰপেটাৰ প্ৰায় দুই এঠাইতহে দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। 

ইয়াৰে আকৌ ওজাপালিয়ে গোৱা গীত-পদৰ বিষয়বস্তু, গীত-পদবোৰলৈ লক্ষ্য কৰি মহাকাব্য আশ্ৰিত ওজাপালিক বৈষ্ণৱ পৰিৱেশ্য কলা আৰু মহাকাব্য অনাশ্ৰিত ওজাপালিক শাক্ত পৰিৱেশ্য কলা বুলিও আখ্যা দিব পাৰি। ব্যাসৰ ওজাপালিয়ে ৰামায়ণ, মহাভাৰত আৰু পুৰাণৰ গীতপদসমূহ গায় যদিও সুকনানি ওজাপালী শাক্ত দেৱীপূজাৰ সৈতে জড়িত হয় আৰু ইয়াত মনসাদেৱীক আৰাধনা কৰি পদ্মপুৰাণৰ গীতপদেৰে মনসাদেৱীৰ বন্দনা কৰা হয়।

== পৰিবেশন শৈলী ==
নৃত্য-গীতৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই দিহা, ৰাগ আদি লগাই দিয়ে আৰু পালিসকলে সহযোগ কৰে। দাইনা পালি আৰু অন্য পালিৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই পৰিবেশন কৰা গীতবোৰ কথিত গদ্যত ৰসালভাবে অথবা অভিনয়ভংগীত দৰ্শকক বুজাই দিয়ে। মুখ্যতঃ ধৰ্মীয় দিশৰ সৈতে সংপৃক্ত হোৱা বাবে ওজাপালিসকলে শুভ্ৰ পোছাক পিন্ধে। ওজাই জামাৰ উপৰিও মূৰত বিশেষধৰণৰ টুপী অথবা পাগ মাৰে।&lt;ref&gt;অসমীয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ কণিকা – সম্পাদনা- ড॰ পৰমানন্দ ৰাজবংশী, ড॰ নাৰায়ন দাস (পৃষ্ঠা-৫৪)&lt;/ref&gt;

==পোছাক-পৰিচ্চদ, পদ-মুদ্ৰা ইত্যাদি==
পোছাক-পৰিচ্চদ হ’ল ওজাপালিৰ এটা লক্ষণীয় দিশ। সুকনানি ওজাপালিত ওজাই বগা ধুতি, গাত বগা চেলেং চাদৰ আৰু কপালত বগা চন্দনৰ ফোট লয়। ওজাজনৰ পাগুৰিটো দেখাত সাধাৰণযেন লাগিলেও ই ডিম্বাকৃতিৰ হয় আৰু সমুখৰফালটো এটা টেমুনাৰদৰে হয়। কিন্তু ৰামায়ণ গোৱা ওজাৰ সাজ-পাৰ কিছু পৃথক হয়। ৰামায়ন বা সভা গোৱা ওজাই সুকনানি ওজাৰ দৰে সাপকন চোলা পিন্ধে যদিও কপালত দীঘল ৰঙা-হালধীয়া বৰণৰ গামোচা বান্ধে। এনে ওজাই ভৰিত নূপুৰ, হাতত ৰূপৰ গামখাৰু আৰু কপালত চন্দনৰ ফোট লয়। আনহাতে এই দুয়োবিধ ওজাপালিতে পালিৰ পাগুৰিটোৰ ধৰণ একেই হয়। দেখাত সাধাৰণযেন লাগে যদিও এই পাগুৰিটোৰ সমুখভাগ ময়ূৰচৰাইৰ পাখীসদৃশ হয়। ইয়াৰ বৰণ বগা হয় আৰু কাপোৰত দহটা ভাঁজ দি ইয়াক ময়ূৰপাখীৰদৰে কৰি লোৱা হয়। 
পুৰণিকালত সুকনানি ওজাজনে তিৰোতাৰ নিচিনাকৈ দীঘল চুলি ৰাখিছিল আৰু খোপা বান্ধিছিল যদিও বৰ্তমান ই লোপ পাইছে বুলিব পাৰি। সভা গোৱা ওজাই আখ্যানৰ লগত ৰিজাই কিছুমান খুহুতীয়া কথাৰ মাজেৰে বৰ্ণনা দি দৰ্শকক হাঁহিৰ খোৰাক যোগায় আৰু সেইদৰেই নৃত্যটোক আমোদজনক কৰি তোলে। সভা গোৱা ওজাই খুটিতাল বজায়। কিন্তু সুকনানি ওজাপালিত পালিয়ে (আৰু কিছুক্ষেত্ৰহে ওজাই) এখন হাতেৰে বুঢ়া আঙুলিত ৰঙা ৰচীৰে মেৰিয়াই খঞ্জিৰা বজায়। 
নৃত্য-গীতৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই প্ৰথমে স্বস্তি মুদ্ৰা আৰু তাৰ পাচত সংহাৰী মুদ্ৰাৰে অনুষ্ঠান আৰম্ভ কৰে। তাৰ পাছতে দেৱ-দেৱীৰ বন্দনা কৰা হয় আৰু শেষত আহে গীত পদ সমূহৰ সুৰসঞ্চাৰিত পৰিৱেশন। এই পদ গোৱা পৰ্বত ওজাই প্ৰথমে দিহা, ৰাগ আদি লগাই দিয়ে আৰু পালিসকলে ইয়াত সহযোগ কৰে। দাইনা পালি আৰু অন্য পালিৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই পৰিৱেশন কৰা গীতবোৰ কথিত গদ্যত ৰসালভাৱে অথবা অভিনয়ভংগীত দৰ্শকক বুজাই দিয়ে। মুখ্যতঃ ধৰ্মীয় দিশৰ সৈতে সংপৃক্ত হোৱা বাবে ওজাপালিসকলে শুভ্ৰ পোছাক পিন্ধে বুলি জনশ্ৰুতিয়ে কয়।

==দেওধনী নৃত্য==
সুকনানি ওজাৰ ওজাপালিৰ এক আংগিক উপাদান হ’ল দেওধনী নৃত্য। ৰামায়ণ গোৱা ওজাৰ লগত দেওধনী নাথাকে, কিন্তু সুকনানি ওজাৰ দেওধনী একপ্ৰকাৰ প্ৰধান অংগ বুলিব পাৰি। আজিকালি এই দেওধনী প্ৰায় লোপ পাই আহিছে। দেওধনীয়ে কিছুমান অলৌকিক শক্তি দেখুৱাই মানুহৰ মন আকৰ্ষণ কৰে। 
আখ্যানমতে বেউলাই লক্ষীন্দাৰ জীয়াই তুলিবলৈ দেৱতাৰ আগত কৰা নৃত্যটোৱেই হ’ল দেওধনী নৃত্য। এই দেওধনীৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পদচালন মুদ্ৰা পালীৰ সৈতে একে হোৱাটো ইয়াৰ এটা সাধাৰণ বৈশিষ্ট। দেওধনী নৃত্যৰ পোছাক সাধাৰণতে ৰঙা বৰণৰ হয় আৰু বুকুত মৰা নীলা বৰণৰ মেথনিয়ে চুলিমেলি নচা নৰ্তকীক এক অনন্য মাত্ৰা প্ৰদান কৰে। এই নৃত্যক মৃত সঞ্জীৱনী নৃত্য বুলি ধৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰিৱেশন শৈলী আন নৃত্যৰ লগত নিমিলে। পূৰ্বতে অসমত দেওধনী নচা ছোৱালী নাছিল। সংৰক্ষণশীল সমাজব্যৱস্থাৰ বাবেই এনে হৈছিল। আনহাতে এই নৃত্যৰ যোগেদি ভগৱানৰ আগত সতী বেউলাই নিজৰ স্বামী লক্ষীন্দাৰক জীয়াই তুলিবলৈ নাচিছিল বাবে সমাজে তেনে নৃত্য কৰা ছোৱালীক অসতী আৰু সতীৰ শ্ৰেণীতে ধৰিছিল আৰু হেয় জ্ঞান কৰাৰ লগতে বিবাহৰ অযোগ্য বুলি ভাবিছিল। সময়ৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনশীল ধাৰাটোৱে এই আহুকলিয়া চিন্তনত কিছু শিথিলতা আনে যদিও আজিও দেওধনী নচা ছোৱালীৰ সংখ্যা তেনেই নগণ্য বুলিব পাৰি।

==বৰ্তমানৰ ওজাপালি==
জীৱনৰ চৌষষ্ঠী কলাৰ ভিতৰত বিশেষকৈ সাহিত্য, সংগীত আৰু নৃত্যকলাৰ এক সমন্বয় হ’ল ওজাপালি। প্ৰাক শংকৰী যুগৰো বহুকাল আগতে সুস্থৰূপত প্ৰচলিত আছিল ওজাপালি। ইয়াক ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান হিচাবে গণ্য কৰিলেও তেতিয়াৰ সময়ত ওজাপালিক অসমীয়া জাতিৰ এটা অতি আপুৰুগীয়া আৰু প্ৰধান কলা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল। এই কলাক জীয়াই ৰখাৰ বাবে কেৱল অসমীয়া লোকেই অহোপুৰুষাৰ্থ কৰিছিল তেনে নহয়। এই নৃত্যত আন আন জনগোষ্ঠীৰ লোকো সমানে জড়িত আছিল। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে পৰশু শেখ ওজাৰ নাম সজোৰে উচ্ছাৰণ কৰিব পাৰি। এইজন লোক ধৰ্মত ইচলাম আছিল যদিও ওজাপালি আৰু দেওধনী নৃত্যৰ বাবে অহোপুৰুষাৰ্থ কৰিছিল। তেওঁকেই প্ৰথম মুচলন্ত ওজা বুলি ধৰা হয়। তেওঁৰ নাট্যদলৰ কেইজনমান বিখ্যাত পালি হ’ল ফুটামৰা শেখ, পনৌ চানা, দুৰাণ আৰু পুৰাণ। আকৌ এই দলটোৰ লগতে দেওধনী নৃত্য পৰিৱেশন কৰা প্ৰথম মহিলা গৰাকী হ’ল হাফেজা বেগম। দৰঙ জিলাৰ মোচলন্ত অধ্যুষিত এলেকা ওজাপাৰা চুবাৰ নাম পৰশু শেখ ওজাৰ পৰাই হ’ল বুলি জনা যায়। 
আধুনিক বুৰঞ্জীৰ কিছু পৃষ্ঠা লুটিয়াই চালে দেখা যায় যে বিশ্বসিংহৰ বংশধৰ কোঁচ নৃপতীসকলে দৰঙী কলা-কৃষ্টিৰ বিকাশ তথা প্ৰসাৰৰ বাবে অহোপুৰুষাৰ্থ কৰিছিল। এই দৰঙী ৰজাসকল আছিল শাক্তধৰ্মী। তেখেতসকলেই মাৰৈ পূজা কৰিছিল (অসমত অঞ্চলবিশেষে ইয়াক মাৰে পূজা বুলিও জনা যায়) আৰু এই পূজাত পৰিৱেশ্য কলা হিচাবে ওজাপালি আৰু দেওধনী নৃত্যৰ পোষকতা কৰিছিল। ৰজাই এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোত প্ৰয়োজন হোৱা খুটিতাল, বৰতাল, ঢোল, জয়ঢোল ইত্যাদিৰ যোগানো ধৰিছিল। আনকি নৃপতিসকলে গায়নৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰয়োজন হোৱা শুকনানি পুথিও ওজাসকলক যোগান ধৰিছিল। জনশ্ৰুতি মতে কোঁচ ৰজা ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতাত সুকবি নাৰায়ণদেৱে ১০,৫০০ পদেৰে শুকনানি বা পদ্মপুৰাণখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। কিন্তু, মনসা পূজা বা মাৰৈপূজাৰ লগত ই কেনেধৰণেৰে আৰু কোন সময়ত জড়িত হ’ল সেয়া জনাটো কঠিন। কিছুৰ মতে সুকবি নাৰায়ন দেবৰ নামেৰে ই সুকনানি নাম পায়। ওজাপালিৰ পৰম্পৰাগত গীত-পদ সমূহকেই প্ৰণালীবদ্ধভাৱে সুকবি নাৰায়নদেবে ওজাপালিয়ে গাব পৰাকৈ মনসাদেৱীক লৈ পদ্মপুৰাণ আৰু আন মনসা কাব্যকেইখন লিখি উলিয়ায়। পাছলৈ দুৰ্গাবৰ আৰু মনকৰে ওজাপালিসকলে গাব পৰাকৈ ইয়াত সুৰ-সঞ্চাৰ আৰু অলংকৰণ কৰে।

== তথ্যসংগ্ৰহ ==
{{reflist}}
==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
#অসমৰ পৰিৱেশ্য কলা ওজাপালি- ড॰ নবীন চন্দ্ৰ শৰ্মা। 
#সুকনানি সংগীতৰ ৰূপৰেখা- উমাকান্ত নাথ। 
#অসমীয়া লোকসংস্কৃতিৰ আভাস- ড॰ নবীন চন্দ্ৰ শৰ্মা। 
#শ্ৰী ললিত চন্দ্ৰ নাথ ওজাৰ ওপৰত প্ৰাপ্ত কিছু সমলভিত্তিক লেখা। 

{{অসমৰ লোক-সংস্কৃতি}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ সংগীত]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ সংস্কৃতি]]</text>
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      <text bytes="21239" sha1="f2jydo3la5yol1y9o0xbvh3wim5piiu" xml:space="preserve">'''ওজাপালি''' ({{lang-en|Ojapali}}) [[অসম]]ৰ এক অৰ্ধ নাটকীয় পৰিবেশ্য কলা। সৰ্বভাৰতীয় কথকতা পৰম্পৰাৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষ ধাৰক আৰু বাহক ওজাপালি প্ৰাচীন কালৰে পৰা অসমত এক জনপ্ৰিয় কলা হিচাপে প্ৰচলিত হৈ আহিছে&lt;ref name=&quot;assamtribune&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.assamtribune.com/nov2108/mosaic1.html | title=Higligting Ojapali | publisher=[[দ্য আসাম ট্ৰিবিউন]] | accessdate=নৱেম্বৰ ৩০, ২০১২ | author=মনোৰঞ্জন কলিতা | archivedate=2009-09-05 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905083319/http://www.assamtribune.com/nov2108/mosaic1.html | deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;। ১৯৭৪ চনত [[অসম চৰকাৰ]]ৰ জনসংযোগ বিভাগৰ সঞ্চালক লুইতকোঁৱৰ ৰুদ্ৰ বৰুৱা আৰু আনন্দমোহন ভাগৱতীৰ সহযোগত ওজাপালি ৰাস্ত্ৰীয় কাৰ্য্যসূচীত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। 

== উদ্ভৱ আৰু বিকাশ ==
ওড্ৰ মাগধী শৈলীৰ চৰিত্ৰৰ লগত ভালেখিনি খাপখোৱা ওজাপালি অনুষ্ঠান ভাৰতীয় মাৰ্গী সংগীত পৰম্পৰাৰ পৰা জন্ম। ইয়াৰ উদ্ভৱ আৰু বিকাশত মন্দিৰৰ প্ৰভুত অৰিহণা আছে। এই ওজাপালি কলাশৈলীৰ উদ্ভৱ আৰু বিকাশ সন্দৰ্ভত বিভিন্ন জনশ্ৰুতি জড়িত হৈ আছে। এই দৈৱিক মতবাদ অনুসৰি বৃহন্নলাৰূপী [[অৰ্জুন]]ৰ দ্বাৰা এইবিধ কলা স্বৰ্গৰ পৰা মৰ্ত্যত প্ৰচলিত হয়। পাৰিজাত নামৰ এগৰাকী মহিলাই স্বপ্নৰ দ্বাৰা এই কলা আয়ত্ত কৰি শিষ্যসকলক শিকাই বুলিও বিয়াহৰ ওজাপালিসকলে বিশ্বাস কৰে। [[বিয়াহ কলা]]ই আৰু [[কেন্দুকলা]]ই এই দুয়োগৰাকী ব্যক্তিবিশেষো ওজাপালিৰ জনক বুলি জনশ্ৰুতি প্ৰচলিত। খ্ৰীষ্টিয় ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাৰ বিশিষ্ট পণ্ডিত বেদাচাৰ্যৰ [[স্মৃতি-ৰত্নাকৰ]], [[অসম]]ৰ [[তাম্ৰ শাসন]], [[গুৰু-চৰিত]] কথা আৰু [[বৈষ্ণৱ]] যুগৰ বিভিন্ন সাহিত্যত এই ওজাপালি প্ৰাচীন কালৰে পৰা প্ৰচলন থকাৰ তথ্য দেখা পোৱা যায়। 

== বিষয়বস্তু, প্ৰকাৰ ==
[[ওজাপালি]] অনুষ্ঠানক বিষয়বস্তু ফালৰ পৰা দুটা ভাগত ভগাব পাৰি। 
* মহাকাব্য আশ্ৰয়ী
* মহাকাব্য অনাশ্ৰয়ী
মহাকাব্য আশ্ৰয়ীক আকৌ সাঁতোটা ভাগত ভগাব পাৰি। 
* বিয়াহৰ ওজাপালি
* ৰামায়ণ ওজাপালি
* ভাইৰা ওজাপালি
* দুৰ্গাবৰী ওজাপালি
* সত্ৰীয়া ওজাপালি
* পাঞ্চালি ওজাপালি
* দুলৰি ওজাপালি
মহাকাব্য অনাশ্ৰয়ীক পাঁচটা ভাগত ভগাব পাৰি
* সুকনান্নী ওজাপালি
* বিষহৰি গান
* মাৰে গান
* পদ্ম পুৰাণৰ গান
* টুকুৰীয়া ওজাপালি
ওজা আৰু পালি এই দুইবিধ অনুষ্ঠান নিৰ্বাহিকাৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাপালি অনুষ্ঠান সংগঠিত। 
পালি দুইবিধ- 
* দাইনা পালি
* সাধাৰণ পালি

এইধৰণৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন তথ্যসমৃদ্ধ হ’লেও আধুনিক সময়ত ওজাপালিক জীৱিত ৰূপত যি দুইধৰণেৰে পোৱা যায় সেয়া হ’ল—সুকনান্নী ওজাপালি আৰু ৰামায়ণ বা সভাগোৱা ওজাপালি। কামৰূপত ৰামায়ণ গোৱা ওজাক সভা গোৱা ওজা বোলে। আনহাতে দৰঙত প্ৰচলিত পদ্মপূৰাণৰ গীত-পদ গোৱা ওজাক সুকনানি ওজা বোলা হয়। কামৰূপ আৰু বৰপেটা জিলাৰ কিছু কিছু অঞ্চলত কিছু বছৰ আগলৈকে ছোৱালীয়েও ওজাপালি প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিছিল। ৰামায়ণ বা সভাগোৱা ওজাপালিৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য থকা এইবিধ ওজাপালিক তিৰি বা আপী ওজাপালি বুলি জনা গৈছিল। কিন্তু সমাজৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনশীল ধাৰাটোৰ বাবেই হওক বা আধুনিকতাৰ প্ৰভাৱতেই হওক এইবিধ ওজাপালি এতিয়ালৈ কামৰূপ আৰু বৰপেটাৰ প্ৰায় দুই এঠাইতহে দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। 

ইয়াৰে আকৌ ওজাপালিয়ে গোৱা গীত-পদৰ বিষয়বস্তু, গীত-পদবোৰলৈ লক্ষ্য কৰি মহাকাব্য আশ্ৰিত ওজাপালিক বৈষ্ণৱ পৰিৱেশ্য কলা আৰু মহাকাব্য অনাশ্ৰিত ওজাপালিক শাক্ত পৰিৱেশ্য কলা বুলিও আখ্যা দিব পাৰি। ব্যাসৰ ওজাপালিয়ে ৰামায়ণ, মহাভাৰত আৰু পুৰাণৰ গীতপদসমূহ গায় যদিও সুকনানি ওজাপালী শাক্ত দেৱীপূজাৰ সৈতে জড়িত হয় আৰু ইয়াত মনসাদেৱীক আৰাধনা কৰি পদ্মপুৰাণৰ গীতপদেৰে মনসাদেৱীৰ বন্দনা কৰা হয়।

== পৰিবেশন শৈলী ==
নৃত্য-গীতৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই দিহা, ৰাগ আদি লগাই দিয়ে আৰু পালিসকলে সহযোগ কৰে। দাইনা পালি আৰু অন্য পালিৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই পৰিবেশন কৰা গীতবোৰ কথিত গদ্যত ৰসালভাবে অথবা অভিনয়ভংগীত দৰ্শকক বুজাই দিয়ে। মুখ্যতঃ ধৰ্মীয় দিশৰ সৈতে সংপৃক্ত হোৱা বাবে ওজাপালিসকলে শুভ্ৰ পোছাক পিন্ধে। ওজাই জামাৰ উপৰিও মূৰত বিশেষধৰণৰ টুপী অথবা পাগ মাৰে।&lt;ref&gt;অসমীয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ কণিকা – সম্পাদনা- ড॰ পৰমানন্দ ৰাজবংশী, ড॰ নাৰায়ন দাস (পৃষ্ঠা-৫৪)&lt;/ref&gt;

==পোছাক-পৰিচ্ছদ, পদ-মুদ্ৰা ইত্যাদি==
পোছাক-পৰিচ্ছদ হ’ল ওজাপালিৰ এটা লক্ষণীয় দিশ। সুকনানি ওজাপালিত ওজাই বগা ধুতি, গাত বগা চেলেং চাদৰ আৰু কপালত বগা চন্দনৰ ফোট লয়। ওজাজনৰ পাগুৰিটো দেখাত সাধাৰণযেন লাগিলেও ই ডিম্বাকৃতিৰ হয় আৰু সমুখৰফালটো এটা টেমুনাৰদৰে হয়। কিন্তু ৰামায়ণ গোৱা ওজাৰ সাজ-পাৰ কিছু পৃথক হয়। ৰামায়ন বা সভা গোৱা ওজাই সুকনানি ওজাৰ দৰে সাপকন চোলা পিন্ধে যদিও কপালত দীঘল ৰঙা-হালধীয়া বৰণৰ গামোচা বান্ধে। এনে ওজাই ভৰিত নূপুৰ, হাতত ৰূপৰ গামখাৰু আৰু কপালত চন্দনৰ ফোট লয়। আনহাতে এই দুয়োবিধ ওজাপালিতে পালিৰ পাগুৰিটোৰ ধৰণ একেই হয়। দেখাত সাধাৰণযেন লাগে যদিও এই পাগুৰিটোৰ সমুখভাগ ময়ূৰচৰাইৰ পাখীসদৃশ হয়। ইয়াৰ বৰণ বগা হয় আৰু কাপোৰত দহটা ভাঁজ দি ইয়াক ময়ূৰপাখীৰদৰে কৰি লোৱা হয়। 
পুৰণিকালত সুকনানি ওজাজনে তিৰোতাৰ নিচিনাকৈ দীঘল চুলি ৰাখিছিল আৰু খোপা বান্ধিছিল যদিও বৰ্তমান ই লোপ পাইছে বুলিব পাৰি। সভা গোৱা ওজাই আখ্যানৰ লগত ৰিজাই কিছুমান খুহুতীয়া কথাৰ মাজেৰে বৰ্ণনা দি দৰ্শকক হাঁহিৰ খোৰাক যোগায় আৰু সেইদৰেই নৃত্যটোক আমোদজনক কৰি তোলে। সভা গোৱা ওজাই খুটিতাল বজায়। কিন্তু সুকনানি ওজাপালিত পালিয়ে (আৰু কিছুক্ষেত্ৰহে ওজাই) এখন হাতেৰে বুঢ়া আঙুলিত ৰঙা ৰচীৰে মেৰিয়াই খঞ্জিৰা বজায়। 
নৃত্য-গীতৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই প্ৰথমে স্বস্তি মুদ্ৰা আৰু তাৰ পাচত সংহাৰী মুদ্ৰাৰে অনুষ্ঠান আৰম্ভ কৰে। তাৰ পাছতে দেৱ-দেৱীৰ বন্দনা কৰা হয় আৰু শেষত আহে গীত পদ সমূহৰ সুৰসঞ্চাৰিত পৰিৱেশন। এই পদ গোৱা পৰ্বত ওজাই প্ৰথমে দিহা, ৰাগ আদি লগাই দিয়ে আৰু পালিসকলে ইয়াত সহযোগ কৰে। দাইনা পালি আৰু অন্য পালিৰ দ্বাৰা ওজাই পৰিৱেশন কৰা গীতবোৰ কথিত গদ্যত ৰসালভাৱে অথবা অভিনয়ভংগীত দৰ্শকক বুজাই দিয়ে। মুখ্যতঃ ধৰ্মীয় দিশৰ সৈতে সংপৃক্ত হোৱা বাবে ওজাপালিসকলে শুভ্ৰ পোছাক পিন্ধে বুলি জনশ্ৰুতিয়ে কয়।

==দেওধনী নৃত্য==
সুকনানি ওজাৰ ওজাপালিৰ এক আংগিক উপাদান হ’ল দেওধনী নৃত্য। ৰামায়ণ গোৱা ওজাৰ লগত দেওধনী নাথাকে, কিন্তু সুকনানি ওজাৰ দেওধনী একপ্ৰকাৰ প্ৰধান অংগ বুলিব পাৰি। আজিকালি এই দেওধনী প্ৰায় লোপ পাই আহিছে। দেওধনীয়ে কিছুমান অলৌকিক শক্তি দেখুৱাই মানুহৰ মন আকৰ্ষণ কৰে। 
আখ্যানমতে বেউলাই লক্ষীন্দাৰ জীয়াই তুলিবলৈ দেৱতাৰ আগত কৰা নৃত্যটোৱেই হ’ল দেওধনী নৃত্য। এই দেওধনীৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পদচালন মুদ্ৰা পালীৰ সৈতে একে হোৱাটো ইয়াৰ এটা সাধাৰণ বৈশিষ্ট। দেওধনী নৃত্যৰ পোছাক সাধাৰণতে ৰঙা বৰণৰ হয় আৰু বুকুত মৰা নীলা বৰণৰ মেথনিয়ে চুলিমেলি নচা নৰ্তকীক এক অনন্য মাত্ৰা প্ৰদান কৰে। এই নৃত্যক মৃত সঞ্জীৱনী নৃত্য বুলি ধৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰিৱেশন শৈলী আন নৃত্যৰ লগত নিমিলে। পূৰ্বতে অসমত দেওধনী নচা ছোৱালী নাছিল। সংৰক্ষণশীল সমাজব্যৱস্থাৰ বাবেই এনে হৈছিল। আনহাতে এই নৃত্যৰ যোগেদি ভগৱানৰ আগত সতী বেউলাই নিজৰ স্বামী লক্ষীন্দাৰক জীয়াই তুলিবলৈ নাচিছিল বাবে সমাজে তেনে নৃত্য কৰা ছোৱালীক অসতী আৰু সতীৰ শ্ৰেণীতে ধৰিছিল আৰু হেয় জ্ঞান কৰাৰ লগতে বিবাহৰ অযোগ্য বুলি ভাবিছিল। সময়ৰ পৰিৱৰ্তনশীল ধাৰাটোৱে এই আহুকলিয়া চিন্তনত কিছু শিথিলতা আনে যদিও আজিও দেওধনী নচা ছোৱালীৰ সংখ্যা তেনেই নগণ্য বুলিব পাৰি।

==বৰ্তমানৰ ওজাপালি==
জীৱনৰ চৌষষ্ঠী কলাৰ ভিতৰত বিশেষকৈ সাহিত্য, সংগীত আৰু নৃত্যকলাৰ এক সমন্বয় হ’ল ওজাপালি। প্ৰাক শংকৰী যুগৰো বহুকাল আগতে সুস্থৰূপত প্ৰচলিত আছিল ওজাপালি। ইয়াক ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান হিচাবে গণ্য কৰিলেও তেতিয়াৰ সময়ত ওজাপালিক অসমীয়া জাতিৰ এটা অতি আপুৰুগীয়া আৰু প্ৰধান কলা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল। এই কলাক জীয়াই ৰখাৰ বাবে কেৱল অসমীয়া লোকেই অহোপুৰুষাৰ্থ কৰিছিল তেনে নহয়। এই নৃত্যত আন আন জনগোষ্ঠীৰ লোকো সমানে জড়িত আছিল। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে পৰশু শেখ ওজাৰ নাম সজোৰে উচ্ছাৰণ কৰিব পাৰি। এইজন লোক ধৰ্মত ইচলাম আছিল যদিও ওজাপালি আৰু দেওধনী নৃত্যৰ বাবে অহোপুৰুষাৰ্থ কৰিছিল। তেওঁকেই প্ৰথম মুচলন্ত ওজা বুলি ধৰা হয়। তেওঁৰ নাট্যদলৰ কেইজনমান বিখ্যাত পালি হ’ল ফুটামৰা শেখ, পনৌ চানা, দুৰাণ আৰু পুৰাণ। আকৌ এই দলটোৰ লগতে দেওধনী নৃত্য পৰিৱেশন কৰা প্ৰথম মহিলা গৰাকী হ’ল হাফেজা বেগম। দৰঙ জিলাৰ মোচলন্ত অধ্যুষিত এলেকা ওজাপাৰা চুবাৰ নাম পৰশু শেখ ওজাৰ পৰাই হ’ল বুলি জনা যায়। 
আধুনিক বুৰঞ্জীৰ কিছু পৃষ্ঠা লুটিয়াই চালে দেখা যায় যে বিশ্বসিংহৰ বংশধৰ কোঁচ নৃপতীসকলে দৰঙী কলা-কৃষ্টিৰ বিকাশ তথা প্ৰসাৰৰ বাবে অহোপুৰুষাৰ্থ কৰিছিল। এই দৰঙী ৰজাসকল আছিল শাক্তধৰ্মী। তেখেতসকলেই মাৰৈ পূজা কৰিছিল (অসমত অঞ্চলবিশেষে ইয়াক মাৰে পূজা বুলিও জনা যায়) আৰু এই পূজাত পৰিৱেশ্য কলা হিচাবে ওজাপালি আৰু দেওধনী নৃত্যৰ পোষকতা কৰিছিল। ৰজাই এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াটোত প্ৰয়োজন হোৱা খুটিতাল, বৰতাল, ঢোল, জয়ঢোল ইত্যাদিৰ যোগানো ধৰিছিল। আনকি নৃপতিসকলে গায়নৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰয়োজন হোৱা শুকনানি পুথিও ওজাসকলক যোগান ধৰিছিল। জনশ্ৰুতি মতে কোঁচ ৰজা ধৰ্মনাৰায়ণৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতাত সুকবি নাৰায়ণদেৱে ১০,৫০০ পদেৰে শুকনানি বা পদ্মপুৰাণখন ৰচনা কৰিছিল। কিন্তু, মনসা পূজা বা মাৰৈপূজাৰ লগত ই কেনেধৰণেৰে আৰু কোন সময়ত জড়িত হ’ল সেয়া জনাটো কঠিন। কিছুৰ মতে সুকবি নাৰায়ন দেবৰ নামেৰে ই সুকনানি নাম পায়। ওজাপালিৰ পৰম্পৰাগত গীত-পদ সমূহকেই প্ৰণালীবদ্ধভাৱে সুকবি নাৰায়নদেবে ওজাপালিয়ে গাব পৰাকৈ মনসাদেৱীক লৈ পদ্মপুৰাণ আৰু আন মনসা কাব্যকেইখন লিখি উলিয়ায়। পাছলৈ দুৰ্গাবৰ আৰু মনকৰে ওজাপালিসকলে গাব পৰাকৈ ইয়াত সুৰ-সঞ্চাৰ আৰু অলংকৰণ কৰে।

== তথ্যসংগ্ৰহ ==
{{reflist}}
==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
#অসমৰ পৰিৱেশ্য কলা ওজাপালি- ড॰ নবীন চন্দ্ৰ শৰ্মা। 
#সুকনানি সংগীতৰ ৰূপৰেখা- উমাকান্ত নাথ। 
#অসমীয়া লোকসংস্কৃতিৰ আভাস- ড॰ নবীন চন্দ্ৰ শৰ্মা। 
#শ্ৰী ললিত চন্দ্ৰ নাথ ওজাৰ ওপৰত প্ৰাপ্ত কিছু সমলভিত্তিক লেখা। 

{{অসমৰ লোক-সংস্কৃতি}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ সংগীত]]
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| image = Wikimania 2016 - Press conference with Jimmy Wales and Katherine Maher 01 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| caption = ২০১৬ চনৰ [[ৱিকিমেনিয়া]] সন্মিলনত জিম্মী ৱেলছ 
| birth_name = জিম্মী ডনেল ৱেলছ
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|8|7|mf=y}}
| birth_place = হাণ্টছভিল, [[আলাবামা]], [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]
| other_names = জিম্ব'
| alma_mater = [[অ’বাৰ্ণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ইউনিভাৰচিটি অৱ আলবামা]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ইণ্ডিয়ানা ইউনিভাৰচিটি ব্লুমিংটন]]
| occupation = ইণ্টাৰনেট শিল্পদ্যোগী
| boards = [[ৱিকিমিডিয়া ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ক্ৰিয়েটিভ কমনছ]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ছচিয়েলটেক্সট]]&lt;br/&gt;[[চানলাইট ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন]] (উপদেষ্টা মণ্ডলী) &lt;br/&gt; এম আই টি চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ কালেক্টিভ ইণ্টেলিজেঞ্চ (উপদেষ্টা মণ্ডলী)&lt;br/&gt;চিভিল নেশ্যন&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://civilination.org/about-2/board-of-directors/ |title=Board of Directors |work=CiviliNation website |accessdate=February 19, 2011 |archivedate=August 3, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803005204/http://civilination.org/about-2/board-of-directors/ |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| title = সভাপতি, ৱিকিয়া আই এন চি (২০০৪–বৰ্তমানলৈ)&lt;br/&gt; [[ৱিকিমিডিয়া ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন|ৱিকিমিডিয়া ফাউণ্ডেশ্যনৰ]] চেয়াৰমেন (জুন ২০০৩&amp;nbsp;– অক্টোবৰ ২০০৬)&lt;br/&gt;চেয়াৰমেন এমেৰিটাচ, [[ৱিকিমিডিয়া ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন]] (অক্টোবৰ ২০০৬ৰ পৰা–বৰ্তমানলৈ)
| successor = ফ্ল’ৰেন্স দেভৱাৰ্ড
| residence = চেইণ্ট পিটাৰচবাৰ্গ, [[ফ্লৰিডা]], আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=McGlaughlin|first=Buddy|title=Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales, a Huntsville native and Auburn grad, not resting as website turns 10|url=http://blog.al.com/huntsville-times-business/2011/01/wikipedia_founder_jimmy_wales.html|accessdate=December 2, 2011|newspaper=The Huntsville Times|date=January 10, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| awards = ইএফএফ পায়নিয়াৰ এৱাৰ্ড (২০০৬)&lt;br/&gt; বিজনেজ প্ৰছেচ এৱাৰ্ড (২০০৮)&lt;br/&gt; দ্য গ্লোবেল ব্ৰেণ্ড আইকন অফ দ্য ইয়াৰ এৱাৰ্ড (২০০৮)&lt;br/&gt; গোটিলেব ডাটৱেয়েইলাৰ প্ৰাইজ (২০১০)&lt;br/&gt; 
| website= {{url|http://www.jimmywales.com}}
}}
'''জিম্মী ডনেল ৱেল্‌ছ''' ওৰফে '''জিম্ব' ৱেল্‌ছ''' ({{Lang-en|Jimmy Wales}})-ৰ জন্ম ১৯৬৬ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহৰ ৭ তাৰিখে হৈছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio Jimmy Wales&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rogoway&quot;/&gt; জিম্মী এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান [[ইণ্টাৰনেট]] শিল্পদ্যোগী (entrepreneur), কিন্তু তেওঁ বিশেষকৈ অনলাইন মুক্ত তথ্যকোষ [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]] আৰু [[ৱিকি]] কোম্পানীৰ সহ-প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক আৰু পৃষ্ঠপোষক হিচাপে বিশ্বব্যাপি বিখ্যাত হৈ পৰিছে।&lt;ref name='WMF PR 2004-04-25'/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Economist2008&quot;/&gt;

==জন্ম আৰু শিক্ষা==
জিম্মী ৱেল্‌ছৰ জন্ম হৈছিল [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]ৰ আলবামাৰ হাণ্টছভিলত। তাতেই তেওঁ ৰাণ্ডল্ফ বিদ্যালয়ৰ নাম ভৰ্ত্তি কৰি আনুষ্ঠানিক শিক্ষাৰ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল আৰু বিত্ত বিষয়ত স্নাতক আৰু স্নাতকোত্তৰ উপাধি লাভ কৰে। তেওঁৰ দেউতাকৰ নাম জিম্মী,&lt;ref name=kazek/&gt; আৰু মাতৃৰ নাম ডৰিছ। আইতাকৰ নাম এৰমা।&lt;ref name=bookstopshere/&gt; স্নাতক শ্ৰেণীত থকাৰ সময়ত জিম্মীয়ে দুখন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়িছিল। পিছত তেওঁ বিত্ত ক্ষেত্ৰত চাকৰি গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু এখন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় শিক্ষা অসম্পূৰ্ণ অৱস্থাতে ত্যাগ কৰি কেইটামান বছৰ ছিকাগোৰ ফিউচাৰছ আৰু অপশ্যনচ ফাৰ্মত (Chicago futures and options firm) ৰিচাৰ্চ ডাইৰেক্টৰৰ পদ অলংকৃত কৰে।

==ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা==
১৯৯৬ চনত তেওঁ দুজন সহযোগীৰ সহায়ত বোমিচ নামেৰে এটা পুৰুষসকলৰ বিনোদন আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক বিষয়ক ৱেবপৰ্টেলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। এই [[ৱেবছাইট|ৱেবছাইটৰ]] পৰাই পৰৱৰ্তীকালত উদ্ভুত বিশ্বকোষ [[নুপিডিয়া]] (২০০০-২০০৩) আৰু তাৰ উত্তৰসূৰী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰাথমিক অৰ্থসংস্থান হৈছিল।

২০০১ চনত জিম্মী ৱেল্‌ছ আৰু [[লেৰী ছেংগাৰ|লেৰী ছেংগাৰে]] ৱিকিপিডিয়া মুকলি কৰে।&lt;ref name=MiliardWho&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-these-devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to-wikipedia.html|author=Mike Miliard|title=Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia?|work=Salt Lake City Weekly|date=2008-03-01|accessdate=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; ছেগাৰে '''''[[ৱিকি]]''''' (সহযোগিতামূলক [[ৱেবচাইট]] সৃষ্টি কৰিব পৰা এটা প্ৰযুক্তি, [[হাৱাইয়ান ভাষা|হাৱাইয়ান]] শব্দ ''[[Wikt:wiki#Hawaiian|wiki]]''ৰ পৰা যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে &quot;ক্ষিপ্ৰ&quot;) আৰু [[Wikt:encyclopedia|''encyclo'''pedia''''']] শব্দ দুটা মিলাই ''[[wikt:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]]'' শব্দটোৰ উদ্ভাৱন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;“wiki” in the Hawaiian Dictionary, Revised and Enlarged Edition, University of Hawaii Press, 1986&lt;/ref&gt;

==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন==
জিম্মী ৱেল্‌ছে ২০১১ চনলৈ দুবাৰ বিবাহ কৰিছে। তেওঁৰ দ্বিতীয়া স্ত্ৰী ক্ৰিষ্টিনাৰ গৰ্ভত তেওঁৰ এজনী কন্যা জন্ম হৈছে। ৱেল্‌ছে নিজকে বস্তুবাদী আৰু কিছু পৰিমাণে উদাৰনীতিবাদী বুলি ব্যক্ত কৰে। তেওঁৰ সৃষ্ট ৱিকিপিডিয়া বিশ্বৰ বৃহত্তম বিশ্বকোষলৈ পৰিণত হৈছে। ''টাইম পত্ৰিকা''ই তেওঁলোকৰ ২০০৬ চনৰ বিশ্বৰ সবাতোকৈ প্ৰভাৱশালী ব্যক্তিসকলৰৰ নামৰ তালিকাত তেওঁৰ নাম অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Economist2008&quot;/&gt;

==প্ৰকাশিত কৰ্মাৱলী==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Brooks|first=Robert|coauthors=Jon Corson, Jimmy Donal Wales|year=1994|url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5735|title=The Pricing of Index Options When the Underlying Assets All Follow a Lognormal Diffusion|journal=Advances in Futures and Options Research|volume=7}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wales|first=Jimmy|coauthors=Andrea Weckerle|contribution=Foreword|title=Throwing Sheep in the Boardroom: How Online Social Networking Will Transform Your Life, Work and World|editor1-first=Matthew|editor1-last=Fraser|editor2-first=Soumitra|editor2-last=Dutta|publisher=Wiley|edition=প্ৰথম|date=December 31, 2008|isbn=0470740140|oclc=233939846|separator=,}}
* {{Cite news|first=Jimmy|last=Wales|coauthors=Andrea Weckerle|title=Commentary: Create a tech-friendly U.S. government|work=CNN.com|date=January 8, 2009|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/01/07/wales.obama.cto/|access-date=January 11, 2012|archivedate=August 16, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816141243/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/01/07/wales.obama.cto/|deadurl=yes}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wales|first=Jimmy|coauthors=Andrea Weckerle|contribution=Foreword|title=33 Million People in the Room: How to Create, Influence, and Run a Successful Business with Social Networking|editor1-first=Juliette|editor1-last=Powell|publisher=Financial Times Press|edition=প্ৰথম|date=February 10, 2009|isbn=0137154356|oclc=244066502|separator=,}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wales|first=Jimmy|coauthors=Andrea Weckerle|contribution=Foreword|title=Marketing to the Social Web: How Digital Customer Communities Build Your Business|editor1-first=Larry|editor1-last=Weber|publisher=Wiley|edition=২য়|date=March 3, 2009|isbn=0470410973|oclc=244060887|separator=,}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wales|first=Jimmy|contribution=Foreword|title=The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia|editor1-first=Andrew|editor1-last=Lih|publisher=Hyperion|edition=প্ৰথম|date=March 17, 2009|isbn= 1401303714
|oclc=232977686|separator=,}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Wales|first=Jimmy|coauthors=Andrea Weckerle|date=March 30, 2009|url=http://www.aef.com/industry/news/data/2009/9014|title=Most Define User-Generated Content Too Narrowly|journal=Advertising Age|volume=80|access-date=January 11, 2012|archivedate=July 18, 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20120718092151/http://www.aef.com/industry/news/data/2009/9014|deadurl=yes}}
* {{Cite news|last=Wales|first=Jimmy|coauthors=Andrea Weckerle|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704107104574572101333074122.html|title=Keep a Civil Cybertongue|date=December 28, 2009|work=The Wall Street Journal|publisher=Dow Jones &amp; Company}}
{{Refend}}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio Jimmy Wales&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Jimmy Wales|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=July 16, 2014|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1192821/Jimmy-Wales|accessdate=January 30, 2015}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rogoway&quot;&gt;
*{{cite web|title=Jimmy Wales – Researcher's Note|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=July 16, 2014|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/1192821/supplemental-information|accessdate=January 30, 2015}}
*{{cite web|last=Rogoway|first=Mike|date=July 27, 2007 |url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/siliconforest/2007/07/on_wikipedia_and_its_founders.html|title=Wikipedia &amp; its founder disagree on his birth date|work=Silicon Forest|accessdate=October 31, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WMF PR 2004-04-25&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_press_releases/500,000_Wikipedia_articles&amp;oldid=473206 |title=Wikipedia: 50 languages, ½ million articles|accessdate=April 10, 2009|date=April 25, 2004|work=Wikimedia Foundation Press Release|publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&quot;''The Wikipedia project was founded in January 2001 by Internet entrepreneur Jimmy Wales and philosopher Larry Sanger,''&quot; quoted from April 25, 2004 first-ever press release issued by the Wikimedia Foundation.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;•{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2003&amp;oldid=93032067|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, reaches its 100,000th article|accessdate=April 10, 2009|date=January 21, 2003|work=Wikipedia Press Release|publisher=Wikipedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Economist2008&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Brain scan: The free-knowledge fundamentalist|url=http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11484062|work=The Economist|date= June 5, 2008|accessdate=December 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kazek&gt;{{cite web|last=Kazek|first=Kelly|url=http://valdostadailytimes.com/entertainment/cnhinspopculture_story_223174601.html|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20080320205344/http://valdostadailytimes.com/entertainment/cnhinspopculture_story_223174601.html|archivedate=March 20, 2008|title=Geek to chic: Wikipedia founder a celebrity|date=August 11, 2006|work=The News Courier
|quote=Doris Wales's husband, Jimmy, wasn't sure what she was thinking when she bought a World Book Encyclopedia set from a traveling salesman in 1968.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=bookstopshere&gt;{{cite news|last=Pink|first=Daniel H.|title=The Book Stops Here|work=Wired|volume=13|issue=3|date=March 13, 2005|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.03/wiki.html|accessdate=October 31, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050304025027/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.03/wiki.html|archivedate=March 4, 2005|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
{{Commons|Jimmy Wales|জিম্মী ৱেলছ}}
* [http://blog.jimmywales.com/ Jimmy Wales], Wales' official blog
* {{srlink|User:Jimbo Wales|Jimmy Wales}}' Wikipedia userpage
* {{twitter|jimmy_wales|Jimmy Wales}}
* {{IMDb name|2467065}}
* {{TED|speakers/jimmy_wales.html}}
* {{Charlie Rose view|257}}
* {{Guardiantopic|technology/jimmy-wales}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/w/jimmy_wales}}
* {{srlink|Wikipedia:Role of Jimmy Wales}}, [[ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ত জিম্মী ৱেল্‌ছৰ ভূমিকা&lt;!-- please do not make this an internal link; see [[Wikipedia:Avoid self-references]] and this article's talk page for reasons --&gt;
;ভিডিঅ’ সংযোগ
* {{Cite video|people=Jimmy Wales|title=Video Presentation by Jimmy Wales|url=http://www.archive.org/download/wikipedia-academy-2006-jimmy-wales/wikipedia-academy-2006-jimmy-wales.ogg|format=ogg vorbis|publisher=Wikipedia Academy|date=2006|accessdate=October 31, 2008|time=58 minutes|medium=152Mb}}&lt;!--The origin page for this file is here[http://www.archive.org/details/wikipedia-academy-2006-jimmy-wales] , but on that page the video file is incorrectly labeled with an audio header which is why it is not link to the html page. In fact, this file is incorrectly filed well away from the other videos from the Wikipedia Academy 2006 at archive.org. User:Berean Hunter--&gt;
* [http://www.econtalk.org/archives/2009/03/wales_on_wikipe.html Audio of interview with Wales about Wikipedia] on EconTalk podcast, March 2009
* {{YouTube|1ZyRDvUtFdI|Wikipedia Founder Jimmy Wales Interviewed by MacArthur President Jonathan Fanton}}, April 9, 2009
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/video/2009/12/01/VI2009120103593.html Jimmy Wales interviewed by Raju Narisetti] for ''The Washington Post''{{'s}} On Leadership series, December 1, 2009
* [http://www.atlantic-community.org/index/articles/view/The_Wiki_Way_to_Create_Change_in_Global_Politics Atlantic Community: The Wiki Way to Create Change in Global Politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223190826/http://www.atlantic-community.org/index/articles/view/The_Wiki_Way_to_Create_Change_in_Global_Politics |date=2011-12-23 }} Jimmy Wales is interviewed by Joerg Wolf (Atlantic Community). He advocates for the importance of think-tanks in finding solutions to global problems, February 23, 2010

[[শ্ৰেণী:আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ব্যক্তি]]
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| name = জিম্মী ৱেল্‌ছ
| image = Wikimania 2016 - Press conference with Jimmy Wales and Katherine Maher 01 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| caption = ২০১৬ চনৰ [[ৱিকিমেনিয়া]] সন্মিলনত জিম্মী ৱেল্‌ছ 
| birth_name = জিম্মী ডনেল ৱেল্‌ছ
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|8|7|mf=y}}
| birth_place = হাণ্টছভিল, [[আলাবামা]], [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]
| other_names = জিম্ব'
| alma_mater = [[অ’বাৰ্ণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ইউনিভাৰচিটি অৱ আলবামা]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ইণ্ডিয়ানা ইউনিভাৰচিটি ব্লুমিংটন]]
| occupation = ইণ্টাৰনেট শিল্পদ্যোগী
| boards = [[ৱিকিমিডিয়া ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ক্ৰিয়েটিভ কমনছ]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ছচিয়েলটেক্সট]]&lt;br/&gt;[[চানলাইট ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন]] (উপদেষ্টা মণ্ডলী) &lt;br/&gt; এম আই টি চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ কালেক্টিভ ইণ্টেলিজেঞ্চ (উপদেষ্টা মণ্ডলী)&lt;br/&gt;চিভিল নেশ্যন&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://civilination.org/about-2/board-of-directors/ |title=Board of Directors |work=CiviliNation website |accessdate=February 19, 2011 |archivedate=August 3, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803005204/http://civilination.org/about-2/board-of-directors/ |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| title = সভাপতি, ৱিকিয়া আই এন চি (২০০৪–বৰ্তমানলৈ)&lt;br/&gt; [[ৱিকিমিডিয়া ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন|ৱিকিমিডিয়া ফাউণ্ডেশ্যনৰ]] চেয়াৰমেন (জুন ২০০৩&amp;nbsp;– অক্টোবৰ ২০০৬)&lt;br/&gt;চেয়াৰমেন এমেৰিটাচ, [[ৱিকিমিডিয়া ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন]] (অক্টোবৰ ২০০৬ৰ পৰা–বৰ্তমানলৈ)
| successor = ফ্ল’ৰেন্স দেভৱাৰ্ড
| residence = চেইণ্ট পিটাৰচবাৰ্গ, [[ফ্লৰিডা]], আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=McGlaughlin|first=Buddy|title=Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales, a Huntsville native and Auburn grad, not resting as website turns 10|url=http://blog.al.com/huntsville-times-business/2011/01/wikipedia_founder_jimmy_wales.html|accessdate=December 2, 2011|newspaper=The Huntsville Times|date=January 10, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| awards = ইএফএফ পায়নিয়াৰ এৱাৰ্ড (২০০৬)&lt;br/&gt; বিজনেজ প্ৰছেচ এৱাৰ্ড (২০০৮)&lt;br/&gt; দ্য গ্লোবেল ব্ৰেণ্ড আইকন অফ দ্য ইয়াৰ এৱাৰ্ড (২০০৮)&lt;br/&gt; গোটিলেব ডাটৱেয়েইলাৰ প্ৰাইজ (২০১০)&lt;br/&gt; 
| website= {{url|http://www.jimmywales.com}}
}}
'''জিম্মী ডনেল ৱেল্‌ছ''' ওৰফে '''জিম্ব' ৱেল্‌ছ''' ({{Lang-en|Jimmy Wales}})-ৰ জন্ম ১৯৬৬ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহৰ ৭ তাৰিখে হৈছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio Jimmy Wales&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rogoway&quot;/&gt; জিম্মী এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান [[ইণ্টাৰনেট]] শিল্পদ্যোগী (entrepreneur), কিন্তু তেওঁ বিশেষকৈ অনলাইন মুক্ত তথ্যকোষ [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]] আৰু [[ৱিকি]] কোম্পানীৰ সহ-প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক আৰু পৃষ্ঠপোষক হিচাপে বিশ্বব্যাপি বিখ্যাত হৈ পৰিছে।&lt;ref name='WMF PR 2004-04-25'/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Economist2008&quot;/&gt;

==জন্ম আৰু শিক্ষা==
জিম্মী ৱেল্‌ছৰ জন্ম হৈছিল [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]ৰ আলবামাৰ হাণ্টছভিলত। তাতেই তেওঁ ৰাণ্ডল্ফ বিদ্যালয়ৰ নাম ভৰ্ত্তি কৰি আনুষ্ঠানিক শিক্ষাৰ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল আৰু বিত্ত বিষয়ত স্নাতক আৰু স্নাতকোত্তৰ উপাধি লাভ কৰে। তেওঁৰ দেউতাকৰ নাম জিম্মী,&lt;ref name=kazek/&gt; আৰু মাতৃৰ নাম ডৰিছ। আইতাকৰ নাম এৰমা।&lt;ref name=bookstopshere/&gt; স্নাতক শ্ৰেণীত থকাৰ সময়ত জিম্মীয়ে দুখন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়িছিল। পিছত তেওঁ বিত্ত ক্ষেত্ৰত চাকৰি গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু এখন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় শিক্ষা অসম্পূৰ্ণ অৱস্থাতে ত্যাগ কৰি কেইটামান বছৰ ছিকাগোৰ ফিউচাৰছ আৰু অপশ্যনচ ফাৰ্মত (Chicago futures and options firm) ৰিচাৰ্চ ডাইৰেক্টৰৰ পদ অলংকৃত কৰে।

==ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা==
১৯৯৬ চনত তেওঁ দুজন সহযোগীৰ সহায়ত বোমিচ নামেৰে এটা পুৰুষসকলৰ বিনোদন আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক বিষয়ক ৱেবপৰ্টেলৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। এই [[ৱেবছাইট|ৱেবছাইটৰ]] পৰাই পৰৱৰ্তীকালত উদ্ভুত বিশ্বকোষ [[নুপিডিয়া]] (২০০০-২০০৩) আৰু তাৰ উত্তৰসূৰী ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰাথমিক অৰ্থসংস্থান হৈছিল।

২০০১ চনত জিম্মী ৱেল্‌ছ আৰু [[লেৰী ছেংগাৰ|লেৰী ছেংগাৰে]] ৱিকিপিডিয়া মুকলি কৰে।&lt;ref name=MiliardWho&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-these-devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to-wikipedia.html|author=Mike Miliard|title=Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia?|work=Salt Lake City Weekly|date=2008-03-01|accessdate=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; ছেগাৰে '''''[[ৱিকি]]''''' (সহযোগিতামূলক [[ৱেবচাইট]] সৃষ্টি কৰিব পৰা এটা প্ৰযুক্তি, [[হাৱাইয়ান ভাষা|হাৱাইয়ান]] শব্দ ''[[Wikt:wiki#Hawaiian|wiki]]''ৰ পৰা যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে &quot;ক্ষিপ্ৰ&quot;) আৰু [[Wikt:encyclopedia|''encyclo'''pedia''''']] শব্দ দুটা মিলাই ''[[wikt:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]]'' শব্দটোৰ উদ্ভাৱন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;“wiki” in the Hawaiian Dictionary, Revised and Enlarged Edition, University of Hawaii Press, 1986&lt;/ref&gt;

==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন==
জিম্মী ৱেল্‌ছে ২০১১ চনলৈ দুবাৰ বিবাহ কৰিছে। তেওঁৰ দ্বিতীয়া স্ত্ৰী ক্ৰিষ্টিনাৰ গৰ্ভত তেওঁৰ এজনী কন্যা জন্ম হৈছে। ৱেল্‌ছে নিজকে বস্তুবাদী আৰু কিছু পৰিমাণে উদাৰনীতিবাদী বুলি ব্যক্ত কৰে। তেওঁৰ সৃষ্ট ৱিকিপিডিয়া বিশ্বৰ বৃহত্তম বিশ্বকোষলৈ পৰিণত হৈছে। ''টাইম পত্ৰিকা''ই তেওঁলোকৰ ২০০৬ চনৰ বিশ্বৰ সবাতোকৈ প্ৰভাৱশালী ব্যক্তিসকলৰৰ নামৰ তালিকাত তেওঁৰ নাম অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Economist2008&quot;/&gt;

==প্ৰকাশিত কৰ্মাৱলী==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Brooks|first=Robert|coauthors=Jon Corson, Jimmy Donal Wales|year=1994|url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5735|title=The Pricing of Index Options When the Underlying Assets All Follow a Lognormal Diffusion|journal=Advances in Futures and Options Research|volume=7}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wales|first=Jimmy|coauthors=Andrea Weckerle|contribution=Foreword|title=Throwing Sheep in the Boardroom: How Online Social Networking Will Transform Your Life, Work and World|editor1-first=Matthew|editor1-last=Fraser|editor2-first=Soumitra|editor2-last=Dutta|publisher=Wiley|edition=প্ৰথম|date=December 31, 2008|isbn=0470740140|oclc=233939846|separator=,}}
* {{Cite news|first=Jimmy|last=Wales|coauthors=Andrea Weckerle|title=Commentary: Create a tech-friendly U.S. government|work=CNN.com|date=January 8, 2009|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/01/07/wales.obama.cto/|access-date=January 11, 2012|archivedate=August 16, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816141243/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/01/07/wales.obama.cto/|deadurl=yes}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wales|first=Jimmy|coauthors=Andrea Weckerle|contribution=Foreword|title=33 Million People in the Room: How to Create, Influence, and Run a Successful Business with Social Networking|editor1-first=Juliette|editor1-last=Powell|publisher=Financial Times Press|edition=প্ৰথম|date=February 10, 2009|isbn=0137154356|oclc=244066502|separator=,}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wales|first=Jimmy|coauthors=Andrea Weckerle|contribution=Foreword|title=Marketing to the Social Web: How Digital Customer Communities Build Your Business|editor1-first=Larry|editor1-last=Weber|publisher=Wiley|edition=২য়|date=March 3, 2009|isbn=0470410973|oclc=244060887|separator=,}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wales|first=Jimmy|contribution=Foreword|title=The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia|editor1-first=Andrew|editor1-last=Lih|publisher=Hyperion|edition=প্ৰথম|date=March 17, 2009|isbn= 1401303714
|oclc=232977686|separator=,}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Wales|first=Jimmy|coauthors=Andrea Weckerle|date=March 30, 2009|url=http://www.aef.com/industry/news/data/2009/9014|title=Most Define User-Generated Content Too Narrowly|journal=Advertising Age|volume=80|access-date=January 11, 2012|archivedate=July 18, 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20120718092151/http://www.aef.com/industry/news/data/2009/9014|deadurl=yes}}
* {{Cite news|last=Wales|first=Jimmy|coauthors=Andrea Weckerle|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704107104574572101333074122.html|title=Keep a Civil Cybertongue|date=December 28, 2009|work=The Wall Street Journal|publisher=Dow Jones &amp; Company}}
{{Refend}}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio Jimmy Wales&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Jimmy Wales|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=July 16, 2014|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1192821/Jimmy-Wales|accessdate=January 30, 2015}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rogoway&quot;&gt;
*{{cite web|title=Jimmy Wales – Researcher's Note|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=July 16, 2014|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/1192821/supplemental-information|accessdate=January 30, 2015}}
*{{cite web|last=Rogoway|first=Mike|date=July 27, 2007 |url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/siliconforest/2007/07/on_wikipedia_and_its_founders.html|title=Wikipedia &amp; its founder disagree on his birth date|work=Silicon Forest|accessdate=October 31, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WMF PR 2004-04-25&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_press_releases/500,000_Wikipedia_articles&amp;oldid=473206 |title=Wikipedia: 50 languages, ½ million articles|accessdate=April 10, 2009|date=April 25, 2004|work=Wikimedia Foundation Press Release|publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}&quot;''The Wikipedia project was founded in January 2001 by Internet entrepreneur Jimmy Wales and philosopher Larry Sanger,''&quot; quoted from April 25, 2004 first-ever press release issued by the Wikimedia Foundation.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;•{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2003&amp;oldid=93032067|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, reaches its 100,000th article|accessdate=April 10, 2009|date=January 21, 2003|work=Wikipedia Press Release|publisher=Wikipedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Economist2008&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Brain scan: The free-knowledge fundamentalist|url=http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11484062|work=The Economist|date= June 5, 2008|accessdate=December 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kazek&gt;{{cite web|last=Kazek|first=Kelly|url=http://valdostadailytimes.com/entertainment/cnhinspopculture_story_223174601.html|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20080320205344/http://valdostadailytimes.com/entertainment/cnhinspopculture_story_223174601.html|archivedate=March 20, 2008|title=Geek to chic: Wikipedia founder a celebrity|date=August 11, 2006|work=The News Courier
|quote=Doris Wales's husband, Jimmy, wasn't sure what she was thinking when she bought a World Book Encyclopedia set from a traveling salesman in 1968.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=bookstopshere&gt;{{cite news|last=Pink|first=Daniel H.|title=The Book Stops Here|work=Wired|volume=13|issue=3|date=March 13, 2005|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.03/wiki.html|accessdate=October 31, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050304025027/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.03/wiki.html|archivedate=March 4, 2005|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
{{Commons|Jimmy Wales|জিম্মী ৱেলছ}}
* [http://blog.jimmywales.com/ Jimmy Wales], Wales' official blog
* {{srlink|User:Jimbo Wales|Jimmy Wales}}' Wikipedia userpage
* {{twitter|jimmy_wales|Jimmy Wales}}
* {{IMDb name|2467065}}
* {{TED|speakers/jimmy_wales.html}}
* {{Charlie Rose view|257}}
* {{Guardiantopic|technology/jimmy-wales}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/w/jimmy_wales}}
* {{srlink|Wikipedia:Role of Jimmy Wales}}, [[ইংৰাজী ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ত জিম্মী ৱেল্‌ছৰ ভূমিকা&lt;!-- please do not make this an internal link; see [[Wikipedia:Avoid self-references]] and this article's talk page for reasons --&gt;
;ভিডিঅ’ সংযোগ
* {{Cite video|people=Jimmy Wales|title=Video Presentation by Jimmy Wales|url=http://www.archive.org/download/wikipedia-academy-2006-jimmy-wales/wikipedia-academy-2006-jimmy-wales.ogg|format=ogg vorbis|publisher=Wikipedia Academy|date=2006|accessdate=October 31, 2008|time=58 minutes|medium=152Mb}}&lt;!--The origin page for this file is here[http://www.archive.org/details/wikipedia-academy-2006-jimmy-wales] , but on that page the video file is incorrectly labeled with an audio header which is why it is not link to the html page. In fact, this file is incorrectly filed well away from the other videos from the Wikipedia Academy 2006 at archive.org. User:Berean Hunter--&gt;
* [http://www.econtalk.org/archives/2009/03/wales_on_wikipe.html Audio of interview with Wales about Wikipedia] on EconTalk podcast, March 2009
* {{YouTube|1ZyRDvUtFdI|Wikipedia Founder Jimmy Wales Interviewed by MacArthur President Jonathan Fanton}}, April 9, 2009
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/video/2009/12/01/VI2009120103593.html Jimmy Wales interviewed by Raju Narisetti] for ''The Washington Post''{{'s}} On Leadership series, December 1, 2009
* [http://www.atlantic-community.org/index/articles/view/The_Wiki_Way_to_Create_Change_in_Global_Politics Atlantic Community: The Wiki Way to Create Change in Global Politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223190826/http://www.atlantic-community.org/index/articles/view/The_Wiki_Way_to_Create_Change_in_Global_Politics |date=2011-12-23 }} Jimmy Wales is interviewed by Joerg Wolf (Atlantic Community). He advocates for the importance of think-tanks in finding solutions to global problems, February 23, 2010

[[শ্ৰেণী:আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ব্যক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিমিডিয়া ফাউণ্ডেশ্যনৰ ব্যক্তি]]</text>
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আপোনাৰ আগ্ৰহৰ বাবে ধন্যবাদ। আশা কৰোঁ আপুনি সদায় আমাৰ লগত জড়িত হৈ থাকিব। নৱাগত সকলৰ বাবে তলত দিয়া পৃষ্ঠাকেইখন অতি উপযোগী, অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি পৃষ্ঠাকেইখন এবাৰ চকু ফুৰাই চাই যেন।}}

{{Center|
&quot;ৱিকিপিডিয়াত সম্পাদনাৰ সহায়&quot;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সহায়িকা|ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনাৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰয়োজনীয় আভাস]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[সহায়:নতুন প্ৰবন্ধ আৰম্ভ কৰক|প্ৰবন্ধ এটা কেনেকৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিব?]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[সহায়:সৰল সম্পাদনা|সম্পাদনাৰ থুলমুল আভাস]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদনাৰ নিয়ম নীতি&quot;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:পৰিচয়|ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ বিষয়ে অলপ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৰচনাশৈলীৰ হাতপুথি|ৰচনাশৈলীৰ হাতপুথি]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:পাঁচটা স্তম্ভ|ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ পঞ্চশীল নীতি]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া কি নহয়|ৱিকিপিডিয়া কি নহয়]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;
}}
&lt;br&gt;
'''ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ফেচবুকত আমাৰ [https://www.facebook.com/groups/assamwikigroup/ {{Like|''Assamese Wikipedia Community''}}] বুলি এটা আলোচনা গোট আছে। বিকিপিডিয়ানসকলক লগ পাবলৈ আপুনিও তাৰ সদস্য হৈ ল'ব পাৰে।'''

আশা কৰোঁ ৱিকিপিডিয়াত সম্পাদনা কৰি আৰু এজন [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়ান|ৱিকিপিডিয়ান]] হোৱাটো উপভোগ কৰিব। 
}}'''[[User:Bishnu_Saikia|&lt;span style='font-family: &quot;Trebuchet MS&quot;; color:#4B0082'&gt;&lt;big&gt;বি&lt;/big&gt;&lt;small&gt;ষ্ণু শ‍ইকীয়া&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]''' &lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Bishnu_Saikia|&lt;span style = 'color:#4B0082'&gt;বাৰ্তা&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 14:20, 12 জুলাই 2012 (UTC)

== Saloi  cast assam ==

Saloi cast assam [[বিশেষ:বৰঙনিসমূহ/2409:40E6:2F:8B8D:8000:0:0:0|2409:40E6:2F:8B8D:8000:0:0:0]] 16:47, 9 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)</text>
      <sha1>76rjir52ab47lhyrxiyipn4oitdwfna</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Sajidmahamud835</title>
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      <id>516795</id>
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        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>8079</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tech News: 2025-24 */ নতুন অনুচ্ছেদ</comment>
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      <text bytes="1252701" sha1="20imw2ntdcnauf0hflxgvbwkb24cz4x" xml:space="preserve">== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/37|Tech News: 2015-37]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2015-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/37|Translations]] are available.
 
'''Recent changes'''
* You can now mention up to 50 users in a post and they will get a notification. Previously you could notify up to 20 users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110306]
* A new version of the [[:m:mw:Wikidata Toolkit|Wikidata Toolkit]] has been released. It now has Wikibase API support. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/006999.html]
* You can now use Wikidata to find all good or featured articles in a Wikipedia version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72209]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with [http://tools.wmflabs.org/ Tool Labs] due to [[:w:en:Kernel (operating system)|kernel]] issues. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110827] 
* The Content Translation tool published some pages with the same reference repeated several times. This has been fixed. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/03/september-3-update-fixed-duplicated-references-issues-with-norwegian-and-publishing-errors/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110007]

'''Changes this week'''
* The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/wmf22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 8. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 9. It will be on all Wikipedias from September 10 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The maximum character length when you search for something on the Wikimedia wikis is now 300 characters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107947]
* The notifications list has been split into two lists. As a first step, notifications about messages on your user talk page will be placed in the second list. Feedback is requested at [[mw:Topic:Sobaaiky57zs7py7|the Echo talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108190][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108760] 

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=08&amp;month=09&amp;year=2015 September 8 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* You can join the Wikitech ambassadors mailing list. The list is for Wikimedians interested in spreading information about Wikimedia technology news. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikitech-ambassadors See how to join].

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia mailing lists will be moved to a new server and the software will be upgraded. This will happen on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=09&amp;month=09&amp;year=2015 September 9 at 14:00 (UTC)]. The mailing lists will not be working during the move. It can take up to four hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110133]
* Wikidata will soon be able to store measurements, such as a mountain's height or the distance between two places. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T77977][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-August/006982.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2015-W37&quot;/&gt; 17:29, 7 September 2015 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=13509330 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/38|Tech News: 2015-38]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2015-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*You can now use the [[mw:Wikidata query service|Wikidata query service]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/007042.html]
*Belarusian-Taraškievica Wikipedia was moved from be-x-old.wikipedia.org to be-tarask.wikipedia.org. This caused some issues, but most of them were resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T11823]
*Language preferences might not be changed immediately when you adjust them. Language selection might work slower. Please [[:mw:How to report a bug|report any problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T92357][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46649]

'''Problems'''
*There was a problem when editing [[:w:en:International Standard Book Number|International Standard Book Numbers]] in Visual Editor. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63558]
*The Wikimedia mailing lists should have been upgraded on September 9. It didn't work as planned and will now happen later. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-September/083162.html]
'''Changes this week'''
* The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/wmf23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 15. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 16. It will be on all Wikipedias from September 17 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=15&amp;month=09&amp;year=2015 September 15 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
*ContentTranslation will show more data on the Special:ContentTranslationStats page. For example, it will show translation trends and information about deleted translations. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/11/september-11-cx-update-fixes-in-broken-publishing-in-some-languages/]
*The first version of the translation suggestions feature will be deployed soon. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/11/september-11-cx-update-fixes-in-broken-publishing-in-some-languages/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2015-W38&quot;/&gt; 16:17, 14 September 2015 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=13595243 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/39|Tech News: 2015-39]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2015-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is now an experimental Wikimedia [https://maps.wikimedia.org maps service]. You can [[:mw:Talk:Maps|give feedback here]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-September/083277.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Maps]
* Last week a few issues with UploadWizard were fixed. Before this was done, UploadWizard would stop you from uploading your files if something went wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42921][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T48741][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T61646][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T106968]
* More Wikipedias can now use information from any Wikidata item in any Wikipedia article. Previously they could only use the Wikidata item that matched the subject of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100788]
* The VisualEditor welcome dialogue has been changed. The intention is to make it more helpful for new users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112354]

'''Problems'''
* Wikimedia Labs' [[:w:en:HTTPS|HTTPS certificate]] expired for most of Tuesday 15 September. To reach Wikimedia Labs and Tool Labs securely you had to ignore your browser's security error message. There was no risk to data security during this time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112608]
* Last week the notification system was split into two parts. This was temporarily undone because of a bug and performance concerns. It will return to two parts this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112552][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2015-September/001260.html]
* UploadWizard couldn't upload files larger than 5 MB when using [[:m:commons:Commons:Chunked uploads|chunked uploads]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111908]

'''Changes this week'''
* The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/wmf24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 22. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 23. It will be on all Wikipedias from September 24 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The page move tool has been switched over to the new standard look for forms. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T86865]
* You can now choose whether to extend a link or not when editing one in VisualEditor. This means it is easier to choose how much of what you type before and after the link is part of it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91285]
* Wikibooks can now use data from Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107999]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=22&amp;month=09&amp;year=2015 22 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* You can join a meeting with the Wikidata team. It will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=17&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=23&amp;month=09&amp;year=2015 September 23 at 17:00 (UTC)]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/007052.html See how to join].
* You can register to the [[mw:Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016|Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016]] in San Francisco 4–6 January 2016. Gadget, template, bot, and tool developers are welcome as well. [[mw:Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016#Call for participation|Call for participation]] and travel sponsorship requests are open until 2 October.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2015-W39&quot;/&gt; 18:29, 21 September 2015 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=13726015 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/40|Tech News: 2015-40]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2015-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/40|Translations]] are available.
 
'''Recent changes'''
*In UploadWizard, the dialog to see an image preview has been removed. You already see the images in the thumbnails when you upload them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112907]
*UploadWizard dialogs look a bit different now. They have been updated to the new [[:mw:OOjs UI|OOUI]] look. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112117]
*You can now edit music scores in VisualEditor. You can add new sheet music scores and get live updates when you edit one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112925]
*When you send an e-mail to another editor using [[:mw:Extension:EmailUsers|Special:EmailUser]], that user will now get a notification on the wiki as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56130]
*You can now see 500 images when you upload images from Flickr with UploadWizard. Before this change the limit was 50. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T44979]
*The Wikimedia mailing lists have been upgraded. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110140]
*MediaWiki developers spent a day looking at proposed code changes in [[:mw:Gerrit|Gerrit]]. The goal was to clean up the backlog and give feedback to volunteer developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T88531]

'''Problems'''
*Some visitors had problems reaching the Wikimedia sites for an hour on September 24. [http://status.wikimedia.org/8777/156486/Static-assets-(CSS/JS)][http://status.wikimedia.org/8777/163388/Wiki-platform-%5B%5Bw%3Afi%3AMain-Page%5D%5D-(s2)]

'''Changes this week'''
*The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 29. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 30. It will be on all Wikipedias from October 1 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* There will be a new beta feature that allows editors to use Flow on their user talkpage if they want to. Each wiki [[mw:Flow/Request Flow on a page|can decide]] if they want to enable it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T98270]
* The Content Translation tool can give translation suggestions. This feature will now be available in more languages: English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Turkish, Japanese, Italian, and Catalan. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/25/september-24-cx-update-suggestions-in-new-languages-fixes-in-statistics-and-link-adaptation-and-more/]

'''Meetings'''
*You can join the [[mw:Reading/Strategy/Strategy Process|strategy process]] of the [[mw:Reading|Reading department]] of Wikimedia Engineering.  [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-September/083316.html]
*You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=29&amp;month=09&amp;year=2015 29 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation developers want the community to decide who can use [[:mw:Help:OAuth|OAuth]] in the future. You [[:m:Requests for comment/OAuth handover|can discuss it]] on Meta.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2015-W40&quot;/&gt; 15:15, 28 September 2015 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=13829249 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/41|Tech News: 2015-41]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2015-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*The link editor in the visual editor now shows results below the search box. This improves the usability on desktop and mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T101169]
*The description at [[Special:ChangeEmail]] now clearly explains that the page can also be used to remove your email. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T98799]

'''Changes this week'''
*The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from October 6. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from October 7. It will be on all Wikipedias from October 8 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]).
*UploadWizard will remind users to add a category. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51710]
*UploadWizard's category selectors will be easier to use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112764]
*A new [[mw:Help:Extension:Cite|Cite]] error will be shown if a named reference is defined more than once in the same article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85386]

'''Meetings'''
*You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=6&amp;month=10&amp;year=2015 6 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
*Wikidata requests your input on [[d:Wikidata:Client editing input|how to improve the editing of Wikidata's data in other locations]], such as Wikipedias.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2015-W41&quot;/&gt; 18:32, 5 October 2015 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=13953365 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/42|Tech News: 2015-42]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2015-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*The database size lists have been updated. These control special page update frequency and which wikis use global abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114613]

'''Changes this week'''
*The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from October 13. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from October 14. It will be on all Wikipedias from October 15 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]).
*You will be able to upload images to Wikimedia Commons using the visual editor. When the image is uploaded it will be added to the article you're editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40030]
*Pages that show citation error messages will automatically be placed in a hidden category. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T104792]

'''Meetings'''
*You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=13&amp;month=10&amp;year=2015 13 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
 
'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2015-W42&quot;/&gt; 16:28, 12 October 2015 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=14074906 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Tech News: 2018-23]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook skin]] has been optimised for mobile devices. It now looks different. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195625]
* [[m:Planet Wikimedia|Planet Wikimedia]] collects blogs about Wikimedia. It will now use the [https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Rawdog Rawdog] [[w:en:News aggregator|feed aggregator]] to do this instead of [[w:en:Planet (software)|Planet]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T180498][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-May/090036.html]
* Redirect links in [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] now link to the original page and not the target page. This was done earlier and changed the used messages on some pages. This was a problem for wikis that customized the message. A new change fixed this by using the old messages with one more parameter for customization. Wikis that already changed their customized messages will have to move the customization back again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189860]

'''Problems'''
* You will not be able to edit some wikis between 06:00 and 06:30 UTC on 13 June. You can see if [[phab:T195487|your wiki is one of them]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] did not work 24–28 May. This is also why last week's Tech News was late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195500]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 June. It will be on all wikis from 7 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180605T1830 5 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180606T15 6 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. This is planned to happen in June or early July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W23&quot;/&gt; 21:54, 4 June 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18103288 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Tech News: 2018-24]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|the Wikipedia app]] for Android or iOS users can create [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Synced Reading Lists|reading lists]]. The reading lists can be seen on different devices if you are logged in to your account. There is now a browser extension so you can add pages to your reading list from a web browser. At the moment it works with Firefox and Chrome. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Reading_list_browser_extension]
*[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]]. Pywikibot is a tool to automate tasks on MediaWiki wikis. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2018-June/009842.html]

'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook skin]] was changed to make it work better for mobile users. This caused some problems. The change was rolled back to fix them. The new version is now back on the wikis. MonoBook users can opt out from the new responsive design. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195625]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. For most wikis this will happen on 18 June. For the rest it will happen on 25 June. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993]

* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 June. It will be on all wikis from 14 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|Readers Web team]] IRC office hour. There you can discuss tools to contribute on the mobile web for the existing MediaWiki skins. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180618T16 18 June at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC office hours|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180612T1830 12 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180613T15 13 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons|move local wiki files to Commons]] and keep their original data intact. This is [[phab:T190716|planned to come]] to the first wikis in June.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W24&quot;/&gt; 21:55, 11 June 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18115892 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Tech News: 2018-25]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] has been a beta feature on Wikimedia wikis with text written from left to right. It is now a normal feature. It is based on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185030]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180619T1830 19 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180620T15 20 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Some old web browsers will not be able to read the Wikimedia wikis. This is because they use an insecure way to connect to them. This means that we get less security for everyone else too. This affects about 0.08% of all traffic to the Wikimedia wikis. This affects for example those who read Wikipedia on a [[w:en:PlayStation 3|PlayStation 3]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147202][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196371]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. Because there is no new MediaWiki version this week it will happen on 25 June for most wikis. For the rest it will happen in early July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis that have not already done so will switch to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] on 5 July. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. You [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html can help] fix remaining errors. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W25&quot;/&gt; 21:47, 18 June 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18136222 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Tech News: 2018-27]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The database for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|tags]] will be changed. This will happen on 2 July on French Wikipedia and 9 July on all other wikis. Please [[phab:T185355|report]] if recent changes get slower or you can't save edits. This could especially affect editors who use the database on ToolForge. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata-tech/2018-June/001283.html]

'''Problems'''
* Last week's MediaWiki update was rolled back. This was because of a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198350]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180703T1830 3 July at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180704T15 4 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W27&quot;/&gt; 00:46, 3 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18169586 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Tech News: 2018-28]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[w:en:WebM|WebM video files]] have smaller file size but still be of the same quality. Creating WebM files will take longer time. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VP9_transition]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta]]. This was supposed to already have happened but was delayed. For most wikis this will happen on 9 July. For the rest it will happen on 16 July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] instead of [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy]]. This could cause errors. You [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html can help] fix the errors. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F]

'''Problems'''
* When you rolled back an edit it could get both the &lt;code&gt;Rollback&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Undo&lt;/code&gt; tags. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190374]
* Rollbacks from autopatrolled users were not marked as patrolled. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198449]

'''Changes later this week'''
* When you edit a link in the visual editor there will be two separate buttons to change which page the link goes to (target) or its text (label). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T55973][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124305]
* On the mobile version you can find a link to an editor's contributions from their user page. Now this will work even if they haven't created a user page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197581]
* When you edit a discussion on the mobile version you sometimes get your signature automatically added. This will now not happen if you have already added a signature manually. This is to avoid double signatures. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192725]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured discussions]] toolbars will have more style options. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109123#4400917]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] When you look at Wikimedia code in [[w:en:Gerrit (software)|Gerrit]] there will be a new interface. It is on by default for new users. This is also true for developers. This is to make it easier to understand what is happening. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196812]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 July. It will be on all wikis from 12 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180710T1830 10 July at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180711T15 11 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Today all administrators can edit [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] for the entire wiki. There will be a new user group for editing CSS and JavaScript. Administrators will no longer automatically be able to do this. This is because it is a security risk when all administrator accounts can edit JavaScript even if they never plan to or do not know how it works. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190015]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page previews]] will be on by default for new accounts. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-July/090297.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W28&quot;/&gt; 23:10, 9 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18194890 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Tech News: 2018-29]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now use [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalPreferences|global preferences]] on Wikimedia wikis. You can set them on the [[Special:GlobalPreferences|global preferences page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T16950]
* You can now see a new log of pages being created at [[Special:Log/create|Special:Log/create]]. It includes pages which are later deleted. It is now available on all Wikimedia wikis except Commons and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12331]
* You can see how many pageviews a wiki had from specific countries. The [https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/en.wikipedia.org/reading/page-views-by-country/normal{{!}}map{{!}}2-Year~2016060100~2018071100{{!}}~total Wikistats2 maps] have now been updated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-July/090327.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Your watchlist will show changes from the last seven days instead of three. If you have already set a length preference it will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T194414]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 17. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 18. It will be on all wikis from July 19 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180717T1830 July 17 at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180718T15 July 18 at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Some articles have messages to readers about problems with the article. For example that it does not cite sources or might not be neutral. Readers do not see these messages on the mobile version. The developers now want to show them. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile Page Issues|read more and leave feedback]].
* You can use &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;inputbox&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to create search boxes for specific pages. For example to search the archives of a community discussion page. Instead of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;prefix:Page name&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; you will see a text that explains which pages are being searched. You can [[phab:T198318|read more and leave feedback]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W29&quot;/&gt; 16:01, 16 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18215334 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Tech News: 2018-30]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* When you log in to your account you can choose to keep being logged in. This checkbox now works better than before on the mobile version for users without JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196947]
* Wikis that use [[mw:Citoid|Citoid]] can automatically generate citations for Swedish news sites. This only works in the visual editor. This now works for [[w:en:Sveriges radio|Swedish public service radio]]. More will come. Others could use this to add news sites in other languages in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187023]
* Editors can do max 90 edits per minute. This is new since last month. This does not affect bots or administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56515]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-24|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-25|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-26|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180725T15 {{#time:j xg|2018-07-25|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W30&quot;/&gt; 09:44, 24 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18233172 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Tech News: 2018-31]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The design on [[Special:Log]] has changed. It will change again soon. Developers are working on fixing problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117737]

'''Problems'''
* Deployment of 1.32.0-wmf.13 has been partially delayed. All deployments have been resumed and successfully done after bug fixes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000577.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000585.html]
*  Deployment of 1.32.0-wmf.14 has been partially delayed. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000587.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000589.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2018-08-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2018-08-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180731T1830 {{#time:j xg|2018-07-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180801T15 {{#time:j xg|2018-08-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)] as well as at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180801T23 23:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* After [[:m:special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|a community discussion]], a new group for users will be created. &quot;[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|Interface administrators]]&quot; will be the only users allowed to edit interface pages like [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or [[MediaWiki:Common.js]]. This is done to avoid technical issues and improve security. That change will be effective by the end of August 2018.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W31&quot;/&gt; 14:05, 30 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18237696 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Tech News: 2018-32]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Translations]] are available.
 
'''Recent changes'''
* [[Special:NewPages|Special:NewPages]] now has the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117739]

'''Problems'''
* The MediaWiki version that was released two weeks ago was late to some Wikimedia wikis. This was because of bugs. It was on all wikis 30 July. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20180724-Train][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000591.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 August. It will be on all wikis from 9 August.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180807T1830 7 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180808T15 8 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W32&quot;/&gt; 19:39, 6 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18277179 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Tech News: 2018-33]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*&lt;span title=&quot;Advanced item&quot;&gt;[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]&lt;/span&gt; [[w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] in templates can now be stored in a separate page on all wikis. This is called [[mw:Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]]. This is to make it easier to edit how templates look. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-August/090481.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180814T1830 14 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180815T15 15 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The developers are planning more ways to block users. This could be blocking someone from just a page or a namespace. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Per-user page, namespace, and upload blocking|read more]]. You can leave feedback on the [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Per-user page, namespace, and upload blocking|talk page]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2018-August/090842.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W33&quot;/&gt; 17:53, 13 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18292380 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Tech News: 2018-34]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Translations]] are available. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 August. It will be on all wikis from 23 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180822T15 22 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
*The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2018 Community Wishlist Survey|2018 Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November.
*[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Manual:$wgLegacyJavaScriptGlobals|Legacy JavaScript global variables]] have been deprecated for seven years. They will soon be removed from all wikis. Gadgets and scripts that use them will stop working. You can test your community's gadgets on &quot;group0&quot; wikis. For example [[testwiki:Main Page|Test Wikipedia]] or [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]]. The legacy JavaScript global variables are already disabled there. You can [[mw:ResourceLoader/Migration guide (users)#Global wg variables|read the migration guide]] to fix old scripts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W34&quot;/&gt; 16:46, 20 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18310555 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Tech News: 2018-35]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now see moved paragraphs in diffs in the mobile view. It also works on all languages in the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T199800]
* Bureaucrats on all Wikimedia wikis can now remove the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admin]] user right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202298]

'''Problems'''
* Some diffs show lines in the wrong order. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197157]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The message you see when you thank a user will change. This is to make it easier to understand. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T159302]
* [[w:en:Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] will stop adding &lt;code&gt;using AWB&lt;/code&gt; in the edit summary.  Instead it will add a [[Special:Tags|tag]] that says &lt;code&gt;AWB&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111663]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] variables have changed. They are now easier to understand for non-experts. The old variables will still work but filter editors are encouraged to replace them with the new ones. You can find the list of changed variables [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules format#Variables|on mediawiki.org]]. They have a note which says &lt;code&gt;Deprecated. Use ... instead&lt;/code&gt;. An example is &lt;code&gt;article_text&lt;/code&gt; which is now &lt;code&gt;page_title&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T173889]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Abuse filters can now use how old a page is. The variable is &lt;code&gt;page_age&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30844]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 August. It will be on all wikis from 30 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180828T1830 28 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180829T15 29 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].
'''Future changes'''
* Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=12&amp;month=09&amp;year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W35&quot;/&gt; 16:16, 27 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18330273 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Tech News: 2018-36]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new user right for users who can edit [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] for the entire wiki. Before this all admins could edit CSS and JavaScript. This was a security risk. This group is called [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]]. Administrators can delete user CSS and JavaScript pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190015][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200176]
* There will be an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on the Wikipedia mobile website. It starts this week. It tests how we show templates that show information about an article. The test will last two weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200792][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues]
* You can now use different CSS rules for different skins when you edit templates. This is because of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197617]
* &lt;code&gt;wp10&lt;/code&gt; in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]] is now called &lt;code&gt;articlequality&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196240]
* When you get a new message on your talk page you get a yellow message in the toolbar. The preference to show or not show this has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58845]

'''Problems'''
* [[c:Commons:Upload Wizard|UploadWizard]] had problems with [[mw:Extension:UploadWizard/Campaigns|campaigns]]. Users could not upload files. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202760]
* You can get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|notification]] when a link is made to a page you created. This has not worked since June. It was fixed last week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200119] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 September. It will be on all wikis from 6 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180905T15 5 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers|Readers department]] will work on advanced mobile editing. You can [[c:File:Wikimedia Foundation Readers Roadmap Review - 2018-08-27.pdf|read more]] about this and other things they plan to work on over the next year. You can also [[c:File:Wikimedia Foundation Readers Roadmap Review - 27 August 2018.webm|see the presentation]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Keegan (WMF)/RelatedSites2|The RelatedSites extension]] will be removed from Wikivoyage.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Unused projects on the [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Wikimedia Cloud virtual private server]] will [[wikitech:Cloud VPS 2018 Purge|be removed]]. This will happen in October. Projects can be marked if they are being used. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-August/090735.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W36&quot;/&gt; 16:48, 3 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18344596 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Tech News: 2018-37]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* When you added or edited a template with the visual editor the input boxes were very big. This has been fixed. The input boxes will now be smaller until you click on them. Then they will change size to fit the text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200834]

'''Problems'''
* Some diffs showed lines in the wrong order. This was fixed last week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197157]
* Marking a cross-wiki notification as read didn't work every time. The other wiki was not updated. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121930]
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;maplink&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; did not work for a few days. This was because of a bug. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203427]
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:REVISIONUSER}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is used by some templates. For a period edits saved with &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:REVISIONUSER}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; would save the previous user's name and not your username. This is now fixed. Edits made before the bug was fixed will still be wrong and need to be corrected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203583]
* When you move a page the title still shows the old page name. The developers are working on fixing this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203661]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=12&amp;month=09&amp;year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]].
* Because of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|the data centre test]] there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180911T1830 11 Septmber at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180912T15 12 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|The developers]] work on making the wikis work better on mobile phones. There is a list [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles|of common problems when making content easier to read in the mobile view]]. You can add things to the page and ask others to help.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W37&quot;/&gt; 22:36, 10 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18369657 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Tech News: 2018-38]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons mobile app]] has a new version. Images uploaded using Nearby are now automatically added to the associated Wikidata item. You can browse other images on Commons. You can see your achievements and your upload statistics. It has also fixed some bugs. [https://cookiesandcodeblog.wordpress.com/2018/08/10/commons-app-version-2-8-beta/]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki web requests now have a time limit of 60 seconds for GET requests and 200 seconds for POST requests. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97192]

'''Problems'''
* You could not see the menu on the notifications page on the mobile version. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192475]

'''Changes later this week'''
*[[Special:AncientPages|Special:AncientPages]] can hide disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T76287]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 September. It will be on all wikis from 20 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180919T15 19 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|The developers]] are testing new mobile web navigation. You can [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile contributions/Navigation prototype feedback|use it and give feedback]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W38&quot;/&gt; 21:58, 17 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18389264 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Tech News: 2018-39]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* The [[Special:Preferences|preferences form]] will change to use the standard look. If you see any problems please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/3/?projects=ui-standardization,mediawiki-special-pages report them on Phabricator]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117781]
*[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 September. It will be on all wikis from 27 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180926T15 26 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W39&quot;/&gt; 15:23, 24 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18408633 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Tech News: 2018-40]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Ordinary pages can no longer be loaded as [[w:en:JavaScript|javascript]]. You could do this using &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;?﻿action=raw&amp;ctype=text/javascript&lt;/code&gt; in the [[w:en:URL|URL]]. Only fully protected pages in the MediaWiki: namespace or user javascript subpages can be loaded as javascript now. This is for better security. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-September/001955.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-September/090882.html]

'''Problems'''
* New and updated translations from [[en:w:translatewiki.net|translatewiki.net]] will not reach the wikis for a while. You can still translate messages on translatewiki.net. The Wikimedia wikis will be updated with the new translations later. This is because of work on the translation system. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-September/001951.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-September/090882.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 October. It will be on all wikis from 4 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181003T15 3 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].
* You can join the meeting with the Wikimedia Foundation Search Platform team. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181003T15 3 October at 15:00 UTC]. See [[m:IRC office hours#Upcoming office hours|how to join]] if you want to know how the search function works or have questions.

'''Future changes'''
* Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=10&amp;month=10&amp;year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018 2|You can read more about this]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W40&quot;/&gt; 17:35, 1 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18433392 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Tech News: 2018-41]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Education Program|Education Program extension]] was removed from all Wikimedia projects. You can use the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ Programs and Events Dashboard] or the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/fountain/editathons/ Fountain] instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125618]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem when you copied and pasted from a table with the visual editor. It could add &lt;code&gt;href&lt;/code&gt; where it shouldn't be. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108506]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=10&amp;month=10&amp;year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]].
* Because of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|the data centre test]] there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181010T15 10 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W41&quot;/&gt; 23:38, 8 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18453674 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Tech News: 2018-42]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Some pages, edits and users disappeared for a short while after the [[m:Tech/Server switch 2018|server switch]]. Missing content and users was fixed within a day. Some preferences and other things might take a few more days to fix. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T206743]
* Wikis are updated with new and updated translations from [[m:translatewiki.net|translatewiki.net]] again. This will happen once a week. The developers are working on fixing the problem so we can have translation updates more often again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/121/translationwiki.net_security_incident/] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* When you create an abuse filter that prevents edits you can now write a specific error message for it. Before this all abuse filters that prevented edits had the same error message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27086]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 October. It will be on all wikis from 18 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* There will be no more meetings with the Editing team. This is because not enough Wikimedians were interested. To tell developers which bugs you think are the most important you can use [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator] as normal. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Editing_team/Weekly_triage_meetings]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181017T15 17 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W42&quot;/&gt; 22:41, 15 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18470532 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Tech News: 2018-43]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 October. It will be on all wikis from 25 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181024T15 24 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W43&quot;/&gt; 23:12, 22 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18491932 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Tech News: 2018-44]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can post proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]]  The wikis now have a [[:w:en:Content Security Policy|content security policy report]]. This means that you might get a warning in your javascript console when you load external resources in your user scripts. For security reasons it is recommended that you don't do this. It might not be possible to load external resources in your scripts in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-October/001994.html]

'''Problems'''
* Your watchlist can show which changes you have already seen. This did not work for a few days. It has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T207472]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 October. It will be on all wikis from 1 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The 2006 wikitext editor is no longer available. It will be removed from [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|Special:Preferences]]. It has not been the standard editor for a long time. It was replaced by the [[mw:Extension:WikiEditor|2010 wikitext editor]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Contributors/Projects/Removal_of_the_2006_wikitext_editor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30856]

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181031T15 31 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W44&quot;/&gt; 20:09, 29 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18519160 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Tech News: 2018-45]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]] to edit templates. This works only with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|2010 wikitext editor]] and not in the visual editor or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]]. If you click on [[File:OOjs UI icon puzzle-ltr.svg|17px|link=|Puzzle icon]] you can enter the information in a pop-up. You can turn on TemplateWizard in your beta feature preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202545] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* You can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. The interface for the two-column edit conflict will change. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Solution: Solving edit conflicts line by line (new beta feature)|read more]].
* When you edit with the visual editor you can use the &quot;Automatic&quot; citation tab. This helps you generate citations. You will now be able to write plain text citations or the title of a journal article or a book in this tab. This will search the [[:w:en:Crossref|Crossref]] and [[:w:en:WorldCat|WorldCat]] databases and add the top result. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198567]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 November. It will be on all wikis from 8 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181107T15 7 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W45&quot;/&gt; 17:29, 5 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18540415 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Tech News: 2018-46]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Some old mobile browsers can use the watchlist again. This has not worked for a while. These browsers are called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Basic (Grade_C)|grade C browsers]]. This helps for example Windows Phone 8.1 with Internet Explorer and Lumia 535 with Windows 10. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196893]

'''Problems'''
* You can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. Users who use this view saw the edit conflict resolution page when they wanted to see a preview. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T208840][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209012][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209036]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 November. It will be on all wikis from 15 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181114T15 14 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation]] tool to translate articles. The developers are working on [[mw:Content translation/V2|a new version]]. One of the changes will be a maintenance category. Articles where users add a lot of text from machine translation without changing it will be in that category. This is so the community can review it. The users will also have been warned before they publish the article that it has a lot of unchanged text from machine translations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190798]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W46&quot;/&gt; 19:22, 12 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18568837 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Tech News: 2018-47]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can vote until 30 November.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] for &lt;code&gt;sameAs&lt;/code&gt; data. This is to make it easier to find the right information with a search engine. This changes the [[:w:en:Metadata|metadata]] for a wiki page. It doesn't change how the page looks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209306]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181121T15 21 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia wikis use templates to show readers there are problems with the content on some pages. For example if there are no sources or the page needs to be rewritten. The mobile website will soon show more information when you use these templates. Some templates may need to be updated.  [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-November/091113.html]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Education Program|Education Program extension]] was removed from all Wikimedia projects. The [[:w:en:Table (database)|database tables]] used by the extension will be archived. This will happen in a month. If you want the information on your wiki you should move it to a normal wiki page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174802]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W47&quot;/&gt; 23:29, 19 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18611020 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Tech News: 2018-48]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|translatable pages]] you could create a mess when you moved a page that had translatable subpages. A subpage is when you use &lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt; to create a new page: &lt;code&gt;/wiki/Page/Subpage&lt;/code&gt;. The subpages would be moved but not the translations. The subpages are no longer automatically be moved. This is to make it safer to move pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114592]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search interface]] will be available by default on all Wikimedia wikis. It makes it easier to use some of the special search functions that most editors don't know exist. It's already active on German, Farsi, Arabic and Hungarian Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193182]
* [[Special:UnusedCategories|Special:UnusedCategories]] show empty categories with no files or other categories. You can soon choose to not show soft redirect categories or some maintenance categories there. You can do this with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words|magic word]] &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96041]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 November. It will be on all wikis from 29 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181128T16 28 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The &lt;code&gt;mw.util.jsMessage()&lt;/code&gt; function was deprecated in 2012. It will be removed next week. [[:w:en:Wikipedia:Reporting JavaScript errors|Look for the warning]] &lt;code&gt;Use of &quot;mw.util.jsMessage&quot; is deprecated&lt;/code&gt; in the JavaScript console to know if you use an affected script or gadget. If you are a gadget maintainer you should check if your JavaScript code contains &lt;code&gt;mw.util.jsMessage&lt;/code&gt;. There is a [[mw:ResourceLoader/Migration guide (users)#mw.util.jsMessage|migration guide]]. It explains how to use &lt;code&gt;mw.notify&lt;/code&gt; instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193901]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W48&quot;/&gt; 22:22, 26 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18638702 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Tech News: 2018-49]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Admins will not be able to unblock themselves if they are blocked by someone other than themselves. This is because it can cause damage if someone else takes over an admin account and other admins can't block them. If this is a problem for your community you can [[phab:T150826|report it on Phabricator]]. You can also ask questions [[m:Tech|on Meta]]. There is a discussion [[phab:T150826|on Phabricator]] about how to solve this if two admins fight with each other on a small wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150826]
* Small [[:w:en:Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG images]] are now bigger when you see them in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:MediaViewer|MediaViewer]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71237]
* You can go to a section from the edit summary by clicking on the section name. Before this you had to click on the arrow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165189]
* When you jumped to a footnote that was referenced several times in an article it could be difficult to see where you were in the text. Now there are jump marks and highlights to help you find your way back. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Footnote_highlighting][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T194511]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
 
'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181205T23 5 December at 16:00 (UTC)] and [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181205T23 at 23:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W49&quot;/&gt; 16:13, 3 December 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18671340 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Tech News: 2018-50]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 December. It will be on all wikis from 13 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181212T16 12 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* New accounts will need passwords that are at least 8 characters long. Admins, interface admins, bureaucrats, oversighters, CentralNotice admins, global renamers, check users, stewards and some other user groups will need passwords that are at least 10 characters long. This is because an attacker could cause damage to the wikis if they took over these accounts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Security_Team/Password_strengthening_2019][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Password_policy]
* When you hover over a footnote it will show you the reference as a pop-up. This is so you don't have to jump down to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will happen in 2019. Some wikis already have gadgets that do this. You will be able to turn it off. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W50&quot;/&gt; 17:34, 10 December 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18699559 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Tech News: 2018-51]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2018-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 7 January 2019.

'''Recent changes'''
* Some templates that show notices about the content of the page will now be shown on the mobile website. In many cases they were hidden before. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210553]
* Admins can no longer unblock themselves, except for self-blocks. A blocked admin can block the user who blocked them but no one else. This is so no one can block all admins on a wiki without being stopped. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150826]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration extension]] has been removed. It compared the result of two versions of the MediaWiki wikitext parsing pipeline. It was used when we moved to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] instead of [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy]].

'''Problems'''
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags can use parameters such as &quot;name&quot; or &quot;group&quot;. For example &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;adams&quot; group=&quot;books&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. If a &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag has more than two parameters all parameters are ignored. You don't get a warning that they don't work. This will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211576]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 December. It will be on all wikis from 20 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181219T16 19 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Android app team]] are working on making it easier to edit on mobile phones. You can [[mw:Android editing features|read more]] about these plans. If you have an Android phone and speak at least two languages you can help testing in English. Tell [[:m:User:Dchen (WMF)|Dchen (WMF)]] you want to be part of the testing by writing on her talk page or email her.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] &lt;code&gt;tiles.wmflabs.org&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;wma.wmflabs.org&lt;/code&gt; will stop working. They have no maintainers and run an old operating system. Tools which use it could stop working. This includes [[:w:en:Mapnik|the mapnik gadget]], hill shading, and hike and bike layers. New maintainers could help out and keep it going. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-December/091216.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2018-W51&quot;/&gt; 20:35, 17 December 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Tech News: 2019-02]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Translations]] are available.

''Tech News writers, editors and translators wish you a pleasant 2019 year.''

'''Recent changes'''
* RelatedSites extension has been undeployed. It was used to create interwiki links on Wikivoyage, now handled by Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128326]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki logstash logging is moving to a new infrastructure. This is an ongoing deployment. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Logging_infrastructure_design_document.pdf]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [https://codesearch.wmflabs.org codesearch.wmflabs.org] has been updated, with new and updated repositories and a new search options for code. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2019-January/002045.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On several wikis, an account named &quot;{{int:abusefilter-blocker}}&quot; has been created on December 17 to perform some technical maintenance on AbuseFilter. This account has sysop rights but it's a system user and no human can use it. The account already existed on wikis where AbuseFilter can perform blocks, which are issued using this account. See [[:phabricator:T212268|T212268]] for more information and future plans.

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]], the &quot;{{int:abusefilter-action-throttle}}&quot; action takes three parameters: count, period and groups. They must now strictly respect the requirements listed [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Throttling|on mediawiki.org]]. A list of broken filters is [[:phabricator:P7956|on Phabricator]]. If you're familiar with AbuseFilter, please take a look and fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209565]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 8. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from January 9. It will be on all wikis from January 10 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* Search Platform Office Hours is rescheduled to January 9. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-January/091280.html Check the details] for time and date.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W02&quot;/&gt; 18:30, 7 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|Tech News: 2019-03]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now use [[:w:en:Google Translate|Google Translate]] in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90208][https://wikimediafoundation.org/2019/01/09/you-can-now-use-google-translate-to-translate-articles-on-wikipedia/]
* You can now add [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:File captions|captions]] to files on Commons. Captions are short descriptions of the file. They can be translated to all languages we use. They can't use wikitext markup.
* Earlier a [[:w:en:Attribute (computing)|quoted HTML attribute]] had to be followed by a space. Now it doesn't. This means that some pages could look different when you save them even if you didn't edit that part of the text. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Uqhg1it7nojfnjfg][https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki/commit/59bb8864a23f3df120789c7619ef07acefa27b9c]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Templates with  [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;templatestyles&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;]] could not show the difference between the live template and the [[w:en:Sandbox (software development)|sandbox]] version when they were tested. This has now been fixed. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;templatestyles&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; has a new &lt;code&gt;wrapper&lt;/code&gt; parameter now. You can use it for selectors like &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;.mw-parser-output &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;wrapper parameter value&gt; &lt;selector from CSS page&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200441]

'''Problems'''
* When you see an edit in the recent changes feed or in the history of a page some of them have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|tags]]. Some tags are added automatically. You can also add tags manually. Tags for edits that have been added manually can be edited. This didn't work for a little while. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T212703]

'''Changes later this week'''
*You can move files from your wiki to Wikimedia Commons and keep the file history with the new [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons|FileExporter]]. It will be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] on all wikis from 16 January. If you want to test it you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|activate it]] and check [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons/Configuration file documentation|your wiki's configuration file]].
* Users who could cause more damage to the wikis if someone took over their account have to have more secure passwords. This includes administrators and other user groups. They can't use passwords that are in a list of common passwords. Accounts with common passwords are easy to take over. The list of common passwords was made longer a few weeks ago and has a different error message. Some user groups have been added to those who can't use common passwords. This is to protect all accounts with user rights that could cause damage. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/operations/mediawiki-config/+/481115/]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] variable &lt;code&gt;minor_edit&lt;/code&gt; has been removed. It was deprecated in 2016. Now you can't use it. You can fix the filters using it. You can find them if you use the search bar on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 15 &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W03&quot;/&gt; 17:55, 14 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Tech News: 2019-04]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* Some people did not get last week's issue of Tech News. This was because of a problem with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]]. If you did not get last week's issue, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|read it on Meta]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213942]

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] can now use  [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/V2|version 2]] as the default version for users who turned on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]]. For example it adds the tracking category &lt;code&gt;{{int:cx-unreviewed-translation-category}}&lt;/code&gt; to translations that might have used machine translations without fixing the problems. This is so others can find them. You can find this category in &lt;code&gt;Special:TrackingCategories&lt;/code&gt; on Wikipedias.
* [https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org] can now convert collects of up to 800 pages to [[:w:en:PDF|PDF]], [[:w:en:EPUB|EPUB]] or [[:w:en:OpenDocument|ODT]]. Previously this was 200 pages.

'''Problems'''
* When a template was edited with the visual editor, it would sometimes put all information on one line. This makes it difficult to read for editors who use the wikitext editor. It also makes it more difficult to see what happened in a diff. This problem affected edits made between 8 and 17 January and is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213922]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] is used to post a message to many pages. It has not been working reliably. Some messages have not been posted to everyone. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213942][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139380]
* Because of a database problem that had to be fixed immediately you could not edit most wikis for a couple of minutes on 17 January (UTC). This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213858]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You will be able to use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|template styles]] in the &lt;code&gt;Module&lt;/code&gt; namespace. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200914]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 January. It will be on all wikis from 24 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190123T16 23 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W04&quot;/&gt; 20:37, 21 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Tech News: 2019-05]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Wikimedia servers use [[:w:en:HHVM|HHVM]] to run the [[:w:en:PHP|PHP]] code. They are [[mw:Wikimedia Technology/Annual Plans/FY2019/TEC4: PHP7 Migration/Goals|going to use PHP7]] and stop using HHVM. You can test PHP7 with a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features/PHP7|new beta feature]]. That way you can [[mw:Talk:Beta Features/PHP7|help find and report]] problems.

'''Problems'''
* When someone moves a page to a name that already exists that page that had the name the article is moved to is deleted. For a couple of months this didn't always work. Some users saw an error message instead. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210739]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190130T16 30 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W05&quot;/&gt; 18:16, 28 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18821217 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Tech News: 2019-06]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* It was easy to untick a box by accident in [[Special:Preferences|Special:Preferences]]. This will now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213517]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 February. It will be on all wikis from 7 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190206T16 6 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W06&quot;/&gt; 17:12, 4 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Tech News: 2019-07]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can use the &lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis#Making page issues (ambox templates) mobile friendly|ambox]]&lt;/code&gt; [[:w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] class to show page issues to mobile readers. When you use &lt;code&gt;ambox&lt;/code&gt; there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis#Making page issues (ambox templates) mobile friendly|classes]] you can use.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 February. It will be on all wikis from 14 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190213T16 13 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W07&quot;/&gt; 18:46, 11 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18862544 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Tech News: 2019-08]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* When you [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] someone on the mobile web you will now have two seconds to cancel the thank. This is in case you clicked on the thank button by accident. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63737]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 February. It will be on all wikis from 21 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190220T16 20 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* There is a proposal to add a red link to mobile search results if there is no page with that name. This is how it works on desktop. You can [[mw:Talk:Readers/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|leave feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211006]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W08&quot;/&gt; 23:14, 18 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== Talk to us about talking ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-rtl.svg|alt=&quot;￼icon depicting two speech Bubbles&quot;|frameless|right|120px]]
The Wikimedia Foundation is planning a [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|global consultation about communication]]. The goal is to bring Wikimedians and wiki-minded people together to improve tools for communication.

We want all contributors to be able to talk to each other on the wikis, whatever their experience, their skills or their devices.

We are looking for input from as many different parts of the Wikimedia community as possible. It will come from multiple projects, in multiple languages, and with multiple perspectives.

We are currently planning the consultation. We need your help.

'''We need volunteers to help talk to their communities or user groups.'''

You can help by hosting a discussion at your wiki. Here's what to do:  
# First, [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|sign up your group here.]]  
# Next, create a page (or a section on a Village pump, or an e-mail thread – whatever is natural for your group) to collect information from other people in your group.  This is not a vote or decision-making discussion: we are just collecting feedback.  
# Then ask people what they think about communication processes.  We want to hear stories and other information about how people communicate with each other on and off wiki.  Please consider asking these five questions:
## When you want to discuss a topic with your community, what tools work for you, and what problems block you?
## What about talk pages works for newcomers, and what blocks them?
## What do others struggle with in your community about talk pages?
## What do you wish you could do on talk pages, but can't due to the technical limitations?
## What are the important aspects of a &quot;wiki discussion&quot;?
# Finally, please go to [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk pages consultation 2019 on Mediawiki.org]] and report what you learned from your group.  Please include links if the discussion is available to the public.

'''You can also help build the list of the many different ways people talk to each other.'''

Not all groups active on wikis or around wikis use the same way to discuss things: it can happen on wiki, on social networks, through external tools... Tell us [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Tools in use|how your group communicates]].

You can read more about [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|the overall process]] on mediawiki.org. If you have questions or ideas, you can [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|leave feedback about the consultation process]] in the language you prefer.

Thank you! We're looking forward to talking with you.
&lt;/div&gt; [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 15:09, 21 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/Sandbox&amp;oldid=18890731 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Tech News: 2019-09]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Translations]] are available. 

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a [https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewSoftware?id=324715238&amp;mt=8 new version] of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS FAQ|iOS Wikipedia app]]. It has for example [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|syntax highlighting]] and new toolbars to make it easier to write wikitext. It also has night mode, a find-on-page function and other things. You can [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps|give feedback and suggestions]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Editing_program]

'''Changes later this week'''
* When you look at your watchlist or the recent changes page you can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]]. There you can choose tags to filter different edits. Empty tags will no longer be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T182219]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 February. It will be on all wikis from 28 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190227T16 27 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android will invite users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can [[mw: Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|read more]] and [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|leave feedback]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W09&quot;/&gt; 21:17, 25 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18898106 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Tech News: 2019-10]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 March. It will be on all wikis from 7 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190306T16 6 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* You can [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|give feedback]] on the future of talk pages.
* The mobile website will use the standard [[:w:en:Font|fonts]] on your computer or phone instead of a generic font. This will make it easier to read text in many scripts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Design/Projects/Improve_mobile_reading_experience][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T175877]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W10&quot;/&gt; 16:38, 4 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18912959 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Tech News: 2019-11]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Pages can use [[:wikidata:Property:P625|geocoordinates]] from Wikidata with the &lt;code&gt;mw.wikibase.entity:formatStatements&lt;/code&gt; [[w:Lua (programming language)|Lua]] function or the &lt;code&gt;#statements&lt;/code&gt; [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions|parser function]]. If they do, they will now be shown using  [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#&lt;maplink&gt;|a Kartographer &lt;code&gt;&lt;maplink&gt;&lt;/code&gt;]] if the wiki can use Kartographer. You can report bugs or ask questions [[phab:T210926|on Phabricator]].
* There is now an [[:wikitech:EventStreams|EventStream]] to see when [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#!/Streams/get_v2_stream_page_links_change links are added or removed] on Wikimedia wikis. You can read the [[phab:T115119|discussions and plans]].

'''Problems'''
* Some wikis will not be able to edit for a short period of time on 19 March ([[:w:en:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). This will start at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190319T15 15:00 UTC]. It will last up to 15 minutes but probably shorter. You can [[phab:T217441|see the list of affected wikis]]. This is because of network maintenance. You can still read the wikis.
* Editors who use Firefox to edit with the visual editor had a problem with copying text. When they tried to select text that included footnotes, templates or block images in the middle they would often only get part of the text. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214976]
* Some maps didn't work for a while on 8 March. This has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20190308-wdqs][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217898]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 March. It will be on all wikis from 14 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190313T16 13 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W11&quot;/&gt; 19:30, 11 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18925338 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Tech News: 2019-12]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* When you use [[:m:Help:Reverting#Advanced features|rollback]] you will be able to get a confirmation prompt on most wikis. It asks you if you wanted to do the rollback. This is to avoid misclicks. You will have to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|opt in]] to get it. On German Wikipedia it will be an opt-out feature from 28 March. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T199534][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Rollback]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 March. It will be on all wikis from 21 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190320T16 20 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Admins will be able to block someone from editing a page or a namespace. This already works on a few Wikimedia wikis. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks|read more]]. If your wiki wants to be an early tester of this, you can [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|tell the developers]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2018-August/090842.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Help:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will [[:wikitech:News/Toolforge Trusty deprecation|shut down the Ubuntu Trusty job grid]]. This will happen the week of 25 March. Tools that use this grid needs to be moved to the new Debian Stretch job grid. If they haven't, they will be taken offline. Maintainers can restart the tools later. Users may not be able to use them in the meanwhile. You can see a [[:toolforge:trusty-tools/|list of affected tools]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W12&quot;/&gt; 19:44, 18 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18939566 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Tech News: 2019-13]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/V2|new version of the content translation tool]] will be used for all new translations. The older version will still be used for translations that were started with it. Most users won’t see any change. More than 80% of the published translations are already using the new version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T212646]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with editing with [[:w:en:Safari (web browser)|Safari]] on [[:w:en:IOS|iOS]]. When you wrote an edit summary you couldn't save the edit. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218352]
* The editing toolbar sometimes disappears when you scroll on [[:w:en:IOS|iOS]] devices. This will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218414]
* Wikis can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System message|over-ride interface messages]] on-wiki. A problem meant that sometimes an old versions of any changed messages were shown instead. This included the sitenotice and other important parts of the interface. This was fixed at around 2019-03-22 16:00 (UTC). Logged-out users may still get the wrong message. Purging the page should fix it for them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218918]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 March. It will be on all wikis from 28 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190327T16 27 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W13&quot;/&gt; 18:05, 25 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18947493 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Tech News: 2019-14]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Translations]] are available. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|Notifications]] tell you about things that happen on the wiki. You can turn on notifications about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications_types#echo-category-title-article-linked|new links to pages you created]]. For performance reasons you can no longer get e-mails about this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219444]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 April. It will be on all wikis from 4 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190403T16 3 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W14&quot;/&gt; 16:29, 1 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18980992 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Tech News: 2019-15]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* More wikis are now testing visual editor section editing for mobile users. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing|read more]].
* Admins on French and Polish Wikipedia can [[m:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|block someone from editing a page or a namespace]]. If your wiki wants to get these blocks before they are available to all wikis, you can [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|tell the developers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219327][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219218]

'''Problems'''
* You will be able read but not edit most wikis for 30 minutes on  [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190411T05 11 April at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is because of a hardware problem. You can [[phab:T220080|see a list of the affected wikis]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-April/091900.html]
* A map update caused some problems on 29 March and 30 March. It was rolled back. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217087]
* Pages on some Wikivoyages had problems with the top headline. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97891#5079408]

'''Changes later this week'''
* When you add an edit summary the VisualEditor will search your recent edit summaries in case you want to re-use one. This works in both the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|visual]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|wikitext]] modes on desktop. It also works [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|on the mobile site]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50274]
* The Wikimedia wikis will get a [[:w:en:URL shortening|URL shortener]]. This will work from 11 April. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|read more]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012893.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{REVISIONID}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; magic word will no longer work. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it will return &lt;code&gt;&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt; (empty string). When you read a page it will return &lt;code&gt;&quot;-&quot;&lt;/code&gt; (dash). For now this will only affect content namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T137900]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 April. It will be on all wikis from 11 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190410T15 10 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to preview references. This means that when you hover over the link you will get a popup that shows you a preview of the reference. It will work much like [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|page previews]]. This is so you don't have to go to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will now be available as a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67114]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]] output will change. Empty containers will be serialised as empty objects. This is a breaking change that will affect tools that use JSON outputs and APIs. It will happen on 30 April. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012891.html read more and see how to test your code].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W15&quot;/&gt; 18:25, 8 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=18988936 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Tech News: 2019-16]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*All wikis now have the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]] for the wikitext editor.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 April. It will be on all wikis from 18 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190417T15 17 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Wikidata will get a new [[:wikidata:Help:Property constraints portal#Constraint statements on properties|constraint status]] called &lt;code&gt; suggestion&lt;/code&gt;. This [[mailarchive:wikidata/2019-April/012911.html|will change]] how the &lt;code&gt;WikibaseQualityConstraints&lt;/code&gt; constraint checking API works. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012910.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204439]
* You can test the [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get involved/Feedback requests/Depicts testing|&lt;code&gt;depicts&lt;/code&gt; property]] for structured data on Commons.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W16&quot;/&gt; 23:00, 15 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19011282 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Tech News: 2019-17]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/AdvancedSearch|advanced search]] function [[:w:en:URL|URL]] now shows which namespaces you search in. The namespace field is collapsed by default on the search page. You can also [[gerrit:plugins/gitiles/mediawiki/extensions/AdvancedSearch/+/refs/heads/master/docs/adding_fields.md|add new fields]] to the search interface through a [[:w:en:Hooking|hook]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217445][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217443][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217446]
* The wikis now look slightly different in the mobile web version. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-April/091978.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190423T15 23 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Wikipedia articles will have the &lt;code&gt;[https://schema.org/sameAs sameAs]&lt;/code&gt; [https://schema.org/Property meta property]. It adds structured data. This makes it easier for search engines to find Wikipedia articles. It also makes it easier to reuse content. There will an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Seach_Engine_Optimization/sameAs_test][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209306] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W17&quot;/&gt; 19:08, 23 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19030007 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Tech News: 2019-18]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now invites users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T205125]

'''Problems'''
* Tech News was late last week because of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:MassMessage|MassMessage]] bug. Other newsletters had the same problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T221570]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You will see when you last refreshed the recent changes page. This is so you can see how recent the changes are. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200353]
* When you write a comment in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] but have not posted it yet your [[:w:en:Web browser|web browser]] will save it in &lt;code&gt;[[:w:en:Web storage#Local and session storage|local storage]]&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;[[:w:en:Web storage#Local and session storage|session storage]]&lt;/code&gt;. This means you do not lose them even if you close your web browser. Structured Discussions used to be called Flow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T93612]
* You will be able to turn off [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications types#Milestone|milestone notifications]]. Milestone notifications congratulate you when you have made certain numbers of edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T169924]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 May. It will be on all wikis from 2 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190501T15 1 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata &lt;code&gt;wb_terms&lt;/code&gt; table will be dropped. This will affect some Wikidata tools. They need to be updated. The table has become too big which is causing problems. This will happen on 29 May. You can [[mailarchive:wikidata/2019-April/012987.html|read more]]. You can ask for help if you need it.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis will soon use a token when you log out. This changes how the API works. Some tools might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25227]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W18&quot;/&gt; 22:28, 29 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19046269 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Tech News: 2019-19]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]] can show the wrong information. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. The developers are working on solving the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218511]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 May. It will be on all wikis from 9 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190507T15 8 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W19&quot;/&gt; 16:28, 6 মে' 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19073915 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Tech News: 2019-20]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 May. It will be on all wikis from 16 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190514T15 15 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W20&quot;/&gt; 00:49, 14 মে' 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19091659 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Tech News: 2019-21]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The report for phase 1 of the talk pages consultation 2019 [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Talk pages consultation_2019/Phase 1 report|has been published]]. Communities are invited to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up#Phase2|start phase 2 of the consultation]] on their wikis.   

'''Problems'''
* File descriptions for files from Commons were not shown properly on other Wikimedia wikis for a few days. For example the image descriptions and license information were missing. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222935][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222954]
* Some diffs show an error message when you try to see them. The developers are working on fixing it. It could be because of some edit comments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222857][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222628]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-21|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190521T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-05-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Content translation/V2|content translation tool]] on Wikipedia can use machine translations. There is a system to stop translations where the editors do not fix machine translation mistakes. This warns or stops them if they seem to just copy what the machine translation gives them. If this system is too strict or not strict enough you can [[mw:Talk:Content translation|tell the language team]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation_quality]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata &lt;code&gt;wbeditentity&lt;/code&gt; [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]] endpoint will remove all aliases if the request includes an empty alias. This is how it supposed to work. It has not been working this way because of a bug. This will start on 12 June. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-May/013051.html]


'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W21&quot;/&gt; 13:04, 20 মে' 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19108030 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Tech News: 2019-22]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Big changes to the [[w:en:Replication (computing)|replica database]] will happen on 3 June. Some tools on [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud Services Introduction|Cloud Services]] will stop working if the maintainers do not update them to use the new schema. This probably affects tools that query for revisions or log entries made by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223406][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2019-May/000172.html]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 May. It will be on all wikis from 30 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190529T15 29 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W22&quot;/&gt; 15:34, 27 May 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19120221 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Tech News: 2019-23]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now write all special letters in all African Wikipedia languages. This works in the desktop version. [https://aharoni.wordpress.com/2019/05/25/happy-africa-day-keyboards-for-all-african-wikipedia-languages/]
* There is now a field called &lt;code&gt;[[:c:Commons:Depicts|depicts]]&lt;/code&gt; on Commons. This is a way to show what is in a picture with the help of Wikidata. It is still in development. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump#Adding_qualifiers_to_Depicts]
* Some tools on Toolforge may break on or after 3 June because of database changes. Maintainers should update their tools to use the new schema. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223406][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2019-May/000172.html]

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T05 19 June at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is to fix a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224516]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Some wikis have one tab for the visual editor and one tab for a wikitext editor. Others wikis just have one tab. If your wiki has two tabs, clicking a link to create a new page has always opened a wikitext editor. It will now open the editor you used the last time you edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223793]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 May. It will be on all wikis from 6 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190605T15 5 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W23&quot;/&gt; 15:25, 3 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19133752 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Tech News: 2019-24]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* When you create a PDF from a page on the wiki this is now done by [[mw:Proton|Proton]]. Before this we used [[mw:Electron|Electron]]. It should look the same but work better. Both use Chromium. This is a different system from when you collect several articles into a book and make a PDF from them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210651][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186748]
* The Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standard OOUI icons. There will be additional minor fixes for positioning in the next deployment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155878]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots and other scripts that do not set an identifiable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User-Agent policy|User-Agent]] may find their requests strictly rate-limited until they identify themselves properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224891]

'''Problems'''
* Please check if the Flagged Revisions configuration on your wiki is as you expect (or as it was a few weeks ago). If not, please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Wikimedia-Site-Requests%2CMediaWiki-extensions-FlaggedRevs report it]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225144]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190612T15 12 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W24&quot;/&gt; 17:07, 10 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19143311 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Tech News: 2019-25]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T05 19 June at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is to fix a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224516]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[:w:en:MIDI|MIDI]] files can soon be played without the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]]. You can then add them with &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[File:Filename.midi]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Later &lt;code&gt;override_midi&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;override_audio&lt;/code&gt; will stop working. Instead you will need to add the MIDI file below the music score. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135597]
* A new video player will soon replace the old one. You will be able to enable it as a beta feature in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|your preferences]]. It will later be enabled for everyone if there are no big problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148103]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 June. It will be on all wikis from 20 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T15 19 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user scripts still use the old &lt;code&gt;wgEnableAPI&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;wgEnableWriteAPI&lt;/code&gt; values. These values are always true. They will soon be removed. This might break the gadgets and scripts. You should fix your gadgets to not use these values. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/core/+/504076]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W25&quot;/&gt; 20:38, 17 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19152213 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Tech News: 2019-26]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki for last week was not fully released due to issues. It was removed from most wikis on Tuesday and from test wikis on Thursday. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-June/092212.html]
* Most wikis were slow and then briefly read-only last week due to one of the database servers having a problem. It is now replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225981]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 June. It will be on all wikis from 27 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* You can watch or join the next [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-June/092210.html Wikimedia Language showcase]. It will be about the usage of Machine Translation in Wikimedia projects. The showcase will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190626T13 26 June at 13:00 (UTC)]. A recording will be kept for later viewing
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190626T15 26 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W26&quot;/&gt; 17:30, 24 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19168431 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Tech News: 2019-27]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The development of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Bridge|Wikidata Bridge]] has started. The goal is to allow Wikidata edits from Wikipedia. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-June/013216.html]

'''Problems'''
* Sometimes pages load slowly for users routed to the Amsterdam data center. Investigation is in progress. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226048]
* Wikidata query service was overloaded between 11:50 UTC until 13:15 UTC on June 24. It has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20190624-wdqs]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit all wikis for a short amount of time, on 3 July at 06:00 (UTC). This is to move a database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226358]
* There is no deployment of a new version of MediaWiki on the wikis this week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190703T15 3 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W27&quot;/&gt; 21:23, 1 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19175317 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Tech News: 2019-28]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* For event organizers, if you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mass_account_creation#Requesting_temporary_lift_of_IP_cap|request a temporary lift of the IP cap]] for mass account creation, this will now also raise the edit rate limit for those new accounts at the event, which will prevent another bottleneck. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204583]
* Administrators at all Wiktionary, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource wikis are now able to use the new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_health_initiative/Partial_blocks|partial blocks]] feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218626]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 July. It will be on all wikis from 11 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The design of MediaWiki's software windows will change for desktop users. Layout will be simpler, buttons will be bolder and clearer, and close buttons will be just icons. This is like the mobile design. This will affect ContentTranslation, VisualEditor, TemplateWizard, and other tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226045]

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190710T15 10 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227063]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There will be a change in the name format of new Wikidata RDF dumps starting on 15 July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226153]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W28&quot;/&gt; 20:13, 8 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19192465 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Tech News: 2019-29]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Translations]] are available. 

'''Recent changes'''
* The mobile web will get more advanced editing tools. Seven more Wikipedias can use them now. This works for Arabic, Indonesian, Italian, Persian, Japanese, Spanish and Thai Wikipedia. You can try the tools on the mobile web and give feedback. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Advanced_mobile_contribution_options_second_update] 

'''Changes later this week'''
*  [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]]  The abuse filter system user will soon do maintenance edits on broken abuse filters. This user is called &lt;code&gt;{{int:abusefilter-blocker}}&lt;/code&gt; and has administrator rights. This is meant to fix technical problems. It will not do any other changes. You [[phab:T209565|can read more]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 July. It will be on all wikis from 18 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190717T15 17 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android will invite users to add image captions to images on Commons. It will only invite users who have added a number of edits in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|read more]] and [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|leave feedback]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump/Archive/2019/03#Edit_action_feed_(Android_Wikipedia_app)]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W29&quot;/&gt; 15:30, 15 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19199404 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Tech News: 2019-30]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Communities interested by easing newcomers' first steps can now benefit from the Growth team experiments on their wikis. Check [[mw:Growth/Communities/How to get the Growth experiments on your wiki|the conditions and the request process]].
* The [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2019]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools by July 29. The awarded tools will be presented at Wikimania. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-July/092301.html]

'''Problems'''
* The release of the last version of MediaWiki (1.34.0-wmf.14) has been blocked for groups 1 and 2. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2019-July/002184.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Phabricator database will be moved to a different server. Writes will be blocked on Thursday 25 July, between 05:30 and 06:00 AM UTC. Reads will remain unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228243]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 July. It will be on all wikis from 25 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190723T15 24 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Some items in the visual editor]] will change later this week. This will make it easier to edit links, citations, and templates on both desktop and mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225834][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T221247]
* With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search]] turned on you will be able to choose the sorting order of the search results when you do a search. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225479][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197525]
* Users who edit from IP addresses whitelisted on a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Mass_account_creation#Requesting temporary lift of_IP cap|request for temporary lift of the IP cap for mass account creation]] will bypass CAPTCHAs. This will happen in August. If you think this should not happen for some reason, please [[:phab:T227487|let us know]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The variable &lt;code&gt;user_wpzero&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from AbuseFilter. [[phab:T227843#5344413|A list of filters needing a fix is provided]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W30&quot;/&gt; 13:08, 22 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19224936 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Tech News: 2019-31]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227063]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190731T15 31 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W31&quot;/&gt; 21:42, 29 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19235136 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Tech News: 2019-32]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 August. It will be on all wikis from 8 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Problems'''
*A change in [[mw:Extension:RelatedArticles|RelatedArticles extension]] accidentally enabled it for everyone, not just for mobile users. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181242][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229644]

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190807T15 7 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Today everyone can see [[:w:en:IP addresses|IP addresses]] if someone edits without an account. In the future this could be more hidden. This is to protect unregistered editors so fewer can see their IP address. This would only happen after we make sure the tools for vandal fighting can still be effective. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W32&quot;/&gt; 13:25, 5 August 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19263690 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Tech News: 2019-33]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Editors using the mobile website on Wikipedia can opt-in to new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions|advanced features]] via your settings page. This will give access to more interface links, special pages, and tools. Feedback on the discussion page is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228916]
* Due to the absence of volunteer maintenance of Cologne Blue skin, the link to activate it will be hidden. The skin will still work, but editors using it are encouraged to switch to another skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223824]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Due to Wikimania, there is no deployment this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments#Week_of_August_12th]

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190813T15 13 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The &quot;Wikidata item&quot; link will be moved from &quot;Tools&quot; to &quot;In other projects&quot; section on all Wikimedia projects, starting on August 21. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-August/013316.html Full announcement], [[phab:T66315|Phabricator task]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W33&quot;/&gt; 18:20, 12 August 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Tech News: 2019-34]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* There will be no Tech News issue next week. The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 2 September 2019.

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some abuse filters stopped working because of a code change. Only variables for the current action will work. Variables defined inside a branch may not work outside of that branch. You can [[phab:T230256|read more]] to see how to fix the filters.
* Only six accounts can be created from one [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]] per day. Between 12 August and August 15 this was two accounts per day. This was because of a security issue. It is now six accounts per day again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230521]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Only a limited number of accounts can be created from one [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. An IP address can be [[:w:en:Whitelisting |whitelisted]] so that it can create as many accounts as needed. This is useful at events where many new persons learn to edit. IP addresses that are whitelisted for this reason will also not show [[w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHAs]] when you create accounts. This will happen on Wednesday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227487]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 August. It will be on all wikis from 22 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190821T15 21 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* There is an [[:w:en: Request for Comments|RFC]] about creating a new global user group with the right to edit [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. This will be used to fix broken filters and make sure all filters will still work when software changes happen. You can [[:m:Requests for comment/Creating abusefilter-manager global group|read more and comment]].
* &lt;code&gt;Special:Contributions/newbies&lt;/code&gt; will no longer be working. This is because of performance reasons. It showed edits by new accounts. You can see this in the recent changes feed instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T220447]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W34&quot;/&gt; 15:21, 19 August 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Tech News: 2019-36]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can use the new [[wikidata:Wikidata:Development/Termbox|termbox]] interface if you edit Wikidata on a mobile device. This is to edit labels, descriptions and aliases easier on the mobile pages. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-August/013355.html]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki has been deployed during the last week.
* The previously announced change of positions of the &quot;Wikidata item&quot; link on all wikis has been rollbacked due to unexpected cache issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66315#5431632]
* The limit for rollbacks has been increased from 10 to 100 rollbacks per minute. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228708] 
* The advanced version of the edit review pages (Recent Changes, Watchlist, and Related Changes) now include two new filters. These filters are for &quot;All contents&quot; and &quot;All discussions&quot;. They will filter the view to just those namespaces. However the &quot;All discussions&quot; filter does not include pseudo talk pages, like discussions that are in the ''Project:'' or ''Wikipedia:'' namespaces. But it will include changes happening on ''Project talk:'' or the ''Wikipedia talk:''. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T201520]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-05|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* When you log in, the software checks your password to see if it follows the [[Special:MyLanguage/Password policy|Password policy]]. From this week, it will also complain if your password is one of the most common passwords in the world. If your password is not strong enough, please consider to [[Special:PasswordReset|change your password]] for a [[w:en:Password strength|stronger password]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T151425]

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190904T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-09-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit Wikidata for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190910T05 September 10 at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788]
* You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190917T05 September 17 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s2.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788]
* You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190924T05 September 24 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s3.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788]
*  You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190926T05 September 26 at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W36&quot;/&gt; 09:08, 4 September 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=19350205 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Tech News: 2019-40]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The problem where some pages got it three times should now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191002T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-10-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] is working on a [[:m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry|watchlist expiry feature]]. This means you can put things on your watchlist for a period of time instead of forever. They are looking for [[:m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry#Open Questions|feedback on the questions they have]].
* [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] will get the standard [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. This makes it easier to use on mobile and makes it look like other &lt;code&gt;Special:&lt;/code&gt; pages. There is a [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/User:Jdlrobson/compactspecialcontributions.css script] you can use to make the form smaller if you want to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117736]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W40&quot;/&gt; 16:51, 30 September 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19425409 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Tech News: 2019-41]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter function]] now has a faster [[w:en:Parsing|parser]]. This is to shorten the waiting time when you save an edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156095]

'''Problems'''
* There is a problem in the visual editor when you copy or delete text with footnotes. It will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T234489]
 
'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 October. It will be on all wikis from 10 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).
 
'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191009T15 9 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]] has a new format. It will focus on wikis that typically get less support. It will probably go back to the normal format next year. It is not decided exactly how it will work this year. You can [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2020|leave feedback]].
* The [[:w:en:URL|URL]] of the Wikimedia wiki main pages could be changed. This is because the current URLs cause several problems. For example &lt;code&gt;https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page&lt;/code&gt; would be &lt;code&gt;https://www.wikidata.org/&lt;/code&gt; instead. You can [[phab:T120085|tell the developers]] if this would cause problems for your wiki.
* There is a new [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2019/October|technical community newsletter]]. You can read more about the work of Wikimedia's technical community. [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]] to get the information in the future.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Outreachy|Outreachy]] is an internship program for groups who are underrepresented in free and open-source software. There are seven Wikimedia projects about coding, documentation and quality assurance in the next round. Persons who fit the criteria [https://www.outreachy.org/apply/project-selection/#wikimedia can apply]. The last day to apply is 5 November.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W41&quot;/&gt; 15:36, 7 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19425409 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Tech News: 2019-42]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now use [[:mw: Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions |more advanced editing tools]] on the mobile web. You can turn them on and off in your preferences in the mobile version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233612]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 October. It will be on all wikis from 17 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191016T15 16 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[w:en:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] 6 and 7 are no longer [[:mw:Compatibility|supported]]. This means the browsers might start looking a bit weird. They will not get security support. You [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|can't read]] Wikimedia wikis in Internet Explorer on Windows XP or Windows versions that are older than Windows XP. This is because almost no one uses the browsers anymore. Supporting them made the wikis less secure for everyone else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232563]  
* In the future section headings might have a share link. This is to make it easier to link to the section. You can [[phab:T18691|read more and discuss]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W42&quot;/&gt; 23:55, 14 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19459969 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Tech News: 2019-43]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|'''''[[$technews|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[$ambassadors|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[$bot|bot]] • [[$contribute|Contribute]] • [[$translate|Translate]] • [[$tech|Get help]] • [[$talk|Give feedback]] • [[$list|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'']] The [[w:en:Application programming interface|API]] sandbox and help pages now show more clearly when API modules are marked as &lt;code&gt;internal&lt;/code&gt;. API modules marked as internal were probably internal before. It was easier to miss. You should look for non-internal alternatives. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185508]

'''Problems'''
* There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|translation tool]] we use on wikis with more than one language. For a few days it did not create pages for new languages when someone translated a page. The languages did not show in the language bar. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235027]
* The history and diffs can show wrong content. This is because of a cache problem. It will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235188]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 October. It will be on all wikis from 24 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will be a beta feature on [[phab:T235083|all Wikipedias and some Wikivoyages]]. It shows you a preview of the footnote when you hover over or click on the number. It has been a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia since April.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191023T15 23 October]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W43&quot;/&gt; 14:44, 21 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&amp;oldid=19479668 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Tech News: 2019-44]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can post proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020#newformat|read more]] about the format for this year.
* Mobile users now have a specific design for their Watchlist. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225127][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235414]
* You can share feedback and ideas on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. The goal is to make the interface easier to use for readers and editors without removing any functionality. The Foundation's Readers Web team will work on this over the next two years.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OOUI|OOUI]] now allows using &lt;code&gt;px&lt;/code&gt; (pixels) instead of &lt;code&gt;em&lt;/code&gt; ([[:w:en:Em (typography)|em]]) for some specific cases. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/design/2019-October/002646.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T220671]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-29|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191030T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-10-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* There will be no software changes from 19 December to 2 January. The first MediaWiki version next year will come the week of 6 January. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-October/092682.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015, this information was moved from global variables named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;wg*&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;mw.config&lt;/code&gt;. The old global variables will be removed later this year. You can [[Phab:T72470|know more about it and tell the developers]] if you want to try this out on your wiki first.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W44&quot;/&gt; 16:26, 28 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19459969 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Tech News: 2019-45]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* At [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] you could see up to 5000 edits at the same time if you edited the [[:w:en:URL|URL]]. This has been lowered to 500. This is to stop requests which break the sites. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T234450]

'''Changes later this week'''
* &lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry&lt;/code&gt; can set the default length to block a user for your wiki. You will be able to use &lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry-ip&lt;/code&gt; to set a different default block length for IP editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219126]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 November. It will be on all wikis from 7 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191106T15 6 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W45&quot;/&gt; 16:48, 4 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19523133 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Tech News: 2019-46]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org MediaWiki2LaTeX] can put different pages from a Wikimedia wiki into a [[:w:en:PDF|PDF]]. It can now make a PDF with around 5000 pages. Previously this was 800 pages.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191113T16 13 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Wikimedia will take part in [[:w:en:Google Code-in|Google Code-in]]. This is for young students who want to help with open source software. You can [[:mw:Google Code-in/2019|read more]]. Experienced technical Wikimedians can mentor students.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W46&quot;/&gt; 22:04, 11 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19523133 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Tech News: 2019-47]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
*  You will be able to read but not to edit some wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191126T06 on 26 November at 06:00 (UTC)]. You can [[phab:T238046|see which wikis]]. It will probably last much shorter than 30 minutes. This will also affect the &lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CentralAuth|centralauth]]&lt;/code&gt; database. This could for example affect changing passwords, logging in to new wikis, changing emails or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CentralAuth/Global rename|global renames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238046]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You can soon vote on proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020#newformat|read more]] about the format for this year.
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191120T16 20 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W47&quot;/&gt; 20:17, 18 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19523133 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Tech News: 2019-48]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* The mobile beta mode will be disabled to have less maintenance. The developers will focus on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project. You can turn on [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile contributions mode]] if you want to see the categories. You could also jump back to the top. This can instead be done with a [[w:en:User:Jdlrobson/scripts/backtotop.js|gadget or user script]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237290]
* [[:mw:Parsoid|Parsoid]] is software we use for the visual editor, content translation, Flow and the Android app. This has been rewritten. It will come to the wikis gradually over the next two weeks. It has been tested, but there could be some diffs or previews that don't look right. If you see any you can [[phab:T229015|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229015]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 November. It will be on the other wikis next week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). This is because of holidays.

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191127T16 27 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* You will switch between the article and the talk page in a new way in the mobile view in the future. It will use tabs. This is more like in the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230695]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W48&quot;/&gt; 16:52, 25 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19523133 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Tech News: 2019-49]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Mix'n'match|Mix'n'match]] is a tool to connect Wikidata items to information in other databases. It can be used to find subjects that are missing in a Wikipedia. It now has more than 3000 datasets. Before it was closer to 2000.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 December. It will be on all wikis from 5 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191204T16 4 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There will be a new schema for [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/ XML dumps]. Scripts and apps that use them will need to be updated. If they are not updated they will no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238972]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{REVISIONID}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; magic word will no longer work in the content namespaces. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it returns &lt;code&gt;&quot;&quot;&lt;/code&gt; (empty string). When you read a page it returns &lt;code&gt;&quot;-&quot;&lt;/code&gt; (dash). In the future this will also affect other namespaces. The next ones are file and category namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235957]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W49&quot;/&gt; 16:59, 2 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19605481 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Tech News: 2019-50]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*  Wikimedia projects use [https://translatewiki.net/ Translatewiki] to translate the wiki interface. You can now use [https://tools.wmflabs.org/watch-translations/ WatchTranslations] to watch projects there. You would get an email if there are missing translations to your language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238216]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new dataset you can use. It shows the number of editors per country per month for a number of countries. You can [[:wikitech:Analytics/Data Lake/Edits/Geoeditors/Public|read the documentation]] and [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/geoeditors/readme.html download the dataset].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 December. It will be on all wikis from 12 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191211T16 11 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* You can test a new [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Book referencing|reference tool]]. It makes it possible to reference different parts of a source without repeating all information. You can test it on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|beta cluster]]. You can see [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Draft:Cut_the_Crap#cite_ref-3 an example article]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Vc9k7gf9kvqxkkva]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W50&quot;/&gt; 16:39, 9 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19605481 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Tech News: 2019-51]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Linter|Linter extension]] helps you find technical errors in articles. It did not show new changes last week. This was because of an [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]] problem. It is now working again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240057]
* [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]] can show the wrong information again. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. This is because of a database problem. The developers are working on solving the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218511]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You can get email notifications. You can get them immediately, a summary every day or a summary once every week. If you choose a summary you can soon choose not to get notifications you have already marked as read on the wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T169386]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 December. It will be on all wikis from 19 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191218T16 18 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks|partial blocks]] feature is now stable. It will come to most wikis on 6 January. Your wiki can ask to wait. Contact [[User talk:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]] if you don't want it now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218626]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W51&quot;/&gt; 00:18, 17 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Tech News: 2019-52]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2019-W52&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 6 January 2020.

'''Recent changes'''
* All mobile site users now have new features. Features include: tabs for page/discussion; an expanded user-menu; direct access to history pages. These features were initially part of the &quot;[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mode]]&quot;.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.

'''Future changes'''
* You can use &lt;code&gt;setlang&lt;/code&gt; in the [[:w:en:URL|URL]] to change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:UniversalLanguageSelector|user interface language]]. This will no longer happen automatically. When you open the link you will be asked to confirm the language change. This will not happen if [[:w:en:Javascript|Javascript]] is not working in your browser. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63115]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2019-W52&quot;/&gt; 20:08, 23 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Tech News: 2020-02]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* When trying to move a page, if the target title already exists then a warning message is shown. The warning message will now include a link to the target title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184357]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 January.  It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 January. It will be on all wikis from 9 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W02&quot;/&gt; 21:23, 6 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Tech News: 2020-03]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can no longer read Wikimedia wikis if your browser use very old [[:w:en:Transport Layer Security|TLS]]. This is because it is a security problem for everyone. It can lead to [[:w:en:Downgrade attack|downgrade attacks]]. Since 9 December you just see a warning. Soon the browser will not connect to the wikis at all. Most are users on Android systems older than 4.4. You can read the [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|browser recommendations]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238038]
* [[Special:LinkSearch|Special:LinkSearch]] has been moved from the &quot;{{int:specialpages-group-redirects}}&quot; section on [[Special:SpecialPages|Special:SpecialPages]] to the &quot;{{int:specialpages-group-pages}}&quot; section. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242146]

'''Changes later this week'''
*[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikis can protect pages so that only some users can edit them. The standard protection levels are {{int:protect-level-autoconfirmed}} and {{int:Protect-level-sysop}}. If your wiki use more protection levels the technical name might be renamed for standardisation. This doesn't affect what users see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230103]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 January. It will be on all wikis from 16 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[:wikitech:Nova Resource:Catgraph/Deepcat|Deepcat]] and [[:wikitech:Nova Resource:Catgraph|Catgraph]] will stop working. This will happen at the end of January. This is because you can now use the normal search function instead. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-January/092936.html]
* You can use &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref follow=&quot;…&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to merge footnotes that follow each other. It is meant to be used for digitised books on Wikisource. If the order of the footnotes is wrong no error was shown but the bad &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; was shown outside the &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; list. This will change and you will see an error message instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240858]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W03&quot;/&gt; [[সদস্য:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:41, 13 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Tech News: 2020-04]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 January. It will be on all wikis from 23 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* There is a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|new suggestion]] for what to show when someone edits without registering an account. This is to give unregistered editors better privacy and make some anti-vandalism work go faster. You can [[:m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|give feedback]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is a Python [[:w:en:Library (computing)|library]] to automate work on wikis. It will no longer support [[:w:en:Python (programming language)|Python 2]]. Use the &lt;code&gt;python2&lt;/code&gt; tag if you need to continue running Python 2 scripts. The Pywikibot team strongly recommends to migrate to Python 3. You can [[:phab:T242120|get help]] to do so. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2020-January/009976.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The weekly MediaWiki branch cut will soon become automated. The timing for this cut may change. You can discuss [[phab:T242446|in Phabricator]] if this affects you. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-January/092939.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical Community Newsletter/2020/January|read about]] coming technical events and mentoring interns.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W04&quot;/&gt; 19:42, 20 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Tech News: 2020-05]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Some mobile diffs have problems. A couple of buttons are not shown. Structured data diffs on Commons are confusing. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242310][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243235]
* Administrators on wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] can't move discussion pages. This is a bug. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T231783]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* There is JavaScript code on Special:Undelete for administrators that makes it possible to automatically select multiple checkboxes by holding the &quot;Shift&quot; key and clicking. This code is also loaded by accident on other special pages and on articles. This makes pages slower to load. This will be fixed. If you know of other special pages where this is useful please tell the developers at [[phab:T232688]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W05&quot;/&gt; 18:53, 27 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Tech News: 2020-06]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 February. It will be on all wikis from 6 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W06&quot;/&gt; 20:05, 3 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19771613 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Tech News: 2020-07]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new version of the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons app]] for Android. It should fix the failed uploads problem. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-February/093042.html]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with the new MediaWiki version last week. It deleted some messages by accident. The new version was late because it was stopped to fix things. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233866]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|MediaWiki action API]] is used by various tools like bots and gadgets. Some error codes will change. Some parameter values that do not follow the standard will no longer work. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-February/093048.html]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 February. It will be on all wikis from 13 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W07&quot;/&gt; 19:12, 10 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19795497 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Tech News: 2020-08]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Pages on Wikidata and Commons now load faster. You can read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Performance Team/Page load performance|page load performance]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-February/013827.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/ResourceLoader/Developing_with_ResourceLoader]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 February. It will be on all wikis from 20 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W08&quot;/&gt; 16:18, 17 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19816101 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Tech News: 2020-09]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 February. It will be on all wikis from 27 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* There will be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|reply button]] after each post on a talk page if you want one. This will soon be a beta feature on the Arabic, French, Dutch and Hungarian Wikipedias. You will have to turn it on if you want to use it. It will come to more wikis later. You can [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Talk:Cats test the reply button]. It was briefly shown earlier than planned by mistake on the four first wikis last week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W09&quot;/&gt; 21:00, 24 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=19816101 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Tech News: 2020-10]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Readers who were not logged in briefly saw the interface in a language decided by their browser. It should normally be in the language of the wiki. This happened for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T246071]

'''Changes later this week'''
* If you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You will now be able to choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This will be a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update]
* When you asked for a new password you could see if the username didn't exist on [[Special:PasswordReset|Special:PasswordReset]]. Now the page will show the username you entered and tell you an email has been sent if the username exists. This is for better security. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update]
* On [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] you can see what other pages link to a page. You can see if the link is from a redirect. You can now see which section the redirect links to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103281]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-03-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-03-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-03-05|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The developers are working on a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|new interface]] to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. You can [[mw:Help talk:Two Column Edit Conflict View|give feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230231]
* There is a [[:m:Abuse filter manager/vote|vote]] on the creation of a new user group called [[:m:Abuse filter manager|abuse filter manager]]. The vote runs from March 1 to March 31 on Meta.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] &lt;code&gt;wgMFSpecialCaseMainPage&lt;/code&gt; was used for the mobile site. It was deprecated in 2017. It will stop working in April. Wikis should see if they use it. If they do they should fix it. You can [[phab:T246401|read more and ask for help]]. This affects 183 wikis. There is a [[phab:T246401|list]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Mobile_Gateway/Mobile_homepage_formatting#MFSpecialCaseMainPage]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W10&quot;/&gt; 00:36, 3 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Tech News: 2020-11]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new search word called &lt;code&gt;articletopic&lt;/code&gt;. You can use it to search for articles on a specific topic. It is available on the Arabic, Czech, English and Vietnamese Wikipedias. It will come to more Wikipedias soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240559][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/ORES/Articletopic][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Search/articletopic]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 March. It will be on all wikis from 12 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* There is a plan for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New requirements for user signatures|new requirements for user signatures]]. You can [[mw:Talk:New requirements for user signatures|give feedback]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia Android app]] will do [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Push Notifications for editors|push notifications]] if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will come later this year. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146032]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W11&quot;/&gt; 17:15, 9 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Tech News: 2020-12]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|API]] module for changing the content model of existing pages. Use &lt;code&gt;action=changecontentmodel&lt;/code&gt; to specify the new model. You can read the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:ChangeContentModel|documentation on mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107174]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 March. It will be on all wikis from 19 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* If you edit a page at the same time as someone else you can get an edit conflict. There is [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Solution: Two Column Edit Conflict View|a new two-column interface]] to make it easier to solve this. It will soon be active by default on the German, Arabic, and Farsi Wikipedias. It will be on by default on more wikis within the next months. You will be able to opt out of the new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139601][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244863]
* You can see [[:mw:Talk pages project/Updates#12 March 2020|a proposed design]] for replying to comments in an easier way.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W12&quot;/&gt; 21:13, 16 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Tech News: 2020-13]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Some development will be slower than planned. This is because of the [[:w:2019–20 coronavirus pandemic|current pandemic]]. You can see [[:wikitech:Deployments/Covid-19|the new deployment guidelines]]. This is to avoid risks when some persons could be unavailable.
* There was a problem when adding interwiki links. The tool you use to add interwiki links could suggest the wrong project to link to. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247712][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247562]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 March. It will be on all wikis from 26 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* There is [[mw:Growth|a project]] to make editing easier for newcomers. The developers are trying to understand what initiatives different Wikipedias have to welcome newcomers. They also want to know which templates are often used for maintenance activities. You can help this project by [[mw:Growth/March 2020 inventory|checking if your wiki's pages are listed on Wikidata]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W13&quot;/&gt; 17:08, 23 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Tech News: 2020-14]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The beta version of the [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android can now help users [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 4.0 - Tag Commons images to improve search|add tags]] on Commons. These tags are called [[c:Commons:Depicts|depicts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239690]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 31 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 April. It will be on all wikis from 2 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
*  The video player will change to be simpler and more modern. The current beta feature will become the video player for everyone. The old player will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418]
* There is a project to make templates easier to use. The next few weeks the developers will present ideas on the [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|project page]]. You can watch that page if you are interested in giving feedback. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-March/093240.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W14&quot;/&gt; 17:26, 30 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Tech News: 2020-15]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with user pages not being shown properly on desktop. This was because of a bug. It will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248141]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 April. It will be on all wikis from 9 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* MediaWiki will use a newer version of [[:w:en:Unicode|Unicode]]. Some characters that did not have an upper case equivalent before do now. Titles beginning with one of these characters will be moved. A list of these titles can be seen [[phab:P10817|on Phabricator]]. The titles will be renamed by the user &lt;code&gt;Maintenance script&lt;/code&gt;. This will start on 13 April 2020. You can rename them before this if you wish and the new title can be different from the one the script would rename it to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219279]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W15&quot;/&gt; 19:03, 6 April 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Tech News: 2020-16]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Translations]] are available. 

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now use the &lt;code&gt;[[:mw:Help:CirrusSearch#Articletopic|articletopic]]&lt;/code&gt; search word on all Wikipedias. It searches articles by topic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240559]
* You can see wiki tools in the new [https://tools.wmflabs.org/tools-gallery/ Tools Gallery]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Technical_Community_Newsletter/2020/April]
* You can see edits from the [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud Services Introduction|Wikimedia Cloud Services]] in a new [https://wmcs-edits.wmflabs.org/#wmcs-edits dashboard].
* When you use filters on a history page you sometimes don't see any edits. There is a text explaining this now. Before it was just empty. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227578]
* There is a new [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Technical Blog]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_technical_blog_editorial_guidelines]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with the Wikidata database last week. Some wikis went down for twenty minutes. Wikidata and other projects showed error messages. Interwiki links were not shown, some tools did not work and other problems. Some of this was fixed quickly. The developers are working on fixing the rest. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Project_chat&amp;oldid=1153486952#Update_about_the_database_breakage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200407-Wikidata%27s_wb_items_per_site_table_dropped][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249565]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from April 14. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from April 15. It will be on all wikis from April 16 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* Some graphs have not worked on mobile. This will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133085]
*  The article tab on talk pages of redirects links to the target of the redirect. It could link to the redirect page itself instead. You can [[phab:T5324|leave feedback on this]].
* For pages using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]], the use of the deprecated &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;source&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag, as well as the use of the deprecated &lt;code&gt;enclose&lt;/code&gt; parameter, will add tracking categories.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W16&quot;/&gt; 15:31, 13 April 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Tech News: 2020-17]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 4 May 2020.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[m:Small wiki toolkits|small wiki toolkits]] is to help smaller wikis that need technical skills. They can learn and share technical skills. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-April/093296.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Over-qualified CSS selectors in Wikimedia skins have been removed. &lt;code&gt;div#content&lt;/code&gt; is now &lt;code&gt;.mw-body&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;div.portal&lt;/code&gt; is now &lt;code&gt;.portal&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;div#footer&lt;/code&gt; is now &lt;code&gt;#footer&lt;/code&gt;. This is so the skins can use [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]] elements. If your gadgets or user styles used them you will have to update them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248137]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 8|Internet Explorer 8]] in the future. Internet Explorer 8 was replaced in 2011. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248061]
* The font in the diffs will change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T250393]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 April next week. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 April next week. It will be on all wikis from 30 April next week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W17&quot;/&gt; 18:46, 20 April 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Tech News: 2020-19]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* [[phab:T251153|Some wikis]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 5 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200505T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251153]
* [[phab:T251157|Some wikis]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 7 May. This will also affect [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CentralAuth|CentralAuth]]. This can for example affect global renames, password changes, changing or confirming your email address and logging in to new wikis. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200507T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251157]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can soon turn these notifications off for individual pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46787]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 May. It will be on all wikis from 7 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W19&quot;/&gt; 17:00, 4 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&amp;oldid=20041699 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Tech News: 2020-20]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Everyone can now import photos from [[w:en:Flickr|Flickr]] to Commons with the [[c:Special:UploadWizard|UploadWizard]]. Before this only autopatrollers on Commons could import photos from Flickr. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90004]

'''Problems'''
* [[phab:T251502|Commons]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 12 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200512T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251502]
* [[phab:T251984|Several wikis including Wikidata]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200519T05 05:00 UTC]. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200521T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251984][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251985]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 May. It will be on all wikis from 14 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] JavaScript scripts and gadgets can no longer check multiple keys at once via &lt;code&gt;mw.config.exists()&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;mw.user.tokens.exists()&lt;/code&gt;. You can use &lt;code&gt;exists()&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;get()&lt;/code&gt; to check one at a time instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251855]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W20&quot;/&gt; 20:42, 11 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Tech News: 2020-21]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* If you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You can choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This is a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. This is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update#May_11,_2020][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2020-May/094804.html]

'''Problems'''
* There is a bug that creates problems for iPhone users with [[:w:en:IOS 13|iOS 13]] and [[w:en:Safari (web browser)|Safari]]. If you use an iPhone to read or edit Wikipedia and see bugs on the mobile site you can [[mw:Skin talk:Minerva Neue|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252223]
* [[phab:T251984|Several wikis including Wikidata]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200519T05 05:00 UTC]. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200521T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251984][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251985]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android can let users [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 4.0 - Tag Commons images to improve search (to be released May 2020)|add]] [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Depicts|depicts]] on Commons. The beta version used [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data/Computer-aided tagging|computer-aided tagging]]. This was removed to get more specific depicts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested_Edits_4.0_-_Tag_Commons_images_to_improve_search_(to_be_released_May_2020)]
*  There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graphs]] will be [[:w:en:Rendering (computer graphics)|rendered]] in the reader's browser. This will use [[w:en:JavaScript|Javascript]]. Graphs will hopefully work better for everyone who uses Javascript. It will not work for users who don't use Javascript. This will not affect diagrams in image files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236892]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]]  Some CSS for the skins has been simplified. This affects &lt;code&gt;div#p-personal&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;div#p-navigation&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;div#p-interaction&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;div#p-tb&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;div#p-lang&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;div#p-namespaces&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;div#p-variants&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;div#footer&lt;/code&gt;. They will have to remove &lt;code&gt;div&lt;/code&gt;. You will have to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. This is so we can use [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252467]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]]  Some CSS for [[mw:Skin:Vector|the Vector skin]] has been changed. This affects &lt;code&gt;#p-variants&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;#p-namespaces&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;#p-personal&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;#p-views&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;#p-cactions&lt;/code&gt;. They can no longer use &lt;code&gt;&gt; ul&lt;/code&gt;. You might need to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. [[phab:T252447|See how]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W21&quot;/&gt; 17:20, 18 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Tech News: 2020-22]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* The visual editor will now work in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Modern|Modern skin]]. The changes that needed to happen for this to work could cause problems for some scripts or gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177243]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from May 26. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from May 27. It will be on all wikis from May 28 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W22&quot;/&gt; 14:18, 25 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Tech News: 2020-23]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new beta version of the [[:c:Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons app]] for Android. It has a new zoom function when you look at images. It can also suggest places when you upload geotagged photos. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-May/093431.html]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with the Commons database on 27 May. Commons could not be edited for eight minutes. Because of this problem the database was moved. This caused another short read-only time on 29 May. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200528-s4_(commonswiki)_on_read-only_for_8_minutes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253808][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253825]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector skin]] had a problem where you couldn't add links to the article in other languages. You couldn't see the section if there were no links to other languages already. It also removed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation]] links and links to language settings. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252800]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can turn these notifications off for individual pages. You can soon turn them off also in the notifications you get. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46787]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.35|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 June. It will be on all wikis from 4 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W23&quot;/&gt; 22:32, 1 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Tech News: 2020-24]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Some articles have tables that can be sorted in different ways. For example a list of countries can be sorted alphabetically but you can click on the size column to sort them by size. If you clicked on the column a second time it would sort the countries from the bottom to the top instead. A third click will now take you back to the original sorting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226697]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint_errors/self-closed-tag|Self-closed tags]] now work as in the [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]] specifications. This means you should stop using some of them. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is an example of a self-closed tag that won't work. &lt;code&gt;area, base, br, col, embed, hr, img, input, keygen, link, meta, param, source, track, wbr&lt;/code&gt; can be self-closed. Pages with tags that should not be self-closed have been listed in [[:wikidata:Q25885956|a tracking category]] since 2016. They will be listed in [[Special:LintErrors/self-closed-tag]]. This doesn't affect &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref /&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423]
* There is a banner called &lt;code&gt;WikidataPageBanner&lt;/code&gt;. It is for example used by the Wikivoyages, Wikimedia Russia and the Catalan, Basque, Galician and Turkish Wikipedias. It will now been seen by mobile visitors too. Before this it was only seen on desktop. The wikis should update instructions on &lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Sitenotice&lt;/code&gt; so that editors know to test and style for mobile too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254534][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254295]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can now edit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] descriptions through the [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]]. This is useful for tools and gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226929]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 June. It will be on all wikis from 11 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] instead. 118 wikis need to fix this. You can [[phab:T254287|read more and see if your wiki is affected]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254287]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W24&quot;/&gt; 21:12, 8 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Tech News: 2020-25]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Toolforge|Toolforge]] hosts several tools created by the Wikimedia community like edit counters or enhanced editors. It is changing the domain from '''tools.wmflabs.org''' to '''toolforge.org'''. The routing scheme is moving from '''tools.wmflabs.org/toolname''' to '''toolname.toolforge.org'''. You can [[:wikitech:News/Toolforge.org|read the details]]. Tools that use OAuth will have to be updated to keep working. You can [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud_ Services Introduction|ask for help]].

'''Problems'''
* There is a Wikidata item link in the sidebar on many pages. This disappeared for a couple of days for users who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook]] skin. This was because of a bug. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254485]
* Editing, logging in and logging out didn't work properly for a short period of time last week. It was soon fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255179]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 June. It will be on all wikis from 18 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is a Python [[:w:en:Library (computing)|library]] to automate work on wikis. It will not support [[:w:en:Python (programming language)|Python 2]] after the new version in July. Support for Python 3.4 and MediaWiki below 1.19 will also be dropped. You should migrate to Python 3. You can [[:phab:T242120|ask for help]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot-announce/2020-June/000015.html]
* The selectors &lt;code&gt;.menu&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;.vectorMenu&lt;/code&gt; will no longer work in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector]] skin. This can affect gadgets and user scripts. &lt;code&gt;.menu&lt;/code&gt;  should be replaced by &lt;code&gt;ul&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;.vectorMenu&lt;/code&gt; should be replaced by &lt;code&gt;.vector-menu&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254797]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W25&quot;/&gt; 21:38, 15 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Tech News: 2020-26]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|new tools]] to make it easier for newcomers to start editing. They are available on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/growthexperiments.dblist some wikis]. These wikis had a problem with the visual editor for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug in the new tools. It was soon fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255607]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some user scripts and gadgets stopped working because of a change to [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] selectors. &lt;code&gt;.vectorTabs&lt;/code&gt; should be replaced with &lt;code&gt;.vector-menu-tabs&lt;/code&gt; to fix this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255718]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The developers are working on a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|new interface]] to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. This will be released on 24 June. You can [[mw:mw:Help talk:Paragraph-based Edit Conflict Interface|give feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230231]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 June. It will be on all wikis from 25 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] instead. 91 wikis still need to fix this. You can [[phab:T254287|read more and see if your wiki is affected]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254287]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W26&quot;/&gt; 18:49, 22 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Tech News: 2020-27]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Everyone was logged out. This was because a few users saw the wikis as if they were logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-June/093543.html]
* Some readers didn't see new edits to pages. If the page had been recently changed they saw an older version of the page instead. This only affected readers who were logged out. It lasted for ten days. It has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256444]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.39|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Modern|Modern]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Monobook|Monobook]] skins use the ID &lt;code&gt;searchGoButton&lt;/code&gt; for the go button. This is &lt;code&gt;searchButton&lt;/code&gt; for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector]]. To have the same ID for all skins it will change to &lt;code&gt;searchButton&lt;/code&gt; in Monobook and Modern too. This will affect gadgets and user scripts. It will happen on 23 July. They should be updated to use &lt;code&gt;searchButton&lt;/code&gt;. You can [[phab:T255953|read more and see a list of affected scripts]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W27&quot;/&gt; 16:31, 29 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Tech News: 2020-28]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguageExtension:Score|Score]] extension has been disabled for now. This is because of a security issue. It will work again as soon as the security issue has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257066]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.40|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 July. It will be on all wikis from 9 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* Abstract Wikipedia is a new Wikimedia project. It will collect language-independent information that can be easily read in different languages. It builds on Wikidata. The name is preliminary. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|read more]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093571.html]
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]] developers are thinking about new experimental tools. If you use an iPhone you can help them by [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/2020 survey|answering the survey]].
* Some [[mw:New requirements for user signatures#Outcome|rules for user signatures]] will soon be enforced. [[Special:LintErrors|Lint errors]] and invalid HTML will no longer be allowed in user signatures. Nested substitution will not be allowed. A link to your user page, user talk page or user contributions will be required. You can [https://signatures.toolforge.org/check check if your signature works with the new rules]. This is because the signatures can cause problems for tools or other text on the page.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W28&quot;/&gt; 20:19, 6 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Tech News: 2020-29]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Translations]] are available. 

'''Recent changes'''
* Users can [[mw:Extension:Thanks|thank]] others for their edits. [[mw:Extension:CheckUser|Checkusers]] can now see user data related to that action. This can help identify [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Sock puppetry|sock puppets]] who harass others using thanks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252226]

'''Problems'''
* Everyone was logged out a couple of weeks ago to fix a security problem. The problem was not entirely fixed. Because of this everyone was logged out once again last week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-June/093543.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2020-July/002327.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Wikis that are not for one specific language can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|translate]] pages. Sometimes parts of translations are outdated or missing. Outdated translations are marked with a &lt;span style=&quot;background-color:#fdd&quot;&gt;pink background&lt;/span&gt;. Missing translations will also be marked in the future. This markup can sometimes break things. It can soon be disabled by using &lt;code&gt;&lt;translate nowrap&gt;&lt;/translate&gt;&lt;/code&gt; on the source page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256625]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.41|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 July. It will be on all wikis from 16 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia code review plans to use [[:w:en:GitLab|GitLab]]. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093577.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Technical_Community_Newsletter/2020/July][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Vpbt50rwxgb2r6qn][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093607.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W29&quot;/&gt; 16:30, 13 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Tech News: 2020-30]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*  A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. The mobile main page special casing stopped working 14 July. 60 wikis now have main pages that don't work well on mobile. You can see which ones, how to fix it and how to get help [[phab:T254287|in Phabricator]]. This is the same problem that was reported in Tech News [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|2020/24]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|2020/26]].

'''Problems'''
* There is a problem with the interlanguage links. The interlanguage links are the links that help you find a specific page in a different language. The sorting is broken. The developers are working on a solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257625]
* Some users keep getting the notifications for the same event. Some of these are old events. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257714]
* Some users have trouble logging in. This is probably a [[:w:en:HTTP cookie|browser cookie]] problem. The developers are working on understanding the problem. If you have trouble logging in you can see the details [[phab:T258121|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258121]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 July. It will be on all wikis from 23 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* There is a &lt;code&gt;{{int:printableversion}}&lt;/code&gt; link. This will disappear. That is because web browsers today can create a printable version or show how it will look in print anyway. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T167956]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W30&quot;/&gt; 19:06, 20 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Tech News: 2020-31]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[m:Small wiki toolkits/Starter kit|Starter kit]] is now available for wiki communities. This page lists technical resources, tools, and recommendations. These are essential to operate a wiki project. This is mostly useful for smaller wikis where the community has limited experience with this. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093633.html]
* The first features of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project are available for logged-in users on all wikis. In order to use them, uncheck ''{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}'' in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|local]] or [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|global]] preferences in section ''{{int:prefs-skin-prefs}}''. More improvements are planned. [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Feedback is welcome]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On multiple wikis, a UTCLiveClock gadget is available. For wikis that import the gadget [[:mw:MediaWiki:Gadget-UTCLiveClock.js|directly from mediawiki.org]], end users can now [[mw:MediaWiki_talk:Gadget-UTCLiveClock.js#Time_zones|choose a different timezone to show instead of UTC]].

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The deployment train for MediaWiki has been blocked this week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093640.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257969]
* Translation Notification Bot was sending the same message multiple times to every translator. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144780]
* Some users were receiving the same notification multiple times. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257766]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 28. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 29. It will be on all wikis from JUly 30 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W31&quot;/&gt; 13:53, 27 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Tech News: 2020-32]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* All queries to the [[mw:Wikidata Query Service|Wikidata Query Service]] failed between 17:50 and 17:59 UTC on Thursday 23 July. Some queries failed during a longer period. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200723-wdqs-outage]
* Interlanguage links were ordered incorrectly for the past few weeks. This problem was also mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Tech News two weeks ago]]. The problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257625]
* There is a problem with the [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|global preferences]] for the &quot;{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}&quot; option. Developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258493]
* A bug in the Wikibase extension had disabled the &quot;move&quot; and &quot;create&quot; types of protection in the main (Gallery) namespace on Wikimedia Commons. New protections could not be added, and existing protections were not enforced, allowing some page moves and page creations that should not have been possible. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258323]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS Player|video player]] will change to be simpler and more modern. This week, the current beta feature will become the video player for everyone on most non-Wikipedia wikis. The old player will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418]
* Users' &lt;code&gt;global.js&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;global.css&lt;/code&gt; pages will now also be loaded on the mobile site. You can read [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalCssJs#Per-skin_customization|documentation]] for how to avoid applying styles to the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138727]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook]] skin, the &lt;code&gt;searchGoButton&lt;/code&gt; identifier is now &lt;code&gt;searchButton&lt;/code&gt;. This may affect CSS and JS gadgets. Migration instructions can be found in [[phab:T255953|T255953]]. This was previously mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|issue 27]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bot operators can use Pywikibot to regularly archive discussions. The behavior when the bot uses &lt;code&gt;counter&lt;/code&gt; to prevent large archives was changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215247]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 4. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 5. It will be on all wikis from August 6 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W32&quot;/&gt; 15:43, 3 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Tech News: 2020-33]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileImporter and FileExporter]] became standard features on all Wikis during the first week of August. They help you transfer files from local wikis to Wikimedia Commons with the original file information and history intact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140462]

'''Problems'''
* The mobile skin displays a message at the bottom of the page about who edited last. This message showed raw wikitext. This has now been fixed. Some messages in [[mw:Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] and [[mw:Content translation|content translation]] may still appear as raw wikitext. Developers are working on it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259565]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 11. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 12. It will be on all wikis from August 13 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W33&quot;/&gt; 16:06, 10 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Tech News: 2020-34]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* If you revert an edit using the undo link your edit is marked with an &lt;code&gt;undo&lt;/code&gt; tag. This will now only happen if you don't change anything in the edit window before publishing the undo. This is to keep users from marking edits as undos when they actually do something else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259014]
* The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OOUI|OOUI version]] will not work with [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 8|Internet Explorer 8]]. This means the wikis will look strange and not work well in Internet Explorer 8. This was reported in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Tech/News/2020/17]]. This is because keeping the wikis working with very old browsers creates other problems. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-August/093718.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 August. It will be on all wikis from 20 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis next week. This is a reminder. You can help by [[m:Tech/Server switch 2020|translating the announcement message]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W34&quot;/&gt; 20:41, 17 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Tech News: 2020-35]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 August. It will be on all wikis from 27 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W35&quot;/&gt; 17:59, 24 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Tech News: 2020-35]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 August. It will be on all wikis from 27 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W35&quot;/&gt; 11:12, 26 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20389773 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Tech News: 2020-36]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* This is a reminder. All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 14:00 and 15:00 UTC. Please check on the details on [[m:Tech/Server switch 2020|the announcement message]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808]

'''Changes later this week'''
*  There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W36&quot;/&gt; 20:12, 31 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20411995 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Tech News: 2020-37]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* Normally pages can be moved to a title that has no existing page yet or to a page that has only one revision, which is a redirect to the page to be moved. A new user right allows editors to move pages over one-revision pages that redirect to anywhere. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239277] 
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 September. It will be on all wikis from 10 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All MediaWiki [[:w:en:API|API]] modules will now use &lt;code&gt;watchlist&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;watch&lt;/code&gt;. This was inconsistent before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247915]

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] team might work on patrolling tools in the future. You can let them know what tools would be useful for you or for less experienced patrollers. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Patrolling conversation|page on mediawiki.org]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]] will be updated to a new version. This will probably take around two days. OTRS agents will not have access to the system during these days. Emails that come in during the update will be delivered when the update is done. The plan is to start around 08:00 UTC on 14 September. This could change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187984]
* The Wikipedia Android app will send [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Push Notifications for editors|push notifications]] if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will need [[:w:en:Google Play Services|Google Play Services]] to work. It will also be possible to get the app without Google Play Services but push notifications will not work. Google Play Services is also used to make the app work for [[:w:en:Android KitKat|Android 4.4]] users. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android#Updates][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146032]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia code review could move to [[:w:en:GitLab|GitLab]]. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. You can take part in the [[mw:GitLab consultation|consultation]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Dropdown menus in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|the Vector skin]] use a &lt;code&gt;.menu&lt;/code&gt; class. This will not work in the future. Scripts can use &lt;code&gt;nav ul&lt;/code&gt; instead. &lt;code&gt;.vectorTabs&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;.vectorMenu&lt;/code&gt; will also not work. Some scripts need to be updated. You can [[phab:T262092|read more in Phabricator]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W37&quot;/&gt; 16:00, 7 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20427670 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Tech News: 2020-38]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia apps]] briefly showed pages without [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] last week. This meant they looked wrong. It was quickly fixed but cached pages without CSS were shown for a few hours. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200909-mobileapps_config_change][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262437]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 September. It will be on all wikis from 17 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W38&quot;/&gt; 16:19, 14 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20446737 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Tech News: 2020-38]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia apps]] briefly showed pages without [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] last week. This meant they looked wrong. It was quickly fixed but cached pages without CSS were shown for a few hours. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200909-mobileapps_config_change][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262437]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 September. It will be on all wikis from 17 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W38&quot;/&gt; 00:19, 15 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20446737 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Tech News: 2020-39]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new tag for reverted edits. For example you can see it in the recent changes feed or in the article history. It is added to edits when they have been undone, rollbacked or manually reverted to an older version of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254074][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T164307]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The number of times you can do something in a period of time on wiki is limited. This could be the number of edits per minute or the number of users you email in a day. Some users are not affected by all limits because of their user rights. They could soon see the limit even if it does not affect them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258888] 
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 September. It will be on all wikis from 24 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W39&quot;/&gt; 21:28, 21 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20461072 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Tech News: 2020-40]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Admins can now see links to diffs of deleted revisions on [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. This uses the interface of [[Special:Undelete|Special:Undelete]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261630]
* Editors are automatically added to some user groups. For example editors are added to  [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed users]] when they have edited enough times and long enough. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|Abuse filters]] can hinder users from automatically getting user rights for a period of time. They can also remove rights user have. Wikis can now ask to change how long this period of time is for their wiki [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projectPHIDs=Wikimedia-Site-requests in Phabricator]. It is currently five days. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T231756]
 
'''Problems'''
* [[m:Tech/News/2019/34|Last year]] some abuse filters stopped working because of a new change. If they tried to use variables that were unavailable for that action they would fail. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230256]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 September. It will be on all wikis from 1 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You can't see the language links to other language versions from the talk page or history page. They are also not shown when you edit an article. This could change. It is not decided if for example the history page should link to another history page or to the article. You can take part in the [[phab:T262472|discussion in Phabricator]].
* The link colours could change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. You can [[phab:T213778|read more in Phabricator]].
* In your preferences you can choose to get different notifications on the web or by email. You will see &lt;code&gt;Apps&lt;/code&gt; as one of the alternatives later this week. This is because the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Android and iOS Wikipedia apps]] will use push notifications for those who want them. You can see the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo preferences] on the test wiki. The goal is to have push notifications on Android in October and on iOS in early 2021. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262936]
* You can soon put pages on your watchlist for a limited time. This could be useful if you want to watch something for a shorter time but don't want it on your watchlist forever. It now works on [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]] and will come to more wikis later. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry|read more]] and [[m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry/Release Schedule|see when it will come to other wikis]].
* You can see what Wikimedians think are the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|best new technical tools this year]]. You can also nominate them.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W40&quot;/&gt; 21:24, 28 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20483264 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Tech News: 2020-41]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a [https://consultation-stats.toolforge.org/ new tool] where you can see which home wiki users have in discussions on Meta. This can help show which communities are not part of the discussion on wikis where we make decisions that affect many other wikis.
* You can now thank users for file uploads or for changing the language of a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254992]

'''Problems'''
* There were many errors with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was rolled back. Updates that should have happened last week are late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177]
* Everyone was logged out. This was because a user reported being logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093922.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Many pages have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2020/09/28/diving-into-wikipedias-ocean-of-errors/ read more] and now [[:w:en:User:Jdlrobson/User scripts with client errors|see a list of user scripts with errors]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 October. It will be on all wikis from 8 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Letters immediately after a link are shown as part of the link. For example the entire word in &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Child]]ren&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is linked. On Arabic wikis this works at both the start and end of a word. Previously on Arabic wikis numbers and other non-letter Unicode characters were shown as part of the link at the start of a word but not at the end. Now only Latin and Arabic letters will extend links on Arabic wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263266]

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 27 October around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W41&quot;/&gt; 16:25, 5 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20515061 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Tech News: 2020-41]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a [https://consultation-stats.toolforge.org/ new tool] where you can see which home wiki users have in discussions on Meta. This can help show which communities are not part of the discussion on wikis where we make decisions that affect many other wikis.
* You can now thank users for file uploads or for changing the language of a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254992]

'''Problems'''
* There were many errors with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was rolled back. Updates that should have happened last week are late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177]
* Everyone was logged out. This was because a user reported being logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093922.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Many pages have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2020/09/28/diving-into-wikipedias-ocean-of-errors/ read more] and now [[:w:en:User:Jdlrobson/User scripts with client errors|see a list of user scripts with errors]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 October. It will be on all wikis from 8 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Letters immediately after a link are shown as part of the link. For example the entire word in &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Child]]ren&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is linked. On Arabic wikis this works at both the start and end of a word. Previously on Arabic wikis numbers and other non-letter Unicode characters were shown as part of the link at the start of a word but not at the end. Now only Latin and Arabic letters will extend links on Arabic wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263266]

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 27 October around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W41&quot;/&gt; 17:25, 5 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20515061 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Tech News: 2020-42]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Because of the problems with the MediaWiki version two weeks ago last week's updates are also late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263178][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093944.html]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live previews]] didn't show the templates used in the preview if you just edited a section. This has now been fixed. You can also test [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] pages even if you have the live preview enabled. Previously this didn't work well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T102286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186390]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 October. It will be on all wikis from 15 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A new stable version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is coming soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2020-October/010056.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W42&quot;/&gt; 15:25, 12 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Tech News: 2020-43]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 {{#time:j xg|2020-10-27|en}} around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rmspecials()&lt;/code&gt; function will be updated soon so that it does not remove the &quot;space&quot; character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rmspecials()&lt;/code&gt; with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rmwhitespace()&lt;/code&gt; wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024]
* Some gadgets and user-scripts use the HTML div with the ID &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;#jump-to-nav&lt;/code&gt;. This div will be removed soon. Maintainers should replace these uses with either &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;#siteSub&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;#mw-content-text&lt;/code&gt;. A list of affected scripts is at the top of [[phab:T265373]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W43&quot;/&gt; 16:32, 19 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20550811 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Tech News: 2020-44]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 October 27 around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364]
* Last week, links to &quot;diffs&quot; from mobile watchlists and recentchanges were linking to page-revisions instead of diffs. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265654]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* Since the introduction of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]] user group in 2018, administrators couldn’t view the deleted history of CSS/JS pages. Now they can. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202989]
* There was a problem with the [[Special:Tags|Change Tags]]. The software would apply the &quot;{{int:Tag-mw-reverted}}&quot; tag to any page actions such as page-protection changes if they came directly after a reverted edit. This has now been fixed for new edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265312]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias in November. Another announcement will be made once the date is finalized. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W44&quot;/&gt; 17:39, 26 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20574890 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Tech News: 2020-44]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 October 27 around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364]
* Last week, links to &quot;diffs&quot; from mobile watchlists and recentchanges were linking to page-revisions instead of diffs. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265654]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* Since the introduction of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]] user group in 2018, administrators couldn’t view the deleted history of CSS/JS pages. Now they can. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202989]
* There was a problem with the [[Special:Tags|Change Tags]]. The software would apply the &quot;{{int:Tag-mw-reverted}}&quot; tag to any page actions such as page-protection changes if they came directly after a reverted edit. This has now been fixed for new edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265312]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias in November. Another announcement will be made once the date is finalized. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W44&quot;/&gt; 19:23, 26 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20574890 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Tech News: 2020-45]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can no longer read Wikimedia wikis if your browser uses very old [[:w:en:Transport Layer Security|TLS]]. This is because it is a security problem for everyone. It could lead to [[:w:en:Downgrade attack|downgrade attacks]]. Since October 29, 2020, users who use old TLS versions will not be able to connect to Wikimedia projects. A list of [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|browser recommendations]] is available. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258405]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new automatic [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking categories|tracking category]] available: [[:{{ns:14}}:{{MediaWiki:nonnumeric-formatnum}}|Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments]]. It collects pages which use the &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{formatnum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; parser function with invalid (non-numeric) input, ''e.g.'' &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{formatnum:TECHNEWS}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Note that &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{formatnum:123,456}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is also invalid input: as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#formatnum|documentation]], the argument should be &lt;u&gt;unformatted&lt;/u&gt; so that it can be reliably and correctly localised. The tracking category will help identify problematic usage and double-formatting. The new tracking category's name can be [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;showMessage=nonnumeric-formatnum&amp;group=core&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate translated at translatewiki]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237467]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 3. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 4. It will be on all wikis from November 5 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Administrators and stewards will be able to use a special page (Special:CreateLocalAccount) to force local account creation for a global account. This is useful when account creation is blocked for that user (by a block or a filter). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259721]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias on November 4. This change excludes the English, Russian, and German-language Wikipedias, plus a few smaller Wikipedias with special circumstances. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|the help page]] and [[mw:Help:DiscussionTools/Why can't I reply to this comment?|the troubleshooting guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303]

'''Future changes'''
* A discussion has been restarted about using a Unicode minus sign (− U+2212) in the output of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{formatnum}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; when it is given a negative argument. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T10327]
* In the future [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|IP addresses of unregistered users will not be shown for everyone]]. They will get an alias instead. There will be a new user right or an opt-in function for more vandal fighters to see the IPs of unregistered users. There would be some criteria for who gets the user right or opt-in. There will also be other new tools to help handle vandalism. This is early in the process and the developers are still collecting information from the communities before they suggest solutions.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W45&quot;/&gt; 16:10, 2 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20604769 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Tech News: 2020-46]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* You can see [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|reference previews]]. This shows a preview of the footnote when you hover over it. This has been a [[mw:Beta Features|beta feature]]. It will move out of beta and be enabled by default. There will be an option not to use it. The developers are looking for small or medium-sized wikis to be the first ones. You can [[m:User talk:Michael Schönitzer (WMDE)|let them know]] if your wiki is interested. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2020-November/002373.html]
* From November 16 the categories will not be sorted in order for a short time. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|internationalisation library]]. They will use a script to fix the existing categories. This can take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264991][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W46&quot;/&gt; 15:50, 9 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20634159 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Tech News: 2020-47]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 16 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for most languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264991][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* If you merged two pages in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespace]] where pages can't redirect this used to break the merge history. This will now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T93469]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] is now open for proposals. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 16 to 30 November. You can vote on proposals from 8 December to 21 December.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W47&quot;/&gt; 15:37, 16 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20669023 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Tech News: 2020-48]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Timestamps in [[Special:Log|Special:Log]] are now links. They go to Special:Log for only that entry. This is how timestamps work on for example the history page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T207562]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2020 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from 1 December. Unclaimed projects can be deleted from 1 January. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-November/094054.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W48&quot;/&gt; 17:19, 23 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20698111 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Tech News: 2020-49]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]] will show readers more of the article history. They can see new updates and easier see how the article has changed over time. This is an experiment. It will first be shown only to some iOS app users as a [[:w:en:A/B testing|test]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241253][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Breaking_Down_the_Wall]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]] can be used for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries. You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry], [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] or other ways to do this. To make the Wiki Replicas stable there will be two changes. Cross-database &lt;code&gt;JOINS&lt;/code&gt; will no longer work. You can also only query a database if you connect to it directly. This will happen in February 2021. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W49&quot;/&gt; 17:45, 30 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Tech News: 2020-50]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now put pages on your watchlist for a limited period of time. Some wikis already had this function. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Watchlist_Expiry][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Watchlist_expiry]

'''Changes later this week'''
* Information from Wikidata that is used on a wiki page can be shown in recent changes and watchlists on a Wikimedia wiki. To see this you need to turn on showing Wikidata edits in your watchlist in the preferences. Changes to the Wikidata description in the language of a Wikimedia wiki will then be shown in recent changes and watchlists. This will not show edits to languages that are not relevant to your wiki. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-November/014402.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191831]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 8 December and 21 December. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W50&quot;/&gt; 16:15, 7 December 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Tech News: 2020-51]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. It was released in India in September. It can now be downloaded in other countries too. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/12/10/growing-wikipedias-reach-with-an-app-for-kaios-feature-phones/]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W51&quot;/&gt; 21:34, 14 December 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20803489 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Tech News: 2020-52]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2020-W52&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 11 January 2021.

'''Recent changes'''
* The &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{citation needed}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; template shows when a statement in a Wikipedia article needs a source. If you click on it when you edit with the visual editor there is a popup that explains this. Now it can also show the reason and when it was added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270107]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.

'''Future changes'''
* You can [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Ideas|propose and discuss]] what technical improvements should be done for geographic information. This could be coordinates, maps or other related things.
* Some wikis use [[mw:Writing systems/LanguageConverter|LanguageConverter]] to switch between writing systems or variants of a language. This can only be done for the entire page. There will be a &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;langconvert&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag that can convert a piece of text on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263082]
*  Oversighters and stewards can hide entries in [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. They can soon hide multiple entries at once using checkboxes. This works like hiding normal edits. It will happen in early January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2020-W52&quot;/&gt; 20:54, 21 December 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20833836 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Tech News: 2021-02]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can choose to be reminded when you have not added an edit summary. This can be done in your preferences. This could conflict with the [[:w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHA]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12729]
* You can link to specific log entries. You can get these links for example by clicking the timestamps in the log. Until now, such links to private log entries showed no entry even if you had permission to view private log entries. The links now show the entry. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269761]
* Admins can use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter tool]] to automatically prevent bad edits. Three changes happened last week:
** The filter editing interface now shows syntax errors while you type. This is similar to JavaScript pages. It also shows a warning for regular expressions that match the empty string. New warnings will be added later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187686]
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:Oversighters|Oversighters]] can now hide multiple filter log entries at once using checkboxes on [[Special:AbuseLog]]. This is how the usual revision deletion works. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904]
** When a filter matches too many actions after it has been changed it is &quot;throttled&quot;. The most powerful actions are disabled. This is to avoid many editors getting blocked when an administrator made a mistake. The administrator will now get a notification about this &quot;throttle&quot;.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new tool to [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/add build new skins]. You can also [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/ see] existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Skins|skins]]. You can [[mw:User talk:Jdlrobson|give feedback]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-December/094130.html]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots using the API no longer watch pages automatically based on account preferences. Setting the &lt;code&gt;watchlist&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;watch&lt;/code&gt; will still work. This is to reduce the size of the watchlist data in the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258108]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto's]] [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#File metadata|file metadata]] now includes length. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209679]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code pages now have link anchors to [https://patchdemo.wmflabs.org/wikis/40e4795d4448b55a6d8c46ff414bcf78/w/index.php/MediaWiki:En.js#L-125 line numbers]. You can use wikilinks like [[:w:en:MediaWiki:Common.js#L-50]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29531]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] There was a [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki last week. You can read [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25/Changelog|a detailed log]] of all 763 changes. Most of them are very small and will not affect you.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W02&quot;/&gt; 15:42, 11 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20950047 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Tech News: 2021-03]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth team]] plans to add features to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer tasks/Experiment analysis, November 2020|get more visitors to edit]] to more Wikipedias. You can help [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=ext-growthexperiments&amp;language=&amp;filter=&amp;action=translate translating the interface].
* You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] posts could be automatically timestamped in the future. This is because MassMessage senders can now send pages using MassMessage. Pages are more difficult to sign. If there are times when a MassMessage post should not be timestamped you can [[phab:T270435|let the developers know]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W03&quot;/&gt; 16:10, 18 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=20974628 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W04&quot;/&gt; 18:31, 25 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21007423 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W04&quot;/&gt; 20:48, 25 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21007423 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Tech News: 2021-05]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* [[:w:en:IPv6|IPv6 addresses]] were written in lowercase letters in diffs. This caused dead links since [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] only accepted uppercase letters for the IPs. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272225]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You can soon use Wikidata to link to pages on the multilingual Wikisource. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138332]
* Often editors use a &quot;non-breaking space&quot; to make a gap between two items when reading but still show them together. This can be used to avoid a line break. You will now be able to add new ones via the special character tool in the 2010, 2017, and visual editors. The character will be shown in the visual editor as a space with a grey background. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96666]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=| Advanced item]] Wikis use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to stop bad edits being made. Filter maintainers can now use syntax like &lt;code&gt;1.2.3.4 - 1.2.3.55&lt;/code&gt; as well as the &lt;code&gt;1.2.3.4/27&lt;/code&gt; syntax for IP ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218074]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] is the skin Wikimedia wikis use for mobile traffic. When a page is protected and you can't edit it you can normally read the source wikicode. This doesn't work on Minerva on mobile devices. This is being fixed. Some text might overlap. This is because your community needs to update [[MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext|MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext]] to work on mobile. You can [[phab:T208827|read more]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Inline_styles_should_not_use_properties_that_impact_sizing_and_positioning][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Avoid_tables_for_anything_except_data]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will change the IP address they use to contact the wikis. The new IP address will be &lt;code&gt;185.15.56.1&lt;/code&gt;. This will happen on February 8. You can [[:wikitech:News/CloudVPS NAT wikis|read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W05&quot;/&gt; 22:39, 1 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21033195 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Tech News: 2021-06]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now has watchlists and talk pages in the app. [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia]

'''Changes later this week'''
* You can see edits to chosen pages on [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]]. You can add pages to your watchlist on every wiki you like. The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|GlobalWatchlist]] extension will come to Meta on 11 February. There you can see entries on watched pages on different wikis on the same page. The new watchlist will be found on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] on Meta. You can choose which wikis to watch and other preferences on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings|Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings]] on Meta. You can watch up to five wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260862]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* When admins [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protecting and unprotecting pages|protect]] pages the form will use the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [[Special:Import|Special:Import]] will also get the new look. This will make them easier to use on mobile phones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235424][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108792]
* Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Tech/News/2021/05|Last week]] Tech News reported that the IP address [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] use to contact the wikis will change on 8 February. This is delayed. It will happen later instead. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/CloudVPS_NAT_wikis]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W06&quot;/&gt; 17:42, 8 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21082948 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Tech News: 2021-07]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* There were problems with recent versions of MediaWiki.  Because the updates caused problems the developers rolled back to an earlier version. Some updates and new functions will come later than planned. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094255.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094271.html]
* Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W07&quot;/&gt; 17:56, 15 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Tech News: 2021-08]] ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The visual editor will now use [[:c:Commons:Structured data/Media search|MediaSearch]] to find images. You can search for images on Commons in the visual editor when you are looking for illustrations. This is to help editors find better images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259896]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighter]] now works with more languages: [[:w:en:Futhark (programming language)|Futhark]], [[:w:en:Graphviz|Graphviz]]/[[:w:en:DOT (graph description language)|DOT]], CDDL and AMDGPU. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274741]

'''Problems'''
* Editing a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EasyTimeline|timeline]] might have removed all text from it. This was because of a bug and has been fixed. You might need to edit the timeline again for it to show properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274822]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a [[:m:Wikimedia Rust developers user group|user group]] for developers and users interested in working on Wikimedia wikis with the [[:w:en:Rust (programming language)|Rust programming language]]. You can join or tell others who want to make your wiki better in the future.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;

----

00:18, 23 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21134058 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Tech News: 2021-09]] ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*  Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth team tools]] can now show the name of a newcomer's mentor anywhere [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship/Integrating_mentorship|through a magic word]]. This can be used for welcome messages or userboxes.
* A new version of the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:VideoCutTool|VideoCutTool]] is now available. It enables cropping, trimming, audio disabling, and rotating video content. It is being created as part of the developer outreach programs.

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Job queue|job queue]]. This meant some functions did not save changes and mass messages were delayed. This did not affect wiki edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275437]
* Some editors may not be logged in to their accounts automatically in the latest versions of Firefox and Safari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226797]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.33|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;

----

19:08, 1 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21161722 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Tech News: 2021-10]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section translation]] now works on Bengali Wikipedia. It helps mobile editors translate sections of articles. It will come to more wikis later. The first focus is active wikis with a smaller number of articles. You can [https://sx.wmflabs.org/index.php/Main_Page test it] and [[mw:Talk:Content translation/Section translation|leave feedback]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] now give admins the review right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275293]
* When someone links to a Wikipedia article on Twitter this will now show a preview of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276185]

'''Problems'''
* Many graphs have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. Graph editors can check their graphs in their browser's developer console after editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275833]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The [[mw:Talk pages project/New discussion|New Discussion]] tool will soon be a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|discussion tools]] beta feature for on most Wikipedias. The goal is to make it easier to start new discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275257]

'''Future changes'''
* There will be a number of changes to make it easier to work with templates. Some will come to the first wikis in March. Other changes will come to the first wikis in June. This is both for those who use templates and those who create or maintain them. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|read more]].
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on some wikis on 17 March. They will share a setting with [[mw:Page Previews|Page Previews]]. If you prefer the Reference Tooltips or Navigation-Popups gadget you can keep using them. If so Reference Previews won't be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews]
* New JavaScript-based functions will not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 11|Internet Explorer 11]]. This is because Internet Explorer is an old browser that doesn't work with how JavaScript is written today. Everything that works in Internet Explorer 11 today will continue working in Internet Explorer for now. You can [[mw:Compatibility/IE11|read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W10&quot;/&gt; 17:51, 8 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21175593 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Tech News: 2021-11]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Wikis that are part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project can now use a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Search|search function]]. The desktop improvements and the new search will come to more wikis later. You can also [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#Deployment plan and timeline|test it early]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Editors who put up banners or change site-wide [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code should use the [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/000000566/overview?viewPanel=16&amp;orgId=1 client error graph] to see that their changes has not caused problems. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/08/sailing-steady%e2%80%8a-%e2%80%8ahow-you-can-help-keep-wikimedia-sites-error-free read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276296]

'''Problems'''
* Due to [[phab:T276968|database issues]] the [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org Wikimedia Beta Cluster] was read-only for over a day.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You can add a [[:w:en:Newline|newline]] or [[:w:en:Carriage return|carriage return]] character to a custom signature if you use a template. There is a proposal to not allow them in the future. This is because they can cause formatting problems. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/New_requirements_for_user_signatures#Additional_proposal_(2021)][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272322]
* You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|12 wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry] for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database &lt;code&gt;JOINS&lt;/code&gt; will no longer work from 23 March. There will be a new field to specify the database to connect to. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] and other ways to do [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the Wiki Replicas will be affected later. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W11&quot;/&gt; 23:23, 15 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21226057 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Tech News: 2021-12]] ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. They don't have a touch screen so readers navigate with the phone keys. There is now a [https://wikimedia.github.io/wikipedia-kaios/sim.html simulator] so you can see what it looks like.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|new discussion tool]] are now available as the &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] in almost all wikis except German Wikipedia.

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|twelve wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This can also affect password changes, logging in to new wikis, global renames and changing or confirming emails. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] colours will change to be easier to read. This will soon come to the [[phab:T276346|first wikis]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting]

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] will no longer have multiple tags like &quot;tone&quot; or &quot;depth&quot;. It will also only have one tier. This was changed because very few wikis used these features and they make the tool difficult to maintain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185664][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277883]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015 this was moved from &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;wg*&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.config&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;wg*&lt;/code&gt; will soon no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W12&quot;/&gt; 16:53, 22 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21244806 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to &lt;code&gt;irc.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579]

'''Problems'''
* When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350]
* Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

17:31, 29 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21267131 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to &lt;code&gt;irc.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579]

'''Problems'''
* When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350]
* Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:39, 29 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21267131 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Tech News: 2021-14]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Editors can collapse part of an article so you have to click on it to see it. When you click a link to a section inside collapsed content it will now expand to show the section. The browser will scroll down to the section. Previously such links didn't work unless you manually expanded the content first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276741]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] will use for example &lt;code&gt;2010-12-XX&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;2010-12&lt;/code&gt; for dates with a month but no days. This is because &lt;code&gt;2010-12&lt;/code&gt; could be confused with &lt;code&gt;2010-2012&lt;/code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;December 2010&lt;/code&gt;. This is called level 1 instead of level 0 in the [https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/ Extended Date/Time Format]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] can now connect to the new [[:wikitech:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database &lt;code&gt;JOINS&lt;/code&gt; will no longer work from 28 April. There is [[:wikitech:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign#How should I connect to databases in PAWS?|a new way to connect]] to the databases. Until 28 April both ways to connect to the databases will work. If you think this affects you and you need help you can post [[phab:T268498|on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:41, 5 April 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21287348 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Tech News: 2021-16]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Email to the Wikimedia wikis are handled by groups of Wikimedia editors. These volunteer response teams now use [https://github.com/znuny/Znuny Znuny] instead of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]]. The functions and interface remain the same. The volunteer administrators will give more details about the next steps soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279303][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275294]
* If you use [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighting]], you can see line numbers in the 2010 and 2017 wikitext editors when editing templates. This is to make it easier to see line breaks or talk about specific lines. Line numbers will soon come to all namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267911][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Because of a technical change there could be problems with gadgets and scripts that have an edit summary area that looks [https://phab.wmfusercontent.org/file/data/llvdqqnb5zpsfzylbqcg/PHID-FILE-25vs4qowibmtysl7cbml/Screen_Shot_2021-04-06_at_2.34.04_PM.png similar to this one]. If they look strange they should use &lt;code&gt;mw.loader.using('mediawiki.action.edit.styles')&lt;/code&gt; to go back to how they looked before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278898]
* The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.1|latest version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis last week. There was no Tech News issue last week.

'''Changes later this week'''
*  There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* The user group &lt;code&gt;oversight&lt;/code&gt; will be renamed &lt;code&gt;suppress&lt;/code&gt;. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in two weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

16:49, 19 April 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21356080 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Tech News: 2021-17]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Templates have parameters that can have specific values. It is possible to suggest values for editors with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateData|TemplateData]]. You can soon see them as a drop-down list in the visual editor. This is to help template users find the right values faster. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273857][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:25, 26 April 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21391118 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository.

'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346]
* Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.error&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.warning&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.success&lt;/code&gt; do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

15:44, 3 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21418010 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository.

'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346]
* Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.error&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.warning&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;.success&lt;/code&gt; do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

12:57, 4 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21418010 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

15:10, 10 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21428676 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

16:26, 10 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21428676 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Tech News: 2021-20]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new toolbar in [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply tool]]. It works in the wikitext source mode. You can enable it in [[Special:Preferences#mw-htmlform-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276608] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#13_May_2021] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion#13_May_2021]
* Wikimedia [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo mailing lists] are being moved to [[:w:en:GNU Mailman|Mailman 3]]. This is a newer version. For the [[:w:en:Character encoding|character encoding]] to work it will change from &lt;code&gt;[[:w:en:UTF-8|UTF-8]]&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;utf8mb3&lt;/code&gt;. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IEYQ2HS3LZF2P3DAYMNZYQDGHWPVMTPY/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282621]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|earlier issue]] of Tech News said that the  [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] would handle dates with a month but no days in a new way. This has been reverted for now. There needs to be more discussion of how it affects different wikis first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] &lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Pageimages-blacklist&lt;/code&gt; will be renamed &lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Pageimages-denylist&lt;/code&gt;. The list can be copied to the new name. It will happen on 19 May for some wikis and 20 May for some wikis. Most wikis don't use it. It lists images that should never be used as thumbnails for articles. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282626]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

13:50, 17 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Tech News: 2021-21]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Wikimedia movement has been using [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC|IRC]] on a network called [[:w:en:Freenode|Freenode]]. There have been changes around who is in control of the network. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Group_Contacts|Wikimedia IRC Group Contacts]] have [[m:Special:Diff/21476411|decided]] to move to the new [[:w:en:Libera Chat|Libera Chat]] network instead. This is not a formal decision for the movement to move all channels but most Wikimedia IRC channels will probably leave Freenode. There is a [[:m:IRC/Migrating_to_Libera_Chat|migration guide]] and ongoing Wikimedia [[m:Wikimedia Forum#Freenode (IRC)|discussions about this]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

17:08, 24 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21477606 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Tech News: 2021-22]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* There was an issue on the Vector skin with the text size of categories and notices under the page title. It was fixed last Monday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283206]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

17:06, 31 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21516076 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980]
* Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for &lt;code&gt;Bedusz&lt;/code&gt; doesn't find &lt;code&gt;Będusz&lt;/code&gt; on German Wikipedia. The character &lt;code&gt;ę&lt;/code&gt; isn't used in German so many would write &lt;code&gt;e&lt;/code&gt; instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:03, 7 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21551759 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980]
* Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for &lt;code&gt;Bedusz&lt;/code&gt; doesn't find &lt;code&gt;Będusz&lt;/code&gt; on German Wikipedia. The character &lt;code&gt;ę&lt;/code&gt; isn't used in German so many would write &lt;code&gt;e&lt;/code&gt; instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

22:35, 7 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21551759 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Tech News: 2021-24]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Logged-in users on the mobile web can choose to use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile mode]]. They now see categories in a similar way as users on desktop do. This means that some gadgets that have just been for desktop users could work for users of the mobile site too. If your wiki has such gadgets you could decide to turn them on for the mobile site too. Some gadgets probably need to be fixed to look good on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284763]
* Language links on Wikidata now works for [[:oldwikisource:Main Page|multilingual Wikisource]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275958]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* In the future we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|can't show the IP]] of unregistered editors to everyone. This is because privacy regulations and norms have changed. There is now a rough draft of how [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#Updates|showing the IP to those who need to see it]] could work.
* German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between 5:00 and 5:30 UTC. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530]
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 28 June. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:26, 14 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21587625 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Tech News: 2021-25]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The &lt;code&gt;otrs-member&lt;/code&gt; group name is now &lt;code&gt;vrt-permissions&lt;/code&gt;. This could affect abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280615]

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not edit German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210623T0500 5:00 and 5:30 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

15:50, 21 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21593987 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Tech News: 2021-26]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth features]] now can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure Growth features directly on their wiki]]. This uses the new special page &lt;code&gt;Special:EditGrowthConfig&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285423]
* Wikisources have a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/OCR Improvements|OCR tool]]. If you don't want to see the &quot;extract text&quot; button on Wikisource you can add &lt;code&gt;.ext-wikisource-ExtractTextWidget { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to your [[Special:MyPage/common.css|common.css page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285311]

'''Problems'''
*You will be able to read but not edit the Wikimedia wikis for a few minutes on 29 June. This is planned at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210629T1400 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* &lt;code&gt;Threshold for stub link formatting&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;thumbnail size&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;auto-number headings&lt;/code&gt; can be set in preferences. They are expensive to maintain and few editors use them. The developers are planning to remove them. Removing them will make pages load faster. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User:SKim (WMF)/Performance Dependent User Preferences|read more and give feedback]].
* A toolbar will be added to the [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]]'s wikitext source mode. This will make it easier to link to pages and to ping other users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276609][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#Status_updates]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

16:32, 28 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21653312 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Tech News: 2021-27]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 19 July.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[:wikidata:Q4063270|AutoWikiBrowser]] is a tool to make repetitive tasks easier. It now uses [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]]. &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage&lt;/code&gt; has moved to &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/Config&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/Version&lt;/code&gt; has moved to &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/VersionJSON&lt;/code&gt;. The tool will eventually be configured on the wiki so that you don't have to wait until the new version to add templates or regular expression fixes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241196]

'''Problems'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] helps saving online sources on some wikis. It adds them to [[:w:en:Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]] and links to them there. This is so they don't disappear if the page that was linked to is removed. It currently has a problem with linking to the wrong date when it moves pages from &lt;code&gt;archive.is&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;web.archive.org&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283432]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] will be updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It will come to the first wikis on 7 July. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553]
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* Some Wikimedia wikis use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]] or pending changes. It hides edits from new and unregistered accounts for readers until they have been patrolled. The auto review action in Flagged Revisions will no longer be logged. All old logs of auto-review will be removed. This is because it creates a lot of logs that are not very useful. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285608]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

17:34, 5 July 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21694636 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Tech News: 2021-29]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] was updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It was supposed to come to the first wikis on 7 July. It was delayed to 12 July instead. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553]
* [[Special:UnconnectedPages|Special:UnconnectedPages]] lists pages that are not connected to Wikidata. This helps you find pages that can be connected to Wikidata items. Some pages should not be connected to Wikidata. You can use the magic word &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; on pages that should not be listed on the special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97577]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the [[:w:en:Parsing|parser's]] HTML output will soon change. This can affect bots, gadgets, user scripts and extensions. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/L2UQJRHTFK5YG3IOZEC7JSLH2ZQNZRVU/ read more]. You can test it on [[:testwiki:Main Page|Testwiki]] or [[:test2wiki:Main Page|Testwiki 2]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

15:32, 19 July 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21755027 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Tech News: 2021-30]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* A [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis the week before last week. This was not in Tech News because there was no newsletter that week. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* If you use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook skin]] you can choose to switch off [[:w:en:Responsive web design|responsive design]] on mobile. This will now work for more skins. If &lt;code&gt;{{int:monobook-responsive-label}}&lt;/code&gt; is unticked you need to also untick the new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preference]] &lt;code&gt;{{int:prefs-skin-responsive}}&lt;/code&gt;. Otherwise it will stop working. Interface admins can automate this process on your wiki. You can [[phab:T285991|read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:11, 26 July 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21771634 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Tech News: 2021-31]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] If your wiki uses markup like &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-rtl&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; without the required &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;dir&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute, then these will no longer work in 2 weeks. There is a short-term fix that can be added to your local wiki's Common.css page, which is explained at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. From now on, all usages should include the full attributes, for example: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-rtl&quot; dir=&quot;rtl&quot; lang=&quot;he&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This also applies to some other HTML tags, such as &lt;code&gt;span&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;code&lt;/code&gt;. You can find existing examples on your wiki that need to be updated, using the instructions at [[phab:T287701|T287701]].
* Reminder: Wikimedia has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Migrating to Libera Chat|migrated to the Libera Chat IRC network]], from the old Freenode network. Local documentation should be updated.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 30 minutes. There was a problem with generating dynamic lists of articles on the Russian Wikinews, due to the bulk import of 200,000+ new articles over 3 days, which led to database problems. The problematic feature has been disabled on that wiki and developers are discussing if it can be fixed properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-07-26_ruwikinews_DynamicPageList]

'''Changes later this week'''
* When adding links to a page using [[mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]] will now only appear at the bottom of search results. This is because users do not often want to link to disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285510]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|team of the Wikipedia app for Android]] is working on communication in the app. The developers are working on how to talk to other editors and get notifications. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|read more]]. They are looking for users who want to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingJuly2021|test the plans]]. Any editor who has an Android phone and is willing to download the app can do this.
* The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} will be updated in the coming weeks.  You will be able to [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications|subscribe to individual sections]] on a talk page at more wikis.  You can test this now by adding &lt;code&gt;?dtenable=1&lt;/code&gt; to the end of the talk page's URL ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Meta_talk:Sandbox?dtenable=1 example]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:48, 2 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21818289 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Tech News: 2021-32]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* You can read but not edit 17 wikis for a few minutes on 10 August. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1628571650 05:00 UTC]. This is because of work on the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287449]

'''Changes later this week'''
* The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2021:Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place remotely on 13 August, starting at 5:00 UTC, for 24 hours. You can participate in many ways. You can still propose projects and sessions.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The old CSS &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;visualClear&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will not be supported after 12 August. Instead, templates and pages should use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Please help to replace any existing uses on your wiki. There are global-search links available at [[phab:T287962|T287962]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is a place for Wikipedia editors to get access to sources. There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TheWikipediaLibrary|extension]] which has a new function to tell users when they can take part in it. It will use notifications. It will start pinging the first users in September. It will ping more users later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288070]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Vue.js|Vue.js]] will be the [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] framework for MediaWiki in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SOZREBYR36PUNFZXMIUBVAIOQI4N7PDU/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

16:21, 9 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21856726 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Tech News: 2021-33]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can add language links in the sidebar in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem on wikis which use the Translate extension. Translations were not updated or were replaced with the English text. The problems have been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288700][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288683][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288719]

'''Changes later this week'''
* A [[mw:Help:Tags|revision tag]] will soon be added to edits that add links to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]]. This is because these links are usually added by accident. The tag will allow editors to easily find the broken links and fix them. If your wiki does not like this feature, it can be [[mw:Help:Tags#Deleting a tag added by the software|hidden]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287549]
*Would you like to help improve the information about tools? Would you like to attend or help organize a small virtual meetup for your community to discuss the list of tools? Please get in touch on the [[m:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions|Toolhub Quality Signal Sessions]] talk page. We are also looking for feedback [[m:Talk:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions#Discussion topic for &quot;Quality Signal Sessions: The Tool Maintainers edition&quot;|from tool maintainers]] on some specific questions.
* In the past, edits to any page in your user talk space ignored your [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications#mute|mute list]], e.g. sub-pages. Starting this week, this is only true for edits to your talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288112]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:28, 16 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21889213 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Tech News: 2021-34]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score]] extension (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;score&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; notation) has been re-enabled on public wikis and upgraded to a newer version. Some musical score functionality may no longer work because the extension is only enabled in &quot;safe mode&quot;. The security issue has been fixed and an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score/2021 security advisory|advisory published]].

'''Problems'''
* You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289130|some wikis]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871217 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. During this time, operations on the CentralAuth will also not be possible.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:59, 23 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21923254 --&gt;

== Read-only reminder ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;MassMessage&quot;/&gt;
A maintenance operation will be performed on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871231 {{#time: l F d H:i e|2021-08-25T06:00|en}}]. It should only last for a few minutes.

This will affect your wiki as well as 11 other wikis. During this time, publishing edits will not be possible. 

Also during this time, operations on the CentralAuth will not be possible (GlobalRenames, changing/confirming e-mail addresses, logging into new wikis, password changes).

For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T289130|on Phabricator]].

A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation.

Please help your community to be aware of this maintenance operation. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}&lt;section end=&quot;MassMessage&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:35, 24 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21927201 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Tech News: 2021-35]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Some musical score syntax no longer works and may needed to be updated, you can check [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:score-error-category}}]] on your wiki for a list of pages with errors.

'''Problems'''
* Musical scores were unable to render lyrics in some languages because of missing fonts. This has been fixed now. If your language would prefer a different font, please file a request in Phabricator. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289554]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]] about this.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289660|Commons]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-09-06|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1630818058 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance.
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 13 September. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

16:02, 30 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21954810 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Tech News: 2021-36]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The wikis that have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] deployed have been part of A/B testing since deployment, in which some newcomers did not receive the new features. Now, all of the newcomers on 21 of the smallest of those wikis will be receiving the features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289786]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In 2017, the provided jQuery library was upgraded from version 1 to 3, with a compatibility layer. The migration will soon finish, to make the site load faster for everyone. If you maintain a gadget or user script, check if you have any JQMIGRATE errors and fix them, or they will break. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280944][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/6Z2BVLOBBEC2QP4VV4KOOVQVE52P3HOP/]
* Last year, the Portuguese Wikipedia community embarked on an experiment to make log-in compulsory for editing.  The [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Impact report for Login Required Experiment on Portuguese Wikipedia|impact report of this trial]] is ready. Moving forward, the Anti-Harassment Tools team is looking for projects that are willing to experiment with restricting IP editing on their wiki for a short-term experiment. [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Login Required Experiment|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

15:20, 6 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=21981010 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Tech News: 2021-37]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* 45 new Wikipedias now have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289680]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|A majority of Wikipedias]] now have access to the Growth features. The Growth team [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ|has published an FAQ page]] about the features. This translatable FAQ covers the description of the features, how to use them, how to change the configuration, and more.

'''Problems'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 14 September. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628002 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting this week, Wikipedia in Italian will receive weekly software updates on Wednesdays. It used to receive the updates on Thursdays. Due to this change, bugs will be noticed and fixed sooner. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286664]
* You can add language links in the sidebar in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|the new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlight]] tool marks up code with different colours. It now can highlight 23 new code languages. Additionally, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;golang&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; can now be used as an alias for the [[d:Q37227|Go programming language]], and a special &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;output&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; mode has been added to show a program's output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280117][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/SyntaxHighlight_GeSHi/+/715277/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

15:36, 13 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22009517 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Tech News: 2021-38]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Growth features are now deployed to almost all Wikipedias. [[phab:T290582|For the majority of small Wikipedias]], the features are only available for experienced users, to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#enable|test the features]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#config|configure them]]. Features will be available for newcomers starting on 20 September 2021.
* MediaWiki had a feature that would highlight local links to short articles in a different style. Each user could pick the size at which &quot;stubs&quot; would be highlighted. This feature was very bad for performance, and following a consultation, has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284917]
* A technical change was made to the MonoBook skin to allow for easier maintenance and upkeep. This has resulted in some minor changes to HTML that make MonoBook's HTML consistent with other skins. Efforts have been made to minimize the impact on editors, but please ping [[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]] on wiki or in [[phab:T290888|phabricator]] if any problems are reported.

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of an accidental restart of the search servers. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-09-13_cirrussearch_restart]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[s:Special:ApiHelp/query+proofreadinfo|meta=proofreadpage API]] has changed. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;piprop&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parameter has been renamed to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;prpiprop&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. API users should update their code to avoid unrecognized parameter warnings. Pywikibot users should upgrade to 6.6.0. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290585]

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks.  It is currently part of &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}&quot; in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki_1.37/Deprecation_of_legacy_API_token_parameters|previously announced]] change to how you obtain tokens from the API has been delayed to September 21 because of an incompatibility with Pywikibot. Bot operators using Pywikibot can follow [[phab:T291202|T291202]] for progress on a fix, and should plan to upgrade to 6.6.1 when it is released.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

18:33, 20 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22043415 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Tech News: 2021-39]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[w:en:IOS|iOS 15]] has a new function called [https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212614 Private Relay] (Apple website). This can hide the user's IP when they use [[w:en:Safari (software)|Safari]] browser. This is like using a [[w:en:Virtual private network|VPN]] in that we see another IP address instead. It is opt-in and only for those who pay extra for [[w:en:ICloud|iCloud]]. It will come to Safari users on [[:w:en:OSX|OSX]] later. There is a [[phab:T289795|technical discussion]] about what this means for the Wikimedia wikis.

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user-scripts add items to the [[m:Customization:Explaining_skins#Portlets|portlets]] (article tools) part of the skin. A recent change to the HTML may have made those links a different font-size. This can be fixed by adding the CSS class &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.vector-menu-dropdown-noicon&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291438]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Onboarding_new_Wikipedians#New_experience|GettingStarted extension]] was built in 2013, and provides an onboarding process for new account holders in a few versions of Wikipedia. However, the recently developed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] provide a better onboarding experience. Since the vast majority of Wikipedias now have access to the Growth features, GettingStarted will be deactivated starting on 4 October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235752]
* A small number of users will not be able to connect to the Wikimedia wikis after 30 September. This is because an old [[:w:en:root certificate|root certificate]] will no longer work. They will also have problems with many other websites. Users who have updated their software in the last five years are unlikely to have problems. Users in Europe, Africa and Asia are less likely to have immediate problems even if their software is too old. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/HTTPS/2021 Let's Encrypt root expiry|read more]].
* You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|receive notifications]] when someone leaves a comment on user talk page or mentions you in a talk page comment. Clicking the notification link will now bring you to the comment and highlight it. Previously, doing so brought you to the top of the section that contained the comment. You can find [[phab:T282029|more information in T282029.]]

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}&quot; in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [[phab:T288485|See the list of wikis.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W39&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

22:24, 27 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22077885 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Tech News: 2021-40]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them has been enabled for the following 10 wikis: mediawiki.org, the Italian, Catalan, Hebrew and Vietnamese Wikipedias, French Wikisource, and English Wikivoygage, Wikibooks, Wiktionary and Wikinews. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist on those wikis you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and bots that use the API to read the AbuseFilter log might break. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;hidden&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; property will no longer say an entry is &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;implicit&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for unsuppressed log entries about suppressed edits. If your bot needs to know this, do a separate revision query. Additionally, the property will have the value &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for visible entries; previously, it wasn't included in the response. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291718]
* A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them will be enabled for ''all production wikis''. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]].

'''Future changes'''
* You can soon get cross-wiki notifications in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]]. You can also get notifications as push notifications. More notification updates will follow in later versions. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Notifications#September_2021_update]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgExtraSignatureNamespaces&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgLegalTitleChars&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgIllegalFileChars&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will soon be removed from &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. These are not part of the &quot;stable&quot; variables available for use in wiki JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292011] 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgCookiePrefix&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgCookieDomain&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgCookiePath&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wgCookieExpiration&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will soon be removed from mw.config. Scripts should instead use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; from the &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#mediawiki.cookie|mediawiki.cookie]]&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot; module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291760]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;tech-newsletter-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

16:33, 4 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Tech News: 2021-41]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

* The [[mw:Manual:Table_of_contents#Auto-numbering|&quot;auto-number headings&quot; preference]] is being removed. You can read [[phab:T284921]] for the reasons and discussion. This change was [[m:Tech/News/2021/26|previously]] announced. [[mw:Snippets/Auto-number_headings|A JavaScript snippet]] is available which can be used to create a Gadget on wikis that still want to support auto-numbering.

'''Meetings'''
* You can join a meeting about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. A demonstration version of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|newest feature]] will be shown. The event will take place on Tuesday, 12 October at 16:00 UTC. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web/12-10-2021|See how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W41&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

15:31, 11 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Tech News: 2021-42]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*[[m:Toolhub|Toolhub]] is a catalogue to make it easier to find software tools that can be used for working on the Wikimedia projects. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LF4SSR4QRCKV6NPRFGUAQWUFQISVIPTS/ read more].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The developers of the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] are working on [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|communication in the app]]. You can now answer questions in [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingOctober2021|survey]] to help the development.
* 3–5% of editors may be blocked in the next few months. This is because of a new service in Safari, which is similar to a [[w:en:Proxy server|proxy]] or a [[w:en:VPN|VPN]]. It is called iCloud Private Relay. There is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|discussion about this]] on Meta. The goal is to learn what iCloud Private Relay could mean for the communities.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] is a new [[w:en:API|API]] for those who use a lot of information from the Wikimedia projects on other sites. It is a way to get big commercial users to pay for the data. There will soon be a copy of the Wikimedia Enterprise dataset. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/message/B2AX6PWH5MBKB4L63NFZY3ADBQG7MSBA/ read more]. You can also ask the team questions [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88994018553 on Zoom] on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&amp;min=00&amp;sec=0&amp;day=22&amp;month=10&amp;year=2021 22 October 15:00 UTC].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W42&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:54, 18 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22176877 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Tech News: 2021-43]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 27 October.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
*[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff|Diff pages]] will have an improved copy and pasting experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Copy paste diffs|The changes]] will allow the text in the diff for before and after to be treated as separate columns and will remove any unwanted syntax. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192526]
* The version of the [[w:en:Liberation fonts|Liberation fonts]] used in SVG files will be upgraded. Only new thumbnails will be affected. Liberation Sans Narrow will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253600]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join a meeting about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. News about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes will be shown. The event will take place on Wednesday, 27 October at 14:30 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/Talk to Us|See how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W43&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:08, 25 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22232718 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Tech News: 2021-44]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a limit on the amount of emails a user can send each day. This limit is now global instead of per-wiki. This change is to prevent abuse. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293866]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W44&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:28, 1 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22269406 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Tech News: 2021-45]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Mobile IP editors are now able to receive warning notices indicating they have a talk page message on the mobile website (similar to the orange banners available on desktop). These notices will be displayed on every page outside of the main namespace and every time the user attempts to edit. The notice on desktop now has a slightly different colour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284642][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278105]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[phab:T294321|Wikidata will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 11 November. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1636610400 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294321]
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Future changes'''
* In the future, unregistered editors will be given an identity that is not their [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. This is for legal reasons. A new user right will let editors who need to know the IPs of unregistered accounts to fight vandalism, spam, and harassment, see the IP. You can read the [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|suggestions for how that identity could work]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|discuss on the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W45&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:37, 8 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22311003 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Tech News: 2021-46]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Most [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Maximum_file_size#MAXTHUMB|large file uploads]] errors that had messages like &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;stashfailed&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot; or &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;DBQueryError&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot; have now been fixed. An [[wikitech:Incident documentation/2021-11-04 large file upload timeouts|incident report]] is available.

'''Problems'''
* Sometimes, edits made on iOS using the visual editor save groups of numbers as telephone number links, because of a feature in the operating system. This problem is under investigation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116525]
* There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of a configuration error. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-11-10_cirrussearch_commonsfile_outage]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W46&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

22:07, 15 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22338097 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Tech News: 2021-47]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
*The template dialog in VisualEditor and in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|new wikitext mode]] Beta feature will be [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|heavily improved]] on [[phab:T286992|a few wikis]]. Your [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|feedback is welcome]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W47&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:03, 22 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22366010 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Tech News: 2021-48]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W48&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:15, 29 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Tech News: 2021-49]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* MediaWiki 1.38-wmf.11 was scheduled to be deployed on some wikis last week. The deployment was delayed because of unexpected problems.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* At all Wikipedias, a Mentor Dashboard is now available at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Special:MentorDashboard&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. It allows registered mentors, who take care of newcomers' first steps, to monitor their assigned newcomers' activity. It is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. You can learn more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How_to_configure_the_mentors%27_list|activating the mentor list]] on your wiki and about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor dashboard|the mentor dashboard project]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The predecessor to the current [[mw:API|MediaWiki Action API]] (which was created in 2008), &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=ajax&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to the corresponding API module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42786]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An old ResourceLoader module, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;jquery.jStorage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, which was deprecated in 2016, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.storage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143034]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W49&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:59, 6 December 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Tech News: 2021-50]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There are now default [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespace#Other_namespace_aliases|short aliases]] for the &quot;Project:&quot; namespace on most wikis. E.g. On Wikibooks wikis, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[WB:]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will go to the local language default for the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Project:]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace. This change is intended to help the smaller communities have easy access to this feature. Additional local aliases can still be requested via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|the usual process]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293839]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W50&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

22:28, 13 December 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Tech News: 2021-51]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2021-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 10 January 2022.

'''Recent changes'''
* Queries made by the DynamicPageList extension (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;DynamicPageList&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) are now only allowed to run for 10 seconds and error if they take longer. This is in response to multiple outages where long-running queries caused an outage on all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380#7575719]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.

'''Future changes'''
* The developers of the Wikipedia iOS app are looking for testers who edit in multiple languages. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/202112 testing|read more and let them know if you are interested]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2021 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2B7KYL5VLQNHGQQHMYLW7KTUKXKAYY3T/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2021-W51&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

22:06, 20 December 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Tech News: 2022-02]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;oauth_consumer&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; variable has been added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] to enable identifying changes made by specific tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298281]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#Package_Gadgets|now able to directly include JSON pages]]. This means some gadgets can now be configured by administrators without needing the interface administrator permission, such as with the Geonotice gadget. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198758]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets [[mw:Extension:Gadgets#Options|can now specify page actions]] on which they are available. For example, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;|actions=edit,history&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will load a gadget only while editing and on history pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63007]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets can now be loaded on demand with the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;withgadget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URL parameter. This can be used to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Snippets/Load JS and CSS by URL|an earlier snippet]] that typically looks like &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;withJS&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;withCSS&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] At wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|the Mentorship system is configured]], you can now use the Action API to get a list of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|mentor's]] mentees. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291966]
* The heading on the main page can now be configured using &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]]&lt;/span&gt; for logged-in users and &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]]&lt;/span&gt; for logged-out users. Any CSS that was previously used to hide the heading should be removed. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Small_wiki_toolkits/Starter_kit/Main_page_customization#hide-heading] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298715]
* Four special pages (and their API counterparts) now have a maximum database query execution time of 30 seconds. These special pages are: RecentChanges, Watchlist, Contributions, and Log. This change will help with site performance and stability. You can read [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPJNO75HYAQWIGTHI5LJHTDVLVOC4LJP/ more details about this change] including some possible solutions if this affects your workflows. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297708]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|sticky header]] has been deployed for 50% of logged-in users on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions#pilot-wikis|more than 10 wikis]]. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Participate|how to take part in the project]]. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Events'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] begins. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W02&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

01:24, 11 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Tech News: 2022-03]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* When using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|WikiEditor]] (also known as the 2010 wikitext editor), people will now see a warning if they link to disambiguation pages.  If you click &quot;{{int:Disambiguator-review-link}}&quot; in the warning, it will ask you to correct the link to a more specific term. You can [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages#Jan 12, 2021: Turning on the changes for all Wikis|read more information]] about this completed 2021 Community Wishlist item.
* You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#subscribe|automatically subscribe to all of the talk page discussions]] that you start or comment in using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|DiscussionTools]].  You will receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when another editor replies.  This is available at most wikis.  Go to your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]] and turn on &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263819]
* When asked to create a new page or talk page section, input fields can be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating_pages_with_preloaded_text|&quot;preloaded&quot; with some text]]. This feature is now limited to wikitext pages. This is so users can't be tricked into making malicious edits. There is a discussion about [[phab:T297725|if this feature should be re-enabled]] for some content types.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Events'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] continues. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W03&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:55, 17 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Tech News: 2022-04]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The following languages can now be used with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]]: BDD, Elpi, LilyPond, Maxima, Rita, Savi, Sed, Sophia, Spice, .SRCINFO.
* You can now access your watchlist from outside of the user menu in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]]. The watchlist link appears next to the notification icons if you are at the top of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289619]

'''Events'''
* You can see the results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] and learn more about 14 tools which were selected this year.
* You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translate, promote]], or comment on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Proposals|the proposals]] in the Community Wishlist Survey. Voting will begin on {{#time:j xg|2022-01-28|en}}.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W04&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:38, 24 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Tech News: 2022-05]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] If a gadget should support the new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;?withgadget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; URL parameter that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|announced]] 3 weeks ago, then it must now also specify &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;supportsUrlLoad&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; in the gadget definition ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#supportsUrlLoad|documentation]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* A change that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|announced]] last year was delayed. It is now ready to move ahead:
** The user group &lt;code&gt;oversight&lt;/code&gt; will be renamed &lt;code&gt;suppress&lt;/code&gt;. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in three weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. As usual, these labels can be translated on translatewiki ([[phab:T112147|direct links are available]]) or by administrators on your wiki.

'''Events'''
* You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 28 January and 11 February. The survey decides what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W05&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

17:42, 31 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=22721804 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Tech News: 2022-06]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* English Wikipedia recently set up a gadget for dark mode. You can enable it there, or request help from an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrator]] to set it up on your wiki ([[w:en:Wikipedia:Dark mode (gadget)|instructions and screenshot]]).
* Category counts are sometimes wrong. They will now be completely recounted at the beginning of every month. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299823]

'''Problems'''
* A code-change last week to fix a bug with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live Preview]] may have caused problems with some local gadgets and user-scripts. Any code with skin-specific behaviour for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;vector&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; should be updated to also check for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;vector-2022&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [[phab:T300987|A code-snippet, global search, and example are available]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W06&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:16, 7 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Tech News: 2022-07]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Purge|Purging]] a category page with fewer than 5,000 members will now recount it completely. This will allow editors to fix incorrect counts when it is wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85696]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rmspecials()&lt;/code&gt; function has been updated so that it does not remove the &quot;space&quot; character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rmspecials()&lt;/code&gt; with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;rmwhitespace()&lt;/code&gt; wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W07&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:19, 14 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Tech News: 2022-08]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[Special:Nuke|Special:Nuke]] will now provide the standard deletion reasons (editable at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]]&lt;/bdi&gt;) to use when mass-deleting pages. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Admins and patrollers/Mass-delete to offer drop-down of standard reasons, or templated reasons.|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25020]
* At Wikipedias, all new accounts now get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] by default when creating an account. Communities are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Account_creation|update their help resources]]. Previously, only 80% of new accounts would get the Growth features. A few Wikipedias remain unaffected by this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301820]
* You can now prevent specific images that are used in a page from appearing in other locations, such as within PagePreviews or Search results. This is done with the markup &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;class=notpageimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. For example, &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[File:Example.png|class=notpageimage]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301588]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There has been a change to the HTML of Special:Contributions, Special:MergeHistory, and History pages, to support the grouping of changes by date in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva_Neue|the mobile skin]]. While unlikely, this may affect gadgets and user scripts. A [[phab:T298638|list of all the HTML changes]] is on Phabricator.

'''Events'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey results]] have been published. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2022 results#leaderboard|ranking of prioritized proposals]] is also available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The software to play videos and audio files on pages will change soon on all wikis. The old player will be removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Toolforge's underlying operating system is being updated. If you maintain any tools there, there are two options for migrating your tools into the new system.  There are [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Stretch deprecation|details, deadlines, and instructions]] on Wikitech. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EPJFISC52T7OOEFH5YYMZNL57O4VGSPR/]
* Administrators will soon have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete]] the associated &quot;talk&quot; page when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option will also be available. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|a request from the 2021 Wishlist Survey]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W08&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:12, 21 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Tech News: 2022-09]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* When searching for edits by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|change tags]], e.g. in page history or user contributions, there is now a dropdown list of possible tags. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Miscellaneous/Improve plain-text change tag selector|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27909]
* Mentors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|Growth Mentor dashboard]] will now see newcomers assigned to them who have made at least one edit, up to 200 edits. Previously, all newcomers assigned to the mentor were visible on the dashboard, even ones without any edit or ones who made hundred of edits. Mentors can still change these values using the filters on their dashboard. Also, the last choice of filters will now be saved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301268][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294460]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The user group &lt;code&gt;oversight&lt;/code&gt; was renamed &lt;code&gt;suppress&lt;/code&gt;. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. You may need to update any local references to the old name, e.g. gadgets, links to Special:Listusers, or uses of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words|NUMBERINGROUP]].

'''Problems'''
* The recent change to the HTML of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking changes|tracking changes]] pages caused some problems for screenreaders. This is being fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298638]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* Working with templates will become easier. [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Templates|Several improvements]] are planned for March 9 on most wikis and on March 16 on English Wikipedia. The improvements include: Bracket matching, syntax highlighting colors, finding and inserting templates, and related visual editor features.
* If you are a template developer or an interface administrator, and you are intentionally overriding or using the default CSS styles of user feedback boxes (the classes: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;successbox, messagebox, errorbox, warningbox&lt;/code&gt;), please note that these classes and associated CSS will soon be removed from MediaWiki core. This is to prevent problems when the same class-names are also used on a wiki. Please let us know by commenting at [[phab:T300314]] if you think you might be affected.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W09&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

23:00, 28 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Tech News: 2022-10]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with some interface labels last week. It will be fixed this week. This change was part of ongoing work to simplify the support for skins which do not have active maintainers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301203]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W10&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:16, 7 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Tech News: 2022-11]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the Wikipedia Android app [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Communication#Updates|it is now possible]] to change the toolbar at the bottom so the tools you use more often are easier to click on. The app now also has a focused reading mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296753][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254771]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with the collection of some page-view data from June 2021 to January 2022 on all wikis. This means the statistics are incomplete. To help calculate which projects and regions were most affected, relevant datasets are being retained for 30 extra days. You can [[m:Talk:Data_retention_guidelines#Added_exception_for_page_views_investigation|read more on Meta-wiki]].
* There was a problem with the databases on March 10. All wikis were unreachable for logged-in users for 12 minutes. Logged-out users could read pages but could not edit or access uncached content then. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2022-03-10_MediaWiki_availability]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* When [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message#Finding_messages_and_documentation|using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;uselang=qqx&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to find localisation messages]], it will now show all possible message keys for navigation tabs such as &quot;{{int:vector-view-history}}&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300069]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Access to [[{{#special:RevisionDelete}}]] has been expanded to include users who have &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;deletelogentry&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;deletedhistory&lt;/code&gt; rights through their group memberships. Before, only those with the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;deleterevision&lt;/code&gt; right could access this special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301928]
* On the [[{{#special:Undelete}}]] pages for diffs and revisions, there will be a link back to the main Undelete page with the list of revisions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284114]

'''Future changes'''
*  The Wikimedia Foundation has announced the IP Masking implementation strategy and next steps. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#feb25|announcement can be read here]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Android FAQ|Wikipedia Android app]] developers are working on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|new functions]] for user talk pages and article talk pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297617]

'''Events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place as a hybrid event on 20-22 May 2022. The Hackathon will be held online and there are grants available to support local in-person meetups around the world. Grants can be requested until 20 March.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W11&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

22:08, 14 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Tech News: 2022-12]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translations]] are available.

'''New code release schedule for this week'''
* There will be four MediaWiki releases this week, instead of just one. This is an experiment which should lead to fewer problems and to faster feature updates. The releases will be on all wikis, at different times, on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Release Engineering Team/Trainsperiment week|read more about this project]].

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now set how many search results to show by default in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|your Preferences]]. This was the 12th most popular wish in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215716]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Jupyter notebooks tool [[wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] has been updated to a new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295043]

'''Future changes'''
* Interactive maps via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will soon work on wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions]] extension. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Kartographer-Workflows-EN/ Please tell us] which improvements you want to see in Kartographer. You can take this survey in simple English. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W12&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

16:01, 21 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Tech News: 2022-13]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a simple new Wikimedia Commons upload tool available for macOS users, [[c:Commons:Sunflower|Sunflower]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of regular database maintenance. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301850][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303798]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W13&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:55, 28 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23073711 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Tech News: 2022-14]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* For a few days last week, edits that were suggested to newcomers were not tagged in the [[{{#special:recentchanges}}]] feed. This bug has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304747]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]).

'''Future changes'''
* Starting next week, Tech News' title will be translatable. When the newsletter is distributed, its title may not be &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;Tech News: 2022-14&lt;/code&gt; anymore. It may affect some filters that have been set up by some communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302920]
* Over the next few months, the &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; Growth feature [[phab:T304110|will become available to more Wikipedias]]. Each week, a few wikis will get the feature. You can test this tool at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth#deploymentstable|a few wikis where &quot;Link recommendation&quot; is already available]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W14&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:01, 4 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23097604 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-15&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new public status page at &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikimediastatus.net/ www.wikimediastatus.net]&lt;/span&gt;. This site shows five automated high-level metrics where you can see the overall health and performance of our wikis' technical environment. It also contains manually-written updates for widespread incidents, which are written as quickly as the engineers are able to do so while also fixing the actual problem. The site is separated from our production infrastructure and hosted by an external service, so that it can be accessed even if the wikis are briefly unavailable. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/03/31/announcing-www-wikimediastatus-net/ read more about this project].
* On Wiktionary wikis, the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W15&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:45, 11 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-16&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]).
* Administrators will now have [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete the associated &quot;Talk&quot; page]] when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option is also available. This concludes the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|11th wish of the 2021 Community Wishlist Survey]].
* On [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#test-wikis|selected wikis]], 50% of logged-in users will see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Table of contents|table of contents]]. When scrolling up and down the page, the table of contents will stay in the same place on the screen. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304169]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Message boxes produced by MediaWiki code will no longer have these CSS classes: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;successbox&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;errorbox&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;warningbox&lt;/code&gt;. The styles for those classes and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;messagebox&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from MediaWiki core. This only affects wikis that use these classes in wikitext, or change their appearance within site-wide CSS. Please review any local usage and definitions for these classes you may have. This was previously announced in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|28 February issue of Tech News]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will become compatible with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions page stabilization]]. Kartographer maps will also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions] The Kartographer documentation has been thoroughly updated. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Getting_started] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/Maps] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W16&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

23:12, 18 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-17&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*  On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group1.dblist many wikis] (group 1), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]).
* Some very old browsers and operating systems are no longer supported. Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in very old browsers like Internet Explorer 9 or 10, Android 4, or Firefox 38 or older. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306486]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W17&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

22:56, 25 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-18&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group2.dblist all remaining wikis] (group 2), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The developers are working on talk pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|Wikipedia app for iOS]]. You can [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9GBcHczQGLbQWTY give feedback]. You can take the survey in English, German, Hebrew or Chinese.
* [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements#Status_and_next_steps|Most wikis]] will receive an [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements|improved template dialog]] in VisualEditor and New Wikitext mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296759] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306967]
* If you use syntax highlighting while editing wikitext, you can soon activate a [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|colorblind-friendly color scheme]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306867]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Several CSS IDs related to MediaWiki interface messages will be removed. Technical editors should please [[phab:T304363|review the list of IDs and links to their existing uses]]. These include &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;#mw-anon-edit-warning&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;#mw-undelete-revision&lt;/code&gt; and 3 others.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W18&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:34, 2 মে' 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23232924 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-19&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now see categories in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia app for Android]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73966]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, there was a problem with Wikidata's search autocomplete. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307586]
* Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 20 minutes, for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a problem with a database change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307647]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305217#7894966]
*  [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation#Current issues|Incompatibility issues]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] will be fixed: Deployment is planned for May 10 on all wikis. Kartographer will then be enabled on the [[phab:T307348|five wikis which have not yet enabled the extension]] on May 24.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] skin will be set as the default on several more wikis, including Arabic and Catalan Wikipedias. Logged-in users will be able to switch back to the old Vector (2010). See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|latest update]] about Vector (2022).

'''Future meetings'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place on 17 May. The following meetings are currently planned for: 7 June, 21 June, 5 July, 19 July.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W19&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

15:23, 9 মে' 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23256717 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-20&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* Some wikis can soon use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]] feature. This will start on Wednesday. The wikis are {{int:project-localized-name-cawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-svwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place online on May 20–22. It will be in English. There are also local [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Meetups|hackathon meetups]] in Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Nigeria and the United States. Technically interested Wikimedians can work on software projects and learn new skills. You can also host a session or post a project you want to work on.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You can soon edit translatable pages in the visual editor. Translatable pages exist on for examples Meta and Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/05/12/mediawiki-1-38-brings-support-for-editing-translatable-pages-with-the-visual-editor/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W20&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

18:58, 16 মে' 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23291515 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-21&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Administrators using the mobile web interface can now access Special:Block directly from user pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307341]
* The &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wiktionary.org/ www.wiktionary.org]&lt;/span&gt; portal page now uses an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304629]

'''Problems'''
* The Growth team maintains a mentorship program for newcomers. Previously, newcomers weren't able to opt out from the program. Starting May 19, 2022, newcomers are able to fully opt out from Growth mentorship, in case they do not wish to have any mentor at all. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287915]
* Some editors cannot access the content translation tool if they load it by clicking from the contributions menu. This problem is being worked on. It should still work properly if accessed directly via Special:ContentTranslation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308802]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and user scripts developers are invited to give feedback on a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Extension:Gadget/Policy|proposed technical policy]] aiming to improve support from MediaWiki developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308686]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W21&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

00:21, 24 May 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23317250 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-22&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]]  In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, an &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ip_in_ranges()&lt;/code&gt; function has been introduced to check if an IP is in any of the ranges. Wikis are advised to combine multiple &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ip_in_range()&lt;/code&gt; expressions joined by &lt;code&gt;|&lt;/code&gt; into a single expression for better performance. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305017]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature|IP Info feature]] which helps abuse fighters access information about IPs, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May 24, 2022|has been deployed]] to all wikis as a beta feature. This comes after weeks of beta testing on test.wikipedia.org.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at most wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]]  The [[:mw:Special:ApiHelp/query+usercontribs|list=usercontribs API]] will support fetching contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] soon. API users can set the &lt;code&gt;uciprange&lt;/code&gt; parameter to get contributions from any IP range within [[:mw:Manual:$wgRangeContributionsCIDRLimit|the limit]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177150]
* A new parser function will be introduced: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{=}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. It will replace existing templates named &quot;=&quot;. It will insert an [[w:en:Equals sign|equal sign]]. This can be used to escape the equal sign in the parameter values of templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91154]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W22&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:29, 30 May 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-23&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;str_replace_regexp()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; function can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to replace parts of text using a [[w:en:Regular expression|regular expression]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285468]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W23&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

02:46, 7 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23366979 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-24&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* All wikis can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps. Kartographer maps now also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307348]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300471]
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-abwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-acewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-adywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-akwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-alswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-amwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-anwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-angwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-astwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-atjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-avwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-aywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azbwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304548]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at Commons, Wikidata, and some other wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804]

'''Future meetings'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place today (13 June). The following meetings will take place on: 28 June, 12 July, 26 July.

'''Future changes'''
* By the end of July, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]] skin should be ready to become the default across all wikis. Discussions on how to adjust it to the communities' needs will begin in the next weeks. It will always be possible to revert to the previous version on an individual basis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W24&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

16:59, 13 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-25&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia App for Android]] now has an option for editing the whole page at once, located in the overflow menu (three-dots menu [[File:Ic more vert 36px.svg|15px|link=|alt=]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103622]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some recent database changes may affect queries using the [[m:Research:Quarry|Quarry tool]]. Queries for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;site_stats&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; at English Wikipedia, Commons, and Wikidata will need to be updated. [[phab:T306589|Read more]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;user_global_editcount&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; variable can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to avoid affecting globally active users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130439]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Users of non-responsive skins (e.g. MonoBook or Vector) on mobile devices may notice a slight change in the default zoom level. This is intended to optimize zooming and ensure all interface elements are present on the page (for example the table of contents on Vector 2022). In the unlikely event this causes any problems with how you use the site, we'd love to understand better, please ping &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]]&lt;/span&gt; to any on-wiki conversations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306910]

'''Future changes'''
* The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July.  Discussions will look different.  You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid's HTML output will soon stop annotating file links with different &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;typeof&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute values, and instead use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw:File&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for all types. Tool authors should adjust any code that expects: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw:Image&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw:Audio&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw:Video&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273505]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W25&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:18, 20 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23425855 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-26&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] API service now has self-service accounts with free on-demand requests and monthly snapshots ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/ API documentation]). Community access [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#community-access|via database dumps &amp; Wikimedia Cloud Services]] continues.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary#lua|All Wikimedia wikis can now use Wikidata Lexemes in Lua]] after creating local modules and templates. Discussions are welcome [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#You_can_now_reuse_Wikidata_Lexemes_on_all_wikis|on the project talk page]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311033]
*  Some global and cross-wiki services will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} at 06:00 UTC. This will impact ContentTranslation, Echo, StructuredDiscussions, Growth experiments and a few more services. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300472]
* Users will be able to sort columns within sortable tables in the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233340]

'''Future meetings'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (28 June). The following meetings will take place on 12 July and 26 July.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W26&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

20:03, 27 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23453785 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-27&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]).
* The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July.  Discussions will look different.  You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] This change only affects pages in the main namespace in Wikisource. The Javascript config variable &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;proofreadpage_source_href&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be removed from &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and be replaced with the variable &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;prpSourceIndexPage&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309490]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W27&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:32, 4 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-28&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], the page title is now displayed above the tabs such as Discussion, Read, Edit, View history, or More. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates#Page title/tabs switch|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303549]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] It is now possible to easily view most of the configuration settings that apply to just one wiki, and to compare settings between two wikis if those settings are different. For example: [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=jawiktionary Japanese Wiktionary settings], or [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=eswiki&amp;compare=eowiki settings that are different between the Spanish and Esperanto Wikipedias]. Local communities may want to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting_wiki_configuration_changes|discuss and propose changes]] to their local settings. Details about each of the named settings can be found by [[mw:Special:Search|searching MediaWiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308932]
*The Anti-Harassment Tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May|recently deployed]] the IP Info Feature as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature at all wikis]]. This feature allows abuse fighters to access information about IP addresses. Please check our update on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#April|how to find and use the tool]]. Please share your feedback using a link you will be given within the tool itself.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]).

'''Future changes'''
* The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July.  Discussions will look different.  You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W28&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:25, 11 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-29&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* The feature on mobile web for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:NearbyPages|Nearby Pages]] was missing last week. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312864]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Forum|Technical Decision Forum]] is seeking [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Community_representation|community representatives]]. You can apply on wiki or by emailing &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;TDFSupport@wikimedia.org&lt;/span&gt; before 12 August.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W29&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

23:00, 18 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23517957 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-30&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikibooks.org/ www.wikibooks.org]&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikiquote.org/ www.wikiquote.org]&lt;/span&gt; portal pages now use an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179]

'''Problems'''
*  Last week, some wikis were in read-only mode for a few minutes because of an emergency switch of their main database ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313383]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The external link icon will change slightly in the skins Vector legacy and Vector 2022. The new icon uses simpler shapes to be more recognizable on low-fidelity screens. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261391]
* Administrators will now see buttons on user pages for &quot;{{int:changeblockip}}&quot; and &quot;{{int:unblockip}}&quot; instead of just &quot;{{int:blockip}}&quot; if the user is already blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308570]

'''Future meetings'''
* The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (26 July).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W30&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:27, 25 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-31&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Improved [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Phantom|LaTeX capabilities for math rendering]] are now available in the wikis thanks to supporting &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Phantom&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tags. This completes part of [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Editing/Missing_LaTeX_capabilities_for_math_rendering|the #59 wish]] of the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup0.dblist Group 0]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]].

'''Future changes'''
* The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August.  Discussions will look different.  You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]].

'''Future meetings'''
* This week, three meetings about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] with live interpretation will take place. On Tuesday, interpretation in Russian will be provided. On Thursday, meetings for Arabic and Spanish speakers will take place. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|See how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W31&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:22, 1 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-32&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] copies the information from [[{{#special:GadgetUsage}}]] to an on-wiki page so you can review its history. If your project isn't already listed on the [[d:Q113143828|Wikidata entry for Project:GUS2Wiki]] you can either run GUS2Wiki yourself or [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script#Opting|make a request to receive updates]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121049]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-09|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-11|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]).

'''Future meetings'''
* The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place online from August 12–14. Don't miss [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|the pre-hacking showcase]] to learn about projects and find collaborators. Anyone can [[phab:/project/board/6030/|propose a project]] or [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|host a session]]. [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Newcomers|Newcomers are welcome]]!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W32&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19:50, 8 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23627807 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-33&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Persian (Farsi) Wikipedia community decided to block IP editing from October 2021 to April 2022. The Wikimedia Foundation's Product Analytics team tracked the impact of this change. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study/Farsi Wikipedia|An impact report]] is now available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup1.dblist Group 1]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]].

'''Future changes'''
* The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August.  Discussions will look different.  You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#4_August_2022][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312672]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W33&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:09, 15 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23658001 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-34&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Two problems with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps have been fixed. Maps are no longer shown as empty when a geoline was created via VisualEditor. Geolines consisting of points with QIDs (e.g., subway lines) are no longer shown with pushpins. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292613][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308560]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]).
* The colours of links and visited links will change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213778]

'''Future changes'''
* The new [{{int:discussiontools-topicsubscription-button-subscribe}}] button [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications#12 August 2022|helps newcomers get answers]].  The Editing team is enabling this tool everywhere.  You can turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284489]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W34&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

00:13, 23 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23675501 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-35&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] is available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup2.dblist Group 2]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. Please note that when this Beta feature is enabled, it may cause conflicts with some wiki-specific Gadgets.

'''Problems'''
* In recent months, there have been inaccurate numbers shown for various [[{{#special:statistics}}]] at Commons, Wikidata, and English Wikipedia. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315693]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]).

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation wants to improve how Wikimedia communities report harmful incidents by building the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System|Private Incident Reporting System (PIRS)]] to make it easy and safe for users to make reports. You can leave comments on the talk page, by answering the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System#Phase 1|questions provided]].  If you have ever faced a harmful situation that you wanted to report/reported, join a PIRS interview to share your experience. To sign up [[m:Special:EmailUser/MAna_(WMF)|please email]] &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:MAna (WMF)|Madalina Ana]]&lt;/span&gt;.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W35&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

23:06, 29 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On Special pages that only have one tab, the tab-bar's row will be hidden in the Vector-2022 skin to save space. The row will still show if Gadgets use it. Gadgets that currently append directly to the CSS id of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#p-namespaces&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; should be updated to use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortletLink|mw.util.addPortletLink]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; function instead. Gadgets that style this id should consider also targeting &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#p-associated-pages&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, the new id for this row. [[phab:T316908|Examples are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316908][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313409]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

23:22, 5 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-37&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The search servers have been upgraded to a new major version. If you notice any issues with searching, please report them on [[phab:project/view/1849/|Phabricator]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/XPCTYYTN67FVFKN6XOHULJVGUO44J662]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|Syntax highlighting]] is now tracked as an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgExpensiveParserFunctionLimit|expensive parser function]]. Only 500 expensive function calls can be used on a single page. Pages that exceed the limit are added to a [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:expensive-parserfunction-category}}|tracking category]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316858]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W37&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

01:50, 13 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23787318 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-38&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two database fields in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;templatelinks&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table are now being dropped: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tl_namespace&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tl_title&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Any queries that rely on these fields need to be changed to use the new normalization field called &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;tl_target_id&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. See &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[phab:T299417|T299417]]&lt;/span&gt; for more information. This is part of [[w:Database normalization|normalization]] of links tables. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/U2U6TXIBABU3KDCVUOITIGI5OJ4COBSW/][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:ASarabadani_(WMF)/Database_for_devs_toolkit/Concepts/Normalization]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* In [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps, you can use icons on markers for common points of interest. On Tuesday, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Icons|previous icon set]] will be updated to [https://de.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Hilfe:Extension:Kartographer/Icons version maki 7.2]. That means, around 100 new icons will be available.  Additionally, all existing icons were updated for clarity and to make them work better in international contexts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302861][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Update_maki_icons]

'''Future changes'''
* In a [[m:Content_Partnerships_Hub/Software/Volunteer_developers_discussion_at_Wikimania_2022|group discussion at Wikimania]], more than 30 people talked about how to make content partnership software in the Wikimedia movement more sustainable. What kind of support is acceptable for volunteer developers? Read the summary and [[m:Talk:Content Partnerships Hub/Software/Volunteer developers discussion at Wikimania 2022|leave your feedback]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W38&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/span&gt; 22:16, 19 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23826293 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-39&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid clients should be updated to allow for space-separated multi-values in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;rel&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute of links. Further details are in &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[phab:T315209|T315209]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|Visual diffs]] will become available to all users, except at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.  They should be easier to use and provide more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile]
* In the [[mw:Lua/Scripting|{{ns:828}}]] namespace, pages ending with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.json&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be treated as JSON, just like they already are in the {{ns:2}} and {{ns:8}} namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144475]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W39&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:30, 27 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23860085 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-40&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now show geopoints from Wikidata, via QID or SPARQL query. Previously, this was only possible for geoshapes and geolines. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307695] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints_via_QID]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2022]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 12 October.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.  They should be easier to use and provide more information. (Last week's release was delayed) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;scribunto-console&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; API module will require a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Tokens|CSRF token]]. This module is documented as internal and use of it is not supported. [[phab:T212071|[5]]] 
* The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikimedia projects. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#Deployment_plan_and_timeline|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W40&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:24, 4 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23885489 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-41&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* On some wikis, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps in full size view will be able to display nearby articles. After a feedback period, more wikis will follow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316782][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W41&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

14:09, 10 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23912412 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-42&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The recently implemented feature of [[phab:T306883|article thumbnails in Special:Search]] will be limited to Wikipedia projects only. Further details are in [[phab:T320510|T320510]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Data_Across_Wikimedia/Search_Improvements]
* A bug that caused problems in loading article thumbnails in Special:Search has been fixed. Further details are in [[phab:T320406|T320406]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can use &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#mw.loadJsonData|mw.loadJsonData()]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to load data from JSON pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217500]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can enable &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Strict_library|require( &quot;strict&quot; )]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to add errors for some possible code problems. This replaces &quot;[[wikidata:Q16748603|Module:No globals]]&quot; on most wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209310]

'''Future changes'''
* The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated at most wikis. The &quot;{{int:discussiontools-replylink}}&quot; button will look different after this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320683]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W42&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:46, 17 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23943992 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-43&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There have been some minor visual fixes in Special:Search, regarding audio player alignment and image placeholder height. Further details are in [[phab:T319230|T319230]].
* On Wikipedias, a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|preference]] has been added to hide article thumbnails in Special:Search. Full details are in [[phab:T320337|T320337]].

'''Problems'''
* Last week, three wikis ({{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruwiki/en}}) had read-only access for 25 minutes. This was caused by a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320990]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-aswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-banwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-barwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bat smgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bclwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-be x oldwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-biwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bjnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bpywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-brwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bxrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304549] 
* Starting on Wednesday October 26, 2022, the list of mentors will be upgraded [[d:Q14339834 | at wikis where Growth mentorship is available]]. The mentorship system will continue to work as it does now. The signup process [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#add|will be replaced]], and a new management option will be provided. Also, this change simplifies [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#create|the creation of mentorship systems at Wikipedias]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314858][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T310905][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured_mentor_list]
* Pages with titles that start with a lower-case letter according to Unicode 11 will be renamed or deleted. There is a list of affected pages at &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:Unicode 11 case map migration]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. More information can be found at [[phab:T292552|T292552]].
* The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikipedias. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#smallest-1|Learn more]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|New Topic tool]] will soon get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Special characters|special characters menu]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249072]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W43&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:23, 24 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23975411 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-44&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* When using keyboard navigation on a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map, the focus will become more visible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315997]
* In {{#special:RecentChanges}}, you can now hide the log entries for new user creations with the filter for &quot;{{int:rcfilters-filter-newuserlogactions-label}}&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321155]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|maps dialog]] in VisualEditor now has some help texts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318818]
* It is now possible to select the language of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor via a dropdown menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318817]
* It is now possible to add a caption to a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318815]
* It is now possible to hide the frame of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318813]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W44&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:16, 31 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=23977539 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-45&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* An updated version of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/EventCenter/Registration|Event Registration]] tool is now available for testing at [[testwiki:|testwiki]] and [[test2wiki:| test2wiki]]. The tool provides features for event organizers and participants. Your feedback is welcome at our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|project talkpage]]. More information about [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|the project]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318592]

'''Problems'''
* Twice last week, for about 45 minutes, some files and thumbnails failed to load and uploads failed, mostly for logged-in users. The cause is being investigated and an incident report will be available soon.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W45&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:32, 8 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24001035 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-46&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* At Wikidata, an interwiki link can now point to a redirect page if certain conditions are met. This new feature is called [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Sitelinks_to_redirects|sitelinks to redirects]]. It is needed when one wiki uses one page to cover multiple concepts but another wiki uses more pages to cover the same concepts. Your [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata talk:Sitelinks to redirects|feedback on the talkpage]] of the new proposed guideline is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278962]
* The &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikinews.org/ www.wikinews.org]&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikiversity.org/ www.wikiversity.org]&lt;/span&gt;, and &lt;span class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikivoyage.org/ www.wikivoyage.org]&lt;/span&gt; portal pages now use an automated update system. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* There will be a new link to directly &quot;Edit template data&quot; on Template pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316759]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis where mobile [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] are enabled ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Deployment Status|these ones]]) will soon use full CSS styling to display any templates that are placed at the top of talk pages. To adapt these “talk page boxes” for narrow mobile devices you can use media queries, such as in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/tmbox.css&amp;oldid=1097618699#L-69 this example]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312309]
* Starting in January 2023, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2023 Changes Update|running the Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) every two years]]. This means that in 2024, there will be no new proposals or voting.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W46&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:55, 14 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24071290 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-47&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The display of non-free media in the search bar and for article thumbnails in Special:Search has been deactivated. Further details are in [[phab:T320661|T320661]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-22|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-24|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W47&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:22, 21 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24071290 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-48&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* A new preference, “Enable limited width mode”, has been added to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Vector 2022 skin]]. The preference is also available as a toggle on every page if your monitor is 1600 pixels or wider. It allows for increasing the width of the page for logged-out and logged-in users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319449]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]).
* Mathematical formulas shown in SVG image format will no longer have PNG fall-backs for browsers that don't support them. This is part of work to modernise the generation system. Showing only PNG versions was the default option until in February 2018. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3BGOKWJIZGL4TC4HJ22ICRU2SEPWGCR4/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311620][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186327]
* On [[phab:P40224|some wikis]] that use flagged revisions, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs#Special:Contributions|a new checkbox will be added]] to Special:Contributions that enables you to see only the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]] by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321445]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change early next week at [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train#Wednesday group1 wikis] (but not Wikimedia Commons or Meta-Wiki). This change improves the accessibility of content, and makes it easier to write related CSS. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W48&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:03, 28 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24114342 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-49&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Wikisources use a tool called ProofreadPage. ProofreadPage uses OpenSeadragon which is an open source tool. The OpenSeadragon JavaScript API has been significantly re-written to support dynamically loading images. The functionality provided by the older version of the API should still work but it is no longer supported. User scripts and gadgets should migrate over to the newer version of the API. The functionality provided by the newer version of the API is [[mw:Extension:Proofread_Page/Page_viewer#JS_API|documented on MediaWiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Proofread_Page/Edit-in-Sequence]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W49&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:41, 6 December 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24151590 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-50&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* An [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|A/B test has begun]] at 15 Wikipedias for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools on mobile]].  Half of the editors on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile|mobile web site]] will have access to the {{int:discussiontools-replybutton}} tool and other features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321961]
* The character &lt;code&gt;=&lt;/code&gt; cannot be used in new usernames, to make usernames work better with templates. Existing usernames are not affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254045]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers|show discussion metadata below section headings]] will be inserted after these headings, not inside of them. This change improves the accessibility of discussion pages for screen reader software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314714]

'''Events'''
* The fourth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award]] will happen online on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1671210002 Friday 16 December 2022 at 17:00 UTC]! The event will be live-streamed on YouTube in the [https://www.youtube.com/user/watchmediawiki MediaWiki channel] and added to Commons afterwards.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W50&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:35, 12 December 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24216570 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2022-51&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2022-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2023.

'''Recent changes'''
* On a user's contributions page, you can filter it for edits with a tag like 'reverted'. Now, you can also filter for all edits that are not tagged like that. This was part of a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119072]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new function has been used for gadget developers to add content underneath the title on article pages. This is considered a stable API that should work across all skins. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addSubtitle|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316830]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[test2wiki:|One of our test wikis]] is now being served from a new infrastructure powered by [[w:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] ([[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more]]). More Wikis will switch to this new infrastructure in early 2023. Please test and let us know of any issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290536]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, all wikis had no edit access for 9 minutes. This was caused by a database problem. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2022-12-13_sessionstore]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week.
* The word &quot;{{int:discussiontools-replybutton}}&quot; is very short in some languages, such as Arabic (&quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;ردّ&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;). This makes the {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} button on talk pages difficult to use. An arrow icon will be added to those languages. This will only be visible to editors who have the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] turned on. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323537]

'''Future changes'''
* Edits can be automatically &quot;tagged&quot; by the system software or the {{int:Abusefilter}} system. Those tags link to a help page about the tags. Soon they will also link to Recent Changes to let you see other edits tagged this way. This was a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301063]
* The Trust &amp; Safety tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System/Timeline and Updates|have shared new plans]] for building the Private Incident Reporting System. The system will make it easier for editors to ask for help if they are harassed or abused. 
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime Preview for Wikitext]] is coming out of beta as an enabled feature for every user of the 2010 Wikitext [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editor|editor]] in the week of January 9, 2023. It will be available to use via the toolbar in the 2010 Wikitext editor. The feature was the 4th most popular wish of the Community Wishlist Survey 2021.

'''Events'''
* You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2023/Participate|register for the Wikimedia Hackathon 2023]], taking place on May 19–21 in Athens, Greece. You can also apply for a scholarship until January 14th.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2022-W51&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:00, 20 December 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24258101 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-02&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can use tags to filter edits in the recent changes feed or on your watchlist. You can now use tags to filter out edits you don't want to see. Previously you could only use tags to focus on the edits with those tags. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174349]
* [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] shows all pages that link to a specific page. There is now a [https://wlh.toolforge.org prototype] for how to sort those pages alphabetically. You can see the discussion in the [[phab:T4306|Phabricator ticket]].
* You can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thanks]] function on your watchlist and the user contribution page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51541]
* A wiki page can be moved to give it a new name. You can now get a dropdown menu with common reasons when you move a page. This is so you don't have to write the explanation every time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325257]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Matrix.org|Matrix]] is a chat tool. You can now use &lt;code&gt;matrix:&lt;/code&gt; to create Matrix links on wiki pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326021]
* You can filter out translations when you look at the recent changes on multilingual wikis. This didn't hide translation pages. You can now also hide subpages which are translation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233493]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime preview for wikitext]] is a tool which lets editors preview the page when they edit wikitext. It will be enabled for all users of the 2010 wikitext editor. You will find it in the editor toolbar.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]).
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W02&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:08, 10 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24342971 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-03&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in &quot;{{int:last}}&quot; links on page history now contain &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;diff=prev&amp;oldid=[revision ID]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; in place of &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;diff=[revision ID]&amp;oldid=[revision ID]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on &lt;code&gt;{{ns:1}}:&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;{{ns:3}}:&lt;/code&gt; namespaces.  These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as &lt;code&gt;{{ns:5}}:&lt;/code&gt;.  They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including &lt;code&gt;{{ns:4}}:&lt;/code&gt; pages (e.g., at the Village Pump).  You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417]
*On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841]
* The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]].

'''Future changes'''
* The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W03&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:11, 17 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24381020 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-04&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907]
* The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W04&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:46, 23 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24418874 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-05&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W05&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:06, 31 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24455949 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-06&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433]
* Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as &quot;What links here&quot; in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692]
*[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;skins=…&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W06&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 10:21, 6 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24491749 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-07&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site.  You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W07&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:49, 14 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24540832 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-08&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
*The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February.

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W08&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:58, 21 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24570514 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-09&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W09&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:47, 27 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24634242 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-10&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023.
* On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W10&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:50, 6 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24676916 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-11&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W11&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:20, 13 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24700189 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-12&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].
* There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W12&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:26, 21 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24732558 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-13&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609]
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521]
* Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W13&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:14, 28 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24780854 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-14&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.hoverIntent&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;hover()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; or &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;on()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194]
* Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242]
* You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__ARCHIVEDTALK__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; magic word.  There will also be a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.mw-archivedtalk&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221]

'''Future changes'''
* The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W14&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:40, 3 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24820268 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-15&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the &quot;{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}&quot; option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W15&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:05, 10 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24851886 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-16&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature &quot;{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}&quot;. Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for &quot;{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}&quot; for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246]

'''Problems'''
* At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W16&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:55, 18 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24881071 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-17&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]].  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316]

'''Problems'''
* Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940]
* For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794]

'''Changes later this week'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W17&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:04, 24 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24933592 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-18&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend &quot;Who Wrote That?&quot; tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891]
* The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits]
* The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W18&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:45, 2 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24966974 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-19&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;wikitext&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;html5&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;moin&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;html+handlebars&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&amp;section=new&amp;preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;preload=MediaWiki:July&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337]

'''Problems'''
* Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like &lt;bdi lang=&quot;de&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[:de:Modul:Graph]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&amp;action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750]

'''Future changes'''
* During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805]
* There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] &lt;code&gt;jquery.tipsy&lt;/code&gt; will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with &lt;code&gt;.tipsy(&lt;/code&gt; can be commented out. &lt;code&gt;OO.ui.PopupWidget&lt;/code&gt; can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W19&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:36, 9 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=24998636 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-20&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] 

'''Future changes'''
* There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W20&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:45, 15 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25011501 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-21&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The &quot;recent edits&quot; time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250]

'''Changes later this week'''
* An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W21&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

16:55, 22 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25028325 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-22&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has &quot;{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}&quot; options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - &quot;check all&quot; checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252]	

'''Problems'''
* For a few days earlier this month, the &quot;Add interlanguage link&quot; item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W22&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:04, 29 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25079963 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-23&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750]
* Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for &quot;{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}&quot;. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081]

'''Problems'''
* For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W23&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:52, 5 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25114640 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-24&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend &quot;Who Wrote That?&quot; tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341]
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937]
* The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064]

'''Problems'''
* For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__TOC__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101]
* Currently, the &quot;{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}&quot; feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#wpReason&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;#wpReason &gt; input&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&amp;diff=22859956&amp;oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529]

'''Future changes'''
* From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W24&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:52, 12 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25133779 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-25&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
* There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; or pressing &lt;code&gt;ctrl + shift + p&lt;/code&gt;. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W25&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:09, 19 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25159510 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-26&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;/&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to all &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;prop=extlinks&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the &lt;code&gt;externallinks&lt;/code&gt; database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.mbox-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;|targets=&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;|skins=&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; parameter in &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition&lt;/bdi&gt;) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268]
* All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126]
* The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W26&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:19, 26 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25202311 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-27&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W27&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:51, 3 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25231546 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-28&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles.
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159]
* [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431]
* The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&amp;messages=&amp;x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the &quot;Completion&quot; for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810]
* [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218]

'''Future changes'''
* There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI]
* There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W28&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:54, 10 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25278797 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-29&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;en-ca&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;en-gb&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;action=growthsetmentorstatus&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;action=growthmanagementorlist&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W29&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:08, 17 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25289122 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-30&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]]   On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W30&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:20, 25 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25332248 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-31&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates.
* The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338]
* The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open &quot;office hours&quot;|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI]

'''Problems'''
* It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W31&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:54, 31 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25362228 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-32&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on &quot;{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}&quot; in your settings and use the &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}&quot; button in the &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}&quot; menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W32&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:21, 7 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25420038 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-33&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] &lt;!-- TODO replace wiki codes --&gt;

'''Future changes'''
* A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W33&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 06:00, 15 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25428668 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-34&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868]
* From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages.
** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created:
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:blk:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540]
*** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|&lt;code&gt;s:su:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539]
** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are:
*** Wikifunctions ([[f:|&lt;code&gt;f:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945]
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:btm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216]
*** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|&lt;code&gt;w:gpe:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969]
*** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|&lt;code&gt;n:guw:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394]
*** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:kbd:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266]
*** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|&lt;code&gt;w:fat:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W34&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

15:25, 21 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25497111 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-35&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166]
* Wikisource users can now use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;prpbengalicurrency&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;pagelist&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tag.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932]
* Two preferences have been relocated. The preference &quot;{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}&quot; is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|&quot;{{int:prefs-editing}}&quot; tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the &quot;{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}&quot; tab at some wikis. The preference &quot;{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}&quot; is now also shown on the &quot;{{int:prefs-editing}}&quot; tab at all wikis, instead of the &quot;{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}&quot; tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]].
* All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921]

'''Future changes'''
* The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;=&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]].
* A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W35&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:00, 28 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25510866 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763]
* There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294]
* One new wiki has been created:
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|&lt;code&gt;w:tly:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166]
'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:34, 4 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25566983 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-37&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, &quot;{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}&quot; and &quot;{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}&quot;), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115]
* When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263]
* The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called &quot;[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]&quot;. Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely &quot;newsworthy&quot; topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W37&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:08, 11 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25589064 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-38&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263]
* All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W38&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:20, 18 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25623533 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-39&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mediawiki.ui&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there.
* Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new &quot;namespaces&quot; option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces.

'''Future changes'''
* New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;global_account_groups&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;global_account_editcount&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W39&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:51, 26 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25655264 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-40&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for &quot;{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}&quot;. This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new &quot;&lt;var&gt;contentModels&lt;/var&gt;&quot; option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;wikitext&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;css&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W40&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:27, 3 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25686930 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-41&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|&lt;code&gt;w:fon:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139]
* At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under &quot;Images recommendations&quot; [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#page-actions&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be replaced with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#p-views&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W41&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 14:39, 9 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25712895 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-42&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click &quot;Log in&quot; or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;addPortletLink&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;#p-namespaces&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the &quot;Discussion&quot; tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W42&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:47, 16 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25745824 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-43&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W43&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:17, 23 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25782286 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-44&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]).
* The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] 
* Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203]

'''Future changes'''
* There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]].
* The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W44&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:21, 30 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25801989 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-45&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W45&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:06, 6 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25838105 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-46&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Four new wikis have been created:
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|&lt;code&gt;w:zgh:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216]
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|&lt;code&gt;w:dga:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218]
** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|&lt;code&gt;w:bbc:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320]
** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|&lt;code&gt;q:bjn:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217]

'''Problems'''
* Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695]
* Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
* Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;meta.domain == &quot;canary&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W46&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:52, 13 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25859263 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-47&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot; ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] 
* The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711]

'''Future changes'''
* There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W47&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:55, 21 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25884616 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-48&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;await&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499]
* The deployment of &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]&quot; announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W48&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:09, 27 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25906379 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-49&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754]
* The &quot;{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}&quot; feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398]

'''Changes later this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for &quot;{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot; will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__NEWSECTIONLINK__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/]
* Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]].

'''Events'''
* Registration &amp; Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W49&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:50, 4 December 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25914435 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-50&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the &quot;choosing own vs not own work&quot; step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709]

'''Problems'''
* There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the &quot;impact module&quot; and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W50&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:13, 12 December 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25945501 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2023-51&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2023-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]].

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The &quot;Move Page&quot; feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794]

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]].
* The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2023-W51&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:18, 18 December 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=25959059 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-02&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W02&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W02&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:20, 9 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26026251 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-03&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as &quot;ES2015&quot;) and ES7 (&quot;ES2016&quot;). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;requiresES6&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957]
* You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388]
* An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;jquery.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module was deprecated and replaced with the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki.cookie&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966]

'''Future changes'''
* Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W03&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:13, 16 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26074460 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-04&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W04&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:04, 23 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26096197 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-05&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].&lt;!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--&gt; [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011]
* There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the &quot;Tools&quot; menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;targets&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;skins&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W05&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:31, 29 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26137870 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-06&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]].
*On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about &quot;action blocks&quot;]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199]

'''Future changes'''
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W06&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:22, 5 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26180971 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-07&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*  The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation]

'''Problems'''
*There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed.  

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W07&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 05:49, 13 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26223994 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-08&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* If you have the &quot;{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}&quot; option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984]
* There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively.
*Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]].
*The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid.
* The CSS &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; property can now be used in HTML &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;style&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W08&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:37, 19 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26254282 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-09&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value &lt;code&gt;wgGlobalGroups&lt;/code&gt; now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get(&quot;wgGlobalGroups&quot;)))&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;changetags&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024.
'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W09&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:23, 26 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26294125 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-10&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Special:Book&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; page (as well as the associated &quot;Create a book&quot; functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437]
* [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace.  Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details.
* Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Gadget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Gadget_definition&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespaces and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;gadgets-definition-edit&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272]
* A usability improvement to the &quot;Add a citation&quot; in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
*  All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233]
* The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;?useparsoid=1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]).
*

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W10&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:47, 4 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26329807 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-11&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498]
*The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315]

'''Future changes'''
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W11&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:04, 11 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26374013 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-12&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The notice &quot;Language links are at the top of the page&quot; that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/]
* Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746]

'''Problems'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W12&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:40, 18 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26410165 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-13&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W13&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:57, 25 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26446209 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-14&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product &amp; Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W14&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:36, 2 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26462933 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-15&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey.
* Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727]
* Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W15&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:38, 8 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26564838 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-16&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
* Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the &quot;{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}&quot; tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435]
* A new variable &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;page_last_edit_age&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769]

'''Future changes'''
* Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;abuse_filter&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;abuse_filter_history&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W16&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:29, 15 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26564838 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-17&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086]
* You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W17&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:28, 22 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26647188 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-18&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''

[[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491]
* Seven new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|&lt;code&gt;w:bew:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|&lt;code&gt;w:kus:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|&lt;code&gt;w:igl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:kaa:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|&lt;code&gt;s:my:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|&lt;code&gt;s:ms:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|&lt;code&gt;s:ka:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085]
* You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501]
* Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]].

'''Problems'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mapstyle=&quot;osm&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W18&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 03:34, 30 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26689057 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-19&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
[[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the &lt;code&gt;SiteAdminHelper&lt;/code&gt;. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled &quot;All public logs&quot;, but it only shows some logs. This label will now say &quot;Main public logs&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729]

'''Future changes'''
* A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension.
* Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]&quot;. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W19&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:45, 6 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26729363 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-20&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214]
* If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] &quot;{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}&quot;, then the template-page feature &quot;{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}&quot; will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907]
* [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;alt=&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute. This is identical in usage to the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;alt=&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137]
* The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]&quot; feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295]

'''Future changes'''
* In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; database table (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_namespace&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_title&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; table instead (&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_namespace&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_title&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). In your existing SQL queries:
*# Replace &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN pagelinks&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN linktarget&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;pl_&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;lt_&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;ON&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; statement
*# Below that add &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;
** See &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[phab:T222224]]&lt;/bdi&gt; for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W20&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:59, 13 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26762074 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-21&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351]
* New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]]  The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W21&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:04, 20 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26786311 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-22&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.collapsible&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.multicol&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.reflist&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.coordinates&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;.topicon&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed.

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W22&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:15, 28 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26832205 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-23&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086]
* The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot; to &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|&lt;code&gt;w:dtp:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Future changes'''
* Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W23&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:35, 3 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26844397 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-24&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw-reference-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; class, Parsoid now also adds the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;reference-text&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705]

'''Problems'''
* There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-cite-backlink&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] 
* On multilingual wikis that use the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;translate&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W24&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:20, 10 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26893898 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-25&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751]
* The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954]
* The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370]

'''Problems'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph]
* Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]&lt;!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W25&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:49, 17 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=26911987 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-26&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717]
* The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515]

'''Problems'''
* You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196]

'''Changes later this week'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]
* Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W26&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:33, 24 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-27&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W27&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364]
* Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] 
* If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode]
* Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458]
* Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|&lt;code&gt;w:btm:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] 

'''Problems'''
* Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119]

'''Future changes'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W27&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:59, 1 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-28&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W28&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. 
* Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia.
* Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects.

'''Problems'''
* A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. 

'''Future changes'''
* The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]].

'''Tech News survey'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W28&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:32, 8 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27080357 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-29&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W29&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News survey'''
* Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page.
* The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]].
* Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]].
* Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. 

'''Changes later this week'''
* This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help.

'''Future changes'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895]
* Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]].
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W29&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:31, 16 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-30&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W30&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature News'''
* Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public.
* Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as &quot;Pending Changes&quot;) is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]
*  Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329]
* Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. 
* Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/]

'''Project Updates'''
*  Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language.

'''Learn more'''
* Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. 
* How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]].
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W30&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:05, 23 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27142915 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-31&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W31&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]].

'''Bugs status'''
* Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing.
* Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week.

'''Project updates'''
* There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]].
* There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|&lt;code&gt;voy:cs:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] 

'''Learn more'''
* There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times.
* There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images.
* Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W31&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:11, 29 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-32&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W32&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. These will reduce the need for &lt;code&gt;Template:Dir&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;Template:BCP47&lt;/code&gt; on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the &quot;what links here&quot; database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623]
* Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces.
* The tracking category &quot;Pages using Timeline&quot; has been renamed to &quot;Pages using the EasyTimeline extension&quot; [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match.

'''Project updates'''
* Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]].

'''Learn more'''
* There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]].
* The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available.
* The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W32&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:44, 5 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-33&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W33&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses.

'''Project updates'''
* [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26.
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|&lt;code&gt;w:bdr:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W33&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:22, 12 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-34&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W34&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]].
* Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&amp;namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&amp;namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&amp;namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;categories&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt; property of &lt;code&gt;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372]

'''Bugs status'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with &lt;code&gt;Talk:WP:&lt;/code&gt; so that their titles start with &lt;code&gt;Wikipedia talk:&lt;/code&gt;), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]&lt;/bdi&gt; instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]].
* Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Project updates'''
* The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product &amp; Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee.

'''Learn more'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers.
* The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W34&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:55, 20 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-35&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W35&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]].
* Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as &quot;Pending Changes&quot;) may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156]

'''Bugs status'''
* Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Project updates'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization.
* Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013.

'''Learn more'''
* If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]].
* To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out:
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project.
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W35&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:34, 26 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-36&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W36&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts.

'''Feature news'''
* Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633]
* Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].
* Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243]
* Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]].

'''Project updates'''
* A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded.

'''Learn more'''
* To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out:
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project.
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W36&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:08, 3 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-37&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W37&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Feature news'''
* Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;entity:getSitelink()&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356]

'''Project updates'''
*  Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962]
* Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mos&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W37&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 9 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27424457 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-38&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W38&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Improvements and Maintenance'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]].
* The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag &quot;Edit Check (references) activated&quot; was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692]
* It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].
* Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mw-message-box&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&amp;regex=1&amp;namespaces=&amp;title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;cdx-message&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499]

'''Technical project updates'''
* Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962]

'''Tech in depth'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: 
** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task.
** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W38&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:03, 17 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27460876 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-39&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W39&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers.

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]]
* Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using &quot;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]&quot;. Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]].
* The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{…}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166]
* Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223]
* View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: 
** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too.
** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content.

'''In depth'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the &quot;[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]&quot; and &quot;[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]&quot; subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W39&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:37, 23 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27493779 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-40&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W40&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month.
* Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;?veaction=editsource&lt;/code&gt; to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796]
* For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the &quot;donate&quot; link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to &quot;Create an account&quot;. This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585]
* The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]].
* View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis.

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/]

'''Meetings and events'''
* October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa
* November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W40&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:21, 30 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27530062 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-41&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W41&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new &quot;Revert Risk&quot; machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422]
* View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* It is now possible for &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; code blocks to offer readers a &quot;Copy&quot; button if the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;copy=1&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932]
* Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]].
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]].
* Five new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|&lt;code&gt;w:kge:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|&lt;code&gt;m:mos:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:mad:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|&lt;code&gt;q:gor:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|&lt;code&gt;n:shn:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W41&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:43, 7 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27557422 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-42&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W42&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722]
* WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''hastemplate''&lt;/bdi&gt; and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;''incategory''&lt;/bdi&gt; keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29]
* View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the &quot;search engine&quot; option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;bdi&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975]

'''In depth'''
* The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more.
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W42&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:22, 14 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27597254 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-43&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W43&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the &quot;Donate&quot; button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years.
[[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]]

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]].
* Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]].
* View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556]
* It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}&lt;/code&gt; parser function. For example, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#timef:now|date|en}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will show as &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;{{#timef:now|date|en}}&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;. Previously, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#time:…}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#timef&lt;/code&gt; (or &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#timefl&lt;/code&gt; for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{USERLANGUAGE}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; instead of using &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{int:lang}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects.
* The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content.

'''Meetings and events'''
* 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel.
* 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W43&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:53, 21 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-44&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W44&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia].
* View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set &lt;code&gt;emitTransitionOnStep&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag &lt;code&gt;allowAutomaticBack&lt;/code&gt; to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528]
*  Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the &quot;Nuke&quot; tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W44&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:57, 28 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-45&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W45&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949]
* Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help.
* The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446]
* View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/]

'''In depth'''
* Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance.
*  The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available.  It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W45&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:51, 4 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-46&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W46&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463]
* View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]&lt;/code&gt;, the logic of Wikibase function &lt;code&gt;getAllStatements&lt;/code&gt; changed to behave like &lt;code&gt;getBestStatements&lt;/code&gt;. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]].

'''In depth'''
* Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488]

'''Meetings and events'''
* 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] &amp; [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons.
'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W46&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:08, 12 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-47&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W47&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057]
* View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380]

'''In depth'''
* There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis.

'''Meetings and events'''
* Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas.
* Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''.
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W47&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:01, 19 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27806858 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-48&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W48&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]].
* The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;B&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for bold and &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;I&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928]
* Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: &lt;bdi&gt;bswiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;elwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;euwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;fawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;fiwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikiquote&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikiversity&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwikivoyage&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;idwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;lvwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;plwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;ptwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;urwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;viwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;zhwikisource&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. 
* View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to &quot;protected&quot; [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;Ctrl&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;,&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; and un-selecting &quot;&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Live Autocompletion&lt;/bdi&gt;&quot;.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069]

'''Meetings and events'''
* A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W48&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:42, 25 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27847039 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-49&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W49&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Two new parser functions were added this week. The &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;MOS:&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the &lt;code&gt;mos&lt;/code&gt; language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]].
* Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/]
* Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: &lt;bdi&gt;arwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;cawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;frwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;mediawikiwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;orwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wawiktionary&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;wikidatawiki&lt;/bdi&gt;{{int:comma-separator/en}}&lt;bdi&gt;zhwiki&lt;/bdi&gt;. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910]
* This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details.
* View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the &quot;Download as PDF&quot; system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W49&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:23, 2 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27873992 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-50&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W50&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#wikimedia-techdocs&lt;/bdi&gt; IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted.
* The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details.
* Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the &quot;[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=specialcx&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=collections&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=es&amp;to=en All collection]&quot; category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;page-collection&gt; &lt;/page-collection&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based &amp; Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion.
* The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365]
* The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveUrl&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveDate&lt;/code&gt;, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1261320172&amp;oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&amp;q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&amp;regex=1&amp;title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|&lt;code&gt;voy:id:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726]
* Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[git:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system.
* The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W50&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:16, 9 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27919424 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2024-51&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2024-W51&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history.
* Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information.
* The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2024-W51&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:25, 16 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=27942374 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-03&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline.

'''Updates for editors'''
* On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;inproject:&lt;/code&gt; keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] 
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|&lt;code&gt;w:tig:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise.
* Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. 
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its &lt;code&gt;sub&lt;/code&gt; field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139]
* Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]&lt;/bdi&gt; until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W03&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:42, 14 January 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28048614 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-04&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846]
* On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as &quot;manually patrolled&quot; instead of &quot;autopatrolled&quot;, which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's &quot;Insert link&quot; feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912]
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W04&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:37, 21 January 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28129769 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-05&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year.

'''Updates for editors'''
* iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content.
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145]
* Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''

* For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;mediawiki_user_history&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; dump, the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;anonymous&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; field will be renamed to &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;is_anonymous&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W05&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:15, 27 January 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28149374 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-06&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors who use the &quot;Special characters&quot; editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722]
* Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements.
* Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki.
** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json&lt;/code&gt; to include entries for &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;preprint&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;standard&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;dataset&lt;/code&gt;; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&amp;diff=1189164774&amp;oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&amp;diff=1270832208&amp;oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset'].
** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1270829051&amp;oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&amp;diff=1270831369&amp;oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;archiveID&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;identifier&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;repository&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;organization&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;repositoryLocation&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;committee&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;versionNumber&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|&lt;code&gt;w:knc:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W06&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:09, 4 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-07&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''

* The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;Special pages&quot; portlet link will be moved from the &quot;Toolbox&quot; into the &quot;Navigation&quot; section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211]
* As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (&lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]&lt;/code&gt;). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a &quot;default for all languages&quot;]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511]
* The function &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;getDescription&lt;/code&gt; was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660]
* As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;/page/related&lt;/code&gt; endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the &quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;morelike&lt;/code&gt;&quot; action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/]

'''In depth'''

* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the &quot;Contribute&quot; menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. 
* The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W07&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:12, 11 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-08&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the &lt;code&gt;{{#special:Homepage}}&lt;/code&gt; for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at &lt;code&gt;{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}&lt;/code&gt;. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]].

'''Updates for editors'''
[[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]]
* Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102]
* You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324]
* When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like &quot;1.23&quot; or localized alphabetic markers like &quot;a b c&quot; in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed.  As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like &quot;1.23&quot; once the alphabetic markers are all used.
* The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements.
* A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488]
* Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640]
* Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Uri&lt;/code&gt; is deprecated. Tools requiring &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Uri&lt;/code&gt; must explicitly declare &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mediawiki.Uri&lt;/code&gt; as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;URL&lt;/code&gt; API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W08&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:17, 17 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-09&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348]
* The &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|&lt;code&gt;wikt:sat:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&amp;A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W09&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:42, 25 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28296129 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-10&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The &quot;{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}&quot; link is accessible from the &quot;{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}&quot; menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180]
* Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching &quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;mw-ref&lt;/code&gt;&quot; from their local &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&amp;regex=1&amp;namespaces=8&amp;title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&amp;oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers (&quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/code&gt;&quot;) are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks (&quot;&lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;mw:referencedBy&lt;/code&gt;&quot;) should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you.
* When editors embed a file (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[File:MediaWiki.png]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109]
* When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010]
* When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline.
* Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351]
* One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|&lt;code&gt;w:syl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W10&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 02:31, 4 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-11&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844]
* The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline &amp; Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;aramadan@wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt;!
* All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors.
* An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W11&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:10, 10 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-12&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC].

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=ig&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based &amp; Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as &quot;Collections&quot;, from wiki-projects and campaigns.
* On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard.
* The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]].
* Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131]
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation.
* The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W12&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:49, 17 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-13&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;#campaigns-product-team&lt;/bdi&gt; tag).
* Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;#campaigns-product-team&lt;/bdi&gt; tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time.
* Administrators at wikis that have a customized &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]&lt;/bdi&gt; should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;* specialpages-url|specialpages&lt;/code&gt;. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927]
* The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]].
* Developers who use the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.Api&lt;/code&gt; JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;userAgent&lt;/code&gt; parameter: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );&lt;/code&gt;. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W13&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:43, 24 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-14&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable.

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W14&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:06, 1 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-15&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;font-size&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;line-height&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;size-icon&lt;/code&gt;.
* The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]  are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W15&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:53, 7 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-16&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914]
* File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for.
* To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662]
* &quot;Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?&quot; This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies.
* On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt;, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]&lt;/bdi&gt; endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]].
* The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W16&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:25, 15 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-17&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16]
* A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Following its publication on HuggingFace, the &quot;Structured Contents&quot; dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable].
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect &quot;peacock&quot; or &quot;overly-promotional&quot; or &quot;non-neutral&quot; language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W17&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:01, 21 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28578245 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-18&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]].
* Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks_ipindex&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ipblocks_compat&lt;/code&gt; are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]&lt;/code&gt; new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=contributionsmenu&amp;to=es&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on &quot;Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects&quot;. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W18&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:32, 28 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28585685 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-19&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W19&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May.

'''Updates for editors'''
* For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released:
** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities.
** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers who use the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;moment&lt;/code&gt; library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;Intl&lt;/code&gt; library or the new &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mediawiki.DateFormatter&lt;/code&gt; library. The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;moment&lt;/code&gt; library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]].
* Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (&lt;code dir=ltr style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;wbt_*&lt;/code&gt;) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W19&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 00:15, 6 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28665011 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-20&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W20&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|&quot;Get shortened URL&quot;]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]].
* Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]].
* The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|&lt;code&gt;w:nup:&lt;/code&gt;]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references.
* The &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;/page/data-parsoid&lt;/code&gt; REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6.

'''Meetings and events'''
* The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W20&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:38, 12 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28714188 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-21&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W21&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test.

'''Updates for editors'''

* From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]].
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]]  [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121]
* Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]].
* [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template.
* Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]].
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121]
* The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.title&lt;/code&gt; object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;isDisambiguationPage&lt;/code&gt;. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441]
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;mw.loader.load&lt;/code&gt;. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;gitlab.wikimedia.org&lt;/bdi&gt; without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W21&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:13, 19 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28724712 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-22&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W22&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt; toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June.
* [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]&lt;/code&gt; parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019]
* This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future.
* Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]].
* Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The previously deprecated &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]&lt;/code&gt; views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]&lt;/code&gt; views instead.
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W22&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:05, 26 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28788673 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-23&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;_default&lt;/code&gt; key in the local &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]&lt;/bdi&gt; page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=login&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=clientlogin&lt;/code&gt; will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;action=login&lt;/code&gt; without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205]
* From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;async&lt;/code&gt;/&lt;code&gt;await&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W23&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:55, 2 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28819186 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2025-24&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2025-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716]
[[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]]
* The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] (&quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}&quot;). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121]
* Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492]
* This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]].

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]].
* Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;pageImage&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;pageAssessments&lt;/code&gt;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122]
* [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2025-W24&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 01:17, 10 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=28846858 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>20imw2ntdcnauf0hflxgvbwkb24cz4x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>মহৰ্ষি ভৰত</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75457</id>
    <revision>
      <id>516738</id>
      <parentid>509962</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T16:43:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Babulbaishya</username>
        <id>2558</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>516738</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2023" sha1="slvoeyx27vlpee8d9u28glnep0glgl9" xml:space="preserve">
{{infobox writer 
| name = মহৰ্ষি ভৰত
| image = 
| imagesize =
| alt = 
| caption = 
| pseudonym = 
| birth_name = 
| Parents_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| occupation = 
| nationality = হিন্দু
| ethnicity = 
| citizenship = ভাৰতীয়
| language =
| education = 
| alma_mater = 
| period = 
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement = 
| notableworks =
| notableworks =
| partner = 
| children = 
| relatives = 
| influences = 
| influenced = 
| awards =
| signature = 
| signature_alt = 
| website 
}}
'''মহৰ্ষি ভৰত''' ({{lang-en|Mohorkhi bharat}}) সংগীত জগতৰ এক স্মৰণিয় নাম।&lt;ref name=a/&gt;

==জম্ম==
*মহৰ্ষি ভৰতৰ জন্ম সম্বন্ধে বহুতো মত পোৱা যায়। 
*১ম মত অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ জন্ম হৈছিল খৃঃ পূৰ্ব ২য়ত। &lt;ref name=a/&gt; মত অনুসৰি চতুৰ্থৰ পৰা পঞ্চম ৰ ভিতৰত। &lt;ref name=a/&gt;
==শিক্ষা==
==কৰ্মজীৱন==
তেখেতে ভৰত [[নাট্য শাস্ত্ৰ]] আৰু সঙ্গীতৰ লগত জঢ়িত আছিলে। &lt;ref name=a&gt; সৰল সঙ্গীত শাস্ত্ৰ, নন্দকিকিশোৰ চৌধৰী, দ্বিতিয় প্ৰকাশ,৫ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ২০১৪, পৃষ্ঠা নং ১১৮&lt;/ref&gt;

==গ্ৰন্থৰাজি==
*ভৰত মুণিয়ে যি দুখন বীনাৰ চৰ্চা কৰিছিল তাৰ ভিতৰত ৭ডাল তাৰ থকা বীণা নাম আছিল &quot;চিত্ৰাবিনা।&quot; 
* ২১ডাল তাৰ থকা বীণা খনৰ নাম আছিল বিপঞ্চবীণা। &lt;ref name=a/&gt;
== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>slvoeyx27vlpee8d9u28glnep0glgl9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>পাটবাউসী সত্ৰ</title>
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      <parentid>438452</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T18:36:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pranamikaadhikary</username>
        <id>27435</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* কালিন্দী আইৰ গৃহ */</comment>
      <origin>516753</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33937" sha1="poga89b7mfq5r4k87xeva5uzfj9cvr3" xml:space="preserve">{{নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰবন্ধ}}

'''পাটবাউসী সত্ৰ''' ({{lang-en | Paatbauxi Satra}}) পাটবাউসী সত্ৰ [[বৰপেটা সত্ৰ]]ৰ পৰা দুই কিলোমিটাৰ আঁতৰৰ এখন বৈষ্ণৱ সত্ৰ। ইয়াতেই শংকৰদেৱে প্ৰায় উনৈশ বছৰ কাল থাকি নানা শাস্ত্ৰ ৰচনা কৰিছিল। 
[[File:পাটবাউসী সত্ৰৰ মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ.jpg|thumb|পাটবাউসী সত্ৰৰ মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ]]
==নামৰ উৎপত্তি==
পাটবাউসী নাম প্ৰচলন হোৱাৰ আগতে এই ঠাইখণ্ডক বৰলচোং বা বৰলজাৰ বুলিছিল। ই আছিল বাউসী পৰগণাৰ অন্তৰ্গত। এতিয়াৰ পাটবাউসী নামৰ ঠাইখনক ধৰি এই অঞ্চলৰ কেইবাখনো গাঁওক সামৰি “বাউসী বিলায়েৎ’’ বা “বাউসী পৰগণা’’ বুলিছিল। অসমত ''বিলায়েৎ'' শব্দৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছিল কোচ আৰু আহোম ৰাজত্বকালত। কোনো ব্যক্তিৰ অধীনত থকা খাত বা পাম অঞ্চলকেই আহোম আৰু কোচ ৰাজত্বকালত ''বিলায়েৎ'' বোলা হৈছিল। ''পৰগণা'' মানে এক নিৰ্দিষ্ট ভূখণ্ড।&lt;ref name=&quot;প&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=পাটবাউসী সত্ৰৰ চমু ইতিবৃত্ত | publisher=শ্ৰীশ্ৰী শঙ্কৰদেৱ থান, পাটবাউসী সত্ৰ পৰিচালনা সমিতি | author=মিশ্ৰ, বনমালী | authorlink=বাউসী আৰু পাটবাউসী সত্ৰ | year=প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশ ২০০২, সপ্তম প্ৰকাশ ২০২৩ | pages=৭}}&lt;/ref&gt; ভৌগোলিক জোখ-মাখৰ এই হিচাপ পোনতে মোগল বিষয়া শ্বেখ ইব্ৰাহিম কাড়োৰীয়ে কৰিছিল। শাসনৰ সুবিধাৰ বাবে সমগ্ৰ নামনি অসমক পৰগণা, মহল, তপা আদি ভাগত ভাগ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;দ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | url=https://sdcdigitallibrary.com/bitstream/123456789/251/1/MRP%20Lopa%20Baruah%202.pdf | title=হাজো অঞ্চলৰ আপুৰুগীয়া পুথি-পাঁজি:এটি ক্ষেত্ৰভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন | author=বৰুৱা, ড° লোপা | journal=বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অনুদান আয়োগৰ ক্ষুদ্ৰ গৱেষণা প্ৰকল্পৰ প্ৰতিবেদন | year=২০০৭ | issue=৭ | access-date=2023-09-04 | archivedate=2023-09-04 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904041653/https://sdcdigitallibrary.com/bitstream/123456789/251/1/MRP%20Lopa%20Baruah%202.pdf | deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; পিছত আহোমসকলেও মাটিৰ হিচাপ ৰাখিবলৈ এই পদ্ধতিকে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। 
আন এক সূত্ৰমতে, বেদ-পুৰাণ আদি শাস্ত্ৰজ্ঞ পণ্ডিতসকলক ''ব্যাস'' বোলা হৈছিল। এই অঞ্চলত তেনে ব্যাস উপাধিধাৰী বহু ব্ৰাহ্মণৰ বসতি আছিল। সেয়ে, পাটবাউসীৰ মাজেৰে বৈ যোৱা ধনুখন্দা জানটোৰ পূবপাৰটোক ''ব্যাসপাৰা'' বুলিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;প&quot;/&gt;
[[File:পাটবাউসী সত্ৰ মূল কীৰ্তনঘৰ.jpg|thumb|পাটবাউসী সত্ৰ মূল কীৰ্তনঘৰ]]
''ধনুখন্দা'' জানৰ উৎপত্তি সম্পৰ্কেও এটা জনবিশ্বাস প্ৰচলিত। ''শ্ৰীকৃষ্ণই ৰুক্মিণী হৰণৰ বাবে কুণ্ডিললৈ যাত্ৰা কৰোঁতে ৰথৰ বেগত ব্ৰাহ্মণ বেদনিধি মূৰ্ছিত হৈ পৰিছিল। তেতিয়া কৃষ্ণই ধনু কাঁড়েৰে আঁচ টানি পানী উলিয়াই বেদনিধিৰ মূৰত দিয়াত সুস্থ হৈছিল। ধনুৰে আঁচ দিওঁতে আৰু ধনুৰ আকৃতিৰ বাবে এই জানৰ নাম ধনুখন্দা বুলি জনাজাত। ''&lt;ref name=&quot;ক&quot;/&gt; 

ব্যাসপাৰাৰ কাষতে আন এখন গাঁও ''ব্যাসকুছি'' আছিল। পাটবাউসীৰ অলপ দূৰৈত “শিলা’’ নামে আন এখনি গাঁও সংস্কৃত শিক্ষাৰ কেন্দ্ৰস্থল আছিল। ব্যাসপাৰা, ব্যাসকুছি আদি শব্দৰ অপভ্ৰংশৰূপে ''বাউসী'' হোৱাৰ থল আছে। আহোম শাসন কালত এই অঞ্চলটোক ''বাউসী পৰগণা'' বুলিছিল। শংকৰদেৱে এই স্থানলৈ আহি সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰাত অঞ্চলটোৰ ভিতৰতে ই “পাট’’ অৰ্থাৎ শ্ৰেষ্ঠস্থান হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হোৱাত ই “পাটবাউসী’’ নাম পায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;প&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ক&quot;/&gt;

==ইতিবৃত্ত==
[[File:পাটবাউসী সত্ৰৰ মঠ.jpg|thumb|পাটবাউসী সত্ৰৰ মঠ]]
বৰপেটাৰ কুমাৰকুছিত এবছৰকাল থকাৰ সময়ত নানা অসুবিধা পাই আৰু সেই সময়তে শংকৰদেৱৰ নুমলীয়া জী বিষ্ণুপ্ৰিয়াৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাত মনৰ দুখতে তেওঁ সেই স্থান ত্যাগ কৰি আন ঠাইৰ সন্ধান কৰে। বগা দলৈ আৰু দামু সৰদাৰ (দামোদৰ দাস) নামেৰে দুজন ভকতে মাটি দিবলৈ সন্মত হয় আৰু শংকৰদেৱে ভক্তসকলৰ সৈতে আহি ধনুখন্দা জানৰ পশ্চিম দিশে বৰলজাৰ নামে ঠাইত, হাবি-জংগল পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰি বহাঘৰ, নামঘৰ, মণিকূট গৃহ, ভকতৰ বাহা আদি সজাই সত্ৰৰ ৰূপ দিয়ে আৰু তাতেই তেওঁ থাকি নানা শাস্ত্ৰ ৰচনা কৰি ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ কৰিবলৈ লয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;প&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ক&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=গুৰু চৰিত কথা | publisher=লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল | author=নেওগ, মহেশ্বৰ(সম্পা:) | year=১৯৯৯ | pages=৮৫-৮৬, ১১৮-১১৯}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==শংকৰদেৱৰ শাস্ত্ৰ ৰচনা==
শংকৰদেৱে পাটবাউসীত সত্ৰ পাতি পোন্ধৰ বছৰ আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰাই ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;ক&quot;/&gt; আন আন সূত্ৰমতে তেওঁ তাত ওঠৰ বছৰ ছমাহ কাল আছিল আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰাই দ্বিতীয়বাৰ তীৰ্থ ভ্ৰমণলৈ গৈছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;প&quot;/&gt; প্ৰায় ৯০ বছৰ বয়সত দ্বিতীয়বাৰ তীৰ্থ ভ্ৰমণ কৰি তেওঁ পুনৰ পাটবাউসীলৈকে উভতি আহিছিল। এই যাত্ৰাত তেওঁৰ সংগী হৈছিল, ৰামৰাম গুৰু, [[মাধবদেৱ]], [[হৰিদেৱ]], [[দামোদৰদেৱ]], ৰামৰায় আদি কৰি ছকুৰি সংগী।&lt;ref name=&quot;শ&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=শ্ৰীমন্ত শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ পঞ্চশততম জন্মোৎসৱ, বৰপেটা সত্ৰ | publisher=লেখক আৰু প্ৰকাশন সমিতি, বৰপেটা | author=দত্তবৰুৱা, হৰিনাৰায়ণ | authorlink=শ্ৰীমন্ত শঙ্কৰদেৱ | year=প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশ ১৯৪৮, পুনৰ প্ৰকাশ ২০০৬ | pages=২১}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[বৰদোৱা]]ত আৰম্ভ কৰা কীৰ্তন পুথিখন পৰৱৰ্তীকালত অ’ত ত’ত দুটামান খণ্ড লিখিছিল যদিও শংকৰদেৱে পাটবাউসীতহে ইয়াক সমাপ্ত কৰিছিল। অধিকাংশ বৰগীতো পাটবাউসীত থাকোঁতেই ৰচনা কৰিছিল। সংস্কৃতৰ শ্ৰীমৎ ভাগৱতৰ প্ৰথম, দ্বিতীয়, তৃতীয়, সপ্তম, অষ্টম, দশম, একাদশ আৰু দ্বাদশ স্কন্ধৰ অসমীয়া ভাঙনিও পাটবাউসীতে কৰিছিল। কুৰুক্ষেত্ৰ, বলিছলন, অনাদি পাতন পদবন্ধে ৰচনা কৰাৰ উপৰি ভক্তি-ৰত্নাকৰ, ভক্তি-প্ৰদীপ, ৰুক্মিণী হৰণ কাব্য, নিমি-নৱ-সিদ্ধ সংবাদ, ৰাম-মালিকা আৰু আদ্য দশম পুথি ৰচনা কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;শ&quot;/&gt; পাটবাউসীত থাকোঁতেই মাধব কন্দলীৰ ৰামায়ণৰ উত্তৰাকাণ্ড ৰচনা কৰি মাধবদেৱৰ দ্বাৰা আদিকাণ্ড ৰামায়ণ ৰচনা কৰোৱায়। ৰুক্মিণী হৰণ(১৫৬০ চন), পাৰিজাত হৰণ(১৫৬১-৬২ চন), কেলিগোপাল(১৫৪৫ চন) আৰু কালিয় দমন(১৫৪৩ চন)- এই চাৰিখন নাট শংকৰদেৱে পাটবাউসীতে ৰচনা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;কেলি&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ বাউসী বিলায়েত | publisher=অসম সাহিত্য সভা | author=শ্ৰীশ্ৰী শংকৰদেৱ থান, পাটবাউসী | authorlink=পাটবাউসীত ৰচিত শংকৰদেৱৰ চাৰিখন অংকীয়া নাট..... | year=১৯৯৯ | pages=গ-২৬}}&lt;/ref&gt; তদুপৰি পাটবাউসীত থকাকালতেই তাঁতীকুছিত শ্ৰী গোপাল তাঁতী প্ৰমুখ্যে বাৰজন তাঁতীৰ দ্বাৰা বৃন্দাবন বস্ত্ৰ বোঁৱাইছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;০&quot;/&gt;

==সত্ৰৰ সম্পদ==
{{Gallery
|title=সত্ৰৰ সম্পদ সমূহ
|align=center
|lines=3
|File: শংকৰদেৱৰ পদচিহ্ন.jpg|শংকৰদেৱৰ পদচিহ্ন
|File:কাঠৰ মুখা.jpg|কাঠৰ মুখা, শংকৰদেৱৰ দিনতে ভাওনাত ব্যৱহৃত
|File:কাঠৰ বৰপীৰা.jpg|কাঠৰ বৰপীৰা, শংকৰদেৱে শাস্ত্ৰ ৰচনা কৰোঁতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা
|File:শংকৰদেৱৰ দিনৰ কাঠৰ চৰিয়া.jpg|শংকৰদেৱৰ দিনৰ কাঠৰ চৰিয়া
|File:কালিন্দী আইৰ বাসগৃহ.jpg|কালিন্দী আইৰ বাসগৃহ
|File:কালিন্দী আইৰ শোৱা খাট.jpg|কালিন্দী আইৰ শোৱা খাট
|File:তামৰ দুৱাৰ.jpg|তামৰ দুৱাৰ
|File:গা ধোৱা শিল.jpg|গা ধোৱা শিল
}}
শংকৰদেৱে স্থাপন কৰা পাটবাউসী সত্ৰত বিভিন্ন সাঁচিপতীয়া পুথি, ৰজাদিনীয়া পিতলৰ সামগ্ৰী, শংকৰদেৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কাঠৰ বৰপীৰা, [[ভাওনা]]ত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কাঠৰ বিভিন্ন মুখা, [[কালিন্দী আই]]ৰ পুনৰ্নিমিত গৃহ, আই গোঁসানীয়ে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শোৱা খাট, শংকৰদেৱৰ পদচিহ্ন, তেওঁ গাধোৱা শিলাখণ্ড আদি সংৰক্ষিত কৰি ৰখা হৈছে। অৱশ্যে এই সম্পদবোৰৰ যথোপযুক্ত সংৰক্ষণ হোৱা বুলিও ক’ব নোৱাৰি।&lt;ref name=&quot;০&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=শ্ৰীমন্ত শঙ্কৰদেৱ বাউসী বিলায়েত | publisher=মহাপুৰুষ শংকৰদেৱৰ ৫৫০বছৰীয়া জন্ম জয়ন্তী উৎসৱ, অসম সাহিত্য সভা | author=মিশ্ৰ, বনমালী | authorlink=পাটবাউসীত শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ | year=১৯৯৯, ২৩-২৪ জানুৱাৰী | pages=১২-১৪}}&lt;/ref&gt;
===সাঁচিপতীয়া পুথি===
শংকৰদেৱে লিখা [[গুণমালা]] পুথিৰ ৩২খিলা পাত, ভাগৱতৰ আদি স্কন্ধৰ ৭৯৭ নং শ্লোকৰ পৰা ১১৯৪ নং শ্লোকলৈ মুঠ ২৬খিলা পাত, আদি দশমৰ মুঠ ৯৭খিলা পাত, [[কীৰ্তনঘোষা]]ৰ আৰম্ভণিৰে পৰা ৭২খিলা পাত, [[নিমি-নৱসিদ্ধ সংবাদ]]ৰ ৫৮নং শ্লোকৰ পৰা ১১৫ নং শ্লোকলৈ ১৬খিলা পাত, শংকৰদেৱে লিখা নাটসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন অংশ, মাধবদেৱ বিৰচিত [[ভক্তি-ৰত্নাৱলী]], [[দৈত্যাৰী ঠাকুৰ]] ৰচিত স্যামন্তক হৰণ নাটৰ ৫খিলা পাত পাটবাউসী সত্ৰত সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;০&quot;/&gt;[[নৰনাৰায়ণ]] ৰজাৰ অনুৰোধত লিখা [[গুণমালা]]ৰ সাঁচিপতীয়া প্ৰতিলিপি এই সত্ৰতে সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;০&quot;/&gt;

===ৰজা প্ৰদত্ত সম্পদ===
১৭২১/১৭২২ বুলি লিখা আৰু গুৰুজনাৰ থানলৈ বুলি দান কৰাৰ কথা উল্লেখ থকা দুখন পিতলৰ বৰশৰাই, পুৰণি পিতলৰ বৰচৰিয়া, মাজু চৰিয়া, গৰুড় স্কন্ধ পিতলৰ কৃষ্ণমূৰ্তি, পিতলৰ আসন, লোৰ বৰগছা, পিতলৰ দুৱাৰ আৰু লক্ষ্মীসিংহ ৰজাই দান কৰা তামৰ ফলি পাটবাউসী সত্ৰত আছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;০&quot;/&gt;

===অন্যান্য সেৱাৰ বস্তু===
পাটবাউসী সত্ৰত শংকৰদেৱৰ পদচিহ্ন খোদিত কৰা “পদশিলা’’ ভকতসকলৰ বাবে সেৱাৰ বস্তু। শংকৰদেৱে শাস্ত্ৰ ৰচনা কৰোঁতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা কৰৈ গছৰ বৰপীৰা ভগ্নপ্ৰায় অৱস্থাত আজিও আছে। শংকৰদেৱে তেলিকদম গছৰ তলত বহি গা ধোৱা শিলাখণ্ড, নৰনাৰায়ণ ৰজাই শংকৰদেৱৰ বাবে দিয়া শয্যা সংম্ভাৰৰ তুলা, কালিন্দী আইৰ শোৱা খাট, সেই সময়ত ভাওনাত ব্যৱহৃত বিভিন্ন মুখা, [[অৰ্জুন ভঞ্জন নাট]] ভাওনাত ব্যৱহৃত কাঠৰ উড়ল আদি পাটবাউসী সত্ৰত দেখা যায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;প&quot;/&gt;

===ভোগঠগী===
ভোগঠগী পাটবাউসী সত্ৰৰ অতি সন্মানৰ বস্তু। যদিও ইয়াৰ নাম “ভাগঠগী’’ বা “ভাগৰ ঠগী’’ হ’ব লাগে বুলি বহুতে মতপোষণ কৰে, সাধাৰণ লোকৰ মুখত পৰি ই ভোগঠগী বুলি প্ৰচলিত হোৱাত বৰ্তমানেও ই “ভোগঠগী’’ নামেই পৰিচিত। 

''শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত ৰামানন্দ, মাধবদেৱ আৰু আন ভকতসকলে তেওঁৰ শ্ৰাদ্ধত বৰ ডাঙৰকৈ নাম পাতিছিল। সকলো খৰচ ভকতসকলেই আগবঢ়াইছিল। কেইবাখনো শৰাইত মাহ-প্ৰসাদ আগ কৰা হৈছিল। নামৰ শেষত এখন শৰাই বাদ দি বাকী শৰাইৰ প্ৰসাদ সকলোৰে মাজত বিতৰণ কৰি দিয়া হৈছিল। বাকী থকা শৰাইখন মাধবদেৱে শংকৰদেৱৰ শ্ৰাদ্ধত বিশেষভাবে দান-বৰঙণি আগবঢ়োৱা আৰু অনুষ্ঠানটি সাফল্যমণ্ডিত কৰিবলৈ দেহে-কেহে খাটি থকা লোকসকলৰ বাবে ৰাখিছিল আৰু পিছদিনা অনুষ্ঠানৰ সামৰণি হিচাপে নাম আয়োজন কৰি, নতুনকৈ কিছু মাহ-চাউল আৰু উপকৰণ সংযোগ কৰি সেই লোকসকলক দিয়াৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিছিল। ''&lt;ref name=&quot;প&quot;/&gt; 

এই নিয়ম পৰৱৰ্তীকালতো অক্ষুণ্ণ থাকিল। গুৰুজনাৰ তিথিৰ পিছদিনা এই শৰাইখন ভাঙি দাতা আৰু কৰ্মকৰ্তাসকলক দিয়া হয়। আন কোনোবাই এই ঠগীৰ ভাগ আশা কৰিলে, পইচাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট নিৰিখ ধাৰ্য কৰা হ’ল আৰু যিয়ে এই নিৰিখমতে থানলৈ পইচা দিয়ে তেওঁক এই ঠগীৰ ভাগ দিয়াৰ ব্যৱস্থা হ’ল। পাটবাউসী সত্ৰত গুৰুজন থকাকালত ৰামৰাম গুৰু আৰু ৰামদাস আতৈ দেউৰী আছিল। বৰ্তমানো ৰামৰাম গুৰুৰ বংশৰ লোকেই শৰাইখনত প্ৰথম চাউল দিয়ে। “ভোগৰ ঠগী’’ত লাৰুও দিয়া হয়। এই শৰাইখনৰ পৰা পোৱা প্ৰসাদক “ভোগ ঠগীৰ ভাগ’’ বোলে।&lt;ref name=&quot;প&quot;/&gt;

===কালিন্দী আইৰ গৃহ===
শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত ৰামানন্দৰ মৃত্যু হোৱাত আৰু সৰুপুত্ৰ হৰিচৰণৰো মূৰৰ দোষ হোৱাত কালিন্দী আইৰ বৰ কষ্ট হৈছিল। থকা ঘৰবোৰ জহি-খহি গৈছিল। বাকী ঘৰবোৰ অধিক বেয়া হোৱাত গুৰুজনাৰ দিনৰে পাকঘৰটো কিছু ভাল হৈ থকাত মাধবদেৱে সেই ঘৰটোকে মেৰামতি কৰাই তাতে কালিন্দী আইক থাকিবলৈ দিছিল। মাধবদেৱ সুন্দৰীদিয়াত থাকিবলৈ লোৱাৰ পিছত শ্ৰীৰাম আতাক পঠিয়াই ঘৰটো পুনৰ এবাৰ মেৰামতি কৰি দিছিল। পিছত আই গোঁসানী সুন্দৰীদিয়ালৈকে গৈ থাকিবলৈ লয়। পূৰ্বৰ স্থানতে কালিন্দী আইৰ গৃহটি এতিয়া পকী কৰি তাত আইৰ শয্যাখন সযতনে ৰখা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;প&quot;/&gt;

===আই গোঁসানীৰ পাটকুঁৱা===
মাধবদেৱ সুন্দৰীদিয়াত থাকিবলৈ লোৱাৰ পিছত শ্ৰীৰাম আতাই [[সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ]]ৰ পৰা আহি কালিন্দী আইৰ খা-খবৰ ৰাখিছিল। এবাৰ শ্ৰীৰাম আতাৰ আগত আই গোঁসানীয়ে খোৱা পানীৰ বৰ কষ্ট হোৱা বুলি খবৰ দিয়াত মাধবদেৱে মথুৰাদাস বুঢ়া আতাক আইৰ বাবে কুঁৱাৰ ব্যৱস্থা কৰিবলৈ কয়। তেওঁ ভবাণীপুৰৰ অমৃতকৰ দলৈক কুঁৱাৰ বাবে পাট দিবলৈ কয়&lt;ref name=&quot;পা&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মৰ নৱৰত্ন | publisher=লেখক আৰু প্ৰকাশন সমিতি, বৰপেটা | author=দাস, অৰ্জুন চন্দ্ৰ | authorlink=শ্ৰী শ্ৰীমথুৰাদাস বুঢ়া আতা | year=২০০৬ | pages=৮}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু সেইখিনি গোপাল আতাই নাৱেৰে নি পাটবাউসী পোৱাইছিল আৰু কুমাৰ মাতি আনি কুঁৱা খান্দি পাট বহুৱাইছিল। বতাহ-বৰষুণ, ৰাতি-বেলি যাতে পানী অনাত অসুবিধা নহয়, তাৰ প্ৰতি লক্ষ্য ৰাখি কুঁৱাটো আইৰ ঘৰৰ পিৰালিতে পাতিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;প&quot;/&gt;

==সত্ৰ পৰিচালনা==
গুৰু শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত কালিন্দী আয়ে কিছুকাল সত্ৰতে আছিল যদিও পিছত অচল হোৱাত [[সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ]]লৈ আহে আৰু [[মাধবদেৱ]]ৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত জীৱনৰ বাকী কালছোৱা তাতেই থাকে। মাধবদেৱ ভেলাদোৱাত থাকোঁতে বৰপেটা সত্ৰৰ সত্ৰাধিকাৰ পাতিছিল [[মথুৰাদাস বুঢ়া আতা]]ক আৰু তেওঁকেই বছৰি গুৰুজনাৰ তিথি পাটবাউসীত পাতিবলৈ আজ্ঞা কৰিছিল। সেইমতে, বৰ্তমানো [[বৰপেটা সত্ৰ]]ই শংকৰদেৱৰ তিথি পাটবাউসীতো পাতি আহিছে। সত্ৰৰ পূৰ্বৰ সকলো ঘৰ জহি-খহি যাবলৈ ধৰাত বৰপেটাৰ কেইগৰাকীমান লোকৰ আগ্ৰহত আজিৰ পৰা কিছুবছৰ আগতে সত্ৰৰ ঘৰসমূহ খেৰ গুচাই টিন লগোৱা হয়। এই লোকসকল আছিল ক্ৰমে, গোপী পাঠক, লক্ৰিসিং মহাজন, মনহৰি বাবু। সত্ৰখনৰ নিজা কোনো আয়ৰ পথ নথকাত, কেৱল ৰাইজৰ দান-বৰঙণিৰেই চলি থাকে। পকী ঘৰসমূহ তেতিয়াৰ বিত্তমন্ত্ৰী [[মতিৰাম বৰা]]ই দিয়া চৰকাৰী অনুদান, [[অসম গণ পৰিষদ]] চৰকাৰৰ পৰা পোৱা অনুদান আৰু ৰাইজৰ দান বৰঙণিৰে নিৰ্মিত হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;কেলি&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;প&quot;/&gt;

১৬৮৩ শকত ৰামচন্দ্ৰ আতাৰ বৰপুত্ৰ ৰামদেৱ আতা [[নৰোৱা সত্ৰ]]ৰ অধিকাৰ হয় আৰু তেওঁ ৰজা [[লক্ষ্মীসিংহ]]ৰ পৰা ১৬৯৪ চনত তামৰ ফলিত বংশসূত্ৰে অধিকাৰ ভোগৰ কথা লেখাই লৈছিল। তেতিয়াৰে পৰা [[বৰদোৱা সত্ৰ]]ৰ ৰামদেৱ আতাৰ বংশৰ লোকসকলেই পাটবাউসী সত্ৰৰ অধিকাৰ হৈ আছে। তাৰ আগলৈ অৰ্থাৎ ১৬৯৪ শক(১৭৭২ চন)লৈ এই সত্ৰ স্থানীয় ৰাইজ আৰু [[বৰপেটা সত্ৰ]]ৰ তত্ত্বাৱধানত চলি আছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;প&quot;/&gt; বৰ্তমান সত্ৰখন পৰিচালিত হ’বলৈ সত্ৰাধিকাৰ আৰু এখন পৰিচালনা সমিতি আছে। 

==পাটবাউসীত দামোদৰদেৱৰ থান==
পাটবাউসীত শংকৰদেৱে স্থাপন কৰা থানৰ উপৰি [[দামোদৰ দেৱ]] স্থাপিত থান এখনিও আছে। দামোদৰ দেৱ আৰু শংকৰদেৱৰ এই পাটবাউসীতে মিলন হৈছিল। দামোদৰদেৱৰ জন্ম বৰদোৱাৰ নলচা গাঁৱত। বৰদোৱাৰ হোৱা হেতুকে দামোদৰদেৱৰ পিতৃপুৰুষ আৰু শংকৰদেৱৰ মাজত আত্মীয়তা আছিল। পিছলৈ দামোদৰদেৱ ব্যাসপাৰালৈ সপৰিয়ালে উঠি আহিছিল আৰু ইয়াতেই শংকৰদেৱৰ সাক্ষাৎ পাইছিল। গুৰু চৰিত কথাত আছে; 

''বাউসীলৈ আহি আহোঁতে-যাওঁতে শংকৰদেৱ-মাধবদেৱ আৰু আন ভকতসকলৰ শাস্ত্ৰব্যাখ্যা শুনি কেইবাদিনো ৰৈ যোৱা দেখি শংকৰদেৱে শাস্ত্ৰকথা শুনিবলৈ মন যায়নে সুধিছিল। উত্তৰত তেওঁ কৃষিকৰ্মৰ পৰা অৱসৰেই নোপোৱাৰ কথা কওঁতে সকলো ভকতক দামোদৰলৈ বুলি একোমুঠি চাউল আনিবলৈ ক’লে। সেইমতে ভকতসকলে চাউল আনি দিব ধৰিলে। এদিন এমহা সুৱৰ্ণ দি শংকৰদেৱক গুৰু বুলিবলৈ লওঁতে শংকৰদেৱে নিজে নকৰাই ৰামৰাম গুৰুৰ হতুৱাই শৰণ দিয়ালে। তাৰপিছত এতোলা সোণেৰে বগা দলৈৰ পৰা মাটি কিনি ধনুখন্দাৰ সিপাৰে দামোদৰৰ বাবে বহা সজাই দিলে। ব্ৰাহ্মণ ভকত আহিলে দামোদৰৰ তাতে শৰণ দিওৱাৰ বন্দৱস্থ হ’ল। ''&lt;ref name=&quot;ক&quot;/&gt;

{{Cquote| এদিন গুৰুজনে বোলে দামোদৰ সুনিবৰ মন জাইনে : বোলে বাপ জাই : জাইহে অৱজৰ নাই........... পাচে গুৰুজনে সবে ভকতক কলে : বোলে একোমুঠি চাউল আনিবাহক দামোদৰলৈ॥ তেহে সবে আনে চাউল কত হল : হাটিতে আচে কতোদিন॥ আৰু এমহা সুবন্ন দি মহাপুৰুষক গুৰু বুলিবলৈধৈলে : তেহে গুৰুজনে নকৰাই ৰামৰাম গোসাইৰ ততে কৰালে সোণাও দিলে : পাচে এতোলা সোণা দি বগা দলৈ [মাটি কিনি] ধনুখন্দা সিপাৰে বহা সজাই থলে : ব্ৰাহ্মণ ভকত আহিলে দামোদৰ ঠাইৎ শৰণ কৰাই।&lt;ref name=&quot;ক&quot;/&gt;}}

ব্যাসপাৰাৰ কিছু উত্তৰে কীৰ্তন ঘৰ, মণিকূট গৃহ আদি সজাই পূৰ্ণাংগ সত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰি দামোদৰদেৱে ভগৱতী বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল। ১৫১৩ খৃ:ত তেওঁ পোনতে বিজয়নগৰ আৰু পিছত লক্ষ্মীনাৰায়ণৰ ৰাজ্য কোচবেহাৰৰ ভিতৰুৱা ঢাপত সত্ৰ পাতি বাস কৰিবলৈ লয় আৰু ১৫২০ চনত তেওঁৰ তাতেই মৃত্যু হয়। দেহাৱসানৰ আগে আগে কোচবেহাৰৰ পৰাই দামোদৰদেৱে তেওঁৰ প্ৰিয় শিষ্য ভট্টদেৱক পাটবাউসী সত্ৰৰ সত্ৰাধিকাৰ নিযুক্ত কৰিছিল। তেতিয়াৰে পৰা ভট্টদেৱৰ বংশৰ লোকেই এই সত্ৰৰ অধিকাৰ ভোগ কৰি আহিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;০&quot;/&gt;

===সত্ৰৰ সম্পদ===
দামোদৰদেৱ স্থাপিত সত্ৰত ''কথা-ভাগৱত'', ''কথা-গীতা'', ভক্তি-ৰত্নাৱলী, সাত্বত-তন্ত্ৰ, প্ৰসংগমালা, বিষ্ণু সহস্ৰ নাম, নন্দোৎসৱ, শৰণ-মালিকা, ভক্তি-বিবেক, ভক্তি সাৰ আদি আছে। শ্ৰীশ্ৰীবলদেৱ অধিকাৰৰ দিনত ১৬৩৯ শকত ৰজা [[শিৱসিংহ]]ই দামোদৰদেৱ স্থাপিত পাটবাউসী সত্ৰত মাটি-বৃত্তি দান কৰি তামৰ ফলি দান কৰে। ১৬৬৮ শকত [[প্ৰমত্তসিংহ]]ই মাটি-বৃত্তি প্ৰদান কৰে। শিৱসিংহই দামোদৰ গুৰুৰ পদশিলাৰ ওপৰত মঠ এটি নিৰ্মাণ কৰিবলৈ লয় আৰু এইটি প্ৰমত্ত সিংহৰ দিনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;০&quot;/&gt;

==তথ্য সূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:সত্ৰ]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:বৰপেটা জিলা]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ধৰ্মীয় স্থান]]</text>
      <sha1>poga89b7mfq5r4k87xeva5uzfj9cvr3</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>মালবিকা বৰা</title>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-10T07:40:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mridul Kumar Sharmah</username>
        <id>6237</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল */</comment>
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      <text bytes="7906" sha1="e4s0bav50hkk1xg1hhx622zkxicfjwq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist|bgcolour=lightgray|name=|alias=|image=|image_size=220px|caption=|birth_date=১৯৫৪|background=solo_singer|birth_place=বেঙেনাখোৱা, [[গোলাঘাট]], [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]]|parents=নগেন্দ্ৰ নাথ বৰুৱা &lt;br /&gt; হেমপ্ৰভা বৰুৱা|origin=[[গোলাঘাট]], [[অসম]]|genre=আধুনিক গীত|occupation=কণ্ঠশিল্পী, অনাতাঁৰ শিল্পী|instrument=|nationality=ভাৰতীয় {{flagicon|IND}}|label=|associated_acts=|website=|yearsactive=১৯৭১-বৰ্তমানলৈকে}}

'''মালবিকা বৰা''' ({{lang-en|Malabika Bora}}) [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]]ৰ এগৰাকী কণ্ঠশিল্পী। তেওঁ ৫০ বছৰতকৈও&lt;ref name=&quot;নিয়মীয়া&quot;&gt;{{cite news | title=ছবিত গীত গাই পাৰিশ্ৰমিক নহয়, উপহাৰ লাভ কৰিছিলোঁ | work=নিয়মীয়া বাৰ্তা | date=৮ জুন ২০২৫ | agency=নিয়মীয়া বাৰ্তা | accessdate=9 June 2025 | author=সাক্ষাৎগ্ৰহণ- কুমুদ তালুকদাৰ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=সুকন্যা}}&lt;/ref&gt; অধিক কাল অসমীয়া সংগীত জগতৰ লগত জড়িত হৈ আছে৷ ১৯৭৩ চনত অনাতাঁৰ শিল্পী হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰা মালবিকা বৰাই পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ছোৱাত ২৮খন অসমীয়া কথাছবিত নেপথ্য কণ্ঠশিল্পীৰ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছে৷ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ত [[টেবল টেনিছ|টেবুল টেনিছ]] খেল আৰু নৃত্যশিল্পৰ লগতো তেওঁ জড়িত হৈছিল৷ 

== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল ==
[[গোলাঘাট]] জিলাৰ বেঙেনাখোৱাত মালবিকা বৰাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল৷ তেওঁৰ পিতৃ নগেন্দ্ৰ নাথ বৰুৱা আৰু মাতৃ হেমপ্ৰভা বৰুৱা৷ তেওঁলোকৰ পৰিয়ালত ৫গৰাকী ছোৱালী আৰু দুগৰাকী ল'ৰা সন্তান৷ পিতৃ আছিল আইনজীৱী আৰু পৌৰসভাৰ চেয়াৰমেন। তেওঁ নাটকত অভিনয় কৰাৰ বাবেও জনাজাত আছিল৷ ইয়াৰ লগতে গোলাঘাট ক্ৰীড়া জগতলৈ আগবঢ়োৱা অৱদানৰ বাবেও তেওঁ পৰিচিত৷ নগেন্দ্ৰ নাথ বৰুৱাৰ স্মৃতিত শেহতীয়াকৈ গোলাঘাটৰ ষ্টেডিয়ামৰ মূল পেভিলিয়নটো তেওঁলৈ উচৰ্গা কৰা হৈছে৷ মালবিকা বৰাৰ ডাঙৰ ককায়েক প্ৰিয়ব্ৰত বৰুৱায়ো একাধিক মঞ্চত গীত গাইছিল৷ সৰু ককায়েক তপোব্ৰত বৰুৱা সাংস্কৃতিক দিশৰ লগত জড়িত আছিল৷ ১৯৮২ চনত [[শিৱপ্ৰসাদ ঠাকুৰ]]ৰ পৰিচালনাত মুক্তিলাভ কৰা অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''[[বোৱাৰী (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|বোৱাৰী]]''ৰ তেওঁ এজন প্ৰযোজক আছিল৷&lt;ref name=&quot;নিয়মীয়া&quot; /&gt;  স্কুলীয়া দিনৰ পৰা মালবিকা বৰাই গীত গাইছিল আৰু মইনা পাৰিজাতৰ পৰা গীত গাই পুৰস্কাৰো লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ [[সত্ৰীয়া নৃত্য]] আৰু [[ভাৰতনাট্যম|ভাৰত নাট্যম]]ৰ শিক্ষাও গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। সৰুতেই মালবিকা বৰাই [[ধ্ৰুপদী সংগীত]]ৰ শিক্ষা লৈছিল৷&lt;ref name=&quot;DD Assam&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tm8SDBEVV6g | title=ARDHA AKASH | AN INTERVIEW WITH MALABIKA BORAH | publisher=DD Assam | date=14 August 2023 | accessdate=15 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==সংগীত জীৱন==
১৯৭১ চনত মালবিকা বৰা দশম শ্ৰেণীত পঢ়ি থাকোঁতে [[প্ৰণবিৰাম বৰুৱা|প্ৰণবিৰাম বৰুৱাই]] তেওঁৰ কণ্ঠ শুনি [[পাৰ্বতি প্ৰসাদ বৰুৱা|পাৰ্বতিপ্ৰসাদ বৰুৱাৰ]] এক ৰেকৰ্ডত গীত গাবলৈ প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়ে। এই ৰেকৰ্ডখনত তেওঁ 'শাৰদী সন্ধিয়াৰ জোনাকী মেল' শীৰ্ষক গীত গায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;DD Assam&quot; /&gt; ১৮ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ‌ অনাতাঁৰ শিল্পী হ'বৰ বাবে অ'ডিছন দিয়ে আৰু গুৱাহাটী অনাতাঁৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰ বাবে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। পিছলৈ তেওঁ সুৰেন ৰয়ৰ ওচৰত শাস্ত্ৰীয় সংগীতৰ শিক্ষা লৈছিল। বিয়াৰ পিছত গুৱাহাটীলৈ আহি তেওঁ হীৰেণ শৰ্মাৰ ওচৰত শাস্ত্ৰীয় সংগীতৰ আধৰুৱা শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। ১৯৭৮ চনত 'ফাগুনী' বোলছবিত তেওঁ কণ্ঠদান কৰে। এইখন তেওঁ কণ্ঠদান কৰা প্ৰথম কথাছবি। ইয়াত তেওঁ 'মইনা চৰাইটি', 'বিচাৰিলোঁ‌ সোণৰ খনি' আৰু 'পিতাইটি ঐ' শীৰ্ষক গীতত কণ্ঠদান কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছত তেওঁ '[[বোৱাৰী (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)|বোৱাৰী]]', 'মা', 'প্ৰতিশোধ', '[[অহিৰ ভৈৰৱ]]', '[[হিয়া দিয়া নিয়া]]' আদি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ কেইবাটাও গীতত কণ্ঠ নিগৰায়।

==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন==
মালবিকা বৰাৰ বিবাহ প্ৰবীণ কুমাৰ বৰাৰ সৈতে সম্পন্ন হয়।
==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ কণ্ঠশিল্পী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় কণ্ঠশিল্পী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:কণ্ঠশিল্পী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ নাৰী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ নাৰী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ সৈতে জড়িত ব্যক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ নেপথ্য কণ্ঠশিল্পী]]</text>
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মই অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সৈতে হেঁপাহেৰে ১৪ চেপ্তেম্বৰ, ২০২৪ চনত সংযুক্ত হৈছিলোঁ। অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত মোৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰবন্ধ [[সুবোধ সৰকাৰ]]। 
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মই অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সৈতে হেঁপাহেৰে ১৪ চেপ্তেম্বৰ, ২০২৪ চনত সংযুক্ত হৈছিলোঁ। অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত মোৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰবন্ধ [[সুবোধ সৰকাৰ]]। 
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মই অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সৈতে হেঁপাহেৰে ১৪ চেপ্তেম্বৰ, ২০২৪ চনত সংযুক্ত হৈছিলোঁ। অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত মোৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰবন্ধ [[সুবোধ সৰকাৰ]]। 
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মই অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সৈতে হেঁপাহেৰে ১৪ চেপ্তেম্বৰ, ২০২৪ চনত সংযুক্ত হৈছিলোঁ। অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত মোৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰবন্ধ [[সুবোধ সৰকাৰ]]। 
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মই অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সৈতে হেঁপাহেৰে ১৪ চেপ্তেম্বৰ, ২০২৪ চনত সংযুক্ত হৈছিলোঁ। অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত মোৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰবন্ধ [[সুবোধ সৰকাৰ]]। 
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মই অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সৈতে হেঁপাহেৰে ১৪ চেপ্তেম্বৰ, ২০২৪ চনত সংযুক্ত হৈছিলোঁ। অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত মোৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰবন্ধ [[সুবোধ সৰকাৰ]]। 
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মই অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সৈতে হেঁপাহেৰে ১৪ চেপ্তেম্বৰ, ২০২৪ চনত সংযুক্ত হৈছিলোঁ। অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত মোৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰবন্ধ [[সুবোধ সৰকাৰ]]। 
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মই অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সৈতে হেঁপাহেৰে ১৪ চেপ্তেম্বৰ, ২০২৪ চনত সংযুক্ত হৈছিলোঁ। অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত মোৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰবন্ধ [[সুবোধ সৰকাৰ]]। 
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মই অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সৈতে হেঁপাহেৰে ১৪ চেপ্তেম্বৰ, ২০২৪ চনত সংযুক্ত হৈছিলোঁ। অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াত মোৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰবন্ধ [[সুবোধ সৰকাৰ]]। 
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Ranjet Singh's Birth place..jpg]] → [[File:Ranjet Singh's Birth place.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR6|Criterion 6]] · bug fix</comment>
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{{Infobox royalty|name=ৰঞ্জিৎ সিং|title=পঞ্জাবৰ মহাৰজা&lt;br /&gt;লাহোৰৰ মহাৰজা&lt;br /&gt;শ্বেৰ-ই পাঞ্জাব (পাঞ্জাবৰ সিংহ)&lt;br/&gt;(ভাৰতৰ সিংহ)&lt;br /&gt;চৰকাৰ-ই ৱালা(চৰকাৰৰ প্ৰধান)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/hindi-english/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0#:~:text=%2Fsarak%C4%81ra%2F,are%20responsible%20for%20governing%20it. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Sarkar (surname)|চৰকাৰ]] [[খালছা]]জী&lt;br /&gt;পঞ্চ নদীৰ গৰাকী&lt;br /&gt;[[সিং]] [[চাহিব]]&lt;ref&gt;A history of the Sikhs by Kushwant Singh, Volume I (p. 195)&lt;/ref&gt;|image=Oval-shaped tondo portrait painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lucknow, Awadh, ca.1810–20 (cropped).jpg|caption=[[Company style|কোম্পানী স্কুল]] মহাৰাজ ৰঞ্জিত সিং, লক্ষ্ণৌ, অৱধ, ১৮১০-২০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ প্ৰতিকৃতি চিত্ৰ|succession=[[মহাৰজা]] [[শিখ সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ|reign=১২ এপ্ৰিল ১৮০১ – ২৭ জুন ১৮৩৯|successor=[[খৰক সিং]]|cor-type=Investiture|coronation=১২ এপ্ৰিল ১৮০১[[লাহোৰ দুৰ্গ]]|succession2=মুখ্য [[চুকেৰচাকিয়া মিছল]]|reign2=১৫ এপ্ৰিল ১৭৯২– ১১ এপ্ৰিল ১৮০১|predecessor2=[[মহা সিং]]|birth_name=বুদ্ব সিং|death_date=১৩ নভেম্বৰ ১৭৮০&lt;ref name=&quot;pta1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Studies in Contemporary Indian History&amp;nbsp; – Punjab Through the Ages Volume 2|year=2007|publisher=Sarup &amp; Sons, New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7625-738-1|page=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxtEFA5qqR8C&amp;q=ranjith%20singh&amp;pg=PA2|author=S.R. Bakshi, Rashmi Pathak|editor=S.R. Bakshi, Rashmi Pathak&lt;!--|access-date=2010--&gt;|chapter=1-Political Condition}}&lt;/ref&gt;|date of death={{death date and age|1839|6|27|1780|11|13|df=y}}|spouse=[[মেহতাব কৌৰ]]&lt;br /&gt; [[দাতাৰ কৌৰ]] &lt;br /&gt;[[জিণ্ড কৌৰ]]&lt;br /&gt;''[[#Wives|See list for others]]''|issue=[[খৰক সিং]]&lt;br /&gt;[[শ্বেৰ সিং]]&lt;br /&gt;[[দালীপ সিং]]|issue-link=#Personal life#Issues|issue-pipe=অন্যান্য বোৰ...|house=[[চুকেৰচাকিয়া]]|father=[[মহা সিং]]|mother=[[ৰাজ কৌৰ]]|signature=Handprint signature and Gurmukhi script seal of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who was illiterate in the official Perso-Arabic script of his empire.jpg|religion=[[শিখ]]}}

''' ৰঞ্জিৎ সিং({{lang_en|Ranjit Singh}})''' আছিল [[শিখ]] [[সাম্ৰাজ্য]]ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক আৰু প্ৰথম মহাৰাজ, তেওঁ ১৮০১ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৩৯ চনলৈকে তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুলৈকে শাসন কৰিছিল। উনবিংশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে তেওঁ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম [[ভাৰত]]ৰ উপমহাদেশত শাসন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ শৈশৱকালত সৰুআই বা বসন্ত ৰোগৰ পৰা ভাগ্যক্ৰমেহে বাচিছিল যদিও তেওঁৰ বাওঁ চকুতো দৃষ্টি শক্তি হেৰুৱাইছিল। ৰঞ্জিৎ সিঙে অতি সৰুকালত ১০ বছৰ বয়সতেই নিজৰ দেউতাকৰ সৈতে সহযোগ কৰি এখন যুঁজঁত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। কিশোৰ অৱস্থাৰ সময়ছোৱাত তথা তেওঁৰ দেউতাক মৃত্যু হোৱাৰ পিছত, ৰঞ্জিতে পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত [[আফগান]] সকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কেইবাখনো যুদ্ধত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। ২১ বছৰ বয়সত, তেওঁক &quot;পঞ্জাৱৰ মহাৰাজ&quot; বুলি ঘোষণা কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiiM-r/page/479/mode/1up&lt;/ref&gt; ৰঞ্জিত সিঙৰ আটাইতকৈ স্থায়ী উত্তৰাধিকাৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা আছিল পঞ্জাৱৰ একত্ৰীকৰণ। তেওঁৰ শাসনকালৰ আগতে, পঞ্জাৱৰ শিখ মিছিলসমূহৰ মাজত একতা নাছিল, বিপথে পৰিচালিত হৈছিল, প্ৰত্যেকেই বিভিন্ন নেতাৰ দ্বাৰা শাসিত আছিল। এই বিপথে পৰিচালিত বোৰ প্ৰায়ে ইজনে সিজনৰ সৈতে বিৰোধিতা কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অঞ্চলটো বাহ্যিক ভাবুকিৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। ৰঞ্জিত সিঙে তেওঁৰ নেতৃত্বত এই বিপথে পৰিচালিত সকলক একত্ৰিত কৰাৰ সামৰ্থ্যই এক শক্তিশালী আৰু সংহত শিখ ৰাজ্য ৰচনা কৰিছিল যি বাহ্যিক আক্ৰমণকাৰী, বিশেষকৈ আফগান আৰু ব্ৰিটিছৰ বিৰুদ্ধে নিজকে ৰক্ষা কৰিব পাৰে।&lt;ref&gt; https://planetamritsar.com/blogs/news/maharaja-ranjit-singh-all-you-need-to-know&lt;/ref&gt;১৮৩৯ চনৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁৰ নেতৃত্বত পঞ্জাৱ অঞ্চলত তেওঁৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যখন বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল।&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20120216043951/http://histories.cambridge.org/extract?id=chol9780521268844_CHOL9780521268844A008&lt;/ref&gt;তেওঁৰ উত্থানৰ আগতে, পাঞ্জাৱ অঞ্চলত অসংখ্য যুঁজাৰু যাৰ মাজত একতা নথকা বাৰজন শিখৰ কনফেডেৰাচি শাসক আছিল,আৰু এজন মুছলমানৰ অধীনত আছিল। ৰঞ্জিত সিঙে শিখ মিছিলসমূহ একত্ৰিত কৰি [[শিখ]] সাম্ৰাজ্য সাম্ৰাজ্য স্থাপনৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে স্থানীয় ৰাজ্যসমূহ দখল কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ&lt;/ref&gt;তেওঁ বাৰে বাৰে বাহিৰা শক্তিৰ আক্ৰমণ বিশেষকৈ আফগান সকলৰ হাতত পৰাজিত হৈছিল সেয়ে পাছত আফগানসকলক হৰুৱাবলৈ [[ব্ৰিটিছ]]সকলৰ সৈতে বন্ধুত্বপূৰ্ণ সম্পৰ্ক স্থাপন কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr4VAQAAIAAJ&lt;/ref&gt;ৰঞ্জিত সিঙৰ ৰাজত্বকালত তেওঁৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যত ভালেমান সংস্কাৰ, আন্তঃগাঁথনিৰ উন্নয়ন আৰু সাধাৰণ সমৃদ্ধি সাধন হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&lt;/ref&gt;তেওঁৰ খালচা সেনা আৰু প্ৰশাসনিক ক্ষেত্ৰত সকলো ধৰ্মৰে লোক [[শিখ]], [[হিন্দু]], [[মুছলমান]] আৰু [[ইউৰোপীয়]] সকল অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&amp;pg=PA147&lt;/ref&gt;
ৰঞ্জিৎ সিঙৰ দিনত শিখসকলৰ সাংস্কৃতিক আৰু শিল্পকলাৰ উন্নয়ন হৈছিল। কিয়নো তেওঁ শিখ শিল্পকলা আৰু সংস্কৃতিৰ উন্নয়নৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিছিল আৰু পৃষ্ঠপোষক আছিল। তেওঁ [[অমৃতসৰ]]ৰ হৰমন্দিৰ চাহিবৰ পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাইছিল। তেওঁ অমৃতসৰৰ হৰমন্দিৰ চাহিব গুৰুদ্বাৰাত মাৰ্বল আৰু সোণ ৰখা স্থাপন কৰিছিল, তেতিয়াৰ পৰা ইয়াক সোণালী মন্দিৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়। তখত শ্ৰী পাটনা চাহিব, [[বিহাৰ]] আৰু হাজুৰ চাহিব নান্দেদ, [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]কে ধৰি অন্যান্য মুখ্য গুৰুদ্বাৰাসমূহৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষক আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=zjduAAAAMAAJ&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=ddgO-DldmSwC&lt;/ref&gt;

==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন==
ৰঞ্জিত সিঙৰ জন্ম ১৭৮০ চনৰ ১৩ নৱেম্বৰত পঞ্জাৱ অঞ্চলৰ গুজৰানৱালাত (বৰ্তমানৰ পঞ্জাৱ, পাকিস্তান) সন্ধৱালিয়া জাট শিখ পৰিয়ালত হৈছিল। দেউতাকৰ নাম আছিল মহা সিং আৰু মাতৃৰ নাম আছিল ৰাজ কৌৰ। তেওঁৰ মাতৃ ৰাজ কৌৰ জিন্দৰ সিদ্ধু জাট শিখ শাসক ৰাজা গজপত সিঙৰ কন্যা আছিল&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=nDluAAAAMAAJ&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁৰ জন্মৰ পিছত, তেওঁক তেওঁৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ নাম অনুসৰি বুদ্ধ সিং নাম দিয়া হৈছিল।[[চিত্ৰ:Ranjet Singh's Birth place.jpg|left|thumb|পাকিস্তানৰ পাঞ্জাৱৰ গুজৰানৱালাত ৰঞ্জিত সিঙৰ জন্মস্থান। ]]পাছত শিশুটোৰ নাম ৰঞ্জিত ৰখা হৈছিল। ৰঞ্জিতৰ আক্ষৰিক অৰ্থ, 'যুদ্ধত বিজয়ী' আৰু সিং ('সিংহ') তেওঁৰ দেউতাকে চাট্টা প্ৰধান পীৰ মুহাম্মাদৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কৰা তেওঁৰ সেনাৰ বিজয়ক স্মৰণ কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr4VAQAAIAAJ&lt;/ref&gt; 
দেউতাক মহা সিঙৰ মৃত্যুত, ৰঞ্জিত সিঙে বাৰ বছৰ বয়সতে মিছল চুক্ৰাচাকিয়াৰ নেতা হয়। ১৫ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ কানহায়াসকলৰ এগৰাকী মুৰব্বীৰ জীয়েকক বিয়া কৰায়, আৰু বহু বছৰ ধৰি তেওঁৰ কাম-কাজ তেওঁৰ উচ্চাকাংক্ষী শাহু, বিধৱা সদা কৌৰে পৰিচালনা কৰিছিল। নাক্কাসকলৰ এজনী ছোৱালীৰ সৈতে দ্বিতীয় বিবাহে ৰঞ্জিত সিঙক শিখ সংঘৰ গোত্ৰসমূহৰ মাজত প্ৰসিদ্ধ কৰি তুলিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ranjit-Singh-Sikh-maharaja&lt;/ref&gt;

==কৰ্মজীৱন==
ৰঞ্জিত সিঙৰ প্ৰথম গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ সামৰিক বিজয় আছিল ১৭৯৭ চনত যেতিয়া তেওঁ লাহোৰৰ আফগান গভৰ্ণৰ জামান শ্বাহ দুৰানীক পৰাস্ত কৰিছিল। এই বিজয়ে কেৱল ৰঞ্জিত সিঙক এজন শক্তিশালী নেতা হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাই নহয় কিন্তু শেষত লাহোৰ দখলৰ পথও প্ৰশস্ত কৰিছিল। লাহে লাহে চুটলেজৰ পৰা সিদ্ধুলৈকে তেওঁ দেশত শাসন কৰি থকা সকলো মিছিলক দমন কৰিলে। ১৭৯৯ চনত ৰঞ্জিত সিঙে পঞ্জাৱৰ ঐতিহাসিক ৰাজধানী লাহোৰ দখল কৰে। লাহোৰ দখল কৰাটো তেওঁৰ কেৰিয়াৰৰ এক টাৰ্ণিং পইণ্ট আছিল, কিয়নো ই তেওঁক উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ চহৰৰ ওপৰত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। লাহোৰ শিখ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী হয়, আৰু ৰঞ্জিত সিঙক 1801 চনত পঞ্জাৱৰ মহাৰাজ বুলি ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। ফুলকিয়ন মিছলৰ শাসকসকলে চুটলেজ আৰু যমুনাৰ মাজত শাসন কৰি আছিল। ১৮০৬ খ্ৰীঃত ৰঞ্জিত সিঙে ফুলকিয়ন মিছলৰ শাসকক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল, যদিও সফল নহ'ল। 
ৰঞ্জিত সিঙৰ সামৰিক নেতৃত্বৰ বহুতো গুণ আছিল। তেওঁ দূৰদৰ্শী আছিল। শীতলা ৰোগত তেওঁৰ এটা চকু হেৰাই গৈছিল। কিন্তু ইয়াৰ সত্ত্বেও, তেওঁ উৎসাহী বীৰ আছিল। গতিকে যেতিয়ালৈকে তেওঁ জীয়াই আছিল, সকলো মিছল দমন কৰা থৈছিল। 
সেই সময়ত ব্ৰিটিছ ৰাজ্য যমুনালৈ বিস্তৃত হৈছিল আৰু ফুলকিয়ান মিছলৰ ৰজাসকলে ইংৰাজ ৰাজ্যৰ আধিপত্যত বিশ্বাস কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল।[[চিত্ৰ:Possible_depiction_of_Ranjit_Singh_as_a_young_boy,_detail_from_a_painting_of_a_diplomatic_meeting_between_Sikh_Misls.jpg|thumb|ৰঞ্জিত সিঙ এজন যুৱ লৰা হিচাপে, [[শিখ]] মিছলছৰ মাজত কূটনৈতিক বৈঠকৰ অষ্টাদশ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ চিত্ৰৰ বিৱৰণ ]] সিঙে [[ব্ৰিটিছ]]ৰ সৈতে যুঁজ দিয়াটো উচিত বুলি ভবা নাছিল আৰু এখন চুক্তি কৰিছিল যে আমি চুটতলেজৰ আগলৈ আমাৰ ৰাজ্য সম্প্ৰসাৰিত নকৰোঁ। ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানীয়েও ৰঞ্জিত সিঙৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ বাবে এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ প্ৰত্যাহ্বানৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। যদিও অমৃতসৰৰ চুক্তিয়ে শিখ সাম্ৰাজ্য আৰু ব্ৰিটিছসকলৰ মাজত শান্তি নিশ্চিত কৰিছিল, ব্ৰিটিছে নিৰন্তৰ ভাৱে পঞ্জাৱত তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰভাৱ বিস্তাৰ কৰাৰ সুযোগ বিচাৰি আছিল। ৰঞ্জিত সিঙে ব্ৰিটিছসকলৰ বৰ্ধিত শক্তিৰ বিষয়ে অৱগত আছিল আৰু নিজৰ স্থিতি শক্তিশালী কৰাৰ বাবে ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল, যাৰ ভিতৰত আছিল তেওঁৰ সৈন্যবাহিনীৰ আধুনিকীকৰণ আৰু তেওঁৰ সীমা শক্তিশালী কৰা। সিঙে তেওঁৰ সৈন্যসকলক প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিবলৈ [[নেপোলিয়ন]]ৰ কেইবাজনো প্ৰাক্তন জেনেৰেলসহ ইউৰোপীয় ভাৰাতীয়া সৈন্য নিয়োগ কৰি প্ৰথম আধুনিক ভাৰতীয় সেনা সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এক শক্তিশালী সামৰিক শক্তি যাৰ উপস্থিতিৰ কাৰণে ব্ৰিটিছে উপনিবেশ স্থাপনত পলম কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এক শক্তিশালী আৰু বলশালী সশস্ত্ৰ ৰাজ্য সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল; সেই সময়ত পঞ্জাৱ হৈছিল একমাত্ৰ ৰাজ্য যি ব্ৰিটিছৰ দ্বাৰা নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। ইয়াৰ পাছত তেওঁ পঞ্জাৱৰ দক্ষিণ, পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ অংশ আক্ৰমণ কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু দহ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্য [[মুলতান]], পেছাৱাৰ আৰু [[কাশ্মীৰ]]লৈ সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰে। 
ৰঞ্জিত সিঙে পেছাৱাৰক নিজৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণলৈ আনিছিল, কিন্তু সেই প্ৰদেশৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰিবলৈ তেওঁ বহু বছৰ ধৰি কঠোৰ সংগ্ৰাম কৰিব লগা হৈছিল। তেওঁ সমগ্ৰ পঞ্জাৱৰ আধিপত্য দখল কৰিছিল; আৰু [[ব্ৰিটিছ]]সকলৰ হস্তক্ষেপৰ সন্মুখীন হ'ব লগা হোৱা নাছিল। কিন্তু যেতিয়া ব্ৰিটিছে [[নেপোলিয়ন]]ৰ বাহিনীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে শিখসকলৰ পৰা সহায় বিচাৰিছিল, তেওঁলোকে বৃটিছক সহায় কৰা নাছিল। 

==পাৰিবাৰিক জীৱন==
ৰঞ্জিত সিঙে বিভিন্ন সময়ত কেইবাগৰাকীও মহিলাক বিবাহ কৰাইছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ ২০ গৰাকী পত্নী আছিল। কিছুমান বুৰঞ্জীবিদৰ মতে, মহাৰাজৰ বিবাহ সম্পৰ্কীয় তথ্য স্পষ্ট নহয় আৰু এয়া নিশ্চিত যে তেওঁৰ বহুতো সম্পৰ্ক আছিল। ১৮৮৯ চনত এখন ফৰাচী আলোচনীক দিয়া সাক্ষাৎকাৰত মহাৰাজৰ পুত্ৰ দিলীপ সিঙে কৈছিল, &quot;মই মোৰ দেউতাকৰ ৪৬ গৰাকী পত্নীৰ এগৰাকীৰ সন্তান। '  

[[চিত্ৰ:Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_with_wives_Wellcome_V0045197.jpg|thumb|মহাৰাজ ৰঞ্জিত সিঙ তেওঁৰ কিছুমান পত্নীৰ সৈতে। 
]]

==মৃত্যু==
১৮৩৯ চনত ৰঞ্জিত সিঙৰ মৃত্যু হয়। তেওঁৰ চাৰিগৰাকী হিন্দু পত্নী- মেহতাব দেৱী (গুড্ডান চাহিবা), ৰাজা সংসাৰ চান্দৰ কন্যা ৰাণী হৰ দেৱী, এগৰাকী চেলেৰিয়া ৰাজপুতৰ কন্যা ৰাণী ৰাজ দেৱী, পদ্ম ৰাজপুতৰ কন্যা ৰাণী ৰাজ দেৱী আৰু ৰাজকীয় উপাধি থকা সাতজন হিন্দু উপপত্নীয়ে স্বেচ্ছাই তেওঁৰ অন্ত্যেষ্টিক্ৰিয়াত নিজকে সতী দাহ কৰে।&lt;ref&gt; https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd4yBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA13&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত জ্যেষ্ঠ পুত্ৰ খাৰক সিঙে উত্তৰাধিকাৰী সূত্ৰে শাসনভাৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। বেছিভাগ বুৰঞ্জীবিদে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে দক্ষ ৰাজনৈতিক উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলে এক অতি দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী, স্বাধীন আৰু শক্তিশালী ৰাজ্য গঢ়ি তুলিব পাৰিলেহেঁতেন, যিদৰে ৰঞ্জিত সিঙে তেওঁৰ শাসনকালত কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে, তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলৰ দুৰ্বল শাসন আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক দুৰাবস্থাৰ বাবে ৰাজ্যখন ভাঙি পৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰীসকলে দুৰ্ঘটনা আৰু হত্যাৰ জৰিয়তে মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰিছিল, আনহাতে অভিজাত বিষয়া আৰু সেনাই নিজৰ ক্ষমতাৰ বাবে উঠিপৰি লাগিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh#Death&lt;/ref&gt;দ্বিতীয় এংলো শিখ যুদ্ধৰ শেষত, ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানীয়ে পঞ্জাবৰ শিখ সাম্ৰাজ্য বৃটিছৰ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত কৰে। 

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
#https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE
#https://web.archive.org/web/20070520090909/http://www.zeenews.com/nri/inner1.asp?aid=198333&amp;sid=ART&amp;ssid=2
#https://web.archive.org/web/20181002120728/http://www.gurudwarasrishergahsahib.org/
#https://web.archive.org/web/20070321171456/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010408/spectrum/main6.htm
#https://web.archive.org/web/20070102020535/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/archivedf/feature-jan2002.html
#https://web.archive.org/web/20070221053755/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/ranjit10.html
#https://web.archive.org/web/20061206142745/http://allaboutsikhs.com/ranjit/
#https://web.archive.org/web/20070104135035/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/ranjit1.html
#https://web.archive.org/web/20070928073308/http://www.jattworld.com/portal/modules/mysections/article.php?lid=32&amp;page=1

==তথ্যৰ উৎস==


[[শ্ৰেণী: ভাৰতৰ ইতিহাস ]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:শিখ সম্ৰাট]]
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| type = notice
| image = [[চিত্ৰ:Assamese Jaapi.png|135px|left]]
| imageright = [[চিত্ৰ:Wikipedia-logo.png|135px]]
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| text = {{Center|&lt;big&gt;{{#if: {{{1}}} |'''নমস্কাৰ, {{#if:  | {{{1}}} | {{BASEPAGENAME}} }}&lt;br/&gt;}}}}
{{Center|'''[[অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]লৈ আপোনাক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:আদৰণি|আদৰণি জনাইছোঁ]]! '''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
আপোনাৰ আগ্ৰহৰ বাবে ধন্যবাদ। আশা কৰোঁ আপুনি সদায় আমাৰ লগত জড়িত হৈ থাকিব। নৱাগত সকলৰ বাবে তলত দিয়া পৃষ্ঠাকেইখন অতি উপযোগী, অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি পৃষ্ঠাকেইখন এবাৰ চকু ফুৰাই চাই যেন। }}&lt;br/&gt;

{{Center|
'''ৱিকিপিডিয়াত সম্পাদনাৰ সহায়'''&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:পৰিচয়|ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ বিষয়ে অলপ]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[সহায়:সৰল সম্পাদনা|সম্পাদনাৰ থুলমুল আভাস]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সহায়িকা|ৱিকিপিডিয়া সম্পাদনাৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰয়োজনীয় আভাস]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[সহায়:নতুন প্ৰবন্ধ আৰম্ভ কৰক|প্ৰবন্ধ এটা কেনেকৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিব?]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:সততে উদিত প্ৰশ্নসমূহ|সততে উদিত প্ৰশ্নসমূহ]] &lt;/big&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সম্পাদনাৰ নিয়ম নীতি'''&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:পাঁচটা স্তম্ভ|ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ পঞ্চশীল নীতি]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;big&gt; [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়া কি নহয়|ৱিকিপিডিয়া কি নহয়]]&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
}}
&lt;br/&gt;
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আশা কৰোঁ ৱিকিপিডিয়াত সম্পাদনা কৰি আৰু এজন [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:ৱিকিপিডিয়ান|ৱিকিপিডিয়ান]] হোৱাটো উপভোগ কৰিব। 

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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
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'''উৰ্চুলা কেলাৰ''' ({{lang-en| Ursula Keller; জন্ম: ২১ জুন ১৯৫৯}}) এগৰাকী চুইজাৰলেণ্ডৰ পদাৰ্থবিজ্ঞানী। ১৯৯৩ চনৰ পৰা তেওঁ চুইজাৰলেণ্ডৰ ই টি এইচ জুৰিখৰ টেন্যুৰ পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানৰ অধ্যাপিকা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Head of Research |url=https://ulp.ethz.ch/people/kursula.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Ultrafast Laser Physics |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; অতি দ্ৰুত বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰযুক্তিৰ অগ্ৰণী,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honors and Awards |url=https://ulp.ethz.ch/people/kursula/honors-awards.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Ultrafast Laser Physics |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁ অৰ্ধপৰিবাহী চেচুৰেবল এবজৰ্বাৰ মিৰ'ৰ (SESAM) উদ্ভাৱনৰ বাবে পৰিচিত, যিয়ে লেজাৰৰ নিষ্ক্ৰিয় মোড-লক সক্ষম কৰে আৰু বিজ্ঞান আৰু উদ্যোগত অতি দ্ৰুত লেজাৰ প্ৰয়োগত বৈপ্লৱিক পৰিৱৰ্তন আনে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-12 |title=&quot;Swiss Nobel Prize&quot; for Ursula Keller |url=https://ethz.ch/en/news-and-events/eth-news/news/2022/09/swiss-nobel-prize-for-ursula-keller.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=ETH Zurich |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; কেলাৰে আল্ট্ৰাফাষ্ট বিজ্ঞানৰ চুইছ এনচিচিআৰ MUST কাৰ্যসূচীৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল (২০১০–২০২২),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NCCR MUST :: NCCR MUST :: About NCCR MUST |url=http://www.nccr-must.ch/home.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=www.nccr-must.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; টাইম-বেণ্ডউইডথ প্ৰডাক্টছ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Time-Bandwidth Products AG |url=https://ethz.ch/en/industry/entrepreneurship/explore-startup-portraits-and-success-stories/exits/time-bandwidth.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=ETH Zurich |language=en |archivedate=22 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222043215/https://ethz.ch/en/industry/entrepreneurship/explore-startup-portraits-and-success-stories/exits/time-bandwidth.html |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;  (বৰ্তমান লুমেণ্টামৰ অংশ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ultrafast Lasers {{!}} Lumentum Operations LLC |url=https://www.lumentum.com/en/commercial-lasers/products/ultrafast-lasers |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=www.lumentum.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) আৰু কে ২ ফটোনিক্সকে ধৰি কেইবাটাও কোম্পানী সহ-প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-09 |title=K2 Photonics - Innovative dual-comb lasers |url=https://k2photonics.com |access-date=2024-11-28 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু স্প্ৰিংগাৰ ভাৰলাগৰ সৈতে এখন স্নাতক পাঠ্যপুথি &quot;আল্ট্ৰাফাষ্ট লেজাৰ পদাৰ্থবিজ্ঞান&quot; প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Ultrafast Lasers |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-82532-4 |journal=SpringerLink |series=Graduate Texts in Physics |date=2021 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-82532-4|isbn=978-3-030-82531-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt; তেওঁক অতিশয় উল্লেখযোগ্য&lt;ref name=&quot;Ursula Keller&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ursula Keller |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=8B4xjdYAAAAJ&amp;hl=en |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=scholar.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু বহুতো সন্মানীয় বঁটা লাভ কৰে। ২০১২-২০১৬ চনলৈকে তেওঁ ইটিএইচ জুৰিখৰ মহিলা অধ্যাপিকা মঞ্চৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সভানেত্ৰী আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women Professors Forum |url=https://eth-wpf.ch |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Women Professors Forum |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==কৰ্মজীৱন==
উৰ্চুলা কেলাৰ এটা শ্ৰমিক পৰিয়ালত ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Role Model: Dr. Ursula Keller – We Shape Tech |url=https://weshape.tech/2024/09/30/role-model-dr-ursula-keller/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯৮৪ চনত চুইজাৰলেণ্ডৰ ই টি এইচ জুৰিখৰ পৰা পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানত &quot;ডিপ্লমা&quot; ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত ষ্টেনফৰ্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়ন অব্যাহত ৰাখে আৰু ১৯৮৭ চনত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে আৰু তাৰ পিছত ১৯৮৯ চনত প্ৰয়োগ পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানত ডক্টৰেট ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে। তাইৰ অধ্যয়নৰ বিষয় আছিল GaAs ধৰণৰ সংহত বৰ্তনীত আধান আৰু ভল্টেজৰ আলোকীয় জোখৰ বাবে এক নতুন কৌশলৰ বিকাশ। 

১৯৮৯ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯৩ চনলৈকে নিউ জাৰ্চিৰ হোমডেলত থকা এ টি এণ্ড টি বেলৰ গৱেষণা কেন্দ্ৰত কাৰিকৰী কৰ্মচাৰীৰ সদস্য হিচাপে স্বতন্ত্ৰ গৱেষণা আৰম্ভ কৰি ফ’টনিক চুইচিং, আল্ট্ৰা-ফাষ্ট লেজাৰ প্ৰযুক্তি আৰু অৰ্ধপৰিবাহী স্পেকট্ৰ’স্কপিৰ ওপৰত গৱেষণা কৰি আল্ট্ৰা শ্বৰ্ট পালছ লেজাৰ নিৰ্মাণৰ পদ্ধতি উদ্ভাৱন কৰে। 

১৯৯৩ চনত তেওঁ জুৰিখৰ চুইছ ফেডাৰেল ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ টেকন'লজিত পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানৰ টেন্যুৰ সহযোগী অধ্যাপিকা হিচাপে নিযুক্তি লাভ কৰে আৰু বিদ্যালয়খনৰ প্ৰথম মহিলা পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানৰ অধ্যাপিকা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.letemps.ch/sciences/ursula-keller-lumiere-bout-laser|title=Ursula Keller a vu la lumière au bout du laser|last=Logean|first=Sylvie|date=2018-04-25|work=Le Temps|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ১৯৯৭ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত তেওঁ এগৰাকী পূৰ্ণ অধ্যাপিকা হয়। 

তেওঁৰ গৱেষণাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহ হ’ল অতি দ্ৰুত কঠিন অৱস্থা আৰু অৰ্ধপৰিবাহী লেজাৰ, চৰম অতিবেঙুনীয়া (EUV) এক্স-ৰে উৎপন্ন কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্ভৰযোগ্য আৰু কাৰ্য্যক্ষম যন্ত্ৰৰ বিকাশ আৰু এট’ছেকেণ্ড বিজ্ঞান। ইলেক্ট্ৰনিকছ আৰু অটোমোটিভ উদ্যোগৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি যোগাযোগ প্ৰযুক্তি, চিকিৎসা নিদান আৰু অস্ত্ৰোপচাৰলৈকে বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত কাটি আৰু ৱেল্ডিঙৰ বাবে বিশ্বব্যাপী উদ্যোগৰ মানদণ্ডত পৰিণত হৈছে। ড° কেলাৰৰ পূৰ্বৰ কেৰিয়াৰ এনভেলপ ফেজ ষ্টেবিলাইজেচন আৰু ফ্ৰিকুৱেন্সি কম্ব প্ৰযুক্তিৰ ওপৰত কৰা গৱেষণা থিয়ডৰ ডব্লিউ হানচ আৰুজন এল হলৰ লেজাৰ ভিত্তিক বৰ্ণালীবিজ্ঞানৰ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ulp.ethz.ch/group.html|title=The Group|website=ulp.ethz.ch|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিকাশৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংগ আছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকক ২০০৫ চনত পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানৰ নোবেল বঁটা লাভ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ethw.org/Ursula_Keller|title=Ursula Keller - Engineering and Technology History Wiki|website=ethw.org|access-date=2019-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

উৰ্চুলা কেলাৰে ৫০০ তকৈ অধিক সমনীয়াৰ দ্বাৰা পৰ্যালোচিত আলোচনী গৱেষণা পত্ৰ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Journal Articles |url=https://ulp.ethz.ch/publications/journal-articles.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Ultrafast Laser Physics |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; যাৰ মুঠ উদ্ধৃতি ৫৬০০০ তকৈ অধিক আৰু h-index ১২৩ টা।[9] তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম SESAM পৰ্যালোচনা প্ৰকাশন&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAM's) for femtosecond to nanosecond pulse generation in solid-state lasers |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=8B4xjdYAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=8B4xjdYAAAAJ:u5HHmVD_uO8C |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=scholar.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; য়ে ২৪৭২জন লোকে উদ্ধৃতি দিছে (২৮ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৪ তাৰিখে)। 

উৰ্চুলা কেলাৰে ঔদ্যোগিক আৰু চিকিৎসা প্ৰয়োগৰ বাবে অতি দ্ৰুত লেজাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কেইবাটাও উদ্ভাৱনৰ পেটেণ্ট লাভ কৰিছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/sci-tech/pioneering-patents_swiss-physicist-wins-european-inventor-award-for-laser-technology/44175270 | title=Ursula keller | accessdate=5 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

তেওঁ এটক্লকৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Attoclock |url=https://ulp.ethz.ch/research/attoclock.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Ultrafast Laser Physics |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম সঠিক সময় জোখা যন্ত্ৰ, যিয়ে কেইটামান এট'ছেকেণ্ডলৈকে সময়ৰ ব্যৱধান ৰেকৰ্ড কৰিব পাৰে, যিটো চেকেণ্ডৰ বিলিয়ন ভাগৰ বিলিয়নতম অংশ।&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/thema/0301638092604-des-impulsions-laser-ultrarapides-pour-lindustrie-et-la-medecine-2173742.php#Xtor=AD-6000|title=Des impulsions laser ultrarapides pour l'industrie et la médecine|last=Echos|first=Les|date=2018-05-03|website=lesechos.fr|language=fr|access-date=27 February 2025|archivedate=14 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164045/https://www.lesechos.fr/thema/0301638092604-des-impulsions-laser-ultrarapides-pour-lindustrie-et-la-medecine-2173742.php#Xtor=AD-6000|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০১০ চনৰ পৰা ২০২২ চনলৈকে উৰ্চুলা কেলাৰ চুইছ নেচনেল ছায়েন্স ফাউণ্ডেশ্যনৰ দ্বাৰা পুঁজিৰে চলি থকা চুইছ নেচনেল ৰিচাৰ্চ চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ আল্ট্ৰা-ফাষ্ট মলিকুলাৰ ছায়েন্স এণ্ড টেকন'লজিছ (এনচিচিআৰ MUST)ৰ সঞ্চালিকা আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NCCR MUST |url=https://www.snf.ch/en/Hng0ctSyAPOwW5pa/page/researchinFocus/nccr/nccr-must |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০১৪ চনৰ পৰা তেওঁ চুইছ নেচনেল ছায়েন্স ফাউণ্ডেশ্যনৰ গৱেষণা পৰিষদৰ সদস্য।&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

২০১৮ চনত উৰ্চুলা কেলাৰে &quot;জীৱনকালীন কৃতিত্ব &quot;ত ইউৰোপীয় উদ্ভাৱক বঁটা লাভ কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ২০১৯ চনত তেওঁক এই বঁটাৰ বাবে প্ৰস্তাৱৰ বিচাৰ কৰা অন্যতম আগশাৰীৰ বিশেষজ্ঞ হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epo.org/learning-events/european-inventor/jury.html?|title=European Inventor Award: jury members|last=Office|first=European Patent|website=www.epo.org|language=en|access-date=2019-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০১৮ চনত আই ই ই ই ফটোনিক্স বঁটা&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=IEEE Photonics Award Recipients|url=https://www.ieee.org/about/awards/bios/photonics-recipients.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505065723/https://www.ieee.org/about/awards/bios/photonics-recipients.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 May 2018|website=[[IEEE]]|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ২০১৯ চনত আই ই ই ই এডিচন পদক লাভ কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=IEEE Edison Medal Recipients|url=https://www.ieee.org/about/awards/bios/edison-recipients.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905023223/https://www.ieee.org/about/awards/bios/edison-recipients.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2018|website=[[IEEE]]|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

২০২০ চনত ছ’চাইটি অৱ ফটো-অপ্টিকেল ইনষ্ট্ৰুমেণ্টেশ্যন ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰ্ছৰ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gold Medal Winner Ursula Keller Among SPIE Award Honorees|url=https://www.photonics.com/Articles/Gold_Medal_Winner_Ursula_Keller_Among_SPIE_Award/a65308|website=www.photonics.com|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; পৰা সোণৰ পদক আৰু অপটিকেল ছ’চাইটিৰ পৰা ২০২০ চনৰ ফ্ৰেডেৰিক আইভছ মেডেল / জাৰুছ কুইন বঁটা&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=OSA Honors Ursula Keller with Highest Award|url=https://www.photonics.com/Articles/OSA_Honors_Ursula_Keller_with_Highest_Award/a65634|website=www.photonics.com|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; from the Optical Society. লাভ কৰে। 

উৰ্চুলা কেলাৰে বিজ্ঞান, প্ৰযুক্তি, অভিযান্ত্ৰিক, আৰু গণিতৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত মহিলাৰ সম অধিকাৰ আৰু উন্নত কেৰিয়াৰৰ সুযোগৰ বাবে জড়িত। ২০১০ চনৰ পৰা ২০২২ চনলৈকে তেওঁ চুইছ নেচনেল ছায়েন্স ফাউণ্ডেশ্যনৰ গৱেষণা কাৰ্যসূচীৰ পৰিচালক আছিল,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NCCR MUST :: NCCR MUST :: About NCCR MUST |url=https://www.nccr-must.ch/home.html |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=www.nccr-must.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ইটিএইচ মহিলা অধ্যাপিকা মঞ্চৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক সভানেত্ৰী আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.weizmann.ac.il/WomenInScience/women-science-award/recipients/prof-dr-ursula-keller|title=Prof. Dr. Ursula Keller {{!}} Women In Science|website=www.weizmann.ac.il|date=25 April 2017|access-date=2018-12-14|archivedate=12 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012131002/http://www.weizmann.ac.il/WomenInScience/women-science-award/recipients/prof-dr-ursula-keller|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; ২০১৯ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত মাৰ্চেলা কেৰ'লোৰ বিৰুদ্ধে উত্থাপিত মবিং অভিযোগৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপটত উৰ্চুলা কেলাৰে &quot;ইটিএইচ জুৰিখত নেতৃত্বৰ অভাৱ, লিংগ বৈষম্য আৰু দুৰ্নীতি&quot;ক ধিক্কাৰ দিছিল আৰু দাবী কৰিছিল যে তেওঁৰ সহকৰ্মীজনক চাকৰিৰ পৰা বৰ্খাস্ত কৰাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱৰ কাৰণ &quot;প্ৰাথমিকভাৱে মবিং অভিযোগ নহয়, বৰঞ্চ তেওঁৰ লিংগ।&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Interview of Ursula Keller with the Online Platform &quot;Republik&quot;|journal=Republik |date=22 March 2019 |url=https://www.republik.ch/2019/03/22/mit-einem-maennlichen-professor-waere-man-anders-umgesprungen|access-date=2020-05-10|last1=Aeschlimann |first1=Silvan |last2=Bühler |first2=Dennis |last3=Osswald |first3=Dominik }}&lt;/ref&gt; একে সময়ছোৱাতে উৰ্চুলা কেলাৰক ইটিএইচ জুৰিখৰ দ্বাৰা আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ধমক দিয়া হৈছে, য'ত পুনৰাবৃত্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সম্ভাৱ্য চাকৰিৰ পৰা বৰ্খাস্ত হোৱাৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NZZ am Sonntag, May 11, 2019|url=https://nzzas.nzz.ch/schweiz/eth-droht-zweiter-professorin-ursula-keller-mit-entlassung-ld.1481168|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; দুটা বাহ্যিক তদন্তই ইটিএইচ জুৰিখৰ বিৰুদ্ধে উৰ্চুলা কেলাৰে উত্থাপন কৰা অভিযোগক অসত্য বুলি প্ৰমাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tagesanzeiger, July 11, 2019|url=https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/zuerich/stadt/die-eth-sieht-sich-entlastet/story/15560187|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; দুটা বাহ্যিক তদন্তই ইটিএইচ জুৰিখৰ বিৰুদ্ধে উৰ্চুলা কেলাৰে কৰা অভিযোগক অসত্য বুলি প্ৰমাণ কৰে।[31] অন্যথা চুইজাৰলেণ্ডৰ ফেডাৰেল অডিট অফিচে ধন বিতৰণৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অধিক স্বচ্ছতাৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-07-23 |title=Die Tragik der ersten Physik-Professorin |url=https://epaper.limmattalerzeitung.ch/article/1101311/1101311/2022-07-23/7/303874795 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Limmattaler Zeitung}}&lt;/ref&gt; চুইজাৰলেণ্ডৰ ফেডাৰেল প্ৰশাসনিক আদালতে ২০২২ চনত ৰায় দিছিল যে বস্তুনিষ্ঠভাৱে পৰ্যাপ্ত ভিত্তিৰ অভাৱৰ বাবে এই বন্ধ কৰাটো অযুক্তিকৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-04-06 |title=Judgment of the Federal Administrative Court |url=https://www.bvger.ch/media-releases/38d39308-f9ff-41df-875f-5bd6f2aa3561/en/urteil_a-4744-2019_web.pdf |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Federal Administrative Court}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==তথ্য সূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ছুইজাৰলেণ্ডৰ ব্যক্তি]]</text>
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        <username>Dipankar Das</username>
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|name = ঘঁৰিয়াল
|fossil_range = [[Pleistocene]]–Present, {{fossil_range|2.6|0|ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;Rio2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rio |first1=J. P. |last2=Mannion |first2=P. D. |date=2021 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem |journal=[[PeerJ]] |volume=9 |pages=e12094 | pmid=34567843 | doi=10.7717/peerj.12094 |pmc=8428266 |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|status = CR
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn/&gt;
|status2 = CITES_A1 
|status2_system = CITES 
|status2_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn/&gt;
|image = Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) male.jpg
|image_caption = মতা ঘঁৰিয়াল
|image2 = Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) female.jpg
|image2_caption = মাইকী আৰু কিশোৰ ঘঁৰিয়াল
|genus = Gavialis
|species = gangeticus
|authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1789)
|range_map =The_range_of_the_Gharial.png
|range_map_caption = ২০১৯ চনত ঘঁৰিয়ালৰ বিচৰণ‍ক্ষেত্ৰ (ক’লা ৰঙত)
|synonyms =
*''Lacerta gangetica'' {{small|Gmelin, 1789}}
*''Crocodilus gavial'' {{small|[[Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre|Bonnaterre]], 1789}}
*''Crocodilus longirostris'' {{small|[[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider|Schneider]], 1801}}
*''Crocodilus arctirostris'' {{small|[[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], 1802}}
*''Crocodilus gangeticus'' and ''C. tenuirostris'' {{small|[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1807}}
*''Rhamphostoma'' {{small|[[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1830}}
*''†Gharialis hysudricus'' {{small|[[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]], 1886}}
|synonyms_ref =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=Synopsis of the species of recent Crocodilians or Emydosaurians, chiefly founded on the specimens in the British Museum and the Royal College of Surgeons | author=Gray, J. E. | journal=The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London | year=1869 | volume=6 | issue=4 | pages=125–169}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''ঘঁৰিয়াল''' ({{lang-en|Gharial}}; বৈ‍জ্ঞানিক নামঃ ''Gavialis gangeticus'') হ'ল মিঠা পানীৰ এবিধ বিৰল প্ৰজাতিৰ ক্ৰোকোডাইলিয়া বৰ্গৰ সৰীসৃপ। ই দীঘল তুণ্ডযুক্ত জলচৰ। ভাৰত, বাংলাদেশ, নেপাল, পাকিস্তান, ম্যানমাৰ, ভূটানত ইহঁতক পোৱা যায়। ভাৰতৰ ঘঁৰিয়ালৰ সৰ্বাধিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চম্বল অভয়াৰণ্যত আছে, য’ত বিশ্বৰ প্ৰায় ৭৭ শতাংশ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক ঘঁৰিয়াল আছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;ক&quot;/&gt; ভাৰতৰ বাকী থকা ঘঁৰিয়ালৰ সংখ্যা উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশৰ কাটাৰ্ণিয়াঘাট বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য, ভাৰত-নেপাল সীমান্তৰ গণ্ডক নদী, কৰ্বেট ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান, ছন নদী, মহানদী, হস্তিনাপুৰ অভয়াৰণ্যকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন স্থানত পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref name=&quot;ক&quot;/&gt; কিন্তু বৰ্তমান ঘঁৰিয়াল বিলুপ্তপ্ৰায় প্ৰজাতিৰ তালিকাত ঠাই পাইছে। আই ইউ চি এনৰ ৰেড ডাটা বুকত বিলুপ্তপ্ৰায় প্ৰজাতি হিচাপে নথিভুক্ত হৈছে।&lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{IUCN |assessors=Choudhury, B. C., Singh, L. A. K., Rao, R. J., Basu, D., Sharma, R. K., Hussain, S. A., Andrews, H. V., Whitaker, N., Whitaker, R., Lenin, J., Maskey, T., Cadi, A., Rashid, S. M. A., Choudhury, A. A., Dahal, B., Win Ko Ko, U., Thorbjarnarson, J., Ross, J. P. |year=2007 |id=8966 |taxon=Gavialis gangeticus |version=2013.2}}&lt;/ref&gt; বৰ্তমান (ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১১) বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰাকৃতিক পৰিৱেশত প্ৰায় ২০০টা বন্য ঘঁৰিয়াল আছে। ইয়াক বন্যপ্ৰাণী সুৰক্ষা আইন (১৯৭২)ৰ প্ৰথম তফছিলৰ অধীনত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;ক&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/as/! state/rare-species-of-creature-found-in-kaziranga-national-park-ass24022204434 | title=কাজিৰঙাৰ নদীত ঘঁৰিয়ালৰ অৱস্থিতি, পৰ্যটকৰ কেমেৰাত বন্দী ঢেঁকীয়াপতীয়া | accessdate=7 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; সুদীৰ্ঘ ৭৫ বছৰৰ পাছত কাজিৰঙা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ সমীপৱৰ্তী নদীত ঘঁৰিয়াল প্ৰত্যক্ষ কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;ক&quot;/&gt;
==পৰিচিতি==
ঘঁৰিয়ালক ইংৰাজীত গাভিয়াল (ঘঁৰিয়ালৰ অপভ্ৰংশ) বুলি কোৱা হয়। ঘঁৰিয়ালৰ নাক বা তুণ্ডৰ আগত কলহ সদৃশ আকৃতি থাকে‍, যিটো মতা ঘঁৰিয়ালত যথেষ্ট ডাঙৰ হয়। ইহঁত পানীৰ পৰা অলপ ওলাই থাকে। 

==দৈহিক বিৱৰণ==
মতা আৰু মাইকী ঘঁৰিয়াল দেখাত বেলেগ বেলেগ। মতা ঘঁৰিয়ালৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ৬.৫ মিটাৰ আৰু মাইকী ঘঁৰিয়ালৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ৪.৫ মিটাৰ। 

==প্ৰজনন==
নৱেম্বৰ-জানুৱাৰি‍ ইহঁতৰ প্ৰজনন মাহ। মাইকী ঘঁৰিয়ালে বালিত গাঁত কৰি‍ ৩০-৫০টা কণী পাৰে। কণী বৰ ডাঙৰ। ৩ মাহ উমনি দিয়াৰ পাছত কণী ফুটি পোৱালি জগে‍। 

==খাদ্যাভ্যাস==
প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক ঘঁৰিয়ালে প্ৰধানকৈ মাছ খায়, কিন্তু ইহঁতে ভেকুলী আৰু পোক-পৰুৱাও খায়।&lt;ref&gt;উদ্ভিদ ও প্ৰাণী জ্ঞানকোষ; খণ্ড ২৫; বাংলাদেশ এশিয়াটিক সোসাইটি; পৃষ্ঠা ১৯৯&lt;/ref&gt;

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
{{ৰেফলিষ্ট}}

==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ==
{{Commons|Gharial|ঘঁৰিয়াল}}
{{Wikispecies|Gavialis gangeticus|ঘঁৰিয়াল}}
*{{cite web|author=Joshi, A. R.|date=2018|title=Nepali scientists deploy drones to count endangered crocodiles|publisher=Mongabay|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2018/10/nepali-scientists-deploy-drones-to-count-endangered-crocodiles/}}
*{{cite web|url=http://reptilis.net/crocodylia/gavies/gavialidae.html|website=reptilis.net|title=''Gavialidae''}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.arkive.org/gharial/gavialis-gangeticus/|website=Arkive|title=Gharial|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205184636/http://www.arkive.org/gharial/gavialis-gangeticus/|archive-date=2009-02-05}}
*{{cite web|url=http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/! ggan1.htm|website=Adam Britton|title=''Gavialis gangeticus''}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/facts/gharial|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305105741/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/facts/gharial|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 5, 2021|website=National Geographic Society|title=Gharial|date=5 May 2016 }}
*{{cite news |date=2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7755393.stm |newspaper=BBC News |title=Mystery of crocs' mass die-off}}
*{{cite web |author=Lenin, J. |title=The song of the Ganges gharial |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2007/577/577_janaki_lenin.htm |website=www.india-seminar.com}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q17134}}
{{Authority control}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:সৰীসৃপ]]</text>
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    <title>উইলিয়াম শ্বেইকছপীয়েৰৰ ৰচনাৱলীৰ তালিকা</title>
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      <text bytes="91814" sha1="lx3na8xqcyivoy04xl10bph4yguih3e" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|কোনো নাই}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
[[File:William Shakespeare by John Taylor.jpg|upright|thumb|[[চান্দোছ প’ৰ্ট্ৰেইট]], যাক শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰ বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়, [[নেশ্যনেল প’ৰ্ট্ৰেইট গেলেৰী, লণ্ডন]]ত সংৰক্ষিত]]
[[William Shakespeare|উইলিয়াম শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰ]] (১৫৬৪–১৬১৬)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Schoenbaum |first=Samuel |title=William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life |year=1975 |publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=24–26, 296 |isbn=0-19-505161-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; এগৰাকী ইংৰাজ কবি আৰু নাট্যকাৰ আছিল। তেওঁ প্ৰায়&lt;!-- Please do not remove &quot;approximately&quot; --&gt; ৩৯টা [[Shakespeare's plays|নাটক]] আৰু ১৫৪টা [[Shakespeare's Sonnets|ছনেট]], লগতে বিভিন্ন অন্যান্য কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref group=note&gt;সঠিক সংখ্যা জানিব নোৱাৰি। অধিক বিশদৰ বাবে [[Shakespearean authorship question|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ লেখকত্বৰ প্ৰশ্ন]], [[Shakespeare's collaborations|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ সহযোগিতা]] আৰু [[Shakespeare Apocrypha|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰ এপ’ক্ৰিফা]] চাওক।&lt;/ref&gt;

==নাটক==

===ট্ৰেজেডী===
{{main|Shakespearean tragedy|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ ট্ৰেজেডী}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ [[Shakespeare's plays|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ নাটক]]
|-
! শিৰোনাম !! ৰচনাৰ বছৰ !! প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশন !! প্ৰদৰ্শন !! লেখকত্বৰ টোকা
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Antony and Cleopatra|এণ্টনী আৰু ক্লিওপেট্ৰা]]''
|১৬০১–১৬০৮
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|১৬০৬ আৰু ১৬০৮ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হোৱা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Julius Caesar (play)|জুলিয়াছ ছিজাৰ]]ৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত, [[Marc Antony|মাৰ্ক এণ্টনী]] মিচৰৰ ৰাণী [[Cleopatra|ক্লিওপেট্ৰা]]ৰ প্ৰেমত পৰে। সম্ৰাট [[Augustus|অক্টেভিয়াছ]]ৰ সৈতে তেওঁৰ বন্ধুত্ব ঘৃণালৈ পৰিণত হয় যেতিয়া এণ্টনীয়ে সম্ৰাটৰ ভগ্নী, তেওঁৰ পত্নীক ক্লিওপেট্ৰাৰ বাবে পৰিত্যাগ কৰে। এণ্টনীয়ে অক্টেভিয়াছৰ পৰা সিংহাসন দখল কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে আৰু বিফল হয়, আৰু ক্লিওপেট্ৰাই আত্মহত্যা কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Coriolanus (play)|ক’ৰিঅ’লেনাছ]]''
|১৬০৫–১৬০৮ (বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়)
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|[[Stuart Restoration|ৰিষ্ট’ৰেশ্যন]]ৰ পূৰ্বে কোনো প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ ৰেকৰ্ড নাই; প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬৮২ চনত [[Nahum Tate|নাহুম টেট]]ৰ ৰক্তাক্ত অভিযোজন ড্ৰুৰী লেনত।
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰোমান সামৰিক নেতা [[Gaius Marcius Coriolanus|গাইয়াছ মাৰ্চিয়াছ]], [[Volscians|ভল্‌চিয়ান]]সকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কেইবাটাও জয়লাভৰ পিছত ক’ৰিঅ’লেছ নামেৰে যুদ্ধৰ নায়ক হৈ ঘৰলৈ উভতি আহে, যিটো নাম তেওঁ ক’ৰিঅ’লেছ নগৰ জয় কৰাৰ বাবে লাভ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু ৰাজনৈতিক পদৰ বাবে প্ৰচেষ্টা বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁক ৰোমৰ পৰা বিশ্বাসঘাতক হিচাপে নিৰ্বাসিত কৰা হয়। প্ৰতিশোধৰ বাবে ক্ৰোধিত হৈ ক’ৰিঅ’লেনাছে ভল্‌চিয়ান সৈন্যৰ নেতা হৈ ৰোমলৈ যাত্ৰা কৰে। তেওঁৰ মাতৃ, পত্নী আৰু পুত্ৰই তেওঁক আক্ৰমণ বন্ধ কৰিবলৈ অনুৰোধ কৰে। তেওঁ ৰোমান আৰু ভল্‌চিয়ানৰ মাজত শান্তি স্থাপন কৰে, কিন্তু শত্ৰু ভল্‌চিয়ানসকলে তেওঁক হত্যা কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Hamlet|হেমলেট]]''
|১৭শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে সম্ভৱতঃ
|তথাকথিত &quot;বেয়া&quot; [[First Quarto|প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টো]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত, ১৬০৩
|হেমলেটৰ প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন জুন ১৬০২ত, [[Richard Burbage|ৰিচাৰ্ড বাৰ্বেজ]] মুখ্য ভূমিকাত।
|কিছুমান পণ্ডিত, যেনে পিটাৰ আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ আৰু [[Eric Sams|এৰিক চেমছ]], বিশ্বাস কৰে যে [[Ur-Hamlet|আৰ-হেমলেট]] নামেৰে পৰিচিত উৎস গ্ৰন্থটো আচলতে শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ নিজৰ লিখিত নাটকৰ প্ৰথম খচৰা আছিল, যিটো তেওঁ ১৫৮৯ৰ পূৰ্বে ৰচনা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;* [[Harold Bloom|Bloom, Harold]],''Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human''. New York, 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Prince Hamlet|ৰাজকুমাৰ হেমলেট]]ক তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰ ভূতে দৰ্শন দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰ হত্যাৰ প্ৰতিশোধ ল’বলৈ তেওঁৰ ককা [[King Claudius|ৰজা ক্ল’ডিয়াছ]]ক হত্যা কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিয়ে। ভূতৰ কথা সত্য হয় নে নহয় আৰু প্ৰতিশোধ লোৱাটো সঠিক হ’ব নে নহয়—এই প্ৰশ্নৰ সৈতে সংগ্ৰাম কৰাৰ পাছত, হেমলেট, আন প্ৰায় সকলো মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰৰ সৈতে, নিহত হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Julius Caesar (play)|জুলিয়াছ ছিজাৰ]]''
|১৫৯৯&lt;ref&gt;F. E. Halliday, ''Shakespeare Companion'', pp. 159, 260, 524, 533.&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|[[Thomas Platter the Younger|থমাছ প্লেটাৰ দ্য ইয়ংগাৰ]], এগৰাকী ছুইছ ভ্ৰমণকাৰীয়ে ২১ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৫৯৯ত [[Bankside|বেংকছাইড]] থিয়েটাৰত [[Julius Caesar|জুলিয়াছ ছিজাৰ]]ৰ বিষয়ে এখন ট্ৰেজেডী দেখিছিল। এইটো সম্ভৱতঃ শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ নাটক আছিল। প্লেটাৰৰ বৰ্ণনাৰ সৈতে শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ নাটকৰ দৰে মিল থকা আন কোনো স্পষ্ট বিকল্প নাটক নাই।&lt;ref&gt;[[Richard Edes|ৰিচাৰ্ড এডেছ]]ৰ লেটিন নাটক ''Caesar Interfectus'' (১৫৮২?) উপযুক্ত নহয়। [[Admiral's Men|এডমিৰেলছ মেন]]ৰ ১৫৯৪–৯৫ত এখন বেনামী ''Caesar and Pompey'' আছিল, আৰু আন এখন নাটক, ''Caesar's Fall, or the Two Shapes,'' [[Thomas Dekker (poet)|থমাছ ডেকাৰ]], [[Michael Drayton|মাইকেল ড্ৰেইটন]], [[Thomas Middleton|থমাছ মিডলটন]], [[Anthony Munday|এণ্টনী মাণ্ডে]], আৰু [[John Webster|জন ৱেবষ্টাৰ]]ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৬০১–০২ত ৰচিত, প্লেটাৰৰ উল্লেখৰ বাবে বহুত পলম। এই নাটক দুখনৰ কোনোখনৰ অস্তিত্ব নাই। বেনামী ''Caesar's Revenge'' ১৬০৬ৰ, আৰু [[George Chapman|জৰ্জ চেপমেন]]ৰ ''Caesar and Pompey'' {{circa|১৬১৩}}ৰ। E. K. Chambers, ''Elizabethan Stage'', Vol. 2, p. 179; Vol. 3, pp. 259, 309; Vol. 4, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
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|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Gaius Cassius Longinus|কেছিয়াছ]] তেওঁৰ বন্ধু [[Brutus|ব্ৰুটাছ]]ক [[Julius Caesar|জুলিয়াছ ছিজাৰ]]ক হত্যা কৰাৰ ষড়যন্ত্ৰত যোগদান কৰিবলৈ প্ৰৰোচিত কৰে, কাৰণ তেওঁৰ ক্ষমতা ৰোমৰ বাবে বৰ বেছি বুলি ভাবা হয়। ছিজাৰক হত্যাৰ পিছত, ব্ৰুটাছে জনসাধাৰণক তেওঁৰ কাৰণ ন্যায়সঙ্গত বুলি পতিয়ন নিয়াব নোৱাৰে। ব্ৰুটাছ আৰু কেছিয়াছে শেষত আত্মহত্যা কৰে কাৰণ ৰোমৰ বাবে তেওঁলোকৰ আশা হেৰাই যায়।
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!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[King Lear|কিং লিয়াৰ]]''
|১৬০৩–১৬০৬&lt;ref&gt;Frank Kermode, 'King Lear', ''The Riverside Shakespeare'' (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), 1249.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[R.A. Foakes]], ed. ''King Lear''. London: Arden, 1997), 89–90.&lt;/ref&gt;
|১৬০৮ত [[quarto|কোৱাৰ্টো]]ত প্ৰকাশিত&lt;ref name=cummingsKL&gt;{{cite web | url=http://cummingsstudyguides.net/xKingLear.html#Dates | title=King Lear }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন: ২৬ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৬০৬, [[James VI and I|ৰজা জেমছ প্ৰথম]]ৰ সন্মুখত [[Whitehall Palace|হোৱাইটহল পেলেচ]]ত।&lt;ref name=cummingsKL /&gt;
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|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|এজন বৃদ্ধ ৰজাই তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্য দুজনী জীয়েক, ৰেগান আৰু গ’নৰিলৰ মাজত ভাগ কৰি দিয়ে, আৰু সৰু জীয়েক কৰ্ডেলিয়াক অবাধ্যতাৰ অভিযোগত ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰে। পিছত তেওঁ বুজি পায় যে ৰেগান আৰু গ’নৰিলেই অবাধ্য, কিন্তু তেতিয়ালৈ তেওঁ ইতিমধ্যে ৰাজ্য তেওঁলোকক দি দিছিল। তেওঁ এজন দৰিদ্ৰ মানুহ হিচাপে দেশৰ মাজত বিচৰণ কৰে যেতিয়ালৈকে কৰ্ডেলিয়া তেওঁৰ স্বামী, ফ্ৰান্সৰ ৰজাৰ সৈতে তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰ ভূমি পুনৰ দখল কৰিবলৈ নাহে। ৰেগান আৰু গ’নৰিল পৰাজিত হয়, কিন্তু কৰ্ডেলিয়া বন্দী হৈ হত্যা হয়। কিং লিয়াৰ তাৰ পিছত শোকত মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে।
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!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Macbeth|মেকবেথ]]''
|১৬০৩–১৬০৬&lt;ref&gt;A.R. Braunmuller, ed. ''Macbeth'' (CUP, 1997), 5–8.&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|১৬০৭ত নাটকখনৰ বিষয়ে &quot;কিছু স্পষ্ট উল্লেখ&quot; আছে।&lt;ref&gt;Kermode, ''Riverside Shakespeare'', p. 1308.&lt;/ref&gt; নাটকখনৰ প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ বিৱৰণ এপ্ৰিল ১৬১১ত, যেতিয়া [[Simon Forman|চাইমন ফ’ৰ্মান]]ে [[Globe Theatre|গ্ল’ব থিয়েটাৰ]]ত ইয়াক দেখিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;যদি ফ’ৰ্মানৰ দলিলখন খাঁটি; [[Simon Forman|চাইমন ফ’ৰ্মান]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধত ''Book of Plays''ৰ খাঁটিত্বৰ প্ৰশ্ন চাওক।&lt;/ref&gt;
|বৰ্তমানৰ ''মেকবেথ''ৰ পাঠ্যখন পিছৰ হাতৰ দ্বাৰা স্পষ্টভাৱে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছে। সবাতোকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য হৈছে থমাছ মিডলটনৰ নাটক ''[[The Witch (play)|দ্য উইচ]]'' (১৬১৫)ৰ পৰা দুটা গীতৰ সংযোজন।&lt;ref&gt;Brooke, Nicholas, (ed.) (1998). ''The Tragedy of Macbeth''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 57. {{ISBN|0-19-283417-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
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|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|মেকবেথ, এজন স্কটিছ অভিজাত, তেওঁৰ পত্নীৰ দ্বাৰা উৎসাহিত হৈ ৰজা ডানকানক হত্যা কৰি নিজৰ বাবে সিংহাসন দখল কৰে। তেওঁ ৰজাৰ প্ৰহৰীসকলক তেজেৰে ঢাকি দিয়ে যাতে তেওঁলোকক দোষী বুলি ফাঁচি দিয়া হয়, আৰু তেওঁক স্কটলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা হিচাপে নিযুক্ত কৰা হয়। কিন্তু, তেওঁৰ আকস্মিক ক্ষমতাৰ বিষয়ে মানুহে সন্দেহ কৰে, আৰু তেওঁ ক্ষমতা বজাই ৰাখিবলৈ অধিক হত্যাকাণ্ড কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হয়, নিজকে অপৰাজেয় বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰি যেতিয়ালৈকে তেওঁ তেজেৰে ভৰি থাকে। শেষত, পুৰণি ৰজাৰ পুত্ৰ মেলকমে মেকবেথৰ দুৰ্গ অৱৰোধ কৰে, আৰু মেকডাফে সশস্ত্ৰ যুদ্ধত মেকবেথক হত্যা কৰে।
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!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Othello|অথেলো]]''
|১৬০২–১৬০৪&lt;ref name=cummingsO&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/xOthello.html#Dates | title=Othello }}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{circa|১৬০৩}})
|১৬২২ত [[book size|কোৱাৰ্টো]] ফৰ্মেটত [[Thomas Walkley|থমাছ ৱাকলী]]ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত। পৰৱৰ্তী বছৰ [[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।
|সম্ভৱতঃ ১ নৱেম্বৰ ১৬০৪ত [[James VI and I|ৰজা জেমছ প্ৰথম]]ৰ বাবে [[Whitehall Palace|হোৱাইটহল পেলেচ]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰদৰ্শিত।&lt;ref name=cummingsO /&gt;
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|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|অথেলো, এজন [[moors|মুৰ]] আৰু [[Venice|ভেনিছ]]ত বাস কৰা সামৰিক জেনেৰেল, এজন ছেনেটৰৰ জীয়েক ডেচডেম’নাৰ সৈতে পলায়ন কৰে। পিছত, চাইপ্ৰাছত, তেওঁৰ দাস [[Iago|ইয়াগো]]ৰ দ্বাৰা পতিয়ন কৰা হয় যে তেওঁৰ পত্নী ([[Desdemona|ডেচডেম’না]]) তেওঁৰ লেফটেনেণ্ট [[Michael Cassio|মাইকেল কেছিঅ’]]ৰ সৈতে প্ৰেমৰ সম্পৰ্কত আছে। ইয়াগোৰ কাহিনী এটা মিছা। ডেচডেম’না আৰু কেছিঅ’ তেওঁলোকৰ সততাৰ বিষয়ে অথেলোক পতিয়ন নিয়াবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে কিন্তু প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰা হয়। ইয়াগোৰ পৰিকল্পনা অনুসৰি, অথেলোৱে কেছিঅ’ৰ ওপৰত আক্ৰমণৰ বাবে হত্যাকাৰী পঠায়, যি আহত হয়, আনহাতে অথেলোৱে নিজে ডেচডেম’নাক বিচনাত শ্বাসৰুদ্ধ কৰি হত্যা কৰে। ইয়াগোৰ চক্ৰান্ত বহুত পলমকৈ প্ৰকাশ পায়, আৰু অথেলোৱে আত্মহত্যা কৰে।
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!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Romeo and Juliet|ৰ’মিঅ’ আৰু জুলিয়েট]]''
|১৫৯৫–১৫৯৬, সম্ভৱতঃ ১৫৯১ত এটা প্ৰাৰম্ভিক খচৰাৰ সৈতে&lt;ref&gt;Draper, John W. &quot;The Date of Romeo and Juliet.&quot; ''The Review of English Studies'' (Jan 1949) 25.97 pp. 55–57&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gibbons, pp. 26–31&lt;/ref&gt;
|১৫৯৭ত Q1ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত&lt;ref name = Jay&gt;Halio, Jay. Romeo and Juliet. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1998. p. 1 {{ISBN|0-313-30089-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|১৫৯১ আৰু মাৰ্চ ১৫৯৭ৰ ভিতৰত কোনোবা সময়ত প্ৰথম প্ৰদৰ্শিত&lt;ref&gt;Gibbons, Brian. ''Romeo and Juliet''. London: Methuen, 1980.  p. 26. {{ISBN|0-416-17850-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ইটালীৰ ভেৰ’নাত, দুটা পৰিয়াল, মণ্টেগু আৰু কেপুলেট, তীব্ৰ শত্ৰুতাৰ মাজত আছে। ৰ’মিঅ’, এজন মণ্টেগু, আৰু জুলিয়েট, এগৰাকী কেপুলেট, প্ৰেমত পৰে আৰু পৰিয়ালৰ ঘৃণাৰ মাজত তেওঁলোকৰ সম্পৰ্ক বজাই ৰাখিবলৈ সংগ্ৰাম কৰে। ৰ’মিঅ’ই জুলিয়েটৰ খুলশালীয়েক টাইবল্টক আবেগৰ আৱেগত হত্যা কৰাৰ পিছত, পৰিস্থিতি ভাঙি পৰে। দুয়োজন প্ৰেমিক শেষত আত্মহত্যা কৰে, আৰু শত্ৰুতাপূৰ্ণ পৰিয়াল দুটা তেওঁলোকৰ শেহতীয়া শোকৰ ওপৰত শান্তি স্থাপন কৰে।
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!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Timon of Athens|টাইমন অৱ এথেন্স]]''
|{{circa|১৬০৭}}&lt;ref name=NYerTimon&gt;{{cite magazine | url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/theatre/2012/08/06/120806crth_theatre_lahr | title=Fools of Fortune | magazine=[[The New Yorker]] | date=30 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত&lt;ref name=cummingsToA&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/xTimon.html#Dates | title=Timon of Athens }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ জীৱনকালত কোনো প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ ৰেকৰ্ড নাই।&lt;ref name=NYerTimon /&gt; ১৬৭৮ত থমাছ শ্বেডৱেলৰ দ্বাৰা এটা অভিযোজন মঞ্চস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref name=cummingsToA /&gt;
|[[Brian Vickers (academic)|ব্ৰায়ান ভিকাৰ্ছ]] আৰু আন কিছুমানে যুক্তি দিয়ে যে ''টাইমন অৱ এথেন্স'' [[Thomas Middleton|থমাছ মিডলটন]]ৰ সৈতে সহ-ৰচিত আছিল, যদিও কিছুমান সমালোচকে এই কথাত অসন্মত।&lt;ref&gt;Vickers, 8; Dominik, 16; Farley-Hills, David (1990). ''Shakespeare and the Rival Playwrights, 1600–06.'' Routledge, 171–172. {{ISBN|0-415-04050-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|টাইমন অৱ এথেন্স তেওঁৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ এজন স্পষ্টভাৱে ধনী ব্যক্তি যিয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰাচুৰ্য্য নিজৰ চৌপাশৰ লোকসকলক মুক্তভাৱে দান কৰে। শেষত, এইটো স্পষ্ট হয় যে তেওঁ ঋণৰ ওপৰত জীয়াই আছে, যেতিয়া তেওঁৰ সকলো ঋণদাতাই একেদিনাই পৰিশোধৰ দাবী জনায়। টাইমনে তেওঁৰ বন্ধুসকলৰ পৰা সহায় বিচাৰে, কিন্তু প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰা হয়। মানৱজাতিৰ দৈত স্বভাৱৰ ওপৰত ক্ষুব্ধ হৈ তেওঁ নগৰ ত্যাগ কৰি বনাঞ্চলত এটা গুহাত বাস কৰে। তেওঁৰ মন উৎফুল্ল কৰাৰ বাবে কেইবাজনো লোকৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাৰ পিছতো, তেওঁ মানৱজাতিৰ প্ৰতি ঘৃণাৰে ভৰা হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Titus Andronicus|টাইটাছ এণ্ড্ৰ’নিকাছ]]''
|সম্ভৱতঃ ১৫৯৩ৰ শেষৰ ফালে&lt;ref name=BritLib-TA&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.bl.uk/treasures/shakespeare/titus.html | title=Titus Andronicus – Shakespeare in quarto | access-date=8 June 2025 | archivedate=18 May 2022 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518042254/https://www.bl.uk/treasures/shakespeare/titus.html | deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|১৫৯৪ত [[quarto|কোৱাৰ্টো]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত; দ্বিতীয় কোৱাৰ্টো ১৬০০ত, তৃতীয়টো ১৬১১ত।&lt;ref name=BritLib-TA /&gt;
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন: ২৪ জানুৱাৰী ১৫৯৪ত [[The Rose (theatre)|ৰ’জ]]ত; পুনৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন ২৯ জানুৱাৰী আৰু ৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত। নাটকখন [[Admiral's Men|এডমিৰেলছ মেন]] আৰু [[Lord Chamberlain's Men|লৰ্ড চেম্বাৰলেইনছ মেন]]ৰ দ্বাৰা একে বছৰৰ জুনত নিউইংটন বাটছত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল। আন এটা প্ৰদৰ্শন, সম্ভৱতঃ লৰ্ড চেম্বাৰলেইনছ মেনৰ দ্বাৰা, ১ জানুৱাৰী ১৫৯৬ত, ছাৰ জন হেৰিংটনৰ পৰিয়ালত, বাৰ্লি-অন-দ্য-হিলত, ৰাটলেণ্ডত।&lt;ref name=BritLib-TA /&gt;
|ব্ৰায়ান ভিকাৰ্ছৰ মতে ''টাইটাছ এণ্ড্ৰ’নিকাছ'' [[George Peele|জৰ্জ পীল]]ৰ সৈতে সহ-ৰচিত আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Vickers, Brian (2002). ''Shakespeare, Co-Author: A Historical Study of Five Collaborative Plays.'' Oxford University Press. 8. {{ISBN|0-19-925653-5}}; Dillon, Janette (2007).&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰোমান যুদ্ধৰ নায়ক টাইটাছ এণ্ড্ৰ’নিকাছ গথসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুদ্ধত জয়ী হৈ উভতি আহে। তেওঁ গথৰ ৰাণীৰ এজন পুত্ৰক প্ৰতিশোধৰ ৰীতি হিচাপে হত্যা কৰে, তাইৰ অনুৰোধ সত্ত্বেও। যেতিয়া ৰাণী ৰোমৰ সম্ৰাজ্ঞী হয়, তেওঁ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰৰ তেজৰ বাবে এণ্ড্ৰ’নিচিৰ পৰিয়ালৰ ওপৰত প্ৰতিশোধ লয়। তাইৰ পুত্ৰসকলে টাইটাছৰ জীয়েক লেভিনিয়াক ধৰ্ষণ আৰু অঙ্গহানি কৰে তাইৰ স্বামীৰ হত্যা কৰা দেহৰ ওপৰত, আৰু টাইটাছৰ নিজৰ পুত্ৰসকলক হত্যাৰ বাবে ফাঁচি দিয়ে। লেভিনিয়াই যদিও তেওঁৰ পিতৃক প্ৰকৃত হত্যাকাৰী কোন আছিল তাক জনাবলৈ সক্ষম হয়, আৰু এণ্ড্ৰ’নিকাছে প্ৰতিশোধ লৈ ৰাণী আৰু তাইৰ দুই পুত্ৰক হত্যা কৰে, কিন্তু এই কাৰ্যত নিজেও নিহত হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Troilus and Cressida|ট্ৰয়লাছ আৰু ক্ৰেছিডা]]''
|১৬০২ (বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়)
|১৬০৯: দুটা পৃথক [[quarto|কোৱাৰ্টো]] সংস্কৰণ
|১৬০৯ত প্ৰকাশিত সংস্কৰণত থকা বিপৰীতমুখীতাৰ বাবে নাটকৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ তাৰিখ অনিশ্চিত।
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ট্ৰ’জানসকল [[Agamemnon|এগামেমনন]]ৰ গ্ৰীচিয়ান সৈন্যৰ দ্বাৰা অৱৰোধৰ মুখত আছে। [[Troilus|ট্ৰয়লাছ]], এজন ট্ৰ’জান, গ্ৰীক বন্দী [[Cressida|ক্ৰেছিডা]]ৰ প্ৰেমত পৰে। যেতিয়া ক্ৰেছিডাক বন্দী বিনিময়ৰ অংশ হিচাপে গ্ৰীকসকলৰ ওচৰলৈ ঘূৰাই দিয়া হয়, ট্ৰয়লাছে ভয় কৰে যে তাই তেওঁলোকৰ কোনোবা এজনৰ প্ৰেমত পৰিব। তেওঁৰ ভয় সত্য হয় যেতিয়া তেওঁ যুদ্ধবিৰতিৰ সময়ত শত্ৰুৰ ৰেখা পাৰ হৈ তাইক এজন গ্ৰীক পুৰুষৰ সৈতে একেলগে দেখে।
|}

===কমেডী===
{{main|Shakespearean comedy|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ কমেডী}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ [[Shakespeare's plays|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ নাটক]]
|-
! শিৰোনাম !! ৰচনাৰ বছৰ !! প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশন !! প্ৰদৰ্শন !! লেখকত্বৰ টোকা
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[All's Well That Ends Well|অল’ছ ৱেল দ্যাট এণ্ডছ ৱেল]]''
|১৬০১–১৬০৮
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|১৬০৬ আৰু ১৬০৮ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হোৱা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। [[Stuart Restoration|ৰিষ্ট’ৰেশ্যন]]ৰ পূৰ্বে কোনো প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ ৰেকৰ্ড নাই। প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৭৪১ত গুডমেনছ ফিল্ডত, আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী বছৰ [[Drury Lane|ড্ৰুৰী লেন]]ত আন এটা।
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|হেলেনা, ৰাউচিলিয়নৰ কাউণ্টেছৰ ৱাৰ্ড, কাউণ্টেছৰ পুত্ৰ বাৰ্ট্ৰামৰ প্ৰেমত পৰে। এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত ডাক্তৰৰ জীয়েক আৰু নিজেও দক্ষ চিকিৎসক হেলেনাই ফ্ৰান্সৰ ৰজাক—যি ভাবিছিল তেওঁ মৃত্যুৰ মুখত—আৰোগ্য কৰে, আৰু তেওঁ তাইক পুৰস্কাৰ হিচাপে বাৰ্ট্ৰামৰ হাত প্ৰদান কৰে। বাৰ্ট্ৰামে, বিবাহৰ অসমতাৰ বাবে ক্ষুব্ধ হৈ, যুদ্ধলৈ যায়, শপত খাই যে তেওঁ তেওঁৰ পত্নীৰ সৈতে নাথাকিব যেতিয়ালৈকে তাই তেওঁক এটা পুত্ৰ আৰু তেওঁৰ নিজৰ আঙঠি প্ৰদান কৰিব নোৱাৰে—দুটা কাম যিবোৰ তেওঁ অসম্ভৱ বুলি ভাবে। কিন্তু, এটা [[bed trick|বিচনাৰ কৌশল]]ৰ সহায়ত, হেলেনাই তেওঁৰ কাম সম্পন্ন কৰে, বাৰ্ট্ৰামে তেওঁৰ ভুল বুজি পায়, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ মিলন হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[As You Like It|এছ ইউ লাইক ইট]]''
|১৫৯৯–১৬০০
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|[[Stuart Restoration|ৰিষ্ট’ৰেশ্যন]]ৰ পূৰ্বে কোনো প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ ৰেকৰ্ড নাই; প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬৮২ত [[Nahum Tate|নাহুম টেট]]ৰ ৰক্তাক্ত অভিযোজন ড্ৰুৰী লেনত। [[Wiltshire|ৱিল্টশ্বায়াৰ]]ৰ উইল্টন হাউছত সম্ভৱতঃ এটা প্ৰদৰ্শন হৈছিল; [[King's Men (playing company)|কিংছ মেন]]ক ২ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৬০৩ত ৰজা আৰু ৰাজসভাৰ বাবে উইল্টন হাউছলৈ আহি প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ ৩০ পাউণ্ড পৰিশোধ কৰা হৈছিল (তেওঁলোক তাত [[bubonic plague|বুবনিক প্লেগ]]ৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱৰ বাবে থাকিছিল)। হাৰ্বাৰ্ট পৰিয়ালৰ পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি নাটকখন আছিল ''এছ ইউ লাইক ইট''।&lt;ref&gt;F. E. Halliday, ''A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964,'' Baltimore, Penguin, 1964; p. 531.&lt;/ref&gt; [[King's Company|কিংছ কোম্পানী]]ক ১৬৬৯ত ৰয়েল ৱাৰেণ্টৰ দ্বাৰা নাটকখন নিযুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল, আৰু ইয়াক ১৭২৩ত [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane|ড্ৰুৰী লেন]]ত ''[[Love in a Forest|লাভ ইন এ ফৰেষ্ট]]'' নামেৰে অভিযোজিত ৰূপত প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Halliday, ''Shakespeare Companion'', p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ই এটা নাটকীয় কমেডী, যি ইয়াৰ বিভ্ৰান্তিকৰ তথাপি আকৰ্ষণীয় কাহিনীৰ বাবে পৰিচিত, যি ১৬শ শতিকাৰ ভাষাৰ কলাত্মক বয়নৰ মাজত হাস্যৰস সৃষ্টি কৰে। ইয়াৰ ধৰণ আৰু যুগৰ বেছিভাগ নাটকৰ দৰে, ই ভুল পৰিচয় আৰু আবেগপূৰ্ণ প্ৰেমৰ ওপৰত বহু পৰিমাণে নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Comedy of Errors|দ্য কমেডী অৱ এৰৰ্ছ]]''
|১৫৯২–১৫৯৪
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন এটা &quot;নীচ আৰু সাধাৰণ লোকৰ দল&quot;ৰ দ্বাৰা আছিল, যি ''Gesta Grayorum'' (&quot;দ্য ডীডছ অৱ গ্ৰে&quot;)ত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল, ২৮ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৫৯৪ত [[Gray's Inn|গ্ৰে’জ ইন]] হলত সংঘটিত হৈছিল। দ্বিতীয়টো [[Massacre of the Innocents#Feast day|ইন’চেণ্টছ ডে]]ত, কিন্তু দহ বছৰ পিছত—১৬০৪ত, ৰাজসভাত।&lt;ref group=note&gt;একেটা তাৰিখৰ মিল সম্ভৱতঃ কাকতলীয়া নহয়; নাটকৰ পলিনীয় আৰু ইফেছিয়ান দিশ, উৎসৰ অধীনত উল্লেখিত, হয়তো ''দ্য কমেডী অৱ এৰৰ্ছ''ক ছুটীৰ মৌসুমৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰিছিল—অনেকটা ''টুৱেলফথ নাইট''ৰ দৰে, যি পৃষ্ঠত ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ কিন্তু খ্ৰীষ্টমাছৰ ছুটীৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত।&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ইজিয়ন, ইফেছাছত অবৈধভাৱে প্ৰৱেশৰ বাবে মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ সন্মুখীন, তেওঁৰ যমজ পুত্ৰ আৰু পত্নীৰ সন্ধানৰ দুখজনক কাহিনী কয়। ড্যুকে তেওঁৰ পৰিয়াল বিচাৰি পোৱা হ’লে তেওঁক ক্ষমা কৰাৰ সন্মতি দিয়ে। ইতিমধ্যে, তেওঁৰ যমজ পুত্ৰসকল, দুয়োজনৰ নাম এণ্টিফ’লাছ, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দাস, দুয়োজনৰ নাম ড্ৰ’মিঅ’, আচলতে ইফেছাছত আছে, প্ৰত্যেকেই নাজানে যে তেওঁৰ এজন যমজ ভাই আছে। ভুল পৰিচয়ৰ ফলত হোৱা হাস্যকৰ ঘটনাৰ শৃংখলাৰ পিছত, যিবোৰ প্ৰায় বিপৰ্যয়ত শেষ হৈছিল, যমজ ভাইসকল তেওঁলোকৰ মাতৃ আৰু পিতৃৰ সৈতে পুনৰ মিলিত হয়, আৰু তেওঁলোকে ইজনে সিজনৰ সম্পৰ্ক উপলব্ধি কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Cymbeline|চিম্বেলিন]]''
|এই নাটকৰ তাৰিখ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰাটো কঠিন, যদিও [[Beaumont and Fletcher|ব’মণ্ট আৰু ফ্লেচাৰ]]ৰ {{circa|১৬০৯–১০}}ত ৰচিত এখন ট্ৰেজিকমেডীৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক ১৬০৯ৰ আশে-পাশে এই তাৰিখৰ সমৰ্থন কৰে; যদিও কোন নাটকখন আগত আছিল স্পষ্ট নহয়।&lt;ref&gt;Halliday, p. 366.&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|নিশ্চিতভাৱে কেৱল এটা প্ৰাৰম্ভিক প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ ৰেকৰ্ড আছে,&lt;ref group=note&gt;[[Simon Forman|চাইমন ফ’ৰ্মান]]ৰ ''Book of Plays''ত এটা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ উল্লেখ আছে; যদিও ই খাঁটি হয়, তথাপিও ''Book of Plays''ৰ উল্লেখ তাৰিখবিহীন আৰু নিৰ্দিষ্ট তথ্যৰ অভাৱ।&lt;/ref&gt; যি ১ জানুৱাৰী ১৬৩৪ৰ বুধবাৰে ৰাতি, ৰাজসভাত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।
|সম্ভৱতঃ সহযোগিতা&lt;ref group=note&gt;যেল শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰ সংস্কৰণে পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে যে এইটো এটা সহযোগী কাম আছিল; কিছুমান দৃশ্য (তৃতীয় খণ্ড, দৃশ্য ৭ আৰু পঞ্চম খণ্ড, দৃশ্য ২) নাটকৰ বাকী অংশতকৈ শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কম যেন লাগিব পাৰে।&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰাজকুমাৰী ইম’জেন সাধাৰণ নাগৰিক পোষ্টহুমাছৰ প্ৰেমত পৰে আৰু তেওঁৰ সৈতে বিবাহ কৰে, কিন্তু তেওঁৰ পিতৃ, ৰজা চিম্বেলিনে এই বিবাহৰ অনুমোদন নকৰে আৰু পোষ্টহুমাছক নিৰ্বাসন দিয়ে। নিৰ্বাসনত, তেওঁ জাচিমো নামৰ এজন দুৰ্বৃত্তৰ সৈতে সাক্ষাৎ কৰে—যিয়ে এটা বাজি জয় কৰিবলৈ পোষ্টহুমাছক ভুলকৈ পতিয়ন নিয়ায় যে তেওঁ (জাচিমো) ইম’জেনৰ সৈতে শুইছে। ক্ৰুদ্ধ হৈ পোষ্টহুমাছে তেওঁৰ দাস পিছানিঅ’ক ইম’জেনক হত্যা কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিয়ে, কিন্তু তেওঁ তেওঁৰ আদেশ পালন কৰিব নোৱাৰে, আৰু তাইৰ ঠাইত তাই পলিড’ৰ আৰু কেডৱালৰ সৈতে বন্ধুত্ব গঢ়ি তোলে—যিসকল তাইৰ নিজৰ ভাই, চিম্বেলিনৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ, যিসকলক শৈশৱত তেওঁৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ পৰা চুৰি কৰা হৈছিল। অনুতপ্ত পোষ্টহুমাছে পলিড’ৰ আৰু কেডৱালৰ সৈতে ৰোমানসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুদ্ধত যুঁজে, আৰু জুপিটাৰৰ দেৱতাৰ হস্তক্ষেপৰ পিছত, বিভিন্ন সত্য প্ৰকাশ পায়, আৰু সকলোৰে মিলন হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Love's Labour's Lost|লাভছ লেবাৰছ লষ্ট]]''
|১৫৯৪–১৫৯৫ (বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়)
|১৫৯৮ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৫৯৭ত ৰাজসভাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|নাভাৰৰ ৰজা ফাৰ্ডিনাণ্ড আৰু তেওঁৰ তিনিজন সঙ্গী শপত খায় যে তেওঁলোকে তিনি বছৰ ধৰি অধ্যয়নত মনোনিৱেশ কৰিব আৰু নাৰীৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক এৰাই চলিব। ফ্ৰান্সৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী আৰু তাইৰ সঙ্গিনীসকলৰ আগমনৰ পিছত এই শপত ভাঙি যায়, কাৰণ প্ৰত্যেক পুৰুষে এগৰাকী নাৰীৰ প্ৰেমত পৰে। তেওঁলোকে ছদ্মবেশ আৰু কৌতুকৰ জৰিয়তে তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰেম প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে, কিন্তু পৰিকল্পনা ভুল বুজাবুজিৰ ফলত বিফল হয়। শেষত, ৰাজকুমাৰীৰ পিতৃৰ মৃত্যুৰ খবৰে নাটকখনৰ হাস্যৰসৰ মেজাজক বিঘ্নিত কৰে, আৰু নাৰীসকলে পুৰুষসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰেমৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ বাবে এবছৰ অপেক্ষা কৰিবলৈ কয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Measure for Measure|মেজাৰ ফৰ মেজাৰ]]''
|১৬০৩–১৬০৪
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ২৬ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৬০৪ত ৰাজসভাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ভিয়েনাৰ ড্যুক ভিনচেণ্টিঅ’ নগৰৰ নৈতিক আইন কঠোৰভাৱে প্ৰয়োগ কৰাৰ দায়িত্ব এঞ্জেলোক দি ছদ্মবেশত নগৰ এৰি যায়। এঞ্জেলোৰ কঠোৰ শাসনৰ অধীনত ক্ল’ডিঅ’ক তেওঁৰ প্ৰেমিকা জুলিয়েটৰ সৈতে বিবাহৰ বাহিৰৰ সম্পৰ্কৰ বাবে মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ সন্মুখীন কৰা হয়। ক্ল’ডিঅ’ৰ ভগ্নী ইছাবেলা, এগৰাকী নান, এঞ্জেলোৰ ওচৰত তেওঁৰ ভাইৰ জীৱনৰ বাবে অনুৰোধ জনায়। এঞ্জেলো তাইক তেওঁৰ সৈতে শাৰীৰিক সম্পৰ্কৰ বিনিময়ত ক্ল’ডিঅ’ৰ জীৱন ৰক্ষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়ে। ড্যুকে, ছদ্মবেশত, এটা কৌশলৰ জৰিয়তে পৰিস্থিতি নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, য’ত এঞ্জেলোৰ প্ৰাক্তন প্ৰেমিকা মাৰিয়ানা তাইৰ ঠাই লয়। শেষত, ড্যুকে তেওঁৰ পৰিচয় প্ৰকাশ কৰে, এঞ্জেলোৰ অপৰাধৰ শাস্তি দিয়ে, আৰু ক্ল’ডিঅ’ক মুক্তি দিয়ে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Merchant of Venice|দ্য মাৰ্চেণ্ট অৱ ভেনিছ]]''
|১৫৯৬–১৫৯৮
|১৬০০ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬০৫ত ৰাজসভাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|এণ্টনিঅ’ই তেওঁৰ বন্ধু বাচানিঅ’ক ধাৰলৈ দিবলৈ এজন ইহুদী ঋণদাতা শ্বাইলকৰ পৰা ধন ধাৰ লয়। বাচানিঅ’ই এই ধনেৰে পোৰ্টিয়া, এগৰাকী ধনী আৰু বুদ্ধিমতী মহিলাৰ প্ৰেম জয় কৰে। দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনকভাৱে, এটা ট্ৰেজিক দুৰ্ঘটনাৰ ফলত এণ্টনিঅ’ শ্বাইলকৰ ঋণ পৰিশোধ কৰিব নোৱাৰে, আৰু তেওঁৰ দেহৰ এপাউণ্ড মাংস ঋণদাতালৈ দিবলৈ হয় বুলি চুক্তি অনুসৰি শাস্তি পাব লাগিব। পোৰ্টিয়া ছদ্মবেশত আদালতলৈ যায় আৰু উল্লেখ কৰে যে শ্বাইলকে কেৱল মাংস ল’ব পাৰে, তেজ নহয়। শ্বাইলকৰ পৰিকল্পনা বিফল হয়, পোৰ্টিয়াই তেওঁৰ পৰিচয় প্ৰকাশ কৰে, আৰু এণ্টনিঅ’ৰ সম্পত্তি পুনৰ ঘূৰাই দিয়া হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor|দ্য মেৰী ৱাইভছ অৱ উইণ্ডচৰ]]''
|১৫৯৭–১৬০১
|১৬০২ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬০৪ত ৰাজসভাত
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|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ছাৰ জন ফালষ্টাফ, এজন দুষ্ট আৰু ঋণগ্ৰস্ত নাইট, উইণ্ডচৰৰ দুগৰাকী ধনী গৃহিণী, মিষ্ট্ৰেছ ফৰ্ড আৰু মিষ্ট্ৰেছ পেজক প্ৰতাৰণা কৰি তেওঁলোকৰ স্বামীৰ ধন লাভ কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে। মহিলা দুগৰাকীয়ে তেওঁৰ উদ্দেশ্য বুজি পায় আৰু তেওঁক হাস্যকৰ পৰিস্থিতিত ফাঁচি দি প্ৰতাৰণা কৰে। ফালষ্টাফক একাধিকবাৰ লজ্জিত কৰাৰ পিছত, তেওঁৰ পৰিকল্পনা বিফল হয়, আৰু মহিলাসকলে তেওঁৰ ষড়যন্ত্ৰ প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ইতিমধ্যে, মিষ্ট্ৰেছ পেজৰ জীয়েক এনৰ প্ৰেমৰ প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ মাজতো এটা সুখৰ সমাধান হয়, আৰু ফালষ্টাফক শিক্ষা দিয়া হয়।
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!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream|এ মিডচামাৰ নাইটছ ড্ৰীম]]''
|১৫৯৫–১৬০০
|১৬০০ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ তাৰিখ অজ্ঞাত; সম্ভৱতঃ ১৬০৫ত ৰাজসভাত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|এথেন্সৰ ওচৰৰ এখন জংঘলত, চাৰিজন প্ৰেমিক—হাৰ্মিয়া, লাইচাণ্ডাৰ, ডেমেট্ৰিয়াছ, আৰু হেলেনা—ভুল পৰিচয় আৰু যাদুৰ ফলত জটিল প্ৰেমৰ ত্ৰিভুজত লিপ্ত হয়। পাক, এজন দুষ্টু পৰী, এজন প্ৰেমৰ ঔষধ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি প্ৰেমিকসকলৰ মাজত বিভ্ৰান্তি সৃষ্টি কৰে, যাৰ ফলত হাস্যকৰ ভুল বুজাবুজিৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। ইতিমধ্যে, অবেৰন আৰু টাইটেনিয়া, পৰীৰ ৰজা আৰু ৰাণী, নিজৰ বিবাদত লিপ্ত, আৰু এটা স্থানীয় শ্ৰমিকৰ দল এখন নাটকৰ ৰিহাৰ্চলৰ সময়ত পৰীৰ কৌতুকৰ শিকাৰ হয়। শেষত, যাদুৰ প্ৰভাৱ আঁতৰোৱা হয়, প্ৰেমিকসকলৰ সম্পৰ্ক স্থিৰ হয়, আৰু সকলোৰে মিলন উদযাপনৰ মাজত নাটকখনৰ সমাপ্তি হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Much Ado About Nothing|মাচ এডু এবাউট নাথিং]]''
|১৫৯৮–১৫৯৯
|১৬০০ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ তাৰিখ অজ্ঞাত; সম্ভৱতঃ ১৬১২–১৬১৩ত ৰাজসভাত প্ৰদৰ্শিত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|মেছিনাত, ক্ল’ডিঅ’ আৰু হিৰো প্ৰেমত পৰে আৰু বিবাহৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে, কিন্তু ডন জনৰ ষড়যন্ত্ৰৰ ফলত হিৰোৰ সতীত্বৰ ওপৰত মিছা অভিযোগ উত্থাপিত হয়, যাৰ ফলত ক্ল’ডিঅ’ই তাইক বিবাহৰ দিনা প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰে। ইতিমধ্যে, বেনেডিক আৰু বিয়েট্ৰিছ, দুজন তীক্ষ্ণ বুদ্ধিৰ ব্যক্তি, তেওঁলোকৰ বন্ধুসকলৰ কৌশলৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰেমত পৰে। হিৰোৰ মৃত্যুৰ ভুৱা খবৰ আৰু ডন জনৰ ষড়যন্ত্ৰৰ পৰ্দাফাঁচৰ পিছত, ক্ল’ডিঅ’ই তেওঁৰ ভুলৰ বাবে ক্ষমা বিচাৰে, আৰু দুয়োখন প্ৰেমৰ কাহিনী সুখৰ মিলনৰ মাজত শেষ হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Pericles, Prince of Tyre|পেৰিক্লিছ, প্ৰিন্স অৱ টায়াৰ]]''
|১৬০৭–১৬০৮
|১৬০৯ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬০৮ত গ্ল’ব থিয়েটাৰত
|[[George Wilkins|জৰ্জ উইলকিন্স]]ৰ সৈতে সহ-ৰচিত বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Vickers, Brian. ''Shakespeare, Co-Author''. Oxford University Press, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|পেৰিক্লিছ, টায়াৰৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ, এন্টিঅকৰ ৰজাৰ অপৰাধমূলক গোপনীয়তা জানিব পাৰে আৰু জীৱন ৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পলায়ন কৰে। তেওঁৰ সমুদ্ৰযাত্ৰাৰ সময়ত, তেওঁ পেন্টাপলিছৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী থাইছাক বিবাহ কৰে, কিন্তু তাইৰ মৃত্যুৰ ভুৱা খবৰ পায়। তেওঁৰ জীয়েক মেৰিনাক এটা পতিতালয়ত এৰি দিয়া হয়, কিন্তু তাই তাইৰ সতীত্ব ৰক্ষা কৰে। বছৰ বছৰ ধৰি বিচ্ছেদৰ পিছত, পেৰিক্লিছ তেওঁৰ পত্নী আৰু জীয়েকৰ সৈতে পুনৰ মিলিত হয়, আৰু পৰিয়ালৰ পুনৰ মিলনৰ মাজত নাটকখনৰ সমাপ্তি হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Taming of the Shrew|দ্য টেমিং অৱ দ্য শ্ৰু]]''
|১৫৯০–১৫৯৪
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৫৯৪ত নিউইংটন বাটছত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|পেডুয়াত, কেথাৰিনা, এগৰাকী তীক্ষ্ণ জিভাৰ আৰু স্বাধীন মহিলা, তাইৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ বাবে বিবাহৰ বাবে অযোগ্য বুলি গণ্য হয়। পেট্ৰুচিঅ’, এজন সাহসী আৰু দৃঢ়প্ৰতিজ্ঞ পুৰুষ, তাইক বিবাহ কৰাৰ প্ৰত্যাহ্বান গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু তাইক “শান্ত” কৰাৰ কৌশল অৱলম্বন কৰে। ইতিমধ্যে, কেথাৰিনাৰ সৰু ভনীয়েক বিয়াংকাৰ প্ৰেমৰ বাবে কেইবাজনো প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বী প্ৰেমিকৰ মাজত প্ৰতিযোগিতা চলে। শেষত, পেট্ৰুচিঅ’ৰ পদ্ধতিৰ জৰিয়তে কেথাৰিনা এগৰাকী “আদৰ্শ” পত্নী হয়, আৰু বিয়াংকাৰ প্ৰেমৰ কাহিনীও সুখৰ মিলনৰ মাজত শেষ হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Tempest|দ্য টেম্পেষ্ট]]''
|১৬১০–১৬১১
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১ নৱেম্বৰ ১৬১১ত ৰাজসভাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|প্ৰছপেৰ’, মিলানৰ নিৰ্বাসিত ড্যুক, এটা যাদুকৰী দ্বীপত তেওঁৰ জীয়েক মিৰাণ্ডাৰ সৈতে বাস কৰে। তেওঁৰ যাদুৰ শক্তিৰে, তেওঁ এটা ঝড়ৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে তেওঁৰ ভাই এণ্টনিঅ’ আৰু নেপলছৰ ৰজা আলনচোৰ জাহাজখন দ্বীপত ভিৰায়। দ্বীপত, মিৰাণ্ডা আৰু আলনচোৰ পুত্ৰ ফাৰ্ডিনাণ্ড প্ৰেমত পৰে। প্ৰছপেৰ’ই তেওঁৰ শত্ৰুসকলক পৰীক্ষা কৰে, তেওঁৰ দাস এৰিয়েল আৰু কেলিবানৰ সহায়ত। শেষত, তেওঁ সকলোকে ক্ষমা কৰে, তেওঁৰ ড্যুকৰ পদ পুনৰ লাভ কৰে, আৰু মিৰাণ্ডা আৰু ফাৰ্ডিনাণ্ডৰ বিবাহৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ মাজত নাটকখনৰ সমাপ্তি হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Twelfth Night|টুৱেলফথ নাইট]]''
|১৬০১–১৬০২
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৬০২ত মিডল টেম্পল হলত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ইলিৰিয়াত, ভায়’লা, এগৰাকী জাহাজ ধ্বংসৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা পোৱা মহিলা, পুৰুষৰ ছদ্মবেশত ড্যুক অৰ্চিন’ৰ সেৱাত যোগ দিয়ে। তাই অৰ্চিন’ৰ প্ৰেমৰ বাৰ্তা কাউণ্টেছ অলিভিয়াৰ ওচৰলৈ লৈ যায়, কিন্তু অলিভিয়া ভায়’লাৰ ছদ্মবেশী ৰূপৰ প্ৰেমত পৰে। ইতিমধ্যে, ভায়’লাৰ যমজ ভাই ছেবাষ্টিয়ান, যাক তাই মৃত বুলি ভাবিছিল, ইলিৰিয়াত উপস্থিত হয়। ভুল পৰিচয়ৰ ফলত হাস্যকৰ জটিলতাৰ সৃষ্টি হয়, কিন্তু শেষত ভাই-ভনীৰ পৰিচয় প্ৰকাশ পায়, অৰ্চিন’ ভায়’লাৰ সৈতে আৰু অলিভিয়া ছেবাষ্টিয়ানৰ সৈতে বিবাহৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Two Gentlemen of Verona|দ্য টু জেন্টলমেন অৱ ভেৰ’না]]''
|১৫৯০–১৫৯৪
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ তাৰিখ অজ্ঞাত; সম্ভৱতঃ ১৭৬২ত ড্ৰুৰী লেনত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ভেলেণ্টাইন আৰু প্ৰ’টিয়াছ, ভেৰ’নাৰ দুজন বন্ধু, প্ৰেমৰ বাবে প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বিতাত লিপ্ত হয়। ভেলেণ্টাইন মিলানত ছিলভিয়াৰ প্ৰেমত পৰে, কিন্তু প্ৰ’টিয়াছ, যি ভেৰ’নাত জুলিয়াৰ প্ৰেমত আছিল, ছিলভিয়াক বিবাহ কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে। প্ৰ’টিয়াছৰ বিশ্বাসঘাটকতাৰ ফলত ভেলেণ্টাইনক নিৰ্বাসিত কৰা হয়, কিন্তু জুলিয়া, পুৰুষৰ ছদ্মবেশত, তেওঁৰ পিছত মিলানলৈ যায়। শেষত, প্ৰ’টিয়াছৰ ভুল প্ৰকাশ পায়, তেওঁ জুলিয়াৰ প্ৰতি ঘূৰি আহে, আৰু ভেলেণ্টাইন ছিলভিয়াৰ সৈতে মিলিত হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Two Noble Kinsmen|দ্য টু ন’বল কিন্সমেন]]''
|১৬১৩–১৬১৪
|১৬৩৪ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ তাৰিখ অজ্ঞাত; সম্ভৱতঃ ১৬১৯–১৬২০ত ৰাজসভাত
|[[John Fletcher|জন ফ্লেচাৰ]]ৰ সৈতে সহ-ৰচিত।&lt;ref&gt;Vickers, Brian. ''Shakespeare, Co-Author''. Oxford University Press, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|পেলেমন আৰু আৰ্চাইট, থিবছৰ দুজন বন্ধু, এথেন্সৰ বন্দী হয়। তেওঁলোকে ৰাজকুমাৰী ইমিলিয়াৰ প্ৰেমত পৰে আৰু তাইৰ হাতৰ বাবে প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বিতা কৰে। এথেন্সৰ ড্যুক থিচিয়াছ এটা প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আয়োজন কৰে, য’ত জয়ীয়ে ইমিলিয়াক লাভ কৰিব আৰু পৰাজিতজনক মৃত্যুদণ্ড দিয়া হ’ব। আৰ্চাইট জয়ী হয়, কিন্তু এটা দুৰ্ঘটনাত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়, আৰু পেলেমন ইমিলিয়াৰ সৈতে বিবাহ কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Winter's Tale|দ্য উইণ্টাৰছ টেল]]''
|১৬০৯–১৬১১
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৫ মে’ ১৬১১ত গ্ল’ব থিয়েটাৰত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|চিচিলিৰ ৰজা লিয়ণ্টিছ তেওঁৰ পত্নী হাৰ্মিঅ’নৰ ওপৰত তেওঁৰ বন্ধু ব’হিমিয়াৰ ৰজা পলিক্সেনিছৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কৰ মিছা সন্দেহ কৰে। তেওঁ হাৰ্মিঅ’নক বন্দী কৰে, আৰু তেওঁৰ নৱজাত জীয়েক পাৰ্ডিটাক ত্যাগ কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিয়ে। হাৰ্মিঅ’নৰ মৃত্যুৰ খবৰ আহে, আৰু পাৰ্ডিটা ব’হিমিয়াত এজন মেষপালকৰ দ্বাৰা ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়। বছৰৰ পিছত, পাৰ্ডিটা আৰু পলিক্সেনিছৰ পুত্ৰ ফ্ল’ৰিজেল প্ৰেমত পৰে। লিয়ণ্টিছৰ আদালতত, পাৰ্ডিটাৰ পৰিচয় প্ৰকাশ পায়, হাৰ্মিঅ’ন জীৱিত বুলি জানা যায়, আৰু পৰিয়ালৰ পুনৰ মিলনৰ মাজত নাটকখনৰ সমাপ্তি হয়।
|}

===ইতিহাস নাটক===
{{main|Shakespearean history|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ ইতিহাস নাটক}}
শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ ইতিহাস নাটকসমূহ প্ৰধানকৈ ইংলেণ্ডৰ মধ্যযুগীয় ৰজাসকলৰ জীৱন আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক সংগ্ৰামৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ৰচিত। এই নাটকসমূহে ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনাৰ সৈতে নাটকীয় স্বাধীনতা গ্ৰহণ কৰে, প্ৰায়ে ৰাফেল হলিনশ্বেডৰ ''Chronicles''ৰ পৰা প্ৰভাৱিত।&lt;ref&gt;Holinshed, Raphael. ''Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland''. 1587.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ [[Shakespeare's plays|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ নাটক]]
|-
! শিৰোনাম !! ৰচনাৰ বছৰ !! প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশন !! প্ৰদৰ্শন !! লেখকত্বৰ টোকা
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[King John (play)|কিং জন]]''
|১৫৯৫–১৫৯৭
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৭৩৭ত ড্ৰুৰী লেনত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ইংলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা জনৰ শাসনকালত, তেওঁ ফ্ৰান্সৰ সৈতে সংঘৰ্ষত লিপ্ত হয় আৰু তেওঁৰ ভতিজা আৰ্থাৰৰ সিংহাসনৰ দাবীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে সংগ্ৰাম কৰে। জনৰ কাৰ্যই অভিজাতসকলৰ মাজত বিদ্ৰোহৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ আক্ৰমণৰ ভাবুকিৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। আৰ্থাৰৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত, জনৰ শাসন দুৰ্বল হয়, আৰু তেওঁ বিষক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হেনৰীক সিংহাসনত উত্তৰাধিকাৰী কৰি থৈ যায়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Richard II (play)|ৰিচাৰ্ড দ্বিতীয়]]''
|১৫৯৫
|১৫৯৭ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৫৯৫ত ছাৰ এডৱাৰ্ড হ’বিৰ ঘৰত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰজা ৰিচাৰ্ড দ্বিতীয়ৰ অদক্ষ শাসনে অভিজাতসকলৰ মাজত অসন্তোষৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। তেওঁ তেওঁৰ খুলশালীয়েক হেনৰী ব’লিংব্ৰ’কক নিৰ্বাসন দিয়ে, কিন্তু ব’লিংব্ৰ’ক ঘূৰি আহি বিদ্ৰোহৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ৰিচাৰ্ডক কাৰাগাৰত বন্দী কৰা হয়, আৰু তেওঁ সিংহাসন ত্যাগ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হয়। ব’লিংব্ৰ’ক হেনৰী চতুৰ্থ হিচাপে ৰজা হয়, আৰু ৰিচাৰ্ডক কাৰাগাৰত হত্যা কৰা হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Henry IV, Part 1|হেনৰী চতুৰ্থ, প্ৰথম খণ্ড]]''
|১৫৯৬–১৫৯৭
|১৫৯৮ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬০০ত ৰাজসভাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰজা হেনৰী চতুৰ্থই হেনৰী পাৰ্চি (হট্স্পাৰ)ৰ নেতৃত্বত বিদ্ৰোহৰ সন্মুখীন হয়। তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ হেল (পিছলৈ হেনৰী পঞ্চম) ছাৰ জন ফালষ্টাফৰ সৈতে সময় অপচয় কৰে। শ্ৰুৱ্ছবেৰীৰ যুদ্ধত, হেল পাৰ্চিক হত্যা কৰে, আৰু ৰজাৰ সৈন্যই বিদ্ৰোহ দমন কৰে, কিন্তু আন বিদ্ৰোহৰ ভাবুকি অব্যাহত থাকে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Henry IV, Part 2|হেনৰী চতুৰ্থ, দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড]]''
|১৫৯৭–১৫৯৮
|১৬০০ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬০০ত ৰাজসভাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|হেনৰী চতুৰ্থ অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু নতুন বিদ্ৰোহৰ সন্মুখীন হয়। ৰাজকুমাৰ হেল ফালষ্টাফৰ সৈতে সময় কটায়, কিন্তু ধীৰে ধীৰে তেওঁৰ ৰাজকীয় দায়িত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰে। বিদ্ৰোহীসকলক পৰাজিত কৰা হয়, আৰু হেনৰী চতুৰ্থৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত, হেল হেনৰী পঞ্চম হিচাপে ৰজা হয়, ফালষ্টাফক প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰি তেওঁৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱন ত্যাগ কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Henry V (play)|হেনৰী পঞ্চম]]''
|১৫৯৯
|১৬০০ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬০০ত ৰাজসভাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰজা হেনৰী পঞ্চম ফ্ৰান্সৰ ওপৰত দাবী জনায় আৰু আগিনকৰ্টৰ যুদ্ধত জয়লাভ কৰে। তেওঁ ফ্ৰান্সৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী কেথাৰিনক বিবাহ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ইংলেণ্ড আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ মাজত শান্তি স্থাপনৰ প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিয়া হয়। নাটকখনে হেনৰীৰ নেতৃত্ব আৰু বীৰত্বক উদযাপন কৰে, যদিও যুদ্ধৰ পৰিণতিও প্ৰতিফলিত কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Henry VI, Part 1|হেনৰী ষষ্ঠ, প্ৰথম খণ্ড]]''
|১৫৮৯–১৫৯২
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৫৯২ত ৰ’জ থিয়েটাৰত
|সম্ভৱতঃ [[Christopher Marlowe|ক্ৰিষ্টোফাৰ মাৰ্ল’]] বা আনৰ সৈতে সহ-ৰচিত।&lt;ref&gt;Hattaway, Michael. ''The First Part of King Henry VI''. Cambridge University Press, 1990.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|হেনৰী পঞ্চমৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত, তেওঁৰ শিশু পুত্ৰ হেনৰী ষষ্ঠ ৰজা হয়। ইংলেণ্ড ফ্ৰান্সৰ সৈতে যুদ্ধত লিপ্ত, য’ত জ’ন অৱ আৰ্ক নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ইংলেণ্ডত, লেংকাষ্টাৰ আৰু ইয়ৰ্ক পৰিয়ালৰ মাজত বিবাদে গৃহযুদ্ধৰ ভাবুকিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। জ’নক ধৰি হত্যা কৰা হয়, আৰু ইংলেণ্ডৰ শক্তি দুৰ্বল হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Henry VI, Part 2|হেনৰী ষষ্ঠ, দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড]]''
|১৫৯০–১৫৯১
|১৫৯৪ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ তাৰিখ অজ্ঞাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|হেনৰী ষষ্ঠৰ দুৰ্বল শাসনে ইংলেণ্ডত বিশৃংখলাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। ইয়ৰ্কৰ ড্যুক ৰিচাৰ্ড সিংহাসনৰ দাবী জনায়, আৰু ৰ’জৰ যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হয়। জেক কেডৰ নেতৃত্বত জনতাৰ বিদ্ৰোহ দমন কৰা হয়, কিন্তু ইয়ৰ্ক আৰু লেংকাষ্টাৰৰ মাজত সংঘৰ্ষ তীব্ৰতৰ হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Henry VI, Part 3|হেনৰী ষষ্ঠ, তৃতীয় খণ্ড]]''
|১৫৯১–১৫৯২
|১৫৯৫ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ তাৰিখ অজ্ঞাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰ’জৰ যুদ্ধ তীব্ৰ হয়, আৰু হেনৰী ষষ্ঠক সিংহাসনৰ পৰা উৎখাত কৰা হয়। ইয়ৰ্কৰ এডৱাৰ্ড চতুৰ্থ ৰজা হয়, কিন্তু হেনৰীৰ পত্নী মাৰ্গাৰেট বিদ্ৰোহৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ইয়ৰ্কৰ ৰিচাৰ্ড (পিছলৈ ৰিচাৰ্ড তৃতীয়) ক্ষমতাৰ বাবে ষড়যন্ত্ৰ কৰে। হেনৰীক ধৰি হত্যা কৰা হয়, আৰু এডৱাৰ্ডৰ শাসন স্থিৰ হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Richard III (play)|ৰিচাৰ্ড তৃতীয়]]''
|১৫৯২–১৫৯৩
|১৫৯৭ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬৩৩ত ৰাজসভাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰিচাৰ্ড, ইয়ৰ্কৰ ড্যুক, সিংহাসন দখলৰ বাবে হত্যা আৰু ষড়যন্ত্ৰৰ পথ বাছি লয়। তেওঁ তেওঁৰ ভাই এডৱাৰ্ড চতুৰ্থৰ পুত্ৰসকলক (টাৱাৰৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ) হত্যা কৰে আৰু ৰিচাৰ্ড তৃতীয় হিচাপে ৰজা হয়। তেওঁৰ অত্যাচাৰী শাসনে বিদ্ৰোহৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, আৰু হেনৰী টিউডৰ (পিছলৈ হেনৰী সপ্তম) তেওঁক বছৱৰ্থৰ যুদ্ধত পৰাজিত কৰি হত্যা কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Henry VIII (play)|হেনৰী অষ্টম]]''
|১৬১২–১৬১৩
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬১৩ত গ্ল’ব থিয়েটাৰত
|[[John Fletcher|জন ফ্লেচাৰ]]ৰ সৈতে সহ-ৰচিত।&lt;ref&gt;Vickers, Brian. ''Shakespeare, Co-Author''. Oxford University Press, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰজা হেনৰী অষ্টম তেওঁৰ পত্নী কেথাৰিন অৱ এৰাগনৰ পৰা বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদৰ বাবে চেষ্টা কৰে আৰু এন ব’লিনক বিবাহ কৰে। নাটকখনে কাৰ্ডিনেল ৱলচিৰ পতন, ক্ৰেনমাৰৰ উত্থান, আৰু এনৰ ৰাণী হিচাপে অভিষেকৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰে। ইয়াত এলিজাবেথৰ জন্মৰ উদযাপনৰ মাজত নাটকখনৰ সমাপ্তি হয়, যি ভৱিষ্যতৰ শান্তি আৰু সমৃদ্ধিৰ প্ৰতীক।
|}
===কবিতা===
শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰে তেওঁৰ নাটকৰ উপৰিও কেইবাটাও উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল, যিবোৰ প্ৰায়ে তেওঁৰ নাটকৰ দৰেই সাহিত্যিক গুৰুত্ব লাভ কৰিছে। তেওঁৰ কবিতাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত হৈছে তেওঁৰ ছনেটৰ সংকলন, তথাপিও তেওঁৰ আখ্যানমূলক কবিতাসমূহেও পাঠক আৰু সমালোচকৰ দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ কবিতা
|-
! শিৰোনাম !! ৰচনাৰ বছৰ !! প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশন !! টোকা
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Venus and Adonis (Shakespeare poem)|ভিনাছ আৰু এড’নিছ]]''
|১৫৯২–১৫৯৩
|১৫৯৩ত প্ৰকাশিত
|এই আখ্যানমূলক কবিতাখন শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত ৰচনা আছিল, যিটো তেওঁ [[Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton|হেনৰী ৰিঅ’থেছলী, চাউথএম্পটনৰ তৃতীয় আৰ্ল]]ক উৎসৰ্গা কৰিছিল। ই অভিডৰ ''Metamorphoses''ৰ পৰা প্ৰভাৱিত, আৰু ইয়াত ভিনাছৰ এড’নিছৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰেম আৰু তেওঁৰ ত্ৰাসদায়ক মৃত্যুৰ কাহিনী বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে।
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|দেবী ভিনাছ যুৱক এড’নিছৰ প্ৰেমত পৰে, কিন্তু তেওঁ তাইৰ প্ৰেম প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰি শিকাৰলৈ যায়। তেওঁৰ সতৰ্কবাণী সত্ত্বেও, এড’নিছ এটা বনৰীয়া শুয়ৰৰ আক্ৰমণত নিহত হয়, আৰু তেওঁৰ দেহৰ পৰা এটা ফুল গজে, যিটো ভিনাছৰ শোকৰ প্ৰতীক হৈ থাকে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Rape of Lucrece|দ্য ৰেপ অৱ লুক্ৰিছ]]''
|১৫৯৩–১৫৯৪
|১৫৯৪ত প্ৰকাশিত
|এই আখ্যানমূলক কবিতাও চাউথএম্পটনক উৎসৰ্গা কৰা হৈছিল। ই ৰোমান ইতিহাসৰ পৰা প্ৰভাৱিত, আৰু লুক্ৰিছৰ ধৰ্ষণ আৰু তাৰ পৰিণতিৰ ট্ৰেজিক কাহিনী বৰ্ণনা কৰে।
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰোমান অভিজাত তাৰ্কুইনে লুক্ৰিছক, তেওঁৰ বন্ধুৰ পত্নীক, ধৰ্ষণ কৰে। লজ্জা আৰু শোকত লুক্ৰিছে তেওঁৰ পতি আৰু পিতৃক ঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে জনায় আৰু প্ৰতিশোধৰ আহ্বান জনাই আত্মহত্যা কৰে। তাৰ্কুইনৰ পৰিয়ালক ৰোমৰ পৰা নিৰ্বাসিত কৰা হয়, আৰু এই ঘটনাই ৰোমান ৰিপাব্লিকৰ জন্মৰ পথ প্ৰশস্ত কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Passionate Pilgrim|দ্য পেশ্বনেট পিলগ্ৰিম]]''
|১৫৯৮–১৫৯৯
|১৫৯৯ত প্ৰকাশিত
|এই সংকলনত শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ কেইটামান কবিতাৰ লগতে আন লেখকৰ ৰচনাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ইয়াৰ কিছুমান কবিতা শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ ছনেটৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সংস্কৰণ হ’ব পাৰে।
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|এইটো এটা বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ কবিতাৰ সংকলন, য’ত প্ৰেম, সৌন্দৰ্য্য, আৰু ইচ্ছাৰ বিষয়বস্তু অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। কিছুমান কবিতা শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ নাটকৰ পৰা উদ্ধৃত, যেনে ''লাভছ লেবাৰছ লষ্ট''ৰ পৰা।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Phoenix and the Turtle|দ্য ফিনিক্স এণ্ড দ্য টাৰ্টল]]''
|১৬০১
|১৬০১ত ৰবাৰ্ট চেষ্টাৰৰ ''Love's Martyr''ত প্ৰকাশিত
|এই গূঢ় আৰু দাৰ্শনিক কবিতাটো শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ অন্যতম অস্বাভাৱিক ৰচনা, য’ত প্ৰেম আৰু ঐক্যৰ বিষয়বস্তু প্ৰতীকীভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|কবিতাটোত ফিনিক্স আৰু টাৰ্টল (কপৌ)ৰ আধ্যাত্মিক প্ৰেমৰ কাহিনী বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে, যিবোৰে পৰস্পৰৰ সৈতে এনেকৈ মিলিত হয় যে তেওঁলোকৰ পৰিচয় এক হৈ যায়। তেওঁলোকৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত, তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰেমৰ আদৰ্শই পাঠকক সত্য আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ প্ৰতি চিন্তা কৰিবলৈ প্ৰেৰণা দিয়ে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Shakespeare's Sonnets|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ ছনেট]]''
|১৫৯২–১৬০৯
|১৬০৯ত প্ৰকাশিত
|১৫৪টা ছনেটৰ এই সংকলনত প্ৰেম, সময়, সৌন্দৰ্য্য, আৰু মৃত্যুৰ বিষয়বস্তু অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। কিছুমান ছনেট এজন যুৱকৰ প্ৰতি আৰু আন কিছুমান এগৰাকী “ডাৰ্ক লেডী”ৰ প্ৰতি উৎসৰ্গা কৰা।&lt;ref&gt;Duncan-Jones, Katherine. ''Shakespeare’s Sonnets''. Arden Shakespeare, 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ছনেটসমূহে প্ৰেমৰ জটিলতা, ঈৰ্ষা, আৰু সময়ৰ ক্ষণস্থায়িত্বৰ বিষয়ে অন্বেষণ কৰে। কিছুমান ছনেটত এজন যুৱকৰ সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ প্ৰশংসা কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে আন কিছুমানে এগৰাকী ৰহস্যময়ী মহিলাৰ সৈতে জটিল সম্পৰ্কৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰে। সংকলনত “এ কমপ্লেইণ্ট” নামৰ এটা দীঘলীয়া কবিতাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।
|}

===হেৰুৱা নাটক===
শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ কিছুমান নাটকৰ অস্তিত্বৰ কথা জনা যায়, কিন্তু সেইবোৰৰ পাঠ্য হেৰাই গৈছে বা কেতিয়াও প্ৰকাশ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। এইবোৰৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য হৈছে:

* ''[[Love's Labour's Won|লাভছ লেবাৰছ ৱন]]'': এটা নাটকৰ শিৰোনাম যিটোৰ উল্লেখ সমসাময়িক দলিলত পোৱা যায়, কিন্তু কোনো পাঠ্য বা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ ৰেকৰ্ড অৱশিষ্ট নাই। কিছুমান পণ্ডিতৰ মতে এইটো হয়তো ''লাভছ লেবাৰছ লষ্ট''ৰ এটা বিকল্প শিৰোনাম বা এটা হেৰুৱা সিকুৱেল হ’ব পাৰে।&lt;ref&gt;Halliday, F.E. ''A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964''. Penguin, 1964.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Cardenio|কাৰ্ডেনিঅ’]]'': [[John Fletcher|জন ফ্লেচাৰ]]ৰ সৈতে সহ-ৰচিত বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা এখন নাটক, যিটো [[Miguel de Cervantes|মিগেল ডি চাৰ্ভেন্টেছ]]ৰ ''Don Quixote''ৰ পৰা প্ৰভাৱিত। ১৬১৩ত ৰাজসভাত প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ ৰেকৰ্ড আছে, কিন্তু পাঠ্যটো হেৰাই গৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;Vickers, Brian. ''Shakespeare, Co-Author''. Oxford University Press, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;

===শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ লেখকত্বৰ প্ৰশ্ন===
{{main|Shakespeare authorship question|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ লেখকত্বৰ প্ৰশ্ন}}
শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ নাটক আৰু কবিতাৰ লেখকত্বৰ বিষয়ে বিতৰ্ক শতিকাজুৰি চলি আহিছে। মূল তৰ্ক হৈছে যে ষ্ট্ৰেটফৰ্ড-আপন-এভনৰ উইলিয়াম শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ শিক্ষা আৰু পটভূমিৰ অভাৱৰ বাবে তেওঁ এনে জটিল ৰচনাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। বিকল্প প্ৰাৰ্থীৰ ভিতৰত আছে [[Francis Bacon|ফ্ৰান্সিছ বেকন]], [[Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford|এডৱাৰ্ড ডি ভেৰ, অক্সফৰ্ডৰ ১৭শ আৰ্ল]], আৰু [[Christopher Marlowe|ক্ৰিষ্টোফাৰ মাৰ্ল’]]।&lt;ref&gt;McCrea, Scott. ''The Case for Shakespeare''. Praeger, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; অৱশ্যে, প্ৰধান পণ্ডিতসকলে এই তত্ত্বসমূহক অপ্ৰমাণিত আৰু জল্পনা-কল্পনাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰা বুলি প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰে, শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ লেখকত্বৰ সমৰ্থনত সমসাময়িক দলিলৰ প্ৰমাণৰ উল্লেখ কৰি।&lt;ref&gt;Shapiro, James. ''Contested Will: Who Wrote Shakespeare?''. Simon &amp; Schuster, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

===শৈলী===
শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ লিখন শৈলী তেওঁৰ ভাষাৰ দক্ষতা, কাব্যিক ছন্দ, আৰু নাটকীয় গঠনৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। তেওঁ প্ৰায়ে [[iambic pentameter|আয়াম্বিক পেণ্টামিটাৰ]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, যদিও তেওঁ প্ৰকাশৰ বাবে গদ্যও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, বিশেষকৈ নিম্ন শ্ৰেণীৰ চৰিত্ৰৰ বাবে। তেওঁৰ ৰচনাত উপমা, ৰূপক, আৰু শব্দৰ খেলৰ ব্যৱহাৰে তেওঁৰ কামৰ গভীৰতা আৰু সমৃদ্ধি বৃদ্ধি কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ নাটকসমূহে প্ৰায়ে জটিল চৰিত্ৰ, দ্বৈত বিষয়বস্তু, আৰু নৈতিক দ্বিধাৰ অন্বেষণ কৰিছিল, যিয়ে তেওঁক সমসাময়িক আৰু ভৱিষ্যতৰ দৰ্শকৰ বাবে প্ৰাসংগিক কৰি তুলিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bloom, Harold. ''Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human''. Riverhead Books, 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;

===উত্তৰাধিকাৰ===
শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ ৰচনাই বিশ্ব সাহিত্য, থিয়েটাৰ, আৰু সংস্কৃতিৰ ওপৰত গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে। তেওঁৰ নাটক আৰু কবিতাসমূহ বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাত অনুবাদিত আৰু প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে, আৰু তেওঁৰ শব্দ আৰু বাক্যাংশসমূহে ইংৰাজী ভাষাত স্থায়ী চিহ্ন এৰি গৈছে। তেওঁৰ কামৰ বিষয়বস্তু—প্ৰেম, ক্ষমতা, বিশ্বাসঘাটকতা, আৰু মানৱ স্বভাৱ—আজিও প্ৰাসংগিক। শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ নাটকসমূহে আধুনিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ, সাহিত্য, আৰু পপ সংস্কৃতিৰ ওপৰতো প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে।&lt;ref&gt;Crystal, David. ''Shakespeare’s Words''. Penguin, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;

===আৰু চাওক===
* [[Shakespeare's plays|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ নাটক]]
* [[Shakespeare's Sonnets|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ ছনেট]]
* [[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]
* [[Shakespearean tragedy|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ ট্ৰেজেডী]]
* [[Shakespearean comedy|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ কমেডী]]
* [[Shakespearean history|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ ইতিহাস নাটক]]
* [[Shakespeare Apocrypha|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰ এপ’ক্ৰিফা]]

===টোকা===
{{reflist|group=note}}

===তথ্যসূত্ৰ===
{{reflist}}

===বাহিৰা সংযোগ===
* {{Official website|http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/|শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ জন্মস্থান ট্ৰাষ্ট}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.folger.edu/shakespeares-works|title=শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ ৰচনা|publisher=ফল্গাৰ শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰ লাইব্ৰেৰী}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://shakespeare.mit.edu/|title=শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰচনা|publisher=এমআইটি শ্বেক্সপীয়াৰ প্ৰজেক্ট}}</text>
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
[[File:William Shakespeare by John Taylor.jpg|upright|thumb|[[চান্দোছ প’ৰ্ট্ৰেইট]], যাক শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰ বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়, [[নেশ্যনেল প’ৰ্ট্ৰেইট গেলেৰী, লণ্ডন]]ত সংৰক্ষিত]]
[[William Shakespeare|উইলিয়াম শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰ]] (১৫৬৪–১৬১৬)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Schoenbaum |first=Samuel |title=William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life |year=1975 |publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=24–26, 296 |isbn=0-19-505161-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; এগৰাকী ইংৰাজ কবি আৰু নাট্যকাৰ আছিল। তেওঁ প্ৰায়&lt;!-- Please do not remove &quot;approximately&quot; --&gt; ৩৯টা [[Shakespeare's plays|নাটক]] আৰু ১৫৪টা [[Shakespeare's Sonnets|ছনেট]], লগতে বিভিন্ন অন্যান্য কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref group=note&gt;সঠিক সংখ্যা জানিব নোৱাৰি। অধিক বিশদৰ বাবে [[Shakespearean authorship question|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ লেখকত্বৰ প্ৰশ্ন]], [[Shakespeare's collaborations|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ সহযোগিতা]] আৰু [[Shakespeare Apocrypha|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰ এপ’ক্ৰিফা]] চাওক।&lt;/ref&gt;

==নাটক==

===ট্ৰেজেডী===
{{main|Shakespearean tragedy|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ ট্ৰেজেডী}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ [[Shakespeare's plays|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ নাটক]]
|-
! শিৰোনাম !! ৰচনাৰ বছৰ !! প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশন !! প্ৰদৰ্শন !! লেখকত্বৰ টোকা
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Antony and Cleopatra|এণ্টনী আৰু ক্লিওপেট্ৰা]]''
|১৬০১–১৬০৮
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|১৬০৬ আৰু ১৬০৮ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হোৱা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Julius Caesar (play)|জুলিয়াছ ছিজাৰ]]ৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত, [[Marc Antony|মাৰ্ক এণ্টনী]] মিচৰৰ ৰাণী [[Cleopatra|ক্লিওপেট্ৰা]]ৰ প্ৰেমত পৰে। সম্ৰাট [[Augustus|অক্টেভিয়াছ]]ৰ সৈতে তেওঁৰ বন্ধুত্ব ঘৃণালৈ পৰিণত হয় যেতিয়া এণ্টনীয়ে সম্ৰাটৰ ভগ্নী, তেওঁৰ পত্নীক ক্লিওপেট্ৰাৰ বাবে পৰিত্যাগ কৰে। এণ্টনীয়ে অক্টেভিয়াছৰ পৰা সিংহাসন দখল কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে আৰু বিফল হয়, আৰু ক্লিওপেট্ৰাই আত্মহত্যা কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Coriolanus (play)|ক’ৰিঅ’লেনাছ]]''
|১৬০৫–১৬০৮ (বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়)
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|[[Stuart Restoration|ৰিষ্ট’ৰেশ্যন]]ৰ পূৰ্বে কোনো প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ ৰেকৰ্ড নাই; প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬৮২ চনত [[Nahum Tate|নাহুম টেট]]ৰ ৰক্তাক্ত অভিযোজন ড্ৰুৰী লেনত।
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰোমান সামৰিক নেতা [[Gaius Marcius Coriolanus|গাইয়াছ মাৰ্চিয়াছ]], [[Volscians|ভল্‌চিয়ান]]সকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কেইবাটাও জয়লাভৰ পিছত ক’ৰিঅ’লেছ নামেৰে যুদ্ধৰ নায়ক হৈ ঘৰলৈ উভতি আহে, যিটো নাম তেওঁ ক’ৰিঅ’লেছ নগৰ জয় কৰাৰ বাবে লাভ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু ৰাজনৈতিক পদৰ বাবে প্ৰচেষ্টা বিফল হোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁক ৰোমৰ পৰা বিশ্বাসঘাতক হিচাপে নিৰ্বাসিত কৰা হয়। প্ৰতিশোধৰ বাবে ক্ৰোধিত হৈ ক’ৰিঅ’লেনাছে ভল্‌চিয়ান সৈন্যৰ নেতা হৈ ৰোমলৈ যাত্ৰা কৰে। তেওঁৰ মাতৃ, পত্নী আৰু পুত্ৰই তেওঁক আক্ৰমণ বন্ধ কৰিবলৈ অনুৰোধ কৰে। তেওঁ ৰোমান আৰু ভল্‌চিয়ানৰ মাজত শান্তি স্থাপন কৰে, কিন্তু শত্ৰু ভল্‌চিয়ানসকলে তেওঁক হত্যা কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Hamlet|হেমলেট]]''
|১৭শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে সম্ভৱতঃ
|তথাকথিত &quot;বেয়া&quot; [[First Quarto|প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টো]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত, ১৬০৩
|হেমলেটৰ প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন জুন ১৬০২ত, [[Richard Burbage|ৰিচাৰ্ড বাৰ্বেজ]] মুখ্য ভূমিকাত।
|কিছুমান পণ্ডিত, যেনে পিটাৰ আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ আৰু [[Eric Sams|এৰিক চেমছ]], বিশ্বাস কৰে যে [[Ur-Hamlet|আৰ-হেমলেট]] নামেৰে পৰিচিত উৎস গ্ৰন্থটো আচলতে শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ নিজৰ লিখিত নাটকৰ প্ৰথম খচৰা আছিল, যিটো তেওঁ ১৫৮৯ৰ পূৰ্বে ৰচনা কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;* [[Harold Bloom|Bloom, Harold]],''Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human''. New York, 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Prince Hamlet|ৰাজকুমাৰ হেমলেট]]ক তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰ ভূতে দৰ্শন দিয়ে আৰু তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰ হত্যাৰ প্ৰতিশোধ ল’বলৈ তেওঁৰ ককা [[King Claudius|ৰজা ক্ল’ডিয়াছ]]ক হত্যা কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিয়ে। ভূতৰ কথা সত্য হয় নে নহয় আৰু প্ৰতিশোধ লোৱাটো সঠিক হ’ব নে নহয়—এই প্ৰশ্নৰ সৈতে সংগ্ৰাম কৰাৰ পাছত, হেমলেট, আন প্ৰায় সকলো মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰৰ সৈতে, নিহত হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Julius Caesar (play)|জুলিয়াছ ছিজাৰ]]''
|১৫৯৯&lt;ref&gt;F. E. Halliday, ''Shakespeare Companion'', pp. 159, 260, 524, 533.&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|[[Thomas Platter the Younger|থমাছ প্লেটাৰ দ্য ইয়ংগাৰ]], এগৰাকী ছুইছ ভ্ৰমণকাৰীয়ে ২১ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৫৯৯ত [[Bankside|বেংকছাইড]] থিয়েটাৰত [[Julius Caesar|জুলিয়াছ ছিজাৰ]]ৰ বিষয়ে এখন ট্ৰেজেডী দেখিছিল। এইটো সম্ভৱতঃ শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ নাটক আছিল। প্লেটাৰৰ বৰ্ণনাৰ সৈতে শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ নাটকৰ দৰে মিল থকা আন কোনো স্পষ্ট বিকল্প নাটক নাই।&lt;ref&gt;[[Richard Edes|ৰিচাৰ্ড এডেছ]]ৰ লেটিন নাটক ''Caesar Interfectus'' (১৫৮২?) উপযুক্ত নহয়। [[Admiral's Men|এডমিৰেলছ মেন]]ৰ ১৫৯৪–৯৫ত এখন বেনামী ''Caesar and Pompey'' আছিল, আৰু আন এখন নাটক, ''Caesar's Fall, or the Two Shapes,'' [[Thomas Dekker (poet)|থমাছ ডেকাৰ]], [[Michael Drayton|মাইকেল ড্ৰেইটন]], [[Thomas Middleton|থমাছ মিডলটন]], [[Anthony Munday|এণ্টনী মাণ্ডে]], আৰু [[John Webster|জন ৱেবষ্টাৰ]]ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৬০১–০২ত ৰচিত, প্লেটাৰৰ উল্লেখৰ বাবে বহুত পলম। এই নাটক দুখনৰ কোনোখনৰ অস্তিত্ব নাই। বেনামী ''Caesar's Revenge'' ১৬০৬ৰ, আৰু [[George Chapman|জৰ্জ চেপমেন]]ৰ ''Caesar and Pompey'' {{circa|১৬১৩}}ৰ। E. K. Chambers, ''Elizabethan Stage'', Vol. 2, p. 179; Vol. 3, pp. 259, 309; Vol. 4, p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Gaius Cassius Longinus|কেছিয়াছ]] তেওঁৰ বন্ধু [[Brutus|ব্ৰুটাছ]]ক [[Julius Caesar|জুলিয়াছ ছিজাৰ]]ক হত্যা কৰাৰ ষড়যন্ত্ৰত যোগদান কৰিবলৈ প্ৰৰোচিত কৰে, কাৰণ তেওঁৰ ক্ষমতা ৰোমৰ বাবে বৰ বেছি বুলি ভাবা হয়। ছিজাৰক হত্যাৰ পিছত, ব্ৰুটাছে জনসাধাৰণক তেওঁৰ কাৰণ ন্যায়সঙ্গত বুলি পতিয়ন নিয়াব নোৱাৰে। ব্ৰুটাছ আৰু কেছিয়াছে শেষত আত্মহত্যা কৰে কাৰণ ৰোমৰ বাবে তেওঁলোকৰ আশা হেৰাই যায়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[King Lear|কিং লিয়াৰ]]''
|১৬০৩–১৬০৬&lt;ref&gt;Frank Kermode, 'King Lear', ''The Riverside Shakespeare'' (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), 1249.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[R.A. Foakes]], ed. ''King Lear''. London: Arden, 1997), 89–90.&lt;/ref&gt;
|১৬০৮ত [[quarto|কোৱাৰ্টো]]ত প্ৰকাশিত&lt;ref name=cummingsKL&gt;{{cite web | url=http://cummingsstudyguides.net/xKingLear.html#Dates | title=King Lear }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন: ২৬ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৬০৬, [[James VI and I|ৰজা জেমছ প্ৰথম]]ৰ সন্মুখত [[Whitehall Palace|হোৱাইটহল পেলেচ]]ত।&lt;ref name=cummingsKL /&gt;
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|এজন বৃদ্ধ ৰজাই তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্য দুজনী জীয়েক, ৰেগান আৰু গ’নৰিলৰ মাজত ভাগ কৰি দিয়ে, আৰু সৰু জীয়েক কৰ্ডেলিয়াক অবাধ্যতাৰ অভিযোগত ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰে। পিছত তেওঁ বুজি পায় যে ৰেগান আৰু গ’নৰিলেই অবাধ্য, কিন্তু তেতিয়ালৈ তেওঁ ইতিমধ্যে ৰাজ্য তেওঁলোকক দি দিছিল। তেওঁ এজন দৰিদ্ৰ মানুহ হিচাপে দেশৰ মাজত বিচৰণ কৰে যেতিয়ালৈকে কৰ্ডেলিয়া তেওঁৰ স্বামী, ফ্ৰান্সৰ ৰজাৰ সৈতে তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰ ভূমি পুনৰ দখল কৰিবলৈ নাহে। ৰেগান আৰু গ’নৰিল পৰাজিত হয়, কিন্তু কৰ্ডেলিয়া বন্দী হৈ হত্যা হয়। কিং লিয়াৰ তাৰ পিছত শোকত মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Macbeth|মেকবেথ]]''
|১৬০৩–১৬০৬&lt;ref&gt;A.R. Braunmuller, ed. ''Macbeth'' (CUP, 1997), 5–8.&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|১৬০৭ত নাটকখনৰ বিষয়ে &quot;কিছু স্পষ্ট উল্লেখ&quot; আছে।&lt;ref&gt;Kermode, ''Riverside Shakespeare'', p. 1308.&lt;/ref&gt; নাটকখনৰ প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ বিৱৰণ এপ্ৰিল ১৬১১ত, যেতিয়া [[Simon Forman|চাইমন ফ’ৰ্মান]]ে [[Globe Theatre|গ্ল’ব থিয়েটাৰ]]ত ইয়াক দেখিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;যদি ফ’ৰ্মানৰ দলিলখন খাঁটি; [[Simon Forman|চাইমন ফ’ৰ্মান]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধত ''Book of Plays''ৰ খাঁটিত্বৰ প্ৰশ্ন চাওক।&lt;/ref&gt;
|বৰ্তমানৰ ''মেকবেথ''ৰ পাঠ্যখন পিছৰ হাতৰ দ্বাৰা স্পষ্টভাৱে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছে। সবাতোকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য হৈছে থমাছ মিডলটনৰ নাটক ''[[The Witch (play)|দ্য উইচ]]'' (১৬১৫)ৰ পৰা দুটা গীতৰ সংযোজন।&lt;ref&gt;Brooke, Nicholas, (ed.) (1998). ''The Tragedy of Macbeth''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 57. {{ISBN|0-19-283417-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
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|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|মেকবেথ, এজন স্কটিছ অভিজাত, তেওঁৰ পত্নীৰ দ্বাৰা উৎসাহিত হৈ ৰজা ডানকানক হত্যা কৰি নিজৰ বাবে সিংহাসন দখল কৰে। তেওঁ ৰজাৰ প্ৰহৰীসকলক তেজেৰে ঢাকি দিয়ে যাতে তেওঁলোকক দোষী বুলি ফাঁচি দিয়া হয়, আৰু তেওঁক স্কটলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা হিচাপে নিযুক্ত কৰা হয়। কিন্তু, তেওঁৰ আকস্মিক ক্ষমতাৰ বিষয়ে মানুহে সন্দেহ কৰে, আৰু তেওঁ ক্ষমতা বজাই ৰাখিবলৈ অধিক হত্যাকাণ্ড কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হয়, নিজকে অপৰাজেয় বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰি যেতিয়ালৈকে তেওঁ তেজেৰে ভৰি থাকে। শেষত, পুৰণি ৰজাৰ পুত্ৰ মেলকমে মেকবেথৰ দুৰ্গ অৱৰোধ কৰে, আৰু মেকডাফে সশস্ত্ৰ যুদ্ধত মেকবেথক হত্যা কৰে।
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!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Othello|অথেলো]]''
|১৬০২–১৬০৪&lt;ref name=cummingsO&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/xOthello.html#Dates | title=Othello }}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{circa|১৬০৩}})
|১৬২২ত [[book size|কোৱাৰ্টো]] ফৰ্মেটত [[Thomas Walkley|থমাছ ৱাকলী]]ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত। পৰৱৰ্তী বছৰ [[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।
|সম্ভৱতঃ ১ নৱেম্বৰ ১৬০৪ত [[James VI and I|ৰজা জেমছ প্ৰথম]]ৰ বাবে [[Whitehall Palace|হোৱাইটহল পেলেচ]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰদৰ্শিত।&lt;ref name=cummingsO /&gt;
|
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|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|অথেলো, এজন [[moors|মুৰ]] আৰু [[Venice|ভেনিছ]]ত বাস কৰা সামৰিক জেনেৰেল, এজন ছেনেটৰৰ জীয়েক ডেচডেম’নাৰ সৈতে পলায়ন কৰে। পিছত, চাইপ্ৰাছত, তেওঁৰ দাস [[Iago|ইয়াগো]]ৰ দ্বাৰা পতিয়ন কৰা হয় যে তেওঁৰ পত্নী ([[Desdemona|ডেচডেম’না]]) তেওঁৰ লেফটেনেণ্ট [[Michael Cassio|মাইকেল কেছিঅ’]]ৰ সৈতে প্ৰেমৰ সম্পৰ্কত আছে। ইয়াগোৰ কাহিনী এটা মিছা। ডেচডেম’না আৰু কেছিঅ’ তেওঁলোকৰ সততাৰ বিষয়ে অথেলোক পতিয়ন নিয়াবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে কিন্তু প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰা হয়। ইয়াগোৰ পৰিকল্পনা অনুসৰি, অথেলোৱে কেছিঅ’ৰ ওপৰত আক্ৰমণৰ বাবে হত্যাকাৰী পঠায়, যি আহত হয়, আনহাতে অথেলোৱে নিজে ডেচডেম’নাক বিচনাত শ্বাসৰুদ্ধ কৰি হত্যা কৰে। ইয়াগোৰ চক্ৰান্ত বহুত পলমকৈ প্ৰকাশ পায়, আৰু অথেলোৱে আত্মহত্যা কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Romeo and Juliet|ৰ’মিঅ’ আৰু জুলিয়েট]]''
|১৫৯৫–১৫৯৬, সম্ভৱতঃ ১৫৯১ত এটা প্ৰাৰম্ভিক খচৰাৰ সৈতে&lt;ref&gt;Draper, John W. &quot;The Date of Romeo and Juliet.&quot; ''The Review of English Studies'' (Jan 1949) 25.97 pp. 55–57&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gibbons, pp. 26–31&lt;/ref&gt;
|১৫৯৭ত Q1ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত&lt;ref name = Jay&gt;Halio, Jay. Romeo and Juliet. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1998. p. 1 {{ISBN|0-313-30089-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|১৫৯১ আৰু মাৰ্চ ১৫৯৭ৰ ভিতৰত কোনোবা সময়ত প্ৰথম প্ৰদৰ্শিত&lt;ref&gt;Gibbons, Brian. ''Romeo and Juliet''. London: Methuen, 1980.  p. 26. {{ISBN|0-416-17850-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ইটালীৰ ভেৰ’নাত, দুটা পৰিয়াল, মণ্টেগু আৰু কেপুলেট, তীব্ৰ শত্ৰুতাৰ মাজত আছে। ৰ’মিঅ’, এজন মণ্টেগু, আৰু জুলিয়েট, এগৰাকী কেপুলেট, প্ৰেমত পৰে আৰু পৰিয়ালৰ ঘৃণাৰ মাজত তেওঁলোকৰ সম্পৰ্ক বজাই ৰাখিবলৈ সংগ্ৰাম কৰে। ৰ’মিঅ’ই জুলিয়েটৰ খুলশালীয়েক টাইবল্টক আবেগৰ আৱেগত হত্যা কৰাৰ পিছত, পৰিস্থিতি ভাঙি পৰে। দুয়োজন প্ৰেমিক শেষত আত্মহত্যা কৰে, আৰু শত্ৰুতাপূৰ্ণ পৰিয়াল দুটা তেওঁলোকৰ শেহতীয়া শোকৰ ওপৰত শান্তি স্থাপন কৰে।
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!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Timon of Athens|টাইমন অৱ এথেন্স]]''
|{{circa|১৬০৭}}&lt;ref name=NYerTimon&gt;{{cite magazine | url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/theatre/2012/08/06/120806crth_theatre_lahr | title=Fools of Fortune | magazine=[[The New Yorker]] | date=30 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত&lt;ref name=cummingsToA&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/xTimon.html#Dates | title=Timon of Athens }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ জীৱনকালত কোনো প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ ৰেকৰ্ড নাই।&lt;ref name=NYerTimon /&gt; ১৬৭৮ত থমাছ শ্বেডৱেলৰ দ্বাৰা এটা অভিযোজন মঞ্চস্থ কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref name=cummingsToA /&gt;
|[[Brian Vickers (academic)|ব্ৰায়ান ভিকাৰ্ছ]] আৰু আন কিছুমানে যুক্তি দিয়ে যে ''টাইমন অৱ এথেন্স'' [[Thomas Middleton|থমাছ মিডলটন]]ৰ সৈতে সহ-ৰচিত আছিল, যদিও কিছুমান সমালোচকে এই কথাত অসন্মত।&lt;ref&gt;Vickers, 8; Dominik, 16; Farley-Hills, David (1990). ''Shakespeare and the Rival Playwrights, 1600–06.'' Routledge, 171–172. {{ISBN|0-415-04050-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
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! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|টাইমন অৱ এথেন্স তেওঁৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ এজন স্পষ্টভাৱে ধনী ব্যক্তি যিয়ে তেওঁৰ প্ৰাচুৰ্য্য নিজৰ চৌপাশৰ লোকসকলক মুক্তভাৱে দান কৰে। শেষত, এইটো স্পষ্ট হয় যে তেওঁ ঋণৰ ওপৰত জীয়াই আছে, যেতিয়া তেওঁৰ সকলো ঋণদাতাই একেদিনাই পৰিশোধৰ দাবী জনায়। টাইমনে তেওঁৰ বন্ধুসকলৰ পৰা সহায় বিচাৰে, কিন্তু প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰা হয়। মানৱজাতিৰ দৈত স্বভাৱৰ ওপৰত ক্ষুব্ধ হৈ তেওঁ নগৰ ত্যাগ কৰি বনাঞ্চলত এটা গুহাত বাস কৰে। তেওঁৰ মন উৎফুল্ল কৰাৰ বাবে কেইবাজনো লোকৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাৰ পিছতো, তেওঁ মানৱজাতিৰ প্ৰতি ঘৃণাৰে ভৰা হৈ মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে।
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!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Titus Andronicus|টাইটাছ এণ্ড্ৰ’নিকাছ]]''
|সম্ভৱতঃ ১৫৯৩ৰ শেষৰ ফালে&lt;ref name=BritLib-TA&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.bl.uk/treasures/shakespeare/titus.html | title=Titus Andronicus – Shakespeare in quarto | access-date=8 June 2025 | archivedate=18 May 2022 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518042254/https://www.bl.uk/treasures/shakespeare/titus.html | deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|১৫৯৪ত [[quarto|কোৱাৰ্টো]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত; দ্বিতীয় কোৱাৰ্টো ১৬০০ত, তৃতীয়টো ১৬১১ত।&lt;ref name=BritLib-TA /&gt;
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন: ২৪ জানুৱাৰী ১৫৯৪ত [[The Rose (theatre)|ৰ’জ]]ত; পুনৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন ২৯ জানুৱাৰী আৰু ৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত। নাটকখন [[Admiral's Men|এডমিৰেলছ মেন]] আৰু [[Lord Chamberlain's Men|লৰ্ড চেম্বাৰলেইনছ মেন]]ৰ দ্বাৰা একে বছৰৰ জুনত নিউইংটন বাটছত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল। আন এটা প্ৰদৰ্শন, সম্ভৱতঃ লৰ্ড চেম্বাৰলেইনছ মেনৰ দ্বাৰা, ১ জানুৱাৰী ১৫৯৬ত, ছাৰ জন হেৰিংটনৰ পৰিয়ালত, বাৰ্লি-অন-দ্য-হিলত, ৰাটলেণ্ডত।&lt;ref name=BritLib-TA /&gt;
|ব্ৰায়ান ভিকাৰ্ছৰ মতে ''টাইটাছ এণ্ড্ৰ’নিকাছ'' [[George Peele|জৰ্জ পীল]]ৰ সৈতে সহ-ৰচিত আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Vickers, Brian (2002). ''Shakespeare, Co-Author: A Historical Study of Five Collaborative Plays.'' Oxford University Press. 8. {{ISBN|0-19-925653-5}}; Dillon, Janette (2007).&lt;/ref&gt;
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! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰোমান যুদ্ধৰ নায়ক টাইটাছ এণ্ড্ৰ’নিকাছ গথসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুদ্ধত জয়ী হৈ উভতি আহে। তেওঁ গথৰ ৰাণীৰ এজন পুত্ৰক প্ৰতিশোধৰ ৰীতি হিচাপে হত্যা কৰে, তাইৰ অনুৰোধ সত্ত্বেও। যেতিয়া ৰাণী ৰোমৰ সম্ৰাজ্ঞী হয়, তেওঁ তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰৰ তেজৰ বাবে এণ্ড্ৰ’নিচিৰ পৰিয়ালৰ ওপৰত প্ৰতিশোধ লয়। তাইৰ পুত্ৰসকলে টাইটাছৰ জীয়েক লেভিনিয়াক ধৰ্ষণ আৰু অঙ্গহানি কৰে তাইৰ স্বামীৰ হত্যা কৰা দেহৰ ওপৰত, আৰু টাইটাছৰ নিজৰ পুত্ৰসকলক হত্যাৰ বাবে ফাঁচি দিয়ে। লেভিনিয়াই যদিও তেওঁৰ পিতৃক প্ৰকৃত হত্যাকাৰী কোন আছিল তাক জনাবলৈ সক্ষম হয়, আৰু এণ্ড্ৰ’নিকাছে প্ৰতিশোধ লৈ ৰাণী আৰু তাইৰ দুই পুত্ৰক হত্যা কৰে, কিন্তু এই কাৰ্যত নিজেও নিহত হয়।
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!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Troilus and Cressida|ট্ৰয়লাছ আৰু ক্ৰেছিডা]]''
|১৬০২ (বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়)
|১৬০৯: দুটা পৃথক [[quarto|কোৱাৰ্টো]] সংস্কৰণ
|১৬০৯ত প্ৰকাশিত সংস্কৰণত থকা বিপৰীতমুখীতাৰ বাবে নাটকৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ তাৰিখ অনিশ্চিত।
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ট্ৰ’জানসকল [[Agamemnon|এগামেমনন]]ৰ গ্ৰীচিয়ান সৈন্যৰ দ্বাৰা অৱৰোধৰ মুখত আছে। [[Troilus|ট্ৰয়লাছ]], এজন ট্ৰ’জান, গ্ৰীক বন্দী [[Cressida|ক্ৰেছিডা]]ৰ প্ৰেমত পৰে। যেতিয়া ক্ৰেছিডাক বন্দী বিনিময়ৰ অংশ হিচাপে গ্ৰীকসকলৰ ওচৰলৈ ঘূৰাই দিয়া হয়, ট্ৰয়লাছে ভয় কৰে যে তাই তেওঁলোকৰ কোনোবা এজনৰ প্ৰেমত পৰিব। তেওঁৰ ভয় সত্য হয় যেতিয়া তেওঁ যুদ্ধবিৰতিৰ সময়ত শত্ৰুৰ ৰেখা পাৰ হৈ তাইক এজন গ্ৰীক পুৰুষৰ সৈতে একেলগে দেখে।
|}

===কমেডী===
{{main|Shakespearean comedy|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ কমেডী}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ [[Shakespeare's plays|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ নাটক]]
|-
! শিৰোনাম !! ৰচনাৰ বছৰ !! প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশন !! প্ৰদৰ্শন !! লেখকত্বৰ টোকা
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[All's Well That Ends Well|অল’ছ ৱেল দ্যাট এণ্ডছ ৱেল]]''
|১৬০১–১৬০৮
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|১৬০৬ আৰু ১৬০৮ৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হোৱা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। [[Stuart Restoration|ৰিষ্ট’ৰেশ্যন]]ৰ পূৰ্বে কোনো প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ ৰেকৰ্ড নাই। প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৭৪১ত গুডমেনছ ফিল্ডত, আৰু পৰৱৰ্তী বছৰ [[Drury Lane|ড্ৰুৰী লেন]]ত আন এটা।
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|হেলেনা, ৰাউচিলিয়নৰ কাউণ্টেছৰ ৱাৰ্ড, কাউণ্টেছৰ পুত্ৰ বাৰ্ট্ৰামৰ প্ৰেমত পৰে। এগৰাকী বিখ্যাত ডাক্তৰৰ জীয়েক আৰু নিজেও দক্ষ চিকিৎসক হেলেনাই ফ্ৰান্সৰ ৰজাক—যি ভাবিছিল তেওঁ মৃত্যুৰ মুখত—আৰোগ্য কৰে, আৰু তেওঁ তাইক পুৰস্কাৰ হিচাপে বাৰ্ট্ৰামৰ হাত প্ৰদান কৰে। বাৰ্ট্ৰামে, বিবাহৰ অসমতাৰ বাবে ক্ষুব্ধ হৈ, যুদ্ধলৈ যায়, শপত খাই যে তেওঁ তেওঁৰ পত্নীৰ সৈতে নাথাকিব যেতিয়ালৈকে তাই তেওঁক এটা পুত্ৰ আৰু তেওঁৰ নিজৰ আঙঠি প্ৰদান কৰিব নোৱাৰে—দুটা কাম যিবোৰ তেওঁ অসম্ভৱ বুলি ভাবে। কিন্তু, এটা [[bed trick|বিচনাৰ কৌশল]]ৰ সহায়ত, হেলেনাই তেওঁৰ কাম সম্পন্ন কৰে, বাৰ্ট্ৰামে তেওঁৰ ভুল বুজি পায়, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ মিলন হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[As You Like It|এছ ইউ লাইক ইট]]''
|১৫৯৯–১৬০০
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|[[Stuart Restoration|ৰিষ্ট’ৰেশ্যন]]ৰ পূৰ্বে কোনো প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ ৰেকৰ্ড নাই; প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬৮২ত [[Nahum Tate|নাহুম টেট]]ৰ ৰক্তাক্ত অভিযোজন ড্ৰুৰী লেনত। [[Wiltshire|ৱিল্টশ্বায়াৰ]]ৰ উইল্টন হাউছত সম্ভৱতঃ এটা প্ৰদৰ্শন হৈছিল; [[King's Men (playing company)|কিংছ মেন]]ক ২ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৬০৩ত ৰজা আৰু ৰাজসভাৰ বাবে উইল্টন হাউছলৈ আহি প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিবলৈ ৩০ পাউণ্ড পৰিশোধ কৰা হৈছিল (তেওঁলোক তাত [[bubonic plague|বুবনিক প্লেগ]]ৰ প্ৰাদুৰ্ভাৱৰ বাবে থাকিছিল)। হাৰ্বাৰ্ট পৰিয়ালৰ পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি নাটকখন আছিল ''এছ ইউ লাইক ইট''।&lt;ref&gt;F. E. Halliday, ''A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964,'' Baltimore, Penguin, 1964; p. 531.&lt;/ref&gt; [[King's Company|কিংছ কোম্পানী]]ক ১৬৬৯ত ৰয়েল ৱাৰেণ্টৰ দ্বাৰা নাটকখন নিযুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল, আৰু ইয়াক ১৭২৩ত [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane|ড্ৰুৰী লেন]]ত ''[[Love in a Forest|লাভ ইন এ ফৰেষ্ট]]'' নামেৰে অভিযোজিত ৰূপত প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Halliday, ''Shakespeare Companion'', p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ই এটা নাটকীয় কমেডী, যি ইয়াৰ বিভ্ৰান্তিকৰ তথাপি আকৰ্ষণীয় কাহিনীৰ বাবে পৰিচিত, যি ১৬শ শতিকাৰ ভাষাৰ কলাত্মক বয়নৰ মাজত হাস্যৰস সৃষ্টি কৰে। ইয়াৰ ধৰণ আৰু যুগৰ বেছিভাগ নাটকৰ দৰে, ই ভুল পৰিচয় আৰু আবেগপূৰ্ণ প্ৰেমৰ ওপৰত বহু পৰিমাণে নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Comedy of Errors|দ্য কমেডী অৱ এৰৰ্ছ]]''
|১৫৯২–১৫৯৪
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন এটা &quot;নীচ আৰু সাধাৰণ লোকৰ দল&quot;ৰ দ্বাৰা আছিল, যি ''Gesta Grayorum'' (&quot;দ্য ডীডছ অৱ গ্ৰে&quot;)ত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল, ২৮ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৫৯৪ত [[Gray's Inn|গ্ৰে’জ ইন]] হলত সংঘটিত হৈছিল। দ্বিতীয়টো [[Massacre of the Innocents#Feast day|ইন’চেণ্টছ ডে]]ত, কিন্তু দহ বছৰ পিছত—১৬০৪ত, ৰাজসভাত।&lt;ref group=note&gt;একেটা তাৰিখৰ মিল সম্ভৱতঃ কাকতলীয়া নহয়; নাটকৰ পলিনীয় আৰু ইফেছিয়ান দিশ, উৎসৰ অধীনত উল্লেখিত, হয়তো ''দ্য কমেডী অৱ এৰৰ্ছ''ক ছুটীৰ মৌসুমৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰিছিল—অনেকটা ''টুৱেলফথ নাইট''ৰ দৰে, যি পৃষ্ঠত ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ কিন্তু খ্ৰীষ্টমাছৰ ছুটীৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত।&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ইজিয়ন, ইফেছাছত অবৈধভাৱে প্ৰৱেশৰ বাবে মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ সন্মুখীন, তেওঁৰ যমজ পুত্ৰ আৰু পত্নীৰ সন্ধানৰ দুখজনক কাহিনী কয়। ড্যুকে তেওঁৰ পৰিয়াল বিচাৰি পোৱা হ’লে তেওঁক ক্ষমা কৰাৰ সন্মতি দিয়ে। ইতিমধ্যে, তেওঁৰ যমজ পুত্ৰসকল, দুয়োজনৰ নাম এণ্টিফ’লাছ, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দাস, দুয়োজনৰ নাম ড্ৰ’মিঅ’, আচলতে ইফেছাছত আছে, প্ৰত্যেকেই নাজানে যে তেওঁৰ এজন যমজ ভাই আছে। ভুল পৰিচয়ৰ ফলত হোৱা হাস্যকৰ ঘটনাৰ শৃংখলাৰ পিছত, যিবোৰ প্ৰায় বিপৰ্যয়ত শেষ হৈছিল, যমজ ভাইসকল তেওঁলোকৰ মাতৃ আৰু পিতৃৰ সৈতে পুনৰ মিলিত হয়, আৰু তেওঁলোকে ইজনে সিজনৰ সম্পৰ্ক উপলব্ধি কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Cymbeline|চিম্বেলিন]]''
|এই নাটকৰ তাৰিখ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰাটো কঠিন, যদিও [[Beaumont and Fletcher|ব’মণ্ট আৰু ফ্লেচাৰ]]ৰ {{circa|১৬০৯–১০}}ত ৰচিত এখন ট্ৰেজিকমেডীৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক ১৬০৯ৰ আশে-পাশে এই তাৰিখৰ সমৰ্থন কৰে; যদিও কোন নাটকখন আগত আছিল স্পষ্ট নহয়।&lt;ref&gt;Halliday, p. 366.&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|নিশ্চিতভাৱে কেৱল এটা প্ৰাৰম্ভিক প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ ৰেকৰ্ড আছে,&lt;ref group=note&gt;[[Simon Forman|চাইমন ফ’ৰ্মান]]ৰ ''Book of Plays''ত এটা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ উল্লেখ আছে; যদিও ই খাঁটি হয়, তথাপিও ''Book of Plays''ৰ উল্লেখ তাৰিখবিহীন আৰু নিৰ্দিষ্ট তথ্যৰ অভাৱ।&lt;/ref&gt; যি ১ জানুৱাৰী ১৬৩৪ৰ বুধবাৰে ৰাতি, ৰাজসভাত সংঘটিত হৈছিল।
|সম্ভৱতঃ সহযোগিতা&lt;ref group=note&gt;যেল শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰ সংস্কৰণে পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে যে এইটো এটা সহযোগী কাম আছিল; কিছুমান দৃশ্য (তৃতীয় খণ্ড, দৃশ্য ৭ আৰু পঞ্চম খণ্ড, দৃশ্য ২) নাটকৰ বাকী অংশতকৈ শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ কম যেন লাগিব পাৰে।&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰাজকুমাৰী ইম’জেন সাধাৰণ নাগৰিক পোষ্টহুমাছৰ প্ৰেমত পৰে আৰু তেওঁৰ সৈতে বিবাহ কৰে, কিন্তু তেওঁৰ পিতৃ, ৰজা চিম্বেলিনে এই বিবাহৰ অনুমোদন নকৰে আৰু পোষ্টহুমাছক নিৰ্বাসন দিয়ে। নিৰ্বাসনত, তেওঁ জাচিমো নামৰ এজন দুৰ্বৃত্তৰ সৈতে সাক্ষাৎ কৰে—যিয়ে এটা বাজি জয় কৰিবলৈ পোষ্টহুমাছক ভুলকৈ পতিয়ন নিয়ায় যে তেওঁ (জাচিমো) ইম’জেনৰ সৈতে শুইছে। ক্ৰুদ্ধ হৈ পোষ্টহুমাছে তেওঁৰ দাস পিছানিঅ’ক ইম’জেনক হত্যা কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিয়ে, কিন্তু তেওঁ তেওঁৰ আদেশ পালন কৰিব নোৱাৰে, আৰু তাইৰ ঠাইত তাই পলিড’ৰ আৰু কেডৱালৰ সৈতে বন্ধুত্ব গঢ়ি তোলে—যিসকল তাইৰ নিজৰ ভাই, চিম্বেলিনৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ, যিসকলক শৈশৱত তেওঁৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ পৰা চুৰি কৰা হৈছিল। অনুতপ্ত পোষ্টহুমাছে পলিড’ৰ আৰু কেডৱালৰ সৈতে ৰোমানসকলৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুদ্ধত যুঁজে, আৰু জুপিটাৰৰ দেৱতাৰ হস্তক্ষেপৰ পিছত, বিভিন্ন সত্য প্ৰকাশ পায়, আৰু সকলোৰে মিলন হয়।
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!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Love's Labour's Lost|লাভছ লেবাৰছ লষ্ট]]''
|১৫৯৪–১৫৯৫ (বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়)
|১৫৯৮ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৫৯৭ত ৰাজসভাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|নাভাৰৰ ৰজা ফাৰ্ডিনাণ্ড আৰু তেওঁৰ তিনিজন সঙ্গী শপত খায় যে তেওঁলোকে তিনি বছৰ ধৰি অধ্যয়নত মনোনিৱেশ কৰিব আৰু নাৰীৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক এৰাই চলিব। ফ্ৰান্সৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী আৰু তাইৰ সঙ্গিনীসকলৰ আগমনৰ পিছত এই শপত ভাঙি যায়, কাৰণ প্ৰত্যেক পুৰুষে এগৰাকী নাৰীৰ প্ৰেমত পৰে। তেওঁলোকে ছদ্মবেশ আৰু কৌতুকৰ জৰিয়তে তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰেম প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে, কিন্তু পৰিকল্পনা ভুল বুজাবুজিৰ ফলত বিফল হয়। শেষত, ৰাজকুমাৰীৰ পিতৃৰ মৃত্যুৰ খবৰে নাটকখনৰ হাস্যৰসৰ মেজাজক বিঘ্নিত কৰে, আৰু নাৰীসকলে পুৰুষসকলক তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰেমৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ বাবে এবছৰ অপেক্ষা কৰিবলৈ কয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Measure for Measure|মেজাৰ ফৰ মেজাৰ]]''
|১৬০৩–১৬০৪
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ২৬ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৬০৪ত ৰাজসভাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ভিয়েনাৰ ড্যুক ভিনচেণ্টিঅ’ নগৰৰ নৈতিক আইন কঠোৰভাৱে প্ৰয়োগ কৰাৰ দায়িত্ব এঞ্জেলোক দি ছদ্মবেশত নগৰ এৰি যায়। এঞ্জেলোৰ কঠোৰ শাসনৰ অধীনত ক্ল’ডিঅ’ক তেওঁৰ প্ৰেমিকা জুলিয়েটৰ সৈতে বিবাহৰ বাহিৰৰ সম্পৰ্কৰ বাবে মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ সন্মুখীন কৰা হয়। ক্ল’ডিঅ’ৰ ভগ্নী ইছাবেলা, এগৰাকী নান, এঞ্জেলোৰ ওচৰত তেওঁৰ ভাইৰ জীৱনৰ বাবে অনুৰোধ জনায়। এঞ্জেলো তাইক তেওঁৰ সৈতে শাৰীৰিক সম্পৰ্কৰ বিনিময়ত ক্ল’ডিঅ’ৰ জীৱন ৰক্ষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়ে। ড্যুকে, ছদ্মবেশত, এটা কৌশলৰ জৰিয়তে পৰিস্থিতি নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে, য’ত এঞ্জেলোৰ প্ৰাক্তন প্ৰেমিকা মাৰিয়ানা তাইৰ ঠাই লয়। শেষত, ড্যুকে তেওঁৰ পৰিচয় প্ৰকাশ কৰে, এঞ্জেলোৰ অপৰাধৰ শাস্তি দিয়ে, আৰু ক্ল’ডিঅ’ক মুক্তি দিয়ে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Merchant of Venice|দ্য মাৰ্চেণ্ট অৱ ভেনিছ]]''
|১৫৯৬–১৫৯৮
|১৬০০ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬০৫ত ৰাজসভাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|এণ্টনিঅ’ই তেওঁৰ বন্ধু বাচানিঅ’ক ধাৰলৈ দিবলৈ এজন ইহুদী ঋণদাতা শ্বাইলকৰ পৰা ধন ধাৰ লয়। বাচানিঅ’ই এই ধনেৰে পোৰ্টিয়া, এগৰাকী ধনী আৰু বুদ্ধিমতী মহিলাৰ প্ৰেম জয় কৰে। দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনকভাৱে, এটা ট্ৰেজিক দুৰ্ঘটনাৰ ফলত এণ্টনিঅ’ শ্বাইলকৰ ঋণ পৰিশোধ কৰিব নোৱাৰে, আৰু তেওঁৰ দেহৰ এপাউণ্ড মাংস ঋণদাতালৈ দিবলৈ হয় বুলি চুক্তি অনুসৰি শাস্তি পাব লাগিব। পোৰ্টিয়া ছদ্মবেশত আদালতলৈ যায় আৰু উল্লেখ কৰে যে শ্বাইলকে কেৱল মাংস ল’ব পাৰে, তেজ নহয়। শ্বাইলকৰ পৰিকল্পনা বিফল হয়, পোৰ্টিয়াই তেওঁৰ পৰিচয় প্ৰকাশ কৰে, আৰু এণ্টনিঅ’ৰ সম্পত্তি পুনৰ ঘূৰাই দিয়া হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Merry Wives of Windsor|দ্য মেৰী ৱাইভছ অৱ উইণ্ডচৰ]]''
|১৫৯৭–১৬০১
|১৬০২ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬০৪ত ৰাজসভাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ছাৰ জন ফালষ্টাফ, এজন দুষ্ট আৰু ঋণগ্ৰস্ত নাইট, উইণ্ডচৰৰ দুগৰাকী ধনী গৃহিণী, মিষ্ট্ৰেছ ফৰ্ড আৰু মিষ্ট্ৰেছ পেজক প্ৰতাৰণা কৰি তেওঁলোকৰ স্বামীৰ ধন লাভ কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে। মহিলা দুগৰাকীয়ে তেওঁৰ উদ্দেশ্য বুজি পায় আৰু তেওঁক হাস্যকৰ পৰিস্থিতিত ফাঁচি দি প্ৰতাৰণা কৰে। ফালষ্টাফক একাধিকবাৰ লজ্জিত কৰাৰ পিছত, তেওঁৰ পৰিকল্পনা বিফল হয়, আৰু মহিলাসকলে তেওঁৰ ষড়যন্ত্ৰ প্ৰকাশ কৰে। ইতিমধ্যে, মিষ্ট্ৰেছ পেজৰ জীয়েক এনৰ প্ৰেমৰ প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ মাজতো এটা সুখৰ সমাধান হয়, আৰু ফালষ্টাফক শিক্ষা দিয়া হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream|এ মিডচামাৰ নাইটছ ড্ৰীম]]''
|১৫৯৫–১৬০০
|১৬০০ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ তাৰিখ অজ্ঞাত; সম্ভৱতঃ ১৬০৫ত ৰাজসভাত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|এথেন্সৰ ওচৰৰ এখন জংঘলত, চাৰিজন প্ৰেমিক—হাৰ্মিয়া, লাইচাণ্ডাৰ, ডেমেট্ৰিয়াছ, আৰু হেলেনা—ভুল পৰিচয় আৰু যাদুৰ ফলত জটিল প্ৰেমৰ ত্ৰিভুজত লিপ্ত হয়। পাক, এজন দুষ্টু পৰী, এজন প্ৰেমৰ ঔষধ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি প্ৰেমিকসকলৰ মাজত বিভ্ৰান্তি সৃষ্টি কৰে, যাৰ ফলত হাস্যকৰ ভুল বুজাবুজিৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। ইতিমধ্যে, অবেৰন আৰু টাইটেনিয়া, পৰীৰ ৰজা আৰু ৰাণী, নিজৰ বিবাদত লিপ্ত, আৰু এটা স্থানীয় শ্ৰমিকৰ দল এখন নাটকৰ ৰিহাৰ্চলৰ সময়ত পৰীৰ কৌতুকৰ শিকাৰ হয়। শেষত, যাদুৰ প্ৰভাৱ আঁতৰোৱা হয়, প্ৰেমিকসকলৰ সম্পৰ্ক স্থিৰ হয়, আৰু সকলোৰে মিলন উদযাপনৰ মাজত নাটকখনৰ সমাপ্তি হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Much Ado About Nothing|মাচ এডু এবাউট নাথিং]]''
|১৫৯৮–১৫৯৯
|১৬০০ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ তাৰিখ অজ্ঞাত; সম্ভৱতঃ ১৬১২–১৬১৩ত ৰাজসভাত প্ৰদৰ্শিত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|মেছিনাত, ক্ল’ডিঅ’ আৰু হিৰো প্ৰেমত পৰে আৰু বিবাহৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে, কিন্তু ডন জনৰ ষড়যন্ত্ৰৰ ফলত হিৰোৰ সতীত্বৰ ওপৰত মিছা অভিযোগ উত্থাপিত হয়, যাৰ ফলত ক্ল’ডিঅ’ই তাইক বিবাহৰ দিনা প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰে। ইতিমধ্যে, বেনেডিক আৰু বিয়েট্ৰিছ, দুজন তীক্ষ্ণ বুদ্ধিৰ ব্যক্তি, তেওঁলোকৰ বন্ধুসকলৰ কৌশলৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰেমত পৰে। হিৰোৰ মৃত্যুৰ ভুৱা খবৰ আৰু ডন জনৰ ষড়যন্ত্ৰৰ পৰ্দাফাঁচৰ পিছত, ক্ল’ডিঅ’ই তেওঁৰ ভুলৰ বাবে ক্ষমা বিচাৰে, আৰু দুয়োখন প্ৰেমৰ কাহিনী সুখৰ মিলনৰ মাজত শেষ হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Pericles, Prince of Tyre|পেৰিক্লিছ, প্ৰিন্স অৱ টায়াৰ]]''
|১৬০৭–১৬০৮
|১৬০৯ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬০৮ত গ্ল’ব থিয়েটাৰত
|[[George Wilkins|জৰ্জ উইলকিন্স]]ৰ সৈতে সহ-ৰচিত বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Vickers, Brian. ''Shakespeare, Co-Author''. Oxford University Press, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|পেৰিক্লিছ, টায়াৰৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ, এন্টিঅকৰ ৰজাৰ অপৰাধমূলক গোপনীয়তা জানিব পাৰে আৰু জীৱন ৰক্ষাৰ বাবে পলায়ন কৰে। তেওঁৰ সমুদ্ৰযাত্ৰাৰ সময়ত, তেওঁ পেন্টাপলিছৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী থাইছাক বিবাহ কৰে, কিন্তু তাইৰ মৃত্যুৰ ভুৱা খবৰ পায়। তেওঁৰ জীয়েক মেৰিনাক এটা পতিতালয়ত এৰি দিয়া হয়, কিন্তু তাই তাইৰ সতীত্ব ৰক্ষা কৰে। বছৰ বছৰ ধৰি বিচ্ছেদৰ পিছত, পেৰিক্লিছ তেওঁৰ পত্নী আৰু জীয়েকৰ সৈতে পুনৰ মিলিত হয়, আৰু পৰিয়ালৰ পুনৰ মিলনৰ মাজত নাটকখনৰ সমাপ্তি হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Taming of the Shrew|দ্য টেমিং অৱ দ্য শ্ৰু]]''
|১৫৯০–১৫৯৪
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৫৯৪ত নিউইংটন বাটছত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|পেডুয়াত, কেথাৰিনা, এগৰাকী তীক্ষ্ণ জিভাৰ আৰু স্বাধীন মহিলা, তাইৰ বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ বাবে বিবাহৰ বাবে অযোগ্য বুলি গণ্য হয়। পেট্ৰুচিঅ’, এজন সাহসী আৰু দৃঢ়প্ৰতিজ্ঞ পুৰুষ, তাইক বিবাহ কৰাৰ প্ৰত্যাহ্বান গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু তাইক “শান্ত” কৰাৰ কৌশল অৱলম্বন কৰে। ইতিমধ্যে, কেথাৰিনাৰ সৰু ভনীয়েক বিয়াংকাৰ প্ৰেমৰ বাবে কেইবাজনো প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বী প্ৰেমিকৰ মাজত প্ৰতিযোগিতা চলে। শেষত, পেট্ৰুচিঅ’ৰ পদ্ধতিৰ জৰিয়তে কেথাৰিনা এগৰাকী “আদৰ্শ” পত্নী হয়, আৰু বিয়াংকাৰ প্ৰেমৰ কাহিনীও সুখৰ মিলনৰ মাজত শেষ হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Tempest|দ্য টেম্পেষ্ট]]''
|১৬১০–১৬১১
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১ নৱেম্বৰ ১৬১১ত ৰাজসভাত
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|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|প্ৰছপেৰ’, মিলানৰ নিৰ্বাসিত ড্যুক, এটা যাদুকৰী দ্বীপত তেওঁৰ জীয়েক মিৰাণ্ডাৰ সৈতে বাস কৰে। তেওঁৰ যাদুৰ শক্তিৰে, তেওঁ এটা ঝড়ৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে যিয়ে তেওঁৰ ভাই এণ্টনিঅ’ আৰু নেপলছৰ ৰজা আলনচোৰ জাহাজখন দ্বীপত ভিৰায়। দ্বীপত, মিৰাণ্ডা আৰু আলনচোৰ পুত্ৰ ফাৰ্ডিনাণ্ড প্ৰেমত পৰে। প্ৰছপেৰ’ই তেওঁৰ শত্ৰুসকলক পৰীক্ষা কৰে, তেওঁৰ দাস এৰিয়েল আৰু কেলিবানৰ সহায়ত। শেষত, তেওঁ সকলোকে ক্ষমা কৰে, তেওঁৰ ড্যুকৰ পদ পুনৰ লাভ কৰে, আৰু মিৰাণ্ডা আৰু ফাৰ্ডিনাণ্ডৰ বিবাহৰ পৰিকল্পনাৰ মাজত নাটকখনৰ সমাপ্তি হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Twelfth Night|টুৱেলফথ নাইট]]''
|১৬০১–১৬০২
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৬০২ত মিডল টেম্পল হলত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ইলিৰিয়াত, ভায়’লা, এগৰাকী জাহাজ ধ্বংসৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা পোৱা মহিলা, পুৰুষৰ ছদ্মবেশত ড্যুক অৰ্চিন’ৰ সেৱাত যোগ দিয়ে। তাই অৰ্চিন’ৰ প্ৰেমৰ বাৰ্তা কাউণ্টেছ অলিভিয়াৰ ওচৰলৈ লৈ যায়, কিন্তু অলিভিয়া ভায়’লাৰ ছদ্মবেশী ৰূপৰ প্ৰেমত পৰে। ইতিমধ্যে, ভায়’লাৰ যমজ ভাই ছেবাষ্টিয়ান, যাক তাই মৃত বুলি ভাবিছিল, ইলিৰিয়াত উপস্থিত হয়। ভুল পৰিচয়ৰ ফলত হাস্যকৰ জটিলতাৰ সৃষ্টি হয়, কিন্তু শেষত ভাই-ভনীৰ পৰিচয় প্ৰকাশ পায়, অৰ্চিন’ ভায়’লাৰ সৈতে আৰু অলিভিয়া ছেবাষ্টিয়ানৰ সৈতে বিবাহৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Two Gentlemen of Verona|দ্য টু জেন্টলমেন অৱ ভেৰ’না]]''
|১৫৯০–১৫৯৪
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ তাৰিখ অজ্ঞাত; সম্ভৱতঃ ১৭৬২ত ড্ৰুৰী লেনত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ভেলেণ্টাইন আৰু প্ৰ’টিয়াছ, ভেৰ’নাৰ দুজন বন্ধু, প্ৰেমৰ বাবে প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বিতাত লিপ্ত হয়। ভেলেণ্টাইন মিলানত ছিলভিয়াৰ প্ৰেমত পৰে, কিন্তু প্ৰ’টিয়াছ, যি ভেৰ’নাত জুলিয়াৰ প্ৰেমত আছিল, ছিলভিয়াক বিবাহ কৰাৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে। প্ৰ’টিয়াছৰ বিশ্বাসঘাটকতাৰ ফলত ভেলেণ্টাইনক নিৰ্বাসিত কৰা হয়, কিন্তু জুলিয়া, পুৰুষৰ ছদ্মবেশত, তেওঁৰ পিছত মিলানলৈ যায়। শেষত, প্ৰ’টিয়াছৰ ভুল প্ৰকাশ পায়, তেওঁ জুলিয়াৰ প্ৰতি ঘূৰি আহে, আৰু ভেলেণ্টাইন ছিলভিয়াৰ সৈতে মিলিত হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Two Noble Kinsmen|দ্য টু ন’বল কিন্সমেন]]''
|১৬১৩–১৬১৪
|১৬৩৪ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ তাৰিখ অজ্ঞাত; সম্ভৱতঃ ১৬১৯–১৬২০ত ৰাজসভাত
|[[John Fletcher|জন ফ্লেচাৰ]]ৰ সৈতে সহ-ৰচিত।&lt;ref&gt;Vickers, Brian. ''Shakespeare, Co-Author''. Oxford University Press, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|পেলেমন আৰু আৰ্চাইট, থিবছৰ দুজন বন্ধু, এথেন্সৰ বন্দী হয়। তেওঁলোকে ৰাজকুমাৰী ইমিলিয়াৰ প্ৰেমত পৰে আৰু তাইৰ হাতৰ বাবে প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বিতা কৰে। এথেন্সৰ ড্যুক থিচিয়াছ এটা প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আয়োজন কৰে, য’ত জয়ীয়ে ইমিলিয়াক লাভ কৰিব আৰু পৰাজিতজনক মৃত্যুদণ্ড দিয়া হ’ব। আৰ্চাইট জয়ী হয়, কিন্তু এটা দুৰ্ঘটনাত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়, আৰু পেলেমন ইমিলিয়াৰ সৈতে বিবাহ কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Winter's Tale|দ্য উইণ্টাৰছ টেল]]''
|১৬০৯–১৬১১
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৫ মে’ ১৬১১ত গ্ল’ব থিয়েটাৰত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|চিচিলিৰ ৰজা লিয়ণ্টিছ তেওঁৰ পত্নী হাৰ্মিঅ’নৰ ওপৰত তেওঁৰ বন্ধু ব’হিমিয়াৰ ৰজা পলিক্সেনিছৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কৰ মিছা সন্দেহ কৰে। তেওঁ হাৰ্মিঅ’নক বন্দী কৰে, আৰু তেওঁৰ নৱজাত জীয়েক পাৰ্ডিটাক ত্যাগ কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিয়ে। হাৰ্মিঅ’নৰ মৃত্যুৰ খবৰ আহে, আৰু পাৰ্ডিটা ব’হিমিয়াত এজন মেষপালকৰ দ্বাৰা ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হয়। বছৰৰ পিছত, পাৰ্ডিটা আৰু পলিক্সেনিছৰ পুত্ৰ ফ্ল’ৰিজেল প্ৰেমত পৰে। লিয়ণ্টিছৰ আদালতত, পাৰ্ডিটাৰ পৰিচয় প্ৰকাশ পায়, হাৰ্মিঅ’ন জীৱিত বুলি জানা যায়, আৰু পৰিয়ালৰ পুনৰ মিলনৰ মাজত নাটকখনৰ সমাপ্তি হয়।
|}

===ইতিহাস নাটক===
{{main|Shakespearean history|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ ইতিহাস নাটক}}
শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ ইতিহাস নাটকসমূহ প্ৰধানকৈ ইংলেণ্ডৰ মধ্যযুগীয় ৰজাসকলৰ জীৱন আৰু ৰাজনৈতিক সংগ্ৰামৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি ৰচিত। এই নাটকসমূহে ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনাৰ সৈতে নাটকীয় স্বাধীনতা গ্ৰহণ কৰে, প্ৰায়ে ৰাফেল হলিনশ্বেডৰ ''Chronicles''ৰ পৰা প্ৰভাৱিত।&lt;ref&gt;Holinshed, Raphael. ''Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland''. 1587.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ [[Shakespeare's plays|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ নাটক]]
|-
! শিৰোনাম !! ৰচনাৰ বছৰ !! প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশন !! প্ৰদৰ্শন !! লেখকত্বৰ টোকা
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[King John (play)|কিং জন]]''
|১৫৯৫–১৫৯৭
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৭৩৭ত ড্ৰুৰী লেনত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ইংলেণ্ডৰ ৰজা জনৰ শাসনকালত, তেওঁ ফ্ৰান্সৰ সৈতে সংঘৰ্ষত লিপ্ত হয় আৰু তেওঁৰ ভতিজা আৰ্থাৰৰ সিংহাসনৰ দাবীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে সংগ্ৰাম কৰে। জনৰ কাৰ্যই অভিজাতসকলৰ মাজত বিদ্ৰোহৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ আক্ৰমণৰ ভাবুকিৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। আৰ্থাৰৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত, জনৰ শাসন দুৰ্বল হয়, আৰু তেওঁ বিষক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ হেনৰীক সিংহাসনত উত্তৰাধিকাৰী কৰি থৈ যায়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Richard II (play)|ৰিচাৰ্ড দ্বিতীয়]]''
|১৫৯৫
|১৫৯৭ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৫৯৫ত ছাৰ এডৱাৰ্ড হ’বিৰ ঘৰত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰজা ৰিচাৰ্ড দ্বিতীয়ৰ অদক্ষ শাসনে অভিজাতসকলৰ মাজত অসন্তোষৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। তেওঁ তেওঁৰ খুলশালীয়েক হেনৰী ব’লিংব্ৰ’কক নিৰ্বাসন দিয়ে, কিন্তু ব’লিংব্ৰ’ক ঘূৰি আহি বিদ্ৰোহৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ৰিচাৰ্ডক কাৰাগাৰত বন্দী কৰা হয়, আৰু তেওঁ সিংহাসন ত্যাগ কৰিবলৈ বাধ্য হয়। ব’লিংব্ৰ’ক হেনৰী চতুৰ্থ হিচাপে ৰজা হয়, আৰু ৰিচাৰ্ডক কাৰাগাৰত হত্যা কৰা হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Henry IV, Part 1|হেনৰী চতুৰ্থ, প্ৰথম খণ্ড]]''
|১৫৯৬–১৫৯৭
|১৫৯৮ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬০০ত ৰাজসভাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰজা হেনৰী চতুৰ্থই হেনৰী পাৰ্চি (হট্স্পাৰ)ৰ নেতৃত্বত বিদ্ৰোহৰ সন্মুখীন হয়। তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ হেল (পিছলৈ হেনৰী পঞ্চম) ছাৰ জন ফালষ্টাফৰ সৈতে সময় অপচয় কৰে। শ্ৰুৱ্ছবেৰীৰ যুদ্ধত, হেল পাৰ্চিক হত্যা কৰে, আৰু ৰজাৰ সৈন্যই বিদ্ৰোহ দমন কৰে, কিন্তু আন বিদ্ৰোহৰ ভাবুকি অব্যাহত থাকে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Henry IV, Part 2|হেনৰী চতুৰ্থ, দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড]]''
|১৫৯৭–১৫৯৮
|১৬০০ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬০০ত ৰাজসভাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|হেনৰী চতুৰ্থ অসুস্থ হৈ পৰে আৰু নতুন বিদ্ৰোহৰ সন্মুখীন হয়। ৰাজকুমাৰ হেল ফালষ্টাফৰ সৈতে সময় কটায়, কিন্তু ধীৰে ধীৰে তেওঁৰ ৰাজকীয় দায়িত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰে। বিদ্ৰোহীসকলক পৰাজিত কৰা হয়, আৰু হেনৰী চতুৰ্থৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত, হেল হেনৰী পঞ্চম হিচাপে ৰজা হয়, ফালষ্টাফক প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰি তেওঁৰ পূৰ্বৰ জীৱন ত্যাগ কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Henry V (play)|হেনৰী পঞ্চম]]''
|১৫৯৯
|১৬০০ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬০০ত ৰাজসভাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰজা হেনৰী পঞ্চম ফ্ৰান্সৰ ওপৰত দাবী জনায় আৰু আগিনকৰ্টৰ যুদ্ধত জয়লাভ কৰে। তেওঁ ফ্ৰান্সৰ ৰাজকুমাৰী কেথাৰিনক বিবাহ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ইংলেণ্ড আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ মাজত শান্তি স্থাপনৰ প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতি দিয়া হয়। নাটকখনে হেনৰীৰ নেতৃত্ব আৰু বীৰত্বক উদযাপন কৰে, যদিও যুদ্ধৰ পৰিণতিও প্ৰতিফলিত কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Henry VI, Part 1|হেনৰী ষষ্ঠ, প্ৰথম খণ্ড]]''
|১৫৮৯–১৫৯২
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৫৯২ত ৰ’জ থিয়েটাৰত
|সম্ভৱতঃ [[Christopher Marlowe|ক্ৰিষ্টোফাৰ মাৰ্ল’]] বা আনৰ সৈতে সহ-ৰচিত।&lt;ref&gt;Hattaway, Michael. ''The First Part of King Henry VI''. Cambridge University Press, 1990.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|হেনৰী পঞ্চমৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত, তেওঁৰ শিশু পুত্ৰ হেনৰী ষষ্ঠ ৰজা হয়। ইংলেণ্ড ফ্ৰান্সৰ সৈতে যুদ্ধত লিপ্ত, য’ত জ’ন অৱ আৰ্ক নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ইংলেণ্ডত, লেংকাষ্টাৰ আৰু ইয়ৰ্ক পৰিয়ালৰ মাজত বিবাদে গৃহযুদ্ধৰ ভাবুকিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। জ’নক ধৰি হত্যা কৰা হয়, আৰু ইংলেণ্ডৰ শক্তি দুৰ্বল হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Henry VI, Part 2|হেনৰী ষষ্ঠ, দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড]]''
|১৫৯০–১৫৯১
|১৫৯৪ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ তাৰিখ অজ্ঞাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|হেনৰী ষষ্ঠৰ দুৰ্বল শাসনে ইংলেণ্ডত বিশৃংখলাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে। ইয়ৰ্কৰ ড্যুক ৰিচাৰ্ড সিংহাসনৰ দাবী জনায়, আৰু ৰ’জৰ যুদ্ধ আৰম্ভ হয়। জেক কেডৰ নেতৃত্বত জনতাৰ বিদ্ৰোহ দমন কৰা হয়, কিন্তু ইয়ৰ্ক আৰু লেংকাষ্টাৰৰ মাজত সংঘৰ্ষ তীব্ৰতৰ হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Henry VI, Part 3|হেনৰী ষষ্ঠ, তৃতীয় খণ্ড]]''
|১৫৯১–১৫৯২
|১৫৯৫ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ তাৰিখ অজ্ঞাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰ’জৰ যুদ্ধ তীব্ৰ হয়, আৰু হেনৰী ষষ্ঠক সিংহাসনৰ পৰা উৎখাত কৰা হয়। ইয়ৰ্কৰ এডৱাৰ্ড চতুৰ্থ ৰজা হয়, কিন্তু হেনৰীৰ পত্নী মাৰ্গাৰেট বিদ্ৰোহৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ইয়ৰ্কৰ ৰিচাৰ্ড (পিছলৈ ৰিচাৰ্ড তৃতীয়) ক্ষমতাৰ বাবে ষড়যন্ত্ৰ কৰে। হেনৰীক ধৰি হত্যা কৰা হয়, আৰু এডৱাৰ্ডৰ শাসন স্থিৰ হয়।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Richard III (play)|ৰিচাৰ্ড তৃতীয়]]''
|১৫৯২–১৫৯৩
|১৫৯৭ত প্ৰথম কোৱাৰ্টোত প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬৩৩ত ৰাজসভাত
|
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰিচাৰ্ড, ইয়ৰ্কৰ ড্যুক, সিংহাসন দখলৰ বাবে হত্যা আৰু ষড়যন্ত্ৰৰ পথ বাছি লয়। তেওঁ তেওঁৰ ভাই এডৱাৰ্ড চতুৰ্থৰ পুত্ৰসকলক (টাৱাৰৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ) হত্যা কৰে আৰু ৰিচাৰ্ড তৃতীয় হিচাপে ৰজা হয়। তেওঁৰ অত্যাচাৰী শাসনে বিদ্ৰোহৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে, আৰু হেনৰী টিউডৰ (পিছলৈ হেনৰী সপ্তম) তেওঁক বছৱৰ্থৰ যুদ্ধত পৰাজিত কৰি হত্যা কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Henry VIII (play)|হেনৰী অষ্টম]]''
|১৬১২–১৬১৩
|[[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]ত প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত
|প্ৰথম ৰেকৰ্ড কৰা প্ৰদৰ্শন ১৬১৩ত গ্ল’ব থিয়েটাৰত
|[[John Fletcher|জন ফ্লেচাৰ]]ৰ সৈতে সহ-ৰচিত।&lt;ref&gt;Vickers, Brian. ''Shakespeare, Co-Author''. Oxford University Press, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰজা হেনৰী অষ্টম তেওঁৰ পত্নী কেথাৰিন অৱ এৰাগনৰ পৰা বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদৰ বাবে চেষ্টা কৰে আৰু এন ব’লিনক বিবাহ কৰে। নাটকখনে কাৰ্ডিনেল ৱলচিৰ পতন, ক্ৰেনমাৰৰ উত্থান, আৰু এনৰ ৰাণী হিচাপে অভিষেকৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰে। ইয়াত এলিজাবেথৰ জন্মৰ উদযাপনৰ মাজত নাটকখনৰ সমাপ্তি হয়, যি ভৱিষ্যতৰ শান্তি আৰু সমৃদ্ধিৰ প্ৰতীক।
|}
===কবিতা===
শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰে তেওঁৰ নাটকৰ উপৰিও কেইবাটাও উল্লেখযোগ্য কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল, যিবোৰ প্ৰায়ে তেওঁৰ নাটকৰ দৰেই সাহিত্যিক গুৰুত্ব লাভ কৰিছে। তেওঁৰ কবিতাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত হৈছে তেওঁৰ ছনেটৰ সংকলন, তথাপিও তেওঁৰ আখ্যানমূলক কবিতাসমূহেও পাঠক আৰু সমালোচকৰ দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ কৰিছিল।

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ কবিতা
|-
! শিৰোনাম !! ৰচনাৰ বছৰ !! প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশন !! টোকা
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Venus and Adonis (Shakespeare poem)|ভিনাছ আৰু এড’নিছ]]''
|১৫৯২–১৫৯৩
|১৫৯৩ত প্ৰকাশিত
|এই আখ্যানমূলক কবিতাখন শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ প্ৰথম প্ৰকাশিত ৰচনা আছিল, যিটো তেওঁ [[Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton|হেনৰী ৰিঅ’থেছলী, চাউথএম্পটনৰ তৃতীয় আৰ্ল]]ক উৎসৰ্গা কৰিছিল। ই অভিডৰ ''Metamorphoses''ৰ পৰা প্ৰভাৱিত, আৰু ইয়াত ভিনাছৰ এড’নিছৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰেম আৰু তেওঁৰ ত্ৰাসদায়ক মৃত্যুৰ কাহিনী বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে।
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|দেবী ভিনাছ যুৱক এড’নিছৰ প্ৰেমত পৰে, কিন্তু তেওঁ তাইৰ প্ৰেম প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰি শিকাৰলৈ যায়। তেওঁৰ সতৰ্কবাণী সত্ত্বেও, এড’নিছ এটা বনৰীয়া শুয়ৰৰ আক্ৰমণত নিহত হয়, আৰু তেওঁৰ দেহৰ পৰা এটা ফুল গজে, যিটো ভিনাছৰ শোকৰ প্ৰতীক হৈ থাকে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Rape of Lucrece|দ্য ৰেপ অৱ লুক্ৰিছ]]''
|১৫৯৩–১৫৯৪
|১৫৯৪ত প্ৰকাশিত
|এই আখ্যানমূলক কবিতাও চাউথএম্পটনক উৎসৰ্গা কৰা হৈছিল। ই ৰোমান ইতিহাসৰ পৰা প্ৰভাৱিত, আৰু লুক্ৰিছৰ ধৰ্ষণ আৰু তাৰ পৰিণতিৰ ট্ৰেজিক কাহিনী বৰ্ণনা কৰে।
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ৰোমান অভিজাত তাৰ্কুইনে লুক্ৰিছক, তেওঁৰ বন্ধুৰ পত্নীক, ধৰ্ষণ কৰে। লজ্জা আৰু শোকত লুক্ৰিছে তেওঁৰ পতি আৰু পিতৃক ঘটনাৰ বিষয়ে জনায় আৰু প্ৰতিশোধৰ আহ্বান জনাই আত্মহত্যা কৰে। তাৰ্কুইনৰ পৰিয়ালক ৰোমৰ পৰা নিৰ্বাসিত কৰা হয়, আৰু এই ঘটনাই ৰোমান ৰিপাব্লিকৰ জন্মৰ পথ প্ৰশস্ত কৰে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Passionate Pilgrim|দ্য পেশ্বনেট পিলগ্ৰিম]]''
|১৫৯৮–১৫৯৯
|১৫৯৯ত প্ৰকাশিত
|এই সংকলনত শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ কেইটামান কবিতাৰ লগতে আন লেখকৰ ৰচনাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ইয়াৰ কিছুমান কবিতা শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ ছনেটৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সংস্কৰণ হ’ব পাৰে।
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|এইটো এটা বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ কবিতাৰ সংকলন, য’ত প্ৰেম, সৌন্দৰ্য্য, আৰু ইচ্ছাৰ বিষয়বস্তু অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। কিছুমান কবিতা শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ নাটকৰ পৰা উদ্ধৃত, যেনে ''লাভছ লেবাৰছ লষ্ট''ৰ পৰা।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[The Phoenix and the Turtle|দ্য ফিনিক্স এণ্ড দ্য টাৰ্টল]]''
|১৬০১
|১৬০১ত ৰবাৰ্ট চেষ্টাৰৰ ''Love's Martyr''ত প্ৰকাশিত
|এই গূঢ় আৰু দাৰ্শনিক কবিতাটো শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ অন্যতম অস্বাভাৱিক ৰচনা, য’ত প্ৰেম আৰু ঐক্যৰ বিষয়বস্তু প্ৰতীকীভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছে।
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|কবিতাটোত ফিনিক্স আৰু টাৰ্টল (কপৌ)ৰ আধ্যাত্মিক প্ৰেমৰ কাহিনী বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে, যিবোৰে পৰস্পৰৰ সৈতে এনেকৈ মিলিত হয় যে তেওঁলোকৰ পৰিচয় এক হৈ যায়। তেওঁলোকৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত, তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰেমৰ আদৰ্শই পাঠকক সত্য আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ প্ৰতি চিন্তা কৰিবলৈ প্ৰেৰণা দিয়ে।
|-
!width=&quot;10%&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Shakespeare's Sonnets|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ ছনেট]]''
|১৫৯২–১৬০৯
|১৬০৯ত প্ৰকাশিত
|১৫৪টা ছনেটৰ এই সংকলনত প্ৰেম, সময়, সৌন্দৰ্য্য, আৰু মৃত্যুৰ বিষয়বস্তু অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। কিছুমান ছনেট এজন যুৱকৰ প্ৰতি আৰু আন কিছুমান এগৰাকী “ডাৰ্ক লেডী”ৰ প্ৰতি উৎসৰ্গা কৰা।&lt;ref&gt;Duncan-Jones, Katherine. ''Shakespeare’s Sonnets''. Arden Shakespeare, 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! সাৰাংশ
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|ছনেটসমূহে প্ৰেমৰ জটিলতা, ঈৰ্ষা, আৰু সময়ৰ ক্ষণস্থায়িত্বৰ বিষয়ে অন্বেষণ কৰে। কিছুমান ছনেটত এজন যুৱকৰ সৌন্দৰ্য্যৰ প্ৰশংসা কৰা হৈছে, আনহাতে আন কিছুমানে এগৰাকী ৰহস্যময়ী মহিলাৰ সৈতে জটিল সম্পৰ্কৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰে। সংকলনত “এ কমপ্লেইণ্ট” নামৰ এটা দীঘলীয়া কবিতাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।
|}

===হেৰুৱা নাটক===
শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ কিছুমান নাটকৰ অস্তিত্বৰ কথা জনা যায়, কিন্তু সেইবোৰৰ পাঠ্য হেৰাই গৈছে বা কেতিয়াও প্ৰকাশ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল। এইবোৰৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য হৈছে:

* ''[[Love's Labour's Won|লাভছ লেবাৰছ ৱন]]'': এটা নাটকৰ শিৰোনাম যিটোৰ উল্লেখ সমসাময়িক দলিলত পোৱা যায়, কিন্তু কোনো পাঠ্য বা প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ ৰেকৰ্ড অৱশিষ্ট নাই। কিছুমান পণ্ডিতৰ মতে এইটো হয়তো ''লাভছ লেবাৰছ লষ্ট''ৰ এটা বিকল্প শিৰোনাম বা এটা হেৰুৱা সিকুৱেল হ’ব পাৰে।&lt;ref&gt;Halliday, F.E. ''A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964''. Penguin, 1964.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Cardenio|কাৰ্ডেনিঅ’]]'': [[John Fletcher|জন ফ্লেচাৰ]]ৰ সৈতে সহ-ৰচিত বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা এখন নাটক, যিটো [[Miguel de Cervantes|মিগেল ডি চাৰ্ভেন্টেছ]]ৰ ''Don Quixote''ৰ পৰা প্ৰভাৱিত। ১৬১৩ত ৰাজসভাত প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ ৰেকৰ্ড আছে, কিন্তু পাঠ্যটো হেৰাই গৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;Vickers, Brian. ''Shakespeare, Co-Author''. Oxford University Press, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;

===শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ লেখকত্বৰ প্ৰশ্ন===
{{main|Shakespeare authorship question|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ লেখকত্বৰ প্ৰশ্ন}}
শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ নাটক আৰু কবিতাৰ লেখকত্বৰ বিষয়ে বিতৰ্ক শতিকাজুৰি চলি আহিছে। মূল তৰ্ক হৈছে যে ষ্ট্ৰেটফৰ্ড-আপন-এভনৰ উইলিয়াম শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ শিক্ষা আৰু পটভূমিৰ অভাৱৰ বাবে তেওঁ এনে জটিল ৰচনাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে। বিকল্প প্ৰাৰ্থীৰ ভিতৰত আছে [[Francis Bacon|ফ্ৰান্সিছ বেকন]], [[Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford|এডৱাৰ্ড ডি ভেৰ, অক্সফৰ্ডৰ ১৭শ আৰ্ল]], আৰু [[Christopher Marlowe|ক্ৰিষ্টোফাৰ মাৰ্ল’]]।&lt;ref&gt;McCrea, Scott. ''The Case for Shakespeare''. Praeger, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; অৱশ্যে, প্ৰধান পণ্ডিতসকলে এই তত্ত্বসমূহক অপ্ৰমাণিত আৰু জল্পনা-কল্পনাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰা বুলি প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰে, শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ লেখকত্বৰ সমৰ্থনত সমসাময়িক দলিলৰ প্ৰমাণৰ উল্লেখ কৰি।&lt;ref&gt;Shapiro, James. ''Contested Will: Who Wrote Shakespeare?''. Simon &amp; Schuster, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

===শৈলী===
শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ লিখন শৈলী তেওঁৰ ভাষাৰ দক্ষতা, কাব্যিক ছন্দ, আৰু নাটকীয় গঠনৰ বাবে বিখ্যাত। তেওঁ প্ৰায়ে [[iambic pentameter|আয়াম্বিক পেণ্টামিটাৰ]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, যদিও তেওঁ প্ৰকাশৰ বাবে গদ্যও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল, বিশেষকৈ নিম্ন শ্ৰেণীৰ চৰিত্ৰৰ বাবে। তেওঁৰ ৰচনাত উপমা, ৰূপক, আৰু শব্দৰ খেলৰ ব্যৱহাৰে তেওঁৰ কামৰ গভীৰতা আৰু সমৃদ্ধি বৃদ্ধি কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ নাটকসমূহে প্ৰায়ে জটিল চৰিত্ৰ, দ্বৈত বিষয়বস্তু, আৰু নৈতিক দ্বিধাৰ অন্বেষণ কৰিছিল, যিয়ে তেওঁক সমসাময়িক আৰু ভৱিষ্যতৰ দৰ্শকৰ বাবে প্ৰাসংগিক কৰি তুলিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Bloom, Harold. ''Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human''. Riverhead Books, 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;

===উত্তৰাধিকাৰ===
শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ ৰচনাই বিশ্ব সাহিত্য, থিয়েটাৰ, আৰু সংস্কৃতিৰ ওপৰত গভীৰ প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে। তেওঁৰ নাটক আৰু কবিতাসমূহ বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাত অনুবাদিত আৰু প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছে, আৰু তেওঁৰ শব্দ আৰু বাক্যাংশসমূহে ইংৰাজী ভাষাত স্থায়ী চিহ্ন এৰি গৈছে। তেওঁৰ কামৰ বিষয়বস্তু—প্ৰেম, ক্ষমতা, বিশ্বাসঘাটকতা, আৰু মানৱ স্বভাৱ—আজিও প্ৰাসংগিক। শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ নাটকসমূহে আধুনিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ, সাহিত্য, আৰু পপ সংস্কৃতিৰ ওপৰতো প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে।&lt;ref&gt;Crystal, David. ''Shakespeare’s Words''. Penguin, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;

===আৰু চাওক===
* [[Shakespeare's plays|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ নাটক]]
* [[Shakespeare's Sonnets|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ ছনেট]]
* [[First Folio|প্ৰথম ফ’লিঅ’]]
* [[Shakespearean tragedy|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ ট্ৰেজেডী]]
* [[Shakespearean comedy|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ কমেডী]]
* [[Shakespearean history|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ ইতিহাস নাটক]]
* [[Shakespeare Apocrypha|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰ এপ’ক্ৰিফা]]

===টোকা===
{{reflist|group=note}}

===তথ্যসূত্ৰ===
{{reflist}}

===বাহিৰা সংযোগ===
* {{Official website|http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/|শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ জন্মস্থান ট্ৰাষ্ট}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.folger.edu/shakespeares-works|title=শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ ৰচনা|publisher=ফল্গাৰ শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰ লাইব্ৰেৰী}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://shakespeare.mit.edu/|title=শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰচনা|publisher=এমআইটি শ্বেক্সপীয়েৰ প্ৰজেক্ট}}</text>
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{{Short description|none}}
{{image frame|content={{multiple image  |border = infobox | total_width = 300 | perrow = 1/2/3/3/3/2
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'''আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ সংস্কৃতি {{lang_en|Culture of the United States}} '''য়ে ইয়াৰ লোকসকলৰ বাক বা কথনশৈলী, সাহিত্য, সংগীত, দৃশ্য কলা, পৰিবেশন কলা, খাদ্য, ক্ৰীড়া, ধৰ্ম, আইন, প্ৰযুক্তিৰ লগতে অন্যান্য ৰীতি-নীতি, বিশ্বাস আৰু জ্ঞানৰ ৰূপকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন সামাজিক আচৰণ, প্ৰতিষ্ঠান আৰু নীতি-নিয়ম আদিক সামৰি লয়। আমেৰিকাৰ সংস্কৃতি [[আমেৰিকা]]ৰ, ইয়াৰ ভৌগোলিক পৰিবেশ, বিভিন্ন অভ্যন্তৰীণ আৰু বাহ্যিক শক্তি আৰু প্ৰব্ৰজনৰ দ্বাৰা গঢ় লৈ উঠিছে।&lt;ref&gt;https://isso.ucsf.edu/us-culture&lt;/ref&gt;

আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ সংস্কৃতিৰ ভেটিসমূহ প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত পশ্চিমীয়া ভিত্তিক আছিল আৰু মূলতঃ ইংৰাজসকলৰ প্ৰভাৱত পৰিছিল। কিন্তু ফৰাচী, জাৰ্মান, গ্ৰীক, আইৰিছ, ইটালীয়, স্কটিছ, ৱেলছ, ইহুদী, পোলেণ্ড, স্ক্যাণ্ডিনেভিয়ান আৰু স্পেনিছ আঞ্চলিক প্ৰভাৱো আছিল। কিন্তু [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰ আৰু খিলঞ্জীয়া সংস্কৃতিকে ধৰি অ-পশ্চিমীয়া প্ৰভাৱে আৰু শেহতীয়াকৈ [[এছিয়া]]ৰ সংস্কৃতিয়েও আমেৰিকাৰ সংস্কৃতিতন্ত্ৰত বিশেষভাৱে প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছে। 

==ইতিহাস==

==ৰীতিনীতি আৰু পৰম্পৰা==

==কলা==
'''স্থাপত্যশিল্প'''ৰ  ক্ষেত্ৰত আমেৰিকাৰ স্থাপত্য আঞ্চলিকভাৱে বৈচিত্ৰময় আৰু বহুতো বাহ্যিক শক্তিৰ দ্বাৰা স্থাপত্যশিল্প গঢ় দিয়া হৈছে।  সেয়েহে আমেৰিকাৰ স্থাপত্যক বৰ্ণিল বুলি ক’ব পাৰি। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে আমেৰিকাৰ স্থাপত্যৰ প্ৰভাৱ ইংৰাজসকলৰ স্থাপত্যৰ পৰা গ্ৰীক ৰোমান স্থাপত্যলৈকে প্ৰভাৱ পৰিছে।
==সমাজ==

==সাংস্কৃতিক অনুষ্ঠান==

==আঞ্চলিক বিভিন্নতা==
সাংস্কৃতিক ভূগোলবিদ কলিন উডৱাৰ্ডৰ মতে আমেৰিকাৰ এঘাৰটামান সাংস্কৃতিক অঞ্চল আছে, যিবোৰ তেওঁলোকৰ বসতিৰ ইতিহাসৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।

==তথ্যৰ উৎস==
[[শ্ৰেণী:আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]][[শ্ৰেণী:সংস্কৃতি]]</text>
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{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
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# [[Amber Fort]]
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}}
|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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        <id>5159</id>
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      <origin>516681</origin>
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      <text bytes="5837" sha1="4w6dsjoktgedtwpxj5axkemowxrlflj" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত থকা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;


==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
      <sha1>4w6dsjoktgedtwpxj5axkemowxrlflj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>516682</id>
      <parentid>516681</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T13:05:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>দিম্পল দাস</username>
        <id>5159</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>516682</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5836" sha1="asv9b5jmvrmu50c1ljf1j6nae2tnfzz" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
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| year          = 2013
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| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত থকা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত থকা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
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'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়, 
যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
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| year          = 2013
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==

===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
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| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==

===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
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| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==

===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
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| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==

===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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        <id>5159</id>
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{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
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| embedded      = {{Location map many
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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        <id>5159</id>
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      <text bytes="13095" sha1="mpnfty0ipz4xz8rubhwahu0ubnv4l42" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
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# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
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| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট)] বোলা হয়।]]

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
      <sha1>mpnfty0ipz4xz8rubhwahu0ubnv4l42</sha1>
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        <username>দিম্পল দাস</username>
        <id>5159</id>
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      <comment>/* কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="13106" sha1="mxjxr7lze2s13qgb06owqnf31trg3ri" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
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| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট)] বোলা হয়।]]

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
      <sha1>mxjxr7lze2s13qgb06owqnf31trg3ri</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-09T15:02:43Z</timestamp>
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        <username>দিম্পল দাস</username>
        <id>5159</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="13260" sha1="r0qjsxxdkylp4umpu20wsn7zeisyqnp" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
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| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট)] বোলা হয়।]]

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
      <sha1>r0qjsxxdkylp4umpu20wsn7zeisyqnp</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>দিম্পল দাস</username>
        <id>5159</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* আমেৰ দুৰ্গ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="13404" sha1="9xcq8kjdk671s68bst7mot9cwhcs6a8" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট)] বোলা হয়।]]

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
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| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট)] বোলা হয়।]]

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
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}}
|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট)] বোলা হয়।]]

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
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# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট)] বোলা হয়।]]

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
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| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক ভীম বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট)] বোলা হয়।]]

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
      <sha1>c452qmwc6jvi9ayctgus40erzv32eqp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>516735</id>
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{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট)] বোলা হয়।]]

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
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| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="16484" sha1="lb33on869giyjxfer1c6azjbzvegm5f" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
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| year          = 2013
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| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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            &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [74.647, 24.8863] }
        },
        {
            &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,
            &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;marker-symbol&quot;: &quot;castle&quot;, &quot;title&quot;: &quot;[[Kumbhalgarh]]&quot;, &quot;description&quot;: &quot;25°8′56″N 73°34′49″E&quot; },
            &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [73.5803, 25.1489] }
        },
        {
            &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,
            &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;marker-symbol&quot;: &quot;castle&quot;, &quot;title&quot;: &quot;[[Ranthambore Fort]]&quot;, &quot;description&quot;: &quot;26°1′13″N 76°27′18″E&quot; },
            &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [76.4549, 26.0203] }
        },
        {
            &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,
            &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;marker-symbol&quot;: &quot;castle&quot;, &quot;title&quot;: &quot;[[Gagron Fort]]&quot;, &quot;description&quot;: &quot;24.627937°N 76.182957°E&quot; },
            &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [76.182957, 24.627937] }
        },
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            &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,
            &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;marker-symbol&quot;: &quot;castle&quot;, &quot;title&quot;: &quot;[[Amber Fort]]&quot;, &quot;description&quot;: &quot;26.9859°N 75.8507°E&quot; },
            &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [75.8507, 26.9859] }
        },
        {
            &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,
            &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;marker-symbol&quot;: &quot;castle&quot;, &quot;title&quot;: &quot;[[Jaisalmer Fort]]&quot;, &quot;description&quot;: &quot;26.9127°N 70.9126°E&quot; },
            &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [70.9126, 26.9127] }
        },
        
    ]
}
&lt;/mapframe&gt;

===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="17100" sha1="ab67g2f963nt5tnk301d6sqpcanvkam" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="18064" sha1="kosqqwbp30pj5def6bmfd7gnoxfg3z3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="19138" sha1="g5aaqeub0womxnfzjhus7mt1khr3dqk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="19804" sha1="s51kydq2pqfwjpqyp0cqf5gvjzjtax0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
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| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="20479" sha1="c7wonyz0smsrstrv9bjd2y5wisplmgw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
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| Rajasthan#India
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'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="21605" sha1="rw5ib06dz097iqap4qomo9ponpolpxo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
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| year          = 2013
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰি লয়।
আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="22485" sha1="qgz6ouwjfl2ol6simn56xtd0nperb4j" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰি লয়।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="23451" sha1="7dstgngaco49d7sf9h5j1lcy0k6g09y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="23571" sha1="ecqwkrpnyzadp1ebzhebaslm9lp2xdw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="23707" sha1="k3r7e3x5244ke7tcv03thjln2zt7jxa" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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            &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,
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            &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,
            &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;marker-symbol&quot;: &quot;castle&quot;, &quot;title&quot;: &quot;[[Amber Fort]]&quot;, &quot;description&quot;: &quot;26.9859°N 75.8507°E&quot; },
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|সন্ধিয়া সময়ত চহৰৰ ওপৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="23840" sha1="61o4oe0qu651glgfofjuuj6ytif4uxv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|সন্ধিয়া সময়ত চহৰৰ ওপৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Gagron Fort, Gagron, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="24725" sha1="qrurzl4jfroagjyhk636wsd8p38yubn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|সন্ধিয়া সময়ত চহৰৰ ওপৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Gagron Fort, Gagron, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ ঝালাৱাৰ জিলাত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ। ই পাহাৰ আৰু জল দুৰ্গৰ উদাহৰণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jhalawar.html#gagron-fort|title=Jhalawar Tourism: Tourist Places in Jhalawar - Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Meghna|date=2008|title=Forts in Rajasthan and recent tourism inclination|url=http://www.sajth.com/old/12%20Forts%20of%20Rajasthan.pdf|journal=S Asian J Tourism Heritage|volume=1|pages=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই দুৰ্গটো দ্বাদশ শতিকাত বিজলদেৱ সিং ডোদ (এজন ৰাজপুত ৰজা)ই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।

{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="26100" sha1="7nntb4owr0x5btnfkqoltqjxge6sk5j" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
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| year          = 2013
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|সন্ধিয়া সময়ত চহৰৰ ওপৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Gagron Fort, Gagron, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ ঝালাৱাৰ জিলাত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ। ই পাহাৰ আৰু জল দুৰ্গৰ উদাহৰণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jhalawar.html#gagron-fort|title=Jhalawar Tourism: Tourist Places in Jhalawar - Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Meghna|date=2008|title=Forts in Rajasthan and recent tourism inclination|url=http://www.sajth.com/old/12%20Forts%20of%20Rajasthan.pdf|journal=S Asian J Tourism Heritage|volume=1|pages=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই দুৰ্গটো দ্বাদশ শতিকাত বিজলদেৱ সিং ডোদ (এজন ৰাজপুত ৰজা)ই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।
পিছলৈ এই দুৰ্গটো শ্বেৰশ্বাহ আৰু আকবৰেও নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। আহু নদী আৰু কালি সিন্ধ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলীত এই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। গড়টোৰ চাৰিওফালে পানী আৰু চতুৰ্থ ফালে এটা খাদ আছে আৰু সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ নাম &quot;জালাদুৰ্গ&quot; পোৱা গৈছে। এই দুৰ্গটোত ১৪খন যুদ্ধ আৰু ২টা ৰাণীৰ জৌহৰৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Juhee|date=2019-03-04|title=This Fort in Jhalawar is India's only Fort Built without Foundation {{!}} Read to Know More {{!}} UdaipurBlog|url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/gagron-fort-in-jhalawar.html|access-date=2021-07-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gagron Fort witness of sacrifice, thousands of women saved their chastity by sacrificing lives |url=https://www.maharajatrails.com/gagron-fort-witness-of-sacrifice-thousands-of-women-saved-their-chastity-by-sacrificing-lives |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=www.maharajatrails.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="26887" sha1="n5ograa5v12eq9w0cvmgwv39ct8c0c2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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            &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [75.8507, 26.9859] }
        },
        {
            &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Feature&quot;,
            &quot;properties&quot;: { &quot;marker-symbol&quot;: &quot;castle&quot;, &quot;title&quot;: &quot;[[Jaisalmer Fort]]&quot;, &quot;description&quot;: &quot;26.9127°N 70.9126°E&quot; },
            &quot;geometry&quot;: { &quot;type&quot;: &quot;Point&quot;, &quot;coordinates&quot;: [70.9126, 26.9127] }
        },
        
    ]
}
&lt;/mapframe&gt;

===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|সন্ধিয়া সময়ত চহৰৰ ওপৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গটো জয়ছলমেৰ চহৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অতি কম সংখ্যক &quot;জীৱন্ত দুৰ্গ&quot;ৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় (যেনে ফ্ৰান্সৰ কাৰ্কাচন), কিয়নো পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক চতুৰ্থাংশ এতিয়াও দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰতে বাস কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Fort full of life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|title=Fort full of life|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2017-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Gagron Fort, Gagron, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ ঝালাৱাৰ জিলাত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ। ই পাহাৰ আৰু জল দুৰ্গৰ উদাহৰণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jhalawar.html#gagron-fort|title=Jhalawar Tourism: Tourist Places in Jhalawar - Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Meghna|date=2008|title=Forts in Rajasthan and recent tourism inclination|url=http://www.sajth.com/old/12%20Forts%20of%20Rajasthan.pdf|journal=S Asian J Tourism Heritage|volume=1|pages=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই দুৰ্গটো দ্বাদশ শতিকাত বিজলদেৱ সিং ডোদ (এজন ৰাজপুত ৰজা)ই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।
পিছলৈ এই দুৰ্গটো শ্বেৰশ্বাহ আৰু আকবৰেও নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। আহু নদী আৰু কালি সিন্ধ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলীত এই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। গড়টোৰ চাৰিওফালে পানী আৰু চতুৰ্থ ফালে এটা খাদ আছে আৰু সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ নাম &quot;জালাদুৰ্গ&quot; পোৱা গৈছে। এই দুৰ্গটোত ১৪খন যুদ্ধ আৰু ২টা ৰাণীৰ জৌহৰৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Juhee|date=2019-03-04|title=This Fort in Jhalawar is India's only Fort Built without Foundation {{!}} Read to Know More {{!}} UdaipurBlog|url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/gagron-fort-in-jhalawar.html|access-date=2021-07-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gagron Fort witness of sacrifice, thousands of women saved their chastity by sacrificing lives |url=https://www.maharajatrails.com/gagron-fort-witness-of-sacrifice-thousands-of-women-saved-their-chastity-by-sacrificing-lives |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=www.maharajatrails.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
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'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|সন্ধিয়া সময়ত চহৰৰ ওপৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গটো জয়ছলমেৰ চহৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অতি কম সংখ্যক &quot;জীৱন্ত দুৰ্গ&quot;ৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় (যেনে ফ্ৰান্সৰ কাৰ্কাচন), কিয়নো পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক চতুৰ্থাংশ এতিয়াও দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰতে বাস কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Fort full of life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|title=Fort full of life|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2017-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ৰাজস্থানৰ দ্বিতীয় আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি দুৰ্গ, ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাজপুতে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। 
কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গটো ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ভাটী ৰাজপুত ৰাৱাল জয়ছালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।
কাহিনীটোত কোৱা হৈছে যে ই লোধ্ৰুৱত পূৰ্বৰ এটা নিৰ্মাণক স্থানচ্যুত কৰিছিল, যাৰ ওপৰত জয়ছাল অসন্তুষ্ট আছিল আৰু এইদৰে, জয়ছালে জয়ছালমেৰ চহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ সময়ত নতুন ৰাজধানী স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ|title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)|date=2006|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|pages=368| publisher=Rupa &amp; Company }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Abha|title=Desert's sinking fort|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/deserts-sinking-fort/article3928265.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2012|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Gagron Fort, Gagron, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ ঝালাৱাৰ জিলাত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ। ই পাহাৰ আৰু জল দুৰ্গৰ উদাহৰণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jhalawar.html#gagron-fort|title=Jhalawar Tourism: Tourist Places in Jhalawar - Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Meghna|date=2008|title=Forts in Rajasthan and recent tourism inclination|url=http://www.sajth.com/old/12%20Forts%20of%20Rajasthan.pdf|journal=S Asian J Tourism Heritage|volume=1|pages=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই দুৰ্গটো দ্বাদশ শতিকাত বিজলদেৱ সিং ডোদ (এজন ৰাজপুত ৰজা)ই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।
পিছলৈ এই দুৰ্গটো শ্বেৰশ্বাহ আৰু আকবৰেও নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। আহু নদী আৰু কালি সিন্ধ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলীত এই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। গড়টোৰ চাৰিওফালে পানী আৰু চতুৰ্থ ফালে এটা খাদ আছে আৰু সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ নাম &quot;জালাদুৰ্গ&quot; পোৱা গৈছে। এই দুৰ্গটোত ১৪খন যুদ্ধ আৰু ২টা ৰাণীৰ জৌহৰৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Juhee|date=2019-03-04|title=This Fort in Jhalawar is India's only Fort Built without Foundation {{!}} Read to Know More {{!}} UdaipurBlog|url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/gagron-fort-in-jhalawar.html|access-date=2021-07-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gagron Fort witness of sacrifice, thousands of women saved their chastity by sacrificing lives |url=https://www.maharajatrails.com/gagron-fort-witness-of-sacrifice-thousands-of-women-saved-their-chastity-by-sacrificing-lives |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=www.maharajatrails.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
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# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
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# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
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}}
|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|সন্ধিয়া সময়ত চহৰৰ ওপৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গটো জয়ছলমেৰ চহৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অতি কম সংখ্যক &quot;জীৱন্ত দুৰ্গ&quot;ৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় (যেনে ফ্ৰান্সৰ কাৰ্কাচন), কিয়নো পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক চতুৰ্থাংশ এতিয়াও দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰতে বাস কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Fort full of life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|title=Fort full of life|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2017-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ৰাজস্থানৰ দ্বিতীয় আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি দুৰ্গ, ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাজপুতে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjXrAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Jaisal+rajput|title = Princely Rajasthan: Rajput Palaces and Mansions|isbn = 9780865652408|last1 = Martinelli|first1 = Antonio|last2 = Michell|first2 = George|last3 = Nath|first3 = Aman|date = 14 October 2004| publisher=Harry N. Abrams }}&lt;/ref&gt;
কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গটো ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ভাটী ৰাজপুত ৰাৱাল জয়ছালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rajasthan Guides (Everyman Guides). By Vivien Crump et al. 2002. Pg. 208. {{ISBN|1-85715-887-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কাহিনীটোত কোৱা হৈছে যে ই লোধ্ৰুৱত পূৰ্বৰ এটা নিৰ্মাণক স্থানচ্যুত কৰিছিল, যাৰ ওপৰত জয়ছাল অসন্তুষ্ট আছিল আৰু এইদৰে, জয়ছালে জয়ছালমেৰ চহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ সময়ত নতুন ৰাজধানী স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ|title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)|date=2006|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|pages=368| publisher=Rupa &amp; Company }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Abha|title=Desert's sinking fort|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/deserts-sinking-fort/article3928265.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2012|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Gagron Fort, Gagron, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ ঝালাৱাৰ জিলাত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ। ই পাহাৰ আৰু জল দুৰ্গৰ উদাহৰণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jhalawar.html#gagron-fort|title=Jhalawar Tourism: Tourist Places in Jhalawar - Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Meghna|date=2008|title=Forts in Rajasthan and recent tourism inclination|url=http://www.sajth.com/old/12%20Forts%20of%20Rajasthan.pdf|journal=S Asian J Tourism Heritage|volume=1|pages=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই দুৰ্গটো দ্বাদশ শতিকাত বিজলদেৱ সিং ডোদ (এজন ৰাজপুত ৰজা)ই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।
পিছলৈ এই দুৰ্গটো শ্বেৰশ্বাহ আৰু আকবৰেও নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। আহু নদী আৰু কালি সিন্ধ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলীত এই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। গড়টোৰ চাৰিওফালে পানী আৰু চতুৰ্থ ফালে এটা খাদ আছে আৰু সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ নাম &quot;জালাদুৰ্গ&quot; পোৱা গৈছে। এই দুৰ্গটোত ১৪খন যুদ্ধ আৰু ২টা ৰাণীৰ জৌহৰৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Juhee|date=2019-03-04|title=This Fort in Jhalawar is India's only Fort Built without Foundation {{!}} Read to Know More {{!}} UdaipurBlog|url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/gagron-fort-in-jhalawar.html|access-date=2021-07-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gagron Fort witness of sacrifice, thousands of women saved their chastity by sacrificing lives |url=https://www.maharajatrails.com/gagron-fort-witness-of-sacrifice-thousands-of-women-saved-their-chastity-by-sacrificing-lives |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=www.maharajatrails.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="29999" sha1="2i3cxcls0o7l0jjteareojyc6gclfio" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]
ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ হৈছে ৰণথাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ ভিতৰত, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰ চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan: Ranthambore|url=http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113141415/http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|archive-date=13 Jan 2017|access-date=6 March 2016|publisher=Amber Development &amp; Management Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ই এক ভয়ংকৰ দুৰ্গ যিটো ৰাজস্থানৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিকাশৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈ আহিছে। ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গৰ সঠিক উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে এতিয়াও বিতৰ্কিত যদিও সাধাৰণতে মানি লোৱা হয় যে খ্ৰীষ্টীয় অষ্টম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দুৰ্গৰ স্থানত বসতি স্থাপন হৈছিল।

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|সন্ধিয়া সময়ত চহৰৰ ওপৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গটো জয়ছলমেৰ চহৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অতি কম সংখ্যক &quot;জীৱন্ত দুৰ্গ&quot;ৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় (যেনে ফ্ৰান্সৰ কাৰ্কাচন), কিয়নো পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক চতুৰ্থাংশ এতিয়াও দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰতে বাস কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Fort full of life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|title=Fort full of life|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2017-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ৰাজস্থানৰ দ্বিতীয় আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি দুৰ্গ, ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাজপুতে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjXrAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Jaisal+rajput|title = Princely Rajasthan: Rajput Palaces and Mansions|isbn = 9780865652408|last1 = Martinelli|first1 = Antonio|last2 = Michell|first2 = George|last3 = Nath|first3 = Aman|date = 14 October 2004| publisher=Harry N. Abrams }}&lt;/ref&gt;
কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গটো ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ভাটী ৰাজপুত ৰাৱাল জয়ছালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rajasthan Guides (Everyman Guides). By Vivien Crump et al. 2002. Pg. 208. {{ISBN|1-85715-887-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কাহিনীটোত কোৱা হৈছে যে ই লোধ্ৰুৱত পূৰ্বৰ এটা নিৰ্মাণক স্থানচ্যুত কৰিছিল, যাৰ ওপৰত জয়ছাল অসন্তুষ্ট আছিল আৰু এইদৰে, জয়ছালে জয়ছালমেৰ চহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ সময়ত নতুন ৰাজধানী স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ|title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)|date=2006|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|pages=368| publisher=Rupa &amp; Company }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Abha|title=Desert's sinking fort|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/deserts-sinking-fort/article3928265.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2012|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Gagron Fort, Gagron, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ ঝালাৱাৰ জিলাত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ। ই পাহাৰ আৰু জল দুৰ্গৰ উদাহৰণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jhalawar.html#gagron-fort|title=Jhalawar Tourism: Tourist Places in Jhalawar - Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Meghna|date=2008|title=Forts in Rajasthan and recent tourism inclination|url=http://www.sajth.com/old/12%20Forts%20of%20Rajasthan.pdf|journal=S Asian J Tourism Heritage|volume=1|pages=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই দুৰ্গটো দ্বাদশ শতিকাত বিজলদেৱ সিং ডোদ (এজন ৰাজপুত ৰজা)ই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।
পিছলৈ এই দুৰ্গটো শ্বেৰশ্বাহ আৰু আকবৰেও নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। আহু নদী আৰু কালি সিন্ধ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলীত এই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। গড়টোৰ চাৰিওফালে পানী আৰু চতুৰ্থ ফালে এটা খাদ আছে আৰু সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ নাম &quot;জালাদুৰ্গ&quot; পোৱা গৈছে। এই দুৰ্গটোত ১৪খন যুদ্ধ আৰু ২টা ৰাণীৰ জৌহৰৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Juhee|date=2019-03-04|title=This Fort in Jhalawar is India's only Fort Built without Foundation {{!}} Read to Know More {{!}} UdaipurBlog|url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/gagron-fort-in-jhalawar.html|access-date=2021-07-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gagron Fort witness of sacrifice, thousands of women saved their chastity by sacrificing lives |url=https://www.maharajatrails.com/gagron-fort-witness-of-sacrifice-thousands-of-women-saved-their-chastity-by-sacrificing-lives |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=www.maharajatrails.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
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# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
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# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
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}}
|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]
ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ হৈছে ৰণথাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ ভিতৰত, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰ চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan: Ranthambore|url=http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113141415/http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|archive-date=13 Jan 2017|access-date=6 March 2016|publisher=Amber Development &amp; Management Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ই এক ভয়ংকৰ দুৰ্গ যিটো ৰাজস্থানৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিকাশৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈ আহিছে। ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গৰ সঠিক উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে এতিয়াও বিতৰ্কিত যদিও সাধাৰণতে মানি লোৱা হয় যে খ্ৰীষ্টীয় অষ্টম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দুৰ্গৰ স্থানত বসতি স্থাপন হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Aditya Malik |title=Hammīra: Chapters in Imagination, Time, History |series=Religion and Society |volume=83 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-065959-7 |year=2021 |page=19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|সন্ধিয়া সময়ত চহৰৰ ওপৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গটো জয়ছলমেৰ চহৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অতি কম সংখ্যক &quot;জীৱন্ত দুৰ্গ&quot;ৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় (যেনে ফ্ৰান্সৰ কাৰ্কাচন), কিয়নো পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক চতুৰ্থাংশ এতিয়াও দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰতে বাস কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Fort full of life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|title=Fort full of life|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2017-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ৰাজস্থানৰ দ্বিতীয় আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি দুৰ্গ, ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাজপুতে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjXrAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Jaisal+rajput|title = Princely Rajasthan: Rajput Palaces and Mansions|isbn = 9780865652408|last1 = Martinelli|first1 = Antonio|last2 = Michell|first2 = George|last3 = Nath|first3 = Aman|date = 14 October 2004| publisher=Harry N. Abrams }}&lt;/ref&gt;
কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গটো ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ভাটী ৰাজপুত ৰাৱাল জয়ছালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rajasthan Guides (Everyman Guides). By Vivien Crump et al. 2002. Pg. 208. {{ISBN|1-85715-887-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কাহিনীটোত কোৱা হৈছে যে ই লোধ্ৰুৱত পূৰ্বৰ এটা নিৰ্মাণক স্থানচ্যুত কৰিছিল, যাৰ ওপৰত জয়ছাল অসন্তুষ্ট আছিল আৰু এইদৰে, জয়ছালে জয়ছালমেৰ চহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ সময়ত নতুন ৰাজধানী স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ|title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)|date=2006|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|pages=368| publisher=Rupa &amp; Company }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Abha|title=Desert's sinking fort|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/deserts-sinking-fort/article3928265.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2012|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Gagron Fort, Gagron, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ ঝালাৱাৰ জিলাত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ। ই পাহাৰ আৰু জল দুৰ্গৰ উদাহৰণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jhalawar.html#gagron-fort|title=Jhalawar Tourism: Tourist Places in Jhalawar - Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Meghna|date=2008|title=Forts in Rajasthan and recent tourism inclination|url=http://www.sajth.com/old/12%20Forts%20of%20Rajasthan.pdf|journal=S Asian J Tourism Heritage|volume=1|pages=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই দুৰ্গটো দ্বাদশ শতিকাত বিজলদেৱ সিং ডোদ (এজন ৰাজপুত ৰজা)ই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।
পিছলৈ এই দুৰ্গটো শ্বেৰশ্বাহ আৰু আকবৰেও নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। আহু নদী আৰু কালি সিন্ধ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলীত এই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। গড়টোৰ চাৰিওফালে পানী আৰু চতুৰ্থ ফালে এটা খাদ আছে আৰু সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ নাম &quot;জালাদুৰ্গ&quot; পোৱা গৈছে। এই দুৰ্গটোত ১৪খন যুদ্ধ আৰু ২টা ৰাণীৰ জৌহৰৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Juhee|date=2019-03-04|title=This Fort in Jhalawar is India's only Fort Built without Foundation {{!}} Read to Know More {{!}} UdaipurBlog|url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/gagron-fort-in-jhalawar.html|access-date=2021-07-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gagron Fort witness of sacrifice, thousands of women saved their chastity by sacrificing lives |url=https://www.maharajatrails.com/gagron-fort-witness-of-sacrifice-thousands-of-women-saved-their-chastity-by-sacrificing-lives |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=www.maharajatrails.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
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# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
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| coordinates6= {{coord|26|54|45|N|70|54|45|E}}
}}
|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]
ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ হৈছে ৰণথাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ ভিতৰত, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰ চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan: Ranthambore|url=http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113141415/http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|archive-date=13 Jan 2017|access-date=6 March 2016|publisher=Amber Development &amp; Management Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ই এক ভয়ংকৰ দুৰ্গ যিটো ৰাজস্থানৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিকাশৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈ আহিছে। ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গৰ সঠিক উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে এতিয়াও বিতৰ্কিত যদিও সাধাৰণতে মানি লোৱা হয় যে খ্ৰীষ্টীয় অষ্টম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দুৰ্গৰ স্থানত বসতি স্থাপন হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Aditya Malik |title=Hammīra: Chapters in Imagination, Time, History |series=Religion and Society |volume=83 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-065959-7 |year=2021 |page=19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো চাহামানসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |page=102 }}&lt;/ref&gt; দুৰ্গটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱতঃ দশম শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত আৰম্ভ হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছতো কেইটামান শতিকা ধৰি চলিছিল। ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাত ইয়াক কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে দিল্লী চুলতানে দখল কৰিছিল।

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|সন্ধিয়া সময়ত চহৰৰ ওপৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গটো জয়ছলমেৰ চহৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অতি কম সংখ্যক &quot;জীৱন্ত দুৰ্গ&quot;ৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় (যেনে ফ্ৰান্সৰ কাৰ্কাচন), কিয়নো পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক চতুৰ্থাংশ এতিয়াও দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰতে বাস কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Fort full of life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|title=Fort full of life|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2017-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ৰাজস্থানৰ দ্বিতীয় আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি দুৰ্গ, ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাজপুতে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjXrAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Jaisal+rajput|title = Princely Rajasthan: Rajput Palaces and Mansions|isbn = 9780865652408|last1 = Martinelli|first1 = Antonio|last2 = Michell|first2 = George|last3 = Nath|first3 = Aman|date = 14 October 2004| publisher=Harry N. Abrams }}&lt;/ref&gt;
কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গটো ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ভাটী ৰাজপুত ৰাৱাল জয়ছালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rajasthan Guides (Everyman Guides). By Vivien Crump et al. 2002. Pg. 208. {{ISBN|1-85715-887-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কাহিনীটোত কোৱা হৈছে যে ই লোধ্ৰুৱত পূৰ্বৰ এটা নিৰ্মাণক স্থানচ্যুত কৰিছিল, যাৰ ওপৰত জয়ছাল অসন্তুষ্ট আছিল আৰু এইদৰে, জয়ছালে জয়ছালমেৰ চহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ সময়ত নতুন ৰাজধানী স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ|title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)|date=2006|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|pages=368| publisher=Rupa &amp; Company }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Abha|title=Desert's sinking fort|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/deserts-sinking-fort/article3928265.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2012|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Gagron Fort, Gagron, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ ঝালাৱাৰ জিলাত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ। ই পাহাৰ আৰু জল দুৰ্গৰ উদাহৰণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jhalawar.html#gagron-fort|title=Jhalawar Tourism: Tourist Places in Jhalawar - Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Meghna|date=2008|title=Forts in Rajasthan and recent tourism inclination|url=http://www.sajth.com/old/12%20Forts%20of%20Rajasthan.pdf|journal=S Asian J Tourism Heritage|volume=1|pages=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই দুৰ্গটো দ্বাদশ শতিকাত বিজলদেৱ সিং ডোদ (এজন ৰাজপুত ৰজা)ই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।
পিছলৈ এই দুৰ্গটো শ্বেৰশ্বাহ আৰু আকবৰেও নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। আহু নদী আৰু কালি সিন্ধ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলীত এই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। গড়টোৰ চাৰিওফালে পানী আৰু চতুৰ্থ ফালে এটা খাদ আছে আৰু সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ নাম &quot;জালাদুৰ্গ&quot; পোৱা গৈছে। এই দুৰ্গটোত ১৪খন যুদ্ধ আৰু ২টা ৰাণীৰ জৌহৰৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Juhee|date=2019-03-04|title=This Fort in Jhalawar is India's only Fort Built without Foundation {{!}} Read to Know More {{!}} UdaipurBlog|url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/gagron-fort-in-jhalawar.html|access-date=2021-07-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gagron Fort witness of sacrifice, thousands of women saved their chastity by sacrificing lives |url=https://www.maharajatrails.com/gagron-fort-witness-of-sacrifice-thousands-of-women-saved-their-chastity-by-sacrificing-lives |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=www.maharajatrails.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
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| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
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'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]
ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ হৈছে ৰণথাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ ভিতৰত, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰ চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan: Ranthambore|url=http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113141415/http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|archive-date=13 Jan 2017|access-date=6 March 2016|publisher=Amber Development &amp; Management Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ই এক ভয়ংকৰ দুৰ্গ যিটো ৰাজস্থানৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিকাশৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈ আহিছে। ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গৰ সঠিক উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে এতিয়াও বিতৰ্কিত যদিও সাধাৰণতে মানি লোৱা হয় যে খ্ৰীষ্টীয় অষ্টম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দুৰ্গৰ স্থানত বসতি স্থাপন হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Aditya Malik |title=Hammīra: Chapters in Imagination, Time, History |series=Religion and Society |volume=83 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-065959-7 |year=2021 |page=19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো চাহামানসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |page=102 }}&lt;/ref&gt; দুৰ্গটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱতঃ দশম শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত আৰম্ভ হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছতো কেইটামান শতিকা ধৰি চলিছিল। ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাত ইয়াক কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে দিল্লী চুলতানে দখল কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;IA, Vol. XLII, pp. 57-64&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZWgj-YMdVEC&amp;q=Nagavaloka&amp;pg=PA123 |title=Yasovarman of Kanau, p.123 |access-date=2012-09-25|last1=Mishra |first1=Shyam Manohar |year=1977 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটোৱে চাৰিওফালৰ ৰন্থাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ এক বিশাল দৃশ্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু এতিয়া ই পৰ্যটকৰ জনপ্ৰিয় আকৰ্ষণৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু।
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author1=Singh, V. |author2=Shrivastava, A. |year=2007 |title=Biodiversity of Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan |publisher=Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur| isbn=978-81-7233-492-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|সন্ধিয়া সময়ত চহৰৰ ওপৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গটো জয়ছলমেৰ চহৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অতি কম সংখ্যক &quot;জীৱন্ত দুৰ্গ&quot;ৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় (যেনে ফ্ৰান্সৰ কাৰ্কাচন), কিয়নো পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক চতুৰ্থাংশ এতিয়াও দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰতে বাস কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Fort full of life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|title=Fort full of life|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2017-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ৰাজস্থানৰ দ্বিতীয় আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি দুৰ্গ, ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাজপুতে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjXrAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Jaisal+rajput|title = Princely Rajasthan: Rajput Palaces and Mansions|isbn = 9780865652408|last1 = Martinelli|first1 = Antonio|last2 = Michell|first2 = George|last3 = Nath|first3 = Aman|date = 14 October 2004| publisher=Harry N. Abrams }}&lt;/ref&gt;
কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গটো ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ভাটী ৰাজপুত ৰাৱাল জয়ছালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rajasthan Guides (Everyman Guides). By Vivien Crump et al. 2002. Pg. 208. {{ISBN|1-85715-887-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কাহিনীটোত কোৱা হৈছে যে ই লোধ্ৰুৱত পূৰ্বৰ এটা নিৰ্মাণক স্থানচ্যুত কৰিছিল, যাৰ ওপৰত জয়ছাল অসন্তুষ্ট আছিল আৰু এইদৰে, জয়ছালে জয়ছালমেৰ চহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ সময়ত নতুন ৰাজধানী স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ|title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)|date=2006|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|pages=368| publisher=Rupa &amp; Company }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Abha|title=Desert's sinking fort|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/deserts-sinking-fort/article3928265.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2012|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Gagron Fort, Gagron, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ ঝালাৱাৰ জিলাত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ। ই পাহাৰ আৰু জল দুৰ্গৰ উদাহৰণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jhalawar.html#gagron-fort|title=Jhalawar Tourism: Tourist Places in Jhalawar - Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Meghna|date=2008|title=Forts in Rajasthan and recent tourism inclination|url=http://www.sajth.com/old/12%20Forts%20of%20Rajasthan.pdf|journal=S Asian J Tourism Heritage|volume=1|pages=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই দুৰ্গটো দ্বাদশ শতিকাত বিজলদেৱ সিং ডোদ (এজন ৰাজপুত ৰজা)ই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।
পিছলৈ এই দুৰ্গটো শ্বেৰশ্বাহ আৰু আকবৰেও নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। আহু নদী আৰু কালি সিন্ধ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলীত এই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। গড়টোৰ চাৰিওফালে পানী আৰু চতুৰ্থ ফালে এটা খাদ আছে আৰু সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ নাম &quot;জালাদুৰ্গ&quot; পোৱা গৈছে। এই দুৰ্গটোত ১৪খন যুদ্ধ আৰু ২টা ৰাণীৰ জৌহৰৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Juhee|date=2019-03-04|title=This Fort in Jhalawar is India's only Fort Built without Foundation {{!}} Read to Know More {{!}} UdaipurBlog|url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/gagron-fort-in-jhalawar.html|access-date=2021-07-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gagron Fort witness of sacrifice, thousands of women saved their chastity by sacrificing lives |url=https://www.maharajatrails.com/gagron-fort-witness-of-sacrifice-thousands-of-women-saved-their-chastity-by-sacrificing-lives |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=www.maharajatrails.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="33018" sha1="q3s4vv6ht83oc2m6h2e9aq2txmkjloy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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&lt;/mapframe&gt;

===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]
ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ হৈছে ৰণথাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ ভিতৰত, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰ চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan: Ranthambore|url=http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113141415/http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|archive-date=13 Jan 2017|access-date=6 March 2016|publisher=Amber Development &amp; Management Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ই এক ভয়ংকৰ দুৰ্গ যিটো ৰাজস্থানৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিকাশৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈ আহিছে। ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গৰ সঠিক উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে এতিয়াও বিতৰ্কিত যদিও সাধাৰণতে মানি লোৱা হয় যে খ্ৰীষ্টীয় অষ্টম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দুৰ্গৰ স্থানত বসতি স্থাপন হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Aditya Malik |title=Hammīra: Chapters in Imagination, Time, History |series=Religion and Society |volume=83 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-065959-7 |year=2021 |page=19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো চাহামানসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |page=102 }}&lt;/ref&gt; দুৰ্গটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱতঃ দশম শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত আৰম্ভ হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছতো কেইটামান শতিকা ধৰি চলিছিল। ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাত ইয়াক কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে দিল্লী চুলতানে দখল কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;IA, Vol. XLII, pp. 57-64&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZWgj-YMdVEC&amp;q=Nagavaloka&amp;pg=PA123 |title=Yasovarman of Kanau, p.123 |access-date=2012-09-25|last1=Mishra |first1=Shyam Manohar |year=1977 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটোৱে চাৰিওফালৰ ৰন্থাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ এক বিশাল দৃশ্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু এতিয়া ই পৰ্যটকৰ জনপ্ৰিয় আকৰ্ষণৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু।
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author1=Singh, V. |author2=Shrivastava, A. |year=2007 |title=Biodiversity of Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan |publisher=Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur| isbn=978-81-7233-492-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|সন্ধিয়া সময়ত চহৰৰ ওপৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গটো জয়ছলমেৰ চহৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অতি কম সংখ্যক &quot;জীৱন্ত দুৰ্গ&quot;ৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় (যেনে ফ্ৰান্সৰ কাৰ্কাচন), কিয়নো পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক চতুৰ্থাংশ এতিয়াও দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰতে বাস কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Fort full of life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|title=Fort full of life|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2017-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ৰাজস্থানৰ দ্বিতীয় আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি দুৰ্গ, ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাজপুতে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjXrAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Jaisal+rajput|title = Princely Rajasthan: Rajput Palaces and Mansions|isbn = 9780865652408|last1 = Martinelli|first1 = Antonio|last2 = Michell|first2 = George|last3 = Nath|first3 = Aman|date = 14 October 2004| publisher=Harry N. Abrams }}&lt;/ref&gt;
কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গটো ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ভাটী ৰাজপুত ৰাৱাল জয়ছালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rajasthan Guides (Everyman Guides). By Vivien Crump et al. 2002. Pg. 208. {{ISBN|1-85715-887-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কাহিনীটোত কোৱা হৈছে যে ই লোধ্ৰুৱত পূৰ্বৰ এটা নিৰ্মাণক স্থানচ্যুত কৰিছিল, যাৰ ওপৰত জয়ছাল অসন্তুষ্ট আছিল আৰু এইদৰে, জয়ছালে জয়ছালমেৰ চহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ সময়ত নতুন ৰাজধানী স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ|title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)|date=2006|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|pages=368| publisher=Rupa &amp; Company }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Abha|title=Desert's sinking fort|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/deserts-sinking-fort/article3928265.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2012|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Gagron Fort, Gagron, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ ঝালাৱাৰ জিলাত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ। ই পাহাৰ আৰু জল দুৰ্গৰ উদাহৰণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jhalawar.html#gagron-fort|title=Jhalawar Tourism: Tourist Places in Jhalawar - Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Meghna|date=2008|title=Forts in Rajasthan and recent tourism inclination|url=http://www.sajth.com/old/12%20Forts%20of%20Rajasthan.pdf|journal=S Asian J Tourism Heritage|volume=1|pages=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই দুৰ্গটো দ্বাদশ শতিকাত বিজলদেৱ সিং ডোদ (এজন ৰাজপুত ৰজা)ই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।
পিছলৈ এই দুৰ্গটো শ্বেৰশ্বাহ আৰু আকবৰেও নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। আহু নদী আৰু কালি সিন্ধ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলীত এই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। গড়টোৰ চাৰিওফালে পানী আৰু চতুৰ্থ ফালে এটা খাদ আছে আৰু সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ নাম &quot;জালাদুৰ্গ&quot; পোৱা গৈছে। এই দুৰ্গটোত ১৪খন যুদ্ধ আৰু ২টা ৰাণীৰ জৌহৰৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Juhee|date=2019-03-04|title=This Fort in Jhalawar is India's only Fort Built without Foundation {{!}} Read to Know More {{!}} UdaipurBlog|url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/gagron-fort-in-jhalawar.html|access-date=2021-07-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gagron Fort witness of sacrifice, thousands of women saved their chastity by sacrificing lives |url=https://www.maharajatrails.com/gagron-fort-witness-of-sacrifice-thousands-of-women-saved-their-chastity-by-sacrificing-lives |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=www.maharajatrails.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== চিত্ৰ ==
{{gallery|mode=packed|height=165
|File:Amber Palace Jaipur Pano.JPG|Vista of [[Amer Fort]] from across the road
|File:Jaisalmer_forteresse.jpg|[[Jaisalmer Fort]]
|File:N-RJ-87_Fort_including_Ancient_Temples_Jaisalmer_SolReyes20100917_332.JPG|Jain Temple inside [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
|File:Amer_Fort_Entrance.jpg|Ganesh Pol Entrance, [[Amer Fort]]
|File:Sheesh_Mahal,_Amer_Fort.jpg|Sheesh Mahal, [[Amer Fort]]
|File:Amber Fort (आमेर का किला ).jpg|[[Amer Fort]]
|File:Walls of Kumbhalgarh.jpg|[[Kumbhalgarh]]
|File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|[[Jaisalmer]]
|File:Aerial view of Kumbhalgarh.jpg|Aerial view of [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
|File:Temple in Kumbalgarh fortress 01.JPG|Trikuta Temple [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
|File:Looking down on Ranthambore Fort.jpg|[[Ranthambhore Fort]]
|File:Ranthambore Fort Jain Temple.jpg|Jain Temple, [[Ranthambore Fort]]
|File:Gagron fort 2nd view.jpg|[[Gagron Fort]]
|File:Chittorgarh fort.JPG|[[Chittor Fort]]
}}{{gallery|mode=packed|height=300
|File:Temple_de_Shanthinath.jpg|[[Kirti Stambh]] at [[Chittor Fort]]
|File:Kirti stambha.jpg|[[Kirti Stambh]] at [[Chittor Fort]]
|File:Victory tower.jpg|[[Vijay Stambha]] at [[Chittor Fort]]
}}
{{clear}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
      <sha1>q3s4vv6ht83oc2m6h2e9aq2txmkjloy</sha1>
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      <text bytes="33008" sha1="014wc661ghbonfahi0pit09lclhtz39" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]
ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ হৈছে ৰণথাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ ভিতৰত, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰ চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan: Ranthambore|url=http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113141415/http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|archive-date=13 Jan 2017|access-date=6 March 2016|publisher=Amber Development &amp; Management Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ই এক ভয়ংকৰ দুৰ্গ যিটো ৰাজস্থানৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিকাশৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈ আহিছে। ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গৰ সঠিক উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে এতিয়াও বিতৰ্কিত যদিও সাধাৰণতে মানি লোৱা হয় যে খ্ৰীষ্টীয় অষ্টম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দুৰ্গৰ স্থানত বসতি স্থাপন হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Aditya Malik |title=Hammīra: Chapters in Imagination, Time, History |series=Religion and Society |volume=83 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-065959-7 |year=2021 |page=19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো চাহামানসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |page=102 }}&lt;/ref&gt; দুৰ্গটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱতঃ দশম শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত আৰম্ভ হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছতো কেইটামান শতিকা ধৰি চলিছিল। ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাত ইয়াক কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে দিল্লী চুলতানে দখল কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;IA, Vol. XLII, pp. 57-64&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZWgj-YMdVEC&amp;q=Nagavaloka&amp;pg=PA123 |title=Yasovarman of Kanau, p.123 |access-date=2012-09-25|last1=Mishra |first1=Shyam Manohar |year=1977 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটোৱে চাৰিওফালৰ ৰন্থাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ এক বিশাল দৃশ্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু এতিয়া ই পৰ্যটকৰ জনপ্ৰিয় আকৰ্ষণৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু।
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author1=Singh, V. |author2=Shrivastava, A. |year=2007 |title=Biodiversity of Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan |publisher=Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur| isbn=978-81-7233-492-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|সন্ধিয়া সময়ত চহৰৰ ওপৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গটো জয়ছলমেৰ চহৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অতি কম সংখ্যক &quot;জীৱন্ত দুৰ্গ&quot;ৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় (যেনে ফ্ৰান্সৰ কাৰ্কাচন), কিয়নো পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক চতুৰ্থাংশ এতিয়াও দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰতে বাস কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Fort full of life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|title=Fort full of life|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2017-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ৰাজস্থানৰ দ্বিতীয় আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি দুৰ্গ, ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাজপুতে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjXrAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Jaisal+rajput|title = Princely Rajasthan: Rajput Palaces and Mansions|isbn = 9780865652408|last1 = Martinelli|first1 = Antonio|last2 = Michell|first2 = George|last3 = Nath|first3 = Aman|date = 14 October 2004| publisher=Harry N. Abrams }}&lt;/ref&gt;
কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গটো ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ভাটী ৰাজপুত ৰাৱাল জয়ছালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rajasthan Guides (Everyman Guides). By Vivien Crump et al. 2002. Pg. 208. {{ISBN|1-85715-887-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কাহিনীটোত কোৱা হৈছে যে ই লোধ্ৰুৱত পূৰ্বৰ এটা নিৰ্মাণক স্থানচ্যুত কৰিছিল, যাৰ ওপৰত জয়ছাল অসন্তুষ্ট আছিল আৰু এইদৰে, জয়ছালে জয়ছালমেৰ চহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ সময়ত নতুন ৰাজধানী স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ|title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)|date=2006|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|pages=368| publisher=Rupa &amp; Company }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Abha|title=Desert's sinking fort|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/deserts-sinking-fort/article3928265.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2012|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Gagron Fort, Gagron, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ ঝালাৱাৰ জিলাত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ। ই পাহাৰ আৰু জল দুৰ্গৰ উদাহৰণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jhalawar.html#gagron-fort|title=Jhalawar Tourism: Tourist Places in Jhalawar - Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Meghna|date=2008|title=Forts in Rajasthan and recent tourism inclination|url=http://www.sajth.com/old/12%20Forts%20of%20Rajasthan.pdf|journal=S Asian J Tourism Heritage|volume=1|pages=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই দুৰ্গটো দ্বাদশ শতিকাত বিজলদেৱ সিং ডোদ (এজন ৰাজপুত ৰজা)ই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।
পিছলৈ এই দুৰ্গটো শ্বেৰশ্বাহ আৰু আকবৰেও নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। আহু নদী আৰু কালি সিন্ধ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলীত এই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। গড়টোৰ চাৰিওফালে পানী আৰু চতুৰ্থ ফালে এটা খাদ আছে আৰু সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ নাম &quot;জালাদুৰ্গ&quot; পোৱা গৈছে। এই দুৰ্গটোত ১৪খন যুদ্ধ আৰু ২টা ৰাণীৰ জৌহৰৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Juhee|date=2019-03-04|title=This Fort in Jhalawar is India's only Fort Built without Foundation {{!}} Read to Know More {{!}} UdaipurBlog|url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/gagron-fort-in-jhalawar.html|access-date=2021-07-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gagron Fort witness of sacrifice, thousands of women saved their chastity by sacrificing lives |url=https://www.maharajatrails.com/gagron-fort-witness-of-sacrifice-thousands-of-women-saved-their-chastity-by-sacrificing-lives |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=www.maharajatrails.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== চিত্ৰ ==
{{gallery|mode=packed|height=165
|File:Amber Palace Jaipur Pano.JPG|Vista of [[Amer Fort]] from across the road
|File:Jaisalmer_forteresse.jpg|[[Jaisalmer Fort]]
|File:N-RJ-87_Fort_including_Ancient_Temples_Jaisalmer_SolReyes20100917_332.JPG|Jain Temple inside [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
|File:Amer_Fort_Entrance.jpg|Ganesh Pol Entrance, [[Amer Fort]]
|File:Sheesh_Mahal,_Amer_Fort.jpg|Sheesh Mahal, [[Amer Fort]]
|File:Amber Fort (आमेर का किला ).jpg|[[Amer Fort]]
|File:Walls of Kumbhalgarh.jpg|[[Kumbhalgarh]]
|File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|[[Jaisalmer]]
|File:Aerial view of Kumbhalgarh.jpg|Aerial view of [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
|File:Temple in Kumbalgarh fortress 01.JPG|Trikuta Temple [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
|File:Looking down on Ranthambore Fort.jpg|[[Ranthambhore Fort]]
|File:Ranthambore Fort Jain Temple.jpg|Jain Temple, [[Ranthambore Fort]]
|File:Gagron fort 2nd view.jpg|[[Gagron Fort]]
|File:Chittorgarh fort.JPG|[[Chittor Fort]]
}}{{gallery|mode=packed|height=300
|File:Temple_de_Shanthinath.jpg|[[Kirti Stambh]] at [[Chittor Fort]]
|File:Kirti stambha.jpg|[[Kirti Stambh]] at [[Chittor Fort]]
|File:Victory tower.jpg|[[Vijay Stambha]] at [[Chittor Fort]]
}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]
ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ হৈছে ৰণথাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ ভিতৰত, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰ চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan: Ranthambore|url=http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113141415/http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|archive-date=13 Jan 2017|access-date=6 March 2016|publisher=Amber Development &amp; Management Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ই এক ভয়ংকৰ দুৰ্গ যিটো ৰাজস্থানৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিকাশৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈ আহিছে। ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গৰ সঠিক উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে এতিয়াও বিতৰ্কিত যদিও সাধাৰণতে মানি লোৱা হয় যে খ্ৰীষ্টীয় অষ্টম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দুৰ্গৰ স্থানত বসতি স্থাপন হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Aditya Malik |title=Hammīra: Chapters in Imagination, Time, History |series=Religion and Society |volume=83 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-065959-7 |year=2021 |page=19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো চাহামানসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |page=102 }}&lt;/ref&gt; দুৰ্গটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱতঃ দশম শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত আৰম্ভ হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছতো কেইটামান শতিকা ধৰি চলিছিল। ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাত ইয়াক কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে দিল্লী চুলতানে দখল কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;IA, Vol. XLII, pp. 57-64&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZWgj-YMdVEC&amp;q=Nagavaloka&amp;pg=PA123 |title=Yasovarman of Kanau, p.123 |access-date=2012-09-25|last1=Mishra |first1=Shyam Manohar |year=1977 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটোৱে চাৰিওফালৰ ৰন্থাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ এক বিশাল দৃশ্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু এতিয়া ই পৰ্যটকৰ জনপ্ৰিয় আকৰ্ষণৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু।
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author1=Singh, V. |author2=Shrivastava, A. |year=2007 |title=Biodiversity of Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan |publisher=Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur| isbn=978-81-7233-492-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|সন্ধিয়া সময়ত চহৰৰ ওপৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গটো জয়ছলমেৰ চহৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অতি কম সংখ্যক &quot;জীৱন্ত দুৰ্গ&quot;ৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় (যেনে ফ্ৰান্সৰ কাৰ্কাচন), কিয়নো পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক চতুৰ্থাংশ এতিয়াও দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰতে বাস কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Fort full of life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|title=Fort full of life|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2017-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ৰাজস্থানৰ দ্বিতীয় আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি দুৰ্গ, ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাজপুতে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjXrAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Jaisal+rajput|title = Princely Rajasthan: Rajput Palaces and Mansions|isbn = 9780865652408|last1 = Martinelli|first1 = Antonio|last2 = Michell|first2 = George|last3 = Nath|first3 = Aman|date = 14 October 2004| publisher=Harry N. Abrams }}&lt;/ref&gt;
কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গটো ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ভাটী ৰাজপুত ৰাৱাল জয়ছালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rajasthan Guides (Everyman Guides). By Vivien Crump et al. 2002. Pg. 208. {{ISBN|1-85715-887-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কাহিনীটোত কোৱা হৈছে যে ই লোধ্ৰুৱত পূৰ্বৰ এটা নিৰ্মাণক স্থানচ্যুত কৰিছিল, যাৰ ওপৰত জয়ছাল অসন্তুষ্ট আছিল আৰু এইদৰে, জয়ছালে জয়ছালমেৰ চহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ সময়ত নতুন ৰাজধানী স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ|title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)|date=2006|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|pages=368| publisher=Rupa &amp; Company }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Abha|title=Desert's sinking fort|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/deserts-sinking-fort/article3928265.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2012|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Gagron Fort, Gagron, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ ঝালাৱাৰ জিলাত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ। ই পাহাৰ আৰু জল দুৰ্গৰ উদাহৰণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jhalawar.html#gagron-fort|title=Jhalawar Tourism: Tourist Places in Jhalawar - Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Meghna|date=2008|title=Forts in Rajasthan and recent tourism inclination|url=http://www.sajth.com/old/12%20Forts%20of%20Rajasthan.pdf|journal=S Asian J Tourism Heritage|volume=1|pages=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই দুৰ্গটো দ্বাদশ শতিকাত বিজলদেৱ সিং ডোদ (এজন ৰাজপুত ৰজা)ই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।
পিছলৈ এই দুৰ্গটো শ্বেৰশ্বাহ আৰু আকবৰেও নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। আহু নদী আৰু কালি সিন্ধ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলীত এই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। গড়টোৰ চাৰিওফালে পানী আৰু চতুৰ্থ ফালে এটা খাদ আছে আৰু সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ নাম &quot;জালাদুৰ্গ&quot; পোৱা গৈছে। এই দুৰ্গটোত ১৪খন যুদ্ধ আৰু ২টা ৰাণীৰ জৌহৰৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Juhee|date=2019-03-04|title=This Fort in Jhalawar is India's only Fort Built without Foundation {{!}} Read to Know More {{!}} UdaipurBlog|url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/gagron-fort-in-jhalawar.html|access-date=2021-07-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gagron Fort witness of sacrifice, thousands of women saved their chastity by sacrificing lives |url=https://www.maharajatrails.com/gagron-fort-witness-of-sacrifice-thousands-of-women-saved-their-chastity-by-sacrificing-lives |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=www.maharajatrails.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== চিত্ৰ ==
{{gallery|mode=packed|height=165
|File:Amber Palace Jaipur Pano.JPG|ৰাস্তাৰ সিপাৰৰ পৰা আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ ভিষ্টা
|File:Jaisalmer_forteresse.jpg|জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:N-RJ-87_Fort_including_Ancient_Temples_Jaisalmer_SolReyes20100917_332.JPG|জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰৰ জৈন মন্দিৰ
|File:Amer_Fort_Entrance.jpg|গণেশ পল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ, আমেৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:Sheesh_Mahal,_Amer_Fort.jpg|Sheesh Mahal, [[Amer Fort]]
|File:Amber Fort (आमेर का किला ).jpg|[[Amer Fort]]
|File:Walls of Kumbhalgarh.jpg|[[Kumbhalgarh]]
|File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|[[Jaisalmer]]
|File:Aerial view of Kumbhalgarh.jpg|Aerial view of [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
|File:Temple in Kumbalgarh fortress 01.JPG|Trikuta Temple [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
|File:Looking down on Ranthambore Fort.jpg|[[Ranthambhore Fort]]
|File:Ranthambore Fort Jain Temple.jpg|Jain Temple, [[Ranthambore Fort]]
|File:Gagron fort 2nd view.jpg|[[Gagron Fort]]
|File:Chittorgarh fort.JPG|[[Chittor Fort]]
}}{{gallery|mode=packed|height=300
|File:Temple_de_Shanthinath.jpg|[[Kirti Stambh]] at [[Chittor Fort]]
|File:Kirti stambha.jpg|[[Kirti Stambh]] at [[Chittor Fort]]
|File:Victory tower.jpg|[[Vijay Stambha]] at [[Chittor Fort]]
}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>516845</parentid>
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      <text bytes="33187" sha1="s046minmq3n1j29fdf4rcysyvr9500y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]
ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ হৈছে ৰণথাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ ভিতৰত, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰ চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan: Ranthambore|url=http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113141415/http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|archive-date=13 Jan 2017|access-date=6 March 2016|publisher=Amber Development &amp; Management Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ই এক ভয়ংকৰ দুৰ্গ যিটো ৰাজস্থানৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিকাশৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈ আহিছে। ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গৰ সঠিক উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে এতিয়াও বিতৰ্কিত যদিও সাধাৰণতে মানি লোৱা হয় যে খ্ৰীষ্টীয় অষ্টম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দুৰ্গৰ স্থানত বসতি স্থাপন হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Aditya Malik |title=Hammīra: Chapters in Imagination, Time, History |series=Religion and Society |volume=83 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-065959-7 |year=2021 |page=19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো চাহামানসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |page=102 }}&lt;/ref&gt; দুৰ্গটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱতঃ দশম শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত আৰম্ভ হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছতো কেইটামান শতিকা ধৰি চলিছিল। ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাত ইয়াক কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে দিল্লী চুলতানে দখল কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;IA, Vol. XLII, pp. 57-64&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZWgj-YMdVEC&amp;q=Nagavaloka&amp;pg=PA123 |title=Yasovarman of Kanau, p.123 |access-date=2012-09-25|last1=Mishra |first1=Shyam Manohar |year=1977 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটোৱে চাৰিওফালৰ ৰন্থাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ এক বিশাল দৃশ্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু এতিয়া ই পৰ্যটকৰ জনপ্ৰিয় আকৰ্ষণৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু।
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author1=Singh, V. |author2=Shrivastava, A. |year=2007 |title=Biodiversity of Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan |publisher=Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur| isbn=978-81-7233-492-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|সন্ধিয়া সময়ত চহৰৰ ওপৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গটো জয়ছলমেৰ চহৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অতি কম সংখ্যক &quot;জীৱন্ত দুৰ্গ&quot;ৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় (যেনে ফ্ৰান্সৰ কাৰ্কাচন), কিয়নো পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক চতুৰ্থাংশ এতিয়াও দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰতে বাস কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Fort full of life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|title=Fort full of life|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2017-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ৰাজস্থানৰ দ্বিতীয় আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি দুৰ্গ, ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাজপুতে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjXrAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Jaisal+rajput|title = Princely Rajasthan: Rajput Palaces and Mansions|isbn = 9780865652408|last1 = Martinelli|first1 = Antonio|last2 = Michell|first2 = George|last3 = Nath|first3 = Aman|date = 14 October 2004| publisher=Harry N. Abrams }}&lt;/ref&gt;
কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গটো ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ভাটী ৰাজপুত ৰাৱাল জয়ছালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rajasthan Guides (Everyman Guides). By Vivien Crump et al. 2002. Pg. 208. {{ISBN|1-85715-887-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কাহিনীটোত কোৱা হৈছে যে ই লোধ্ৰুৱত পূৰ্বৰ এটা নিৰ্মাণক স্থানচ্যুত কৰিছিল, যাৰ ওপৰত জয়ছাল অসন্তুষ্ট আছিল আৰু এইদৰে, জয়ছালে জয়ছালমেৰ চহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ সময়ত নতুন ৰাজধানী স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ|title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)|date=2006|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|pages=368| publisher=Rupa &amp; Company }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Abha|title=Desert's sinking fort|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/deserts-sinking-fort/article3928265.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2012|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Gagron Fort, Gagron, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ ঝালাৱাৰ জিলাত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ। ই পাহাৰ আৰু জল দুৰ্গৰ উদাহৰণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jhalawar.html#gagron-fort|title=Jhalawar Tourism: Tourist Places in Jhalawar - Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Meghna|date=2008|title=Forts in Rajasthan and recent tourism inclination|url=http://www.sajth.com/old/12%20Forts%20of%20Rajasthan.pdf|journal=S Asian J Tourism Heritage|volume=1|pages=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই দুৰ্গটো দ্বাদশ শতিকাত বিজলদেৱ সিং ডোদ (এজন ৰাজপুত ৰজা)ই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।
পিছলৈ এই দুৰ্গটো শ্বেৰশ্বাহ আৰু আকবৰেও নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। আহু নদী আৰু কালি সিন্ধ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলীত এই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। গড়টোৰ চাৰিওফালে পানী আৰু চতুৰ্থ ফালে এটা খাদ আছে আৰু সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ নাম &quot;জালাদুৰ্গ&quot; পোৱা গৈছে। এই দুৰ্গটোত ১৪খন যুদ্ধ আৰু ২টা ৰাণীৰ জৌহৰৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Juhee|date=2019-03-04|title=This Fort in Jhalawar is India's only Fort Built without Foundation {{!}} Read to Know More {{!}} UdaipurBlog|url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/gagron-fort-in-jhalawar.html|access-date=2021-07-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gagron Fort witness of sacrifice, thousands of women saved their chastity by sacrificing lives |url=https://www.maharajatrails.com/gagron-fort-witness-of-sacrifice-thousands-of-women-saved-their-chastity-by-sacrificing-lives |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=www.maharajatrails.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== চিত্ৰ ==
{{gallery|mode=packed|height=165
|File:Amber Palace Jaipur Pano.JPG|ৰাস্তাৰ সিপাৰৰ পৰা আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ ভিষ্টা
|File:Jaisalmer_forteresse.jpg|জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:N-RJ-87_Fort_including_Ancient_Temples_Jaisalmer_SolReyes20100917_332.JPG|জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰৰ জৈন মন্দিৰ
|File:Amer_Fort_Entrance.jpg|গণেশ পল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ, আমেৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:Sheesh_Mahal,_Amer_Fort.jpg|শ্বীশ মহল, আমেৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:Amber Fort (आमेर का किला ).jpg|আমেৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|[[Jaisalmer]]
|File:Aerial view of Kumbhalgarh.jpg|Aerial view of [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
|File:Temple in Kumbalgarh fortress 01.JPG|Trikuta Temple [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
|File:Looking down on Ranthambore Fort.jpg|[[Ranthambhore Fort]]
|File:Ranthambore Fort Jain Temple.jpg|Jain Temple, [[Ranthambore Fort]]
|File:Gagron fort 2nd view.jpg|[[Gagron Fort]]
|File:Chittorgarh fort.JPG|[[Chittor Fort]]
}}{{gallery|mode=packed|height=300
|File:Temple_de_Shanthinath.jpg|[[Kirti Stambh]] at [[Chittor Fort]]
|File:Kirti stambha.jpg|[[Kirti Stambh]] at [[Chittor Fort]]
|File:Victory tower.jpg|[[Vijay Stambha]] at [[Chittor Fort]]
}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="33315" sha1="5xnpv8rnbsg7wl7axeyofss0yfregbt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]
ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ হৈছে ৰণথাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ ভিতৰত, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰ চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan: Ranthambore|url=http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113141415/http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|archive-date=13 Jan 2017|access-date=6 March 2016|publisher=Amber Development &amp; Management Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ই এক ভয়ংকৰ দুৰ্গ যিটো ৰাজস্থানৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিকাশৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈ আহিছে। ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গৰ সঠিক উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে এতিয়াও বিতৰ্কিত যদিও সাধাৰণতে মানি লোৱা হয় যে খ্ৰীষ্টীয় অষ্টম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দুৰ্গৰ স্থানত বসতি স্থাপন হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Aditya Malik |title=Hammīra: Chapters in Imagination, Time, History |series=Religion and Society |volume=83 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-065959-7 |year=2021 |page=19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো চাহামানসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |page=102 }}&lt;/ref&gt; দুৰ্গটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱতঃ দশম শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত আৰম্ভ হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছতো কেইটামান শতিকা ধৰি চলিছিল। ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাত ইয়াক কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে দিল্লী চুলতানে দখল কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;IA, Vol. XLII, pp. 57-64&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZWgj-YMdVEC&amp;q=Nagavaloka&amp;pg=PA123 |title=Yasovarman of Kanau, p.123 |access-date=2012-09-25|last1=Mishra |first1=Shyam Manohar |year=1977 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটোৱে চাৰিওফালৰ ৰন্থাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ এক বিশাল দৃশ্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু এতিয়া ই পৰ্যটকৰ জনপ্ৰিয় আকৰ্ষণৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু।
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author1=Singh, V. |author2=Shrivastava, A. |year=2007 |title=Biodiversity of Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan |publisher=Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur| isbn=978-81-7233-492-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|সন্ধিয়া সময়ত চহৰৰ ওপৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গটো জয়ছলমেৰ চহৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অতি কম সংখ্যক &quot;জীৱন্ত দুৰ্গ&quot;ৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় (যেনে ফ্ৰান্সৰ কাৰ্কাচন), কিয়নো পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক চতুৰ্থাংশ এতিয়াও দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰতে বাস কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Fort full of life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|title=Fort full of life|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2017-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ৰাজস্থানৰ দ্বিতীয় আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি দুৰ্গ, ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাজপুতে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjXrAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Jaisal+rajput|title = Princely Rajasthan: Rajput Palaces and Mansions|isbn = 9780865652408|last1 = Martinelli|first1 = Antonio|last2 = Michell|first2 = George|last3 = Nath|first3 = Aman|date = 14 October 2004| publisher=Harry N. Abrams }}&lt;/ref&gt;
কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গটো ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ভাটী ৰাজপুত ৰাৱাল জয়ছালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rajasthan Guides (Everyman Guides). By Vivien Crump et al. 2002. Pg. 208. {{ISBN|1-85715-887-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কাহিনীটোত কোৱা হৈছে যে ই লোধ্ৰুৱত পূৰ্বৰ এটা নিৰ্মাণক স্থানচ্যুত কৰিছিল, যাৰ ওপৰত জয়ছাল অসন্তুষ্ট আছিল আৰু এইদৰে, জয়ছালে জয়ছালমেৰ চহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ সময়ত নতুন ৰাজধানী স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ|title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)|date=2006|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|pages=368| publisher=Rupa &amp; Company }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Abha|title=Desert's sinking fort|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/deserts-sinking-fort/article3928265.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2012|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Gagron Fort, Gagron, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ ঝালাৱাৰ জিলাত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ। ই পাহাৰ আৰু জল দুৰ্গৰ উদাহৰণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jhalawar.html#gagron-fort|title=Jhalawar Tourism: Tourist Places in Jhalawar - Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Meghna|date=2008|title=Forts in Rajasthan and recent tourism inclination|url=http://www.sajth.com/old/12%20Forts%20of%20Rajasthan.pdf|journal=S Asian J Tourism Heritage|volume=1|pages=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই দুৰ্গটো দ্বাদশ শতিকাত বিজলদেৱ সিং ডোদ (এজন ৰাজপুত ৰজা)ই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।
পিছলৈ এই দুৰ্গটো শ্বেৰশ্বাহ আৰু আকবৰেও নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। আহু নদী আৰু কালি সিন্ধ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলীত এই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। গড়টোৰ চাৰিওফালে পানী আৰু চতুৰ্থ ফালে এটা খাদ আছে আৰু সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ নাম &quot;জালাদুৰ্গ&quot; পোৱা গৈছে। এই দুৰ্গটোত ১৪খন যুদ্ধ আৰু ২টা ৰাণীৰ জৌহৰৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Juhee|date=2019-03-04|title=This Fort in Jhalawar is India's only Fort Built without Foundation {{!}} Read to Know More {{!}} UdaipurBlog|url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/gagron-fort-in-jhalawar.html|access-date=2021-07-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gagron Fort witness of sacrifice, thousands of women saved their chastity by sacrificing lives |url=https://www.maharajatrails.com/gagron-fort-witness-of-sacrifice-thousands-of-women-saved-their-chastity-by-sacrificing-lives |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=www.maharajatrails.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== চিত্ৰ ==
{{gallery|mode=packed|height=165
|File:Amber Palace Jaipur Pano.JPG|ৰাস্তাৰ সিপাৰৰ পৰা আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ ভিষ্টা
|File:Jaisalmer_forteresse.jpg|জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:N-RJ-87_Fort_including_Ancient_Temples_Jaisalmer_SolReyes20100917_332.JPG|জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰৰ জৈন মন্দিৰ
|File:Amer_Fort_Entrance.jpg|গণেশ পল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ, আমেৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:Sheesh_Mahal,_Amer_Fort.jpg|শ্বীশ মহল, আমেৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:Amber Fort (आमेर का किला ).jpg|আমেৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|জয়ছালমেৰ
|File:Aerial view of Kumbhalgarh.jpg|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ আকাশী দৃশ্য
|File:Temple in Kumbalgarh fortress 01.JPG|ত্ৰিকুটা মন্দিৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ
|File:Looking down on Ranthambore Fort.jpg|ৰন্থামভৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:Ranthambore Fort Jain Temple.jpg|Jain Temple, [[Ranthambore Fort]]
|File:Gagron fort 2nd view.jpg|[[Gagron Fort]]
|File:Chittorgarh fort.JPG|[[Chittor Fort]]
}}{{gallery|mode=packed|height=300
|File:Temple_de_Shanthinath.jpg|[[Kirti Stambh]] at [[Chittor Fort]]
|File:Kirti stambha.jpg|[[Kirti Stambh]] at [[Chittor Fort]]
|File:Victory tower.jpg|[[Vijay Stambha]] at [[Chittor Fort]]
}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="33490" sha1="er3pgf1kcx3qyu26hzpghh1kjsxd5j8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]
ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ হৈছে ৰণথাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ ভিতৰত, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰ চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan: Ranthambore|url=http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113141415/http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|archive-date=13 Jan 2017|access-date=6 March 2016|publisher=Amber Development &amp; Management Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ই এক ভয়ংকৰ দুৰ্গ যিটো ৰাজস্থানৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিকাশৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈ আহিছে। ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গৰ সঠিক উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে এতিয়াও বিতৰ্কিত যদিও সাধাৰণতে মানি লোৱা হয় যে খ্ৰীষ্টীয় অষ্টম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দুৰ্গৰ স্থানত বসতি স্থাপন হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Aditya Malik |title=Hammīra: Chapters in Imagination, Time, History |series=Religion and Society |volume=83 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-065959-7 |year=2021 |page=19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো চাহামানসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |page=102 }}&lt;/ref&gt; দুৰ্গটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱতঃ দশম শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত আৰম্ভ হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছতো কেইটামান শতিকা ধৰি চলিছিল। ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাত ইয়াক কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে দিল্লী চুলতানে দখল কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;IA, Vol. XLII, pp. 57-64&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZWgj-YMdVEC&amp;q=Nagavaloka&amp;pg=PA123 |title=Yasovarman of Kanau, p.123 |access-date=2012-09-25|last1=Mishra |first1=Shyam Manohar |year=1977 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটোৱে চাৰিওফালৰ ৰন্থাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ এক বিশাল দৃশ্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু এতিয়া ই পৰ্যটকৰ জনপ্ৰিয় আকৰ্ষণৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু।
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author1=Singh, V. |author2=Shrivastava, A. |year=2007 |title=Biodiversity of Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan |publisher=Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur| isbn=978-81-7233-492-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|সন্ধিয়া সময়ত চহৰৰ ওপৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গটো জয়ছলমেৰ চহৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অতি কম সংখ্যক &quot;জীৱন্ত দুৰ্গ&quot;ৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় (যেনে ফ্ৰান্সৰ কাৰ্কাচন), কিয়নো পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক চতুৰ্থাংশ এতিয়াও দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰতে বাস কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Fort full of life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|title=Fort full of life|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2017-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ৰাজস্থানৰ দ্বিতীয় আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি দুৰ্গ, ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাজপুতে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjXrAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Jaisal+rajput|title = Princely Rajasthan: Rajput Palaces and Mansions|isbn = 9780865652408|last1 = Martinelli|first1 = Antonio|last2 = Michell|first2 = George|last3 = Nath|first3 = Aman|date = 14 October 2004| publisher=Harry N. Abrams }}&lt;/ref&gt;
কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গটো ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ভাটী ৰাজপুত ৰাৱাল জয়ছালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rajasthan Guides (Everyman Guides). By Vivien Crump et al. 2002. Pg. 208. {{ISBN|1-85715-887-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কাহিনীটোত কোৱা হৈছে যে ই লোধ্ৰুৱত পূৰ্বৰ এটা নিৰ্মাণক স্থানচ্যুত কৰিছিল, যাৰ ওপৰত জয়ছাল অসন্তুষ্ট আছিল আৰু এইদৰে, জয়ছালে জয়ছালমেৰ চহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ সময়ত নতুন ৰাজধানী স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ|title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)|date=2006|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|pages=368| publisher=Rupa &amp; Company }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Abha|title=Desert's sinking fort|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/deserts-sinking-fort/article3928265.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2012|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Gagron Fort, Gagron, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ ঝালাৱাৰ জিলাত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ। ই পাহাৰ আৰু জল দুৰ্গৰ উদাহৰণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jhalawar.html#gagron-fort|title=Jhalawar Tourism: Tourist Places in Jhalawar - Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Meghna|date=2008|title=Forts in Rajasthan and recent tourism inclination|url=http://www.sajth.com/old/12%20Forts%20of%20Rajasthan.pdf|journal=S Asian J Tourism Heritage|volume=1|pages=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই দুৰ্গটো দ্বাদশ শতিকাত বিজলদেৱ সিং ডোদ (এজন ৰাজপুত ৰজা)ই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।
পিছলৈ এই দুৰ্গটো শ্বেৰশ্বাহ আৰু আকবৰেও নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। আহু নদী আৰু কালি সিন্ধ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলীত এই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। গড়টোৰ চাৰিওফালে পানী আৰু চতুৰ্থ ফালে এটা খাদ আছে আৰু সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ নাম &quot;জালাদুৰ্গ&quot; পোৱা গৈছে। এই দুৰ্গটোত ১৪খন যুদ্ধ আৰু ২টা ৰাণীৰ জৌহৰৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Juhee|date=2019-03-04|title=This Fort in Jhalawar is India's only Fort Built without Foundation {{!}} Read to Know More {{!}} UdaipurBlog|url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/gagron-fort-in-jhalawar.html|access-date=2021-07-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gagron Fort witness of sacrifice, thousands of women saved their chastity by sacrificing lives |url=https://www.maharajatrails.com/gagron-fort-witness-of-sacrifice-thousands-of-women-saved-their-chastity-by-sacrificing-lives |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=www.maharajatrails.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== চিত্ৰ ==
{{gallery|mode=packed|height=165
|File:Amber Palace Jaipur Pano.JPG|ৰাস্তাৰ সিপাৰৰ পৰা আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ ভিষ্টা
|File:Jaisalmer_forteresse.jpg|জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:N-RJ-87_Fort_including_Ancient_Temples_Jaisalmer_SolReyes20100917_332.JPG|জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰৰ জৈন মন্দিৰ
|File:Amer_Fort_Entrance.jpg|গণেশ পল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ, আমেৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:Sheesh_Mahal,_Amer_Fort.jpg|শ্বীশ মহল, আমেৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:Amber Fort (आमेर का किला ).jpg|আমেৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|জয়ছালমেৰ
|File:Aerial view of Kumbhalgarh.jpg|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ আকাশী দৃশ্য
|File:Temple in Kumbalgarh fortress 01.JPG|ত্ৰিকুটা মন্দিৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ
|File:Looking down on Ranthambore Fort.jpg|ৰন্থামভৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:Ranthambore Fort Jain Temple.jpg|জৈন মন্দিৰ, ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:Gagron fort 2nd view.jpg|গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ
|File:Chittorgarh fort.JPG|চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ
}}{{gallery|mode=packed|height=300
|File:Temple_de_Shanthinath.jpg|চিত্তৰ গড়ত কীৰ্তি স্তম্ভ
|File:Kirti stambha.jpg|চিত্তৰ গড়ত কীৰ্তি স্তম্ভ
|File:Victory tower.jpg|চিত্তৰ গড়ত বিজয় স্তম্ভ
}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="33565" sha1="qhhbpym7jqdsoiojlljpfni5kljd1qk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = [[file:Jaipur 03-2016 04 Amber Fort.jpg|280px]]
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Amber Fort at Jaipur
| location      = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| includes      = {{flatlist|
# [[Chittor Fort]]
# [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
# [[Ranthambore Fort]]
# [[Gagron Fort]]
# [[Amber Fort]]
# [[Jaisalmer Fort]]
}}
| ID            = 247rev
| year          = 2013
| embedded      = {{Location map many
| Rajasthan#India
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|WHS=Hill Forts of Rajasthan|Criteria=Cultural: (ii), (iii)}}

'''ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ''' ({{Lang-en| Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ ৰাজস্থান ৰাজ্যত বিস্তৃত ছটা দুৰ্গ। ধাৰাবাহিক হিচাপে গোট খুৱাই  ২০১৩ চনত [[ইউনেস্ক' বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]] হিচাপে নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে। পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে—চিত্তৰগড়ৰ চিত্তৰ গড়, ৰাজসামন্দৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰৰ ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গ, ঝলাৱাৰৰ গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ, [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ আমেৰ দুৰ্গ আৰু জয়ছলমেৰৰ জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গ। &lt;ref name=HFR1&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title=The Hill Forts of Rajasthan - a UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2013|work=UNESCO - Official Website}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ৰাজস্থান]]ত পাহাৰ আৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত এশৰো অধিক দুৰ্গ আছে। &quot;ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ&quot; প্ৰথমে আৰৱল্লী ৰেঞ্জৰ পাঁচটা ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত ধাৰাবাহিক সম্পত্তি হিচাপে ইউনেস্কোৰ হাতত অৰ্পণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ৫ম আৰু ১৮ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ কেইবাজনো ৰাজপুত ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ আৰু বৰ্ধন কৰিছিল। যোধপুৰৰ মেহৰনগড় দুৰ্গ, পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ যদিও  ইউনেস্ক'ৰ ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা নাই।এই দুৰ্গসমূহৰ কিছুমানৰ প্ৰতিৰক্ষামূলক দুৰ্গ দেৱাল ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত আছে, যিবোৰ এতিয়াও চহৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰত জীয়াই আছে আৰু এতিয়াও পানী সংগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ UNESCO series has been increased to six forts]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kohli2004&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Kohli |first=M.S. |title=Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure, Pilgrimage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIs4zv17HHwC&amp;pg=PA29 |year=2004 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-135-1 |pages=29–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==নিৰ্বাচন==
গড়সমূহৰ সংস্কৃতি আৰু স্থাপত্যক উজ্জ্বল কৰি তুলিবলৈ ৰাজপুতৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গসমূহৰ শৃংখলা ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হ’ব লাগিছিল।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Fantastic 5 Forts: Rajasthan Is Home to Some Beautiful Forts, Here Are Some Must-See Heritage Structures|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204252/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3191827171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2014|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt;

ৰাজস্থানৰ ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গৰ শৃংখলাৰ বাবে উপাদান স্থান নিৰ্বাচনৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু নিৰ্বাচিত মাপকাঠীৰ এক আভাস দাঙি ধৰে। নিৰ্বাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা মাপকাঠীসমূহে তলত দিয়া চাৰিটা পৰিধি অনুসৰণ কৰিছিল: দুৰ্গসমূহ পাহাৰৰ শিখৰৰ ভূগোলৰ সৈতে খাপ খাই পৰিছিল, দুৰ্গসমূহ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ আছিল, ইয়াত পবিত্ৰ মাটি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু দুৰ্গটোৰ ডিজাইন নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ সৈতে কৰা হৈছিল।

ৰাজপুতসকলে স্থাপত্যৰ গ্ৰন্থসমূহৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ভূগোলৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি দুৰ্গসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন কৰিছিল। আদিম সাহিত্যিক উল্লেখসমূহে চাৰি প্ৰকাৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ পাৰ্থক্য দেখুৱাইছিল; পাহাৰৰ শিখৰ দুৰ্গ, জল দুৰ্গ, বন দুৰ্গ, আৰু মৰুভূমি দুৰ্গ। বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰৰ এই শৃংখলাটো কেৱল ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গবোৰৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।
ইয়াৰ ফলত কেৱল প্ৰকাৰবিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কেইবাটাও দুৰ্গ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল যেনে জুনাগড় দুৰ্গ যিটো এটা মাটিৰ দুৰ্গ। তদুপৰি নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ বাবে ডিজাইন নকৰা দুৰ্গসমূহ বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল মেহৰনগড়,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mehrangarh.org/mehrangarh-2/history/ |title = History - Mehrangarh Museum Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত অৱস্থিত আছিল, তথাপিওদৰবাৰৰ বাবে এটা দুৰ্গযুক্ত দুৰ্গ আছিল য'ত সাধাৰণ নাগৰিকৰ বাবে নগৰীয়া বসতিৰ অভাৱ আছিল। কিন্তু ইউনেস্ক’ই ইয়াক ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নাই।

ভাৰতৰ প্ৰত্নতাত্ত্বিক জৰীপে লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা সকলো দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এখন প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকা ৰাজস্থানৰ দুৰ্গসমূহ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। শ শ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৫৪টা দুৰ্গ আৰু অধিক পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল কাৰণ ইয়াত ৰাজপুত সামৰিক স্থাপত্যৰ অবিচ্ছেদ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল। ৰাজ্যিক পক্ষই বুজাই দিলে যে কেনেকৈ এই প্ৰাৰম্ভিক তালিকাৰ পৰা ৰাজস্থানৰ ২৪টা উল্লেখযোগ্য দুৰ্গৰ পৰা গঠিত এটা সৰু গোট বাছনি কৰা হৈছিল যিবোৰৰ সকলোবোৰেই ৰাজপুত দুৰ্গসমূহৰ মূল দিশসমূহ ভাগ কৰিছিল।
এই সংখ্যা অতি সোনকালেই ১৩ লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। এই তালিকাৰ পৰা প্ৰথমতে পাঁচটা দুৰ্গ বাছনি কৰা হয়, সকলোবোৰ আৰাভাল্লী ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত আৰু বিভিন্ন বংশৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ষষ্ঠ দুৰ্গ জয়ছালমেৰ পিছলৈ এই শৃংখলাত সংযোজন কৰা হয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;THFORU&quot;/&gt;

==পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ==
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===চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|মেৰিয়ান নৰ্থৰ দুৰ্গৰ এখন ছবি, ১৮৭৮]]
'''চিত্তোদ দুৰ্গ''' নামেৰেও জনাজাত চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ ভাৰতৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ দুৰ্গ। এই দুৰ্গটো মেৱাৰৰ ৰাজধানী আছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ চিত্তৰগড় চহৰত অৱস্থিত। বেৰাচ নদীৰ পানী নিষ্কাশন কৰা উপত্যকাৰ সমভূমিৰ ওপৰত ২৮০ হেক্টৰ (৬৯১.৯ একৰ) এলেকাত বিস্তৃত ১৮০ মিটাৰ (৫৯০.৬ ফুট) উচ্চতাৰ পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ই বিস্তৃত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=International dictionary of historic places|date=1994–1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|author1=Ring, Trudy |author2=Salkin, Robert M. |author3=La Boda, Sharon.|isbn=9781884964046|location=Chicago|oclc=31045650}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750|last=Tillotson|first=G. H. R.|date=1987|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300037384|location=New Haven|oclc=14272201}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetindi00sari|title=India|last=Singh|first=Sarina|isbn=9781741043082|edition=12th|location=Footscray, Vic.|oclc=141382100|url-access=registration|year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
চিত্তৰগড়ক প্ৰথমে চিত্ৰকুট বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
ইয়াক স্থানীয় মৰি ৰাজপুত শাসক চিত্ৰংগদ মৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়।{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}
এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গৰ নাম ইয়াৰ নিৰ্মাতাৰ পৰাই লোৱা হৈছে।{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}}
আন এটা লোক-কিংবদন্তাই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণৰ কাৰণ কিংবদন্তি নায়ক [[ভীম]] বুলি কয়: ইয়াত কোৱা হৈছে যে ভীমে ইয়াৰ মাটিত খুন্দা মাৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত পানী ওলাই আহি এটা বৃহৎ জলাশয় গঠন কৰিছিল। ভীমে গঠন কৰা বুলি অভিযোগ উত্থাপন কৰা জলভাগ ভীমলাত কুণ্ড নামৰ এটা কৃত্ৰিম টেংক। লিপিৰ আধাৰত নৱম শতিকাৰ কেইবাটাও সৰু সৰু বৌদ্ধ স্তুপ জয়মল পট্টা হ্ৰদৰ প্ৰান্তত পোৱা গৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Ram Pol.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ বিশাল দুৱাৰ, যাক ৰাম পোল (ৰাম গেট) বোলা হয়।]]
কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ, যাক ভাৰতৰ ''গ্ৰেট ৱাল'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়, আৰাৱল্লী পাহাৰৰ পশ্চিম ৰেঞ্জত অৱস্থিত মেৱাৰ দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kumbhalgarh|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/destinations/kumbhalgarh.html#:~:text=The%20wall%20of%20Kumbhalgarh%20Fort,the%20Great%20Wall%20of%20China.|access-date=2021-10-29|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দুৰ্গ কমপ্লেক্সৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। প্ৰমাণৰ অভাৱত দুৰ্গৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস নিৰ্ণয় কৰিব পৰা নগ’ল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort|last=Asawa|first=Dr. Krishnadas Nair|ref=Asawa|publisher=Rajasthani Granthagar|year=2004|edition=5th|location=Jodhpur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kumbhalgarh Festival: It's Time to Gear Up, as This Cultural Fiesta, Held at One of the Most Famous and Historical Forts of Rajasthan, Is All Set to Open Its Doors to the Public|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204254/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3192075401.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=28 January 2015|publisher=DNA : Daily News &amp; Analysis }}&lt;/ref&gt; ৰাণা কুম্ভই নতুন দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে সৰু সৰু পাহাৰীয়া অঞ্চলত সীমাবদ্ধ এটা সৰু দুৰ্গ আছিল, যিটো মৌৰ্যৰ ৰজা সম্প্ৰতিয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় আৰু ইয়াক মৎস্যেন্দ্ৰ দুৰ্গ নামেৰে জনা যায়। আমি দেখা দুৰ্গটো, সিছোদিয়া ৰাজপুত বংশৰ ৰাণা কুম্ভই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Iconic Hill Forts on UN Heritage List|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-334781049.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=5 July 2015|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Mail Today|location=New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কুম্ভই সেই যুগৰ বিখ্যাত স্থপতি &quot;মণ্ডন&quot;ৰ সহায় লৈছিল। তেওঁৰ ৰাজ্যত থকা ৮৪টা দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৰাণা কুম্ভই ৩২টা দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়, ইয়াৰে কুম্ভলগড় আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ আৰু বিশৃংখল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=30–31|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰত ৭০ টাতকৈও অধিক মন্দিৰ আছে, জৈন আৰু হিন্দু দুয়োটা মন্দিৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/view-from-the-clouds/article3232075.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 May 2006|access-date=4 June 2015|title=View from the clouds}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Kumbhalgarh, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, 2012|ref=ASI|publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, Janpath, New Delhi-110011|year=2012|edition=1st|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===আমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Amber - panoramio (2).jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
আম্বাৰ ফ'ৰ্ট আমেৰত অৱস্থিত এটা দুৰ্গ। পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত ওখকৈ অৱস্থিত ই [[জয়পুৰ]]ৰ প্ৰধান পৰ্যটনস্থলী।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|title=Textbook of Indian History and Culture|publisher=MACMILLAN|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-3200-6|location=New Delhi|pages=167}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
আমেৰ দুৰ্গ কলাত্মক শৈলীৰ উপাদানৰ বাবে জনাজাত। বৃহৎ প্ৰাচীৰ আৰু শৃংখলাবদ্ধ গেট আৰু শিলৰ পথৰ সৈতে এই দুৰ্গৰ পৰা মাওটা হ্ৰদ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://amerjaipur.in/Amer-monuments-description.php?mid=4&amp;name=Maota%20Sarover|title = Maota Sarover -Amer-jaipur|date = |accessdate = 2015-09-25|website = amerjaipur.in|publisher = Agam pareek|last = |first = }}&lt;/ref&gt;
দেখা যায়, যিটো আমেৰ প্ৰাসাদৰ বাবে পানীৰ মূল উৎস।
আমেৰ আছিল চুছাৱট বংশৰ শাসিত মীনা ৰাজ্য। তেওঁলোকক পৰাস্ত কৰাৰ পিছত দুলহেৰাইৰ পুত্ৰ কাকিল দেৱে খোহৰ পিছত আমেৰক ধূন্ধৰৰ ৰাজধানী কৰিলে।
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Khoh|page=18|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}&lt;/ref&gt; আমেৰ দুৰ্গটো প্ৰথমে ৰাজা মান সিংহই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। জয় সিং প্ৰথম যে ইয়াক সম্প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিলে। পৰৱৰ্তী ১৫০ বছৰত একেৰাহে শাসকসকলে উন্নতি আৰু সংযোজন কৰে, যেতিয়ালৈকে ১৭২৭ চনত দ্বিতীয় ছাৱাই জয় সিংহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত কাচৱাহাসকলে নিজৰ ৰাজধানী জয়পুৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত নকৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&amp;pg=PA23 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Battees Khamba (32 Pillars).jpg|thumb|দুৰ্গৰ ওপৰত বত্ৰিশটা খুঁটা]]
ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ হৈছে ৰণথাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ ভিতৰত, ছাৱাই মাধোপুৰ চহৰৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan: Ranthambore|url=http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113141415/http://hillfortsrajasthan.nic.in/ranthambore-fort/history.html|archive-date=13 Jan 2017|access-date=6 March 2016|publisher=Amber Development &amp; Management Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ই এক ভয়ংকৰ দুৰ্গ যিটো ৰাজস্থানৰ ঐতিহাসিক বিকাশৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু হৈ আহিছে। ৰন্থামবোৰ দুৰ্গৰ সঠিক উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ে এতিয়াও বিতৰ্কিত যদিও সাধাৰণতে মানি লোৱা হয় যে খ্ৰীষ্টীয় অষ্টম শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দুৰ্গৰ স্থানত বসতি স্থাপন হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Aditya Malik |title=Hammīra: Chapters in Imagination, Time, History |series=Religion and Society |volume=83 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-065959-7 |year=2021 |page=19 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটো চাহামানসকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ |page=102 }}&lt;/ref&gt; দুৰ্গটোৰ নিৰ্মাণ সম্ভৱতঃ দশম শতিকাৰ মাজভাগত আৰম্ভ হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছতো কেইটামান শতিকা ধৰি চলিছিল। ত্ৰয়োদশ শতিকাত ইয়াক কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে দিল্লী চুলতানে দখল কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;IA, Vol. XLII, pp. 57-64&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZWgj-YMdVEC&amp;q=Nagavaloka&amp;pg=PA123 |title=Yasovarman of Kanau, p.123 |access-date=2012-09-25|last1=Mishra |first1=Shyam Manohar |year=1977 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
এই দুৰ্গটোৱে চাৰিওফালৰ ৰন্থাম্বোৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যানৰ এক বিশাল দৃশ্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু এতিয়া ই পৰ্যটকৰ জনপ্ৰিয় আকৰ্ষণৰ কেন্দ্ৰবিন্দু।
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author1=Singh, V. |author2=Shrivastava, A. |year=2007 |title=Biodiversity of Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan |publisher=Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur| isbn=978-81-7233-492-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|thumb|সন্ধিয়া সময়ত চহৰৰ ওপৰৰ দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গটো জয়ছলমেৰ চহৰত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অতি কম সংখ্যক &quot;জীৱন্ত দুৰ্গ&quot;ৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় (যেনে ফ্ৰান্সৰ কাৰ্কাচন), কিয়নো পুৰণি চহৰখনৰ জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় এক চতুৰ্থাংশ এতিয়াও দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰতে বাস কৰে।&lt;ref name=&quot;Fort full of life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|title=Fort full of life|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2017-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ৰাজস্থানৰ দ্বিতীয় আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি দুৰ্গ, ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ৰাজপুতে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjXrAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Jaisal+rajput|title = Princely Rajasthan: Rajput Palaces and Mansions|isbn = 9780865652408|last1 = Martinelli|first1 = Antonio|last2 = Michell|first2 = George|last3 = Nath|first3 = Aman|date = 14 October 2004| publisher=Harry N. Abrams }}&lt;/ref&gt;
কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি এই দুৰ্গটো ১১৫৬ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত ভাটী ৰাজপুত ৰাৱাল জয়ছালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rajasthan Guides (Everyman Guides). By Vivien Crump et al. 2002. Pg. 208. {{ISBN|1-85715-887-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
কাহিনীটোত কোৱা হৈছে যে ই লোধ্ৰুৱত পূৰ্বৰ এটা নিৰ্মাণক স্থানচ্যুত কৰিছিল, যাৰ ওপৰত জয়ছাল অসন্তুষ্ট আছিল আৰু এইদৰে, জয়ছালে জয়ছালমেৰ চহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাৰ সময়ত নতুন ৰাজধানী স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ|title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)|date=2006|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|pages=368| publisher=Rupa &amp; Company }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Abha|title=Desert's sinking fort|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/deserts-sinking-fort/article3928265.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2012|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ===
[[File:Gagron Fort, Gagron, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|দিনৰ পোহৰত গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গৰ দৃশ্য]]
গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ ঝালাৱাৰ জিলাত অৱস্থিত এটা পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ। ই পাহাৰ আৰু জল দুৰ্গৰ উদাহৰণ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jhalawar.html#gagron-fort|title=Jhalawar Tourism: Tourist Places in Jhalawar - Rajasthan Tourism|website=tourism.rajasthan.gov.in|language=en-IN|access-date=2018-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Meghna|date=2008|title=Forts in Rajasthan and recent tourism inclination|url=http://www.sajth.com/old/12%20Forts%20of%20Rajasthan.pdf|journal=S Asian J Tourism Heritage|volume=1|pages=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই দুৰ্গটো দ্বাদশ শতিকাত বিজলদেৱ সিং ডোদ (এজন ৰাজপুত ৰজা)ই নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।
পিছলৈ এই দুৰ্গটো শ্বেৰশ্বাহ আৰু আকবৰেও নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰে। আহু নদী আৰু কালি সিন্ধ নদীৰ সংগমস্থলীত এই দুৰ্গ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। গড়টোৰ চাৰিওফালে পানী আৰু চতুৰ্থ ফালে এটা খাদ আছে আৰু সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ নাম &quot;জালাদুৰ্গ&quot; পোৱা গৈছে। এই দুৰ্গটোত ১৪খন যুদ্ধ আৰু ২টা ৰাণীৰ জৌহৰৰ সাক্ষী হোৱা বুলি জানিব পৰা গৈছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Juhee|date=2019-03-04|title=This Fort in Jhalawar is India's only Fort Built without Foundation {{!}} Read to Know More {{!}} UdaipurBlog|url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/gagron-fort-in-jhalawar.html|access-date=2021-07-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gagron Fort witness of sacrifice, thousands of women saved their chastity by sacrificing lives |url=https://www.maharajatrails.com/gagron-fort-witness-of-sacrifice-thousands-of-women-saved-their-chastity-by-sacrificing-lives |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=www.maharajatrails.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== চিত্ৰ ==
{{gallery|mode=packed|height=165
|File:Amber Palace Jaipur Pano.JPG|ৰাস্তাৰ সিপাৰৰ পৰা আমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ ভিষ্টা
|File:Jaisalmer_forteresse.jpg|জয়ছালমেৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:N-RJ-87_Fort_including_Ancient_Temples_Jaisalmer_SolReyes20100917_332.JPG|জয়ছলমেৰ দুৰ্গৰ ভিতৰৰ জৈন মন্দিৰ
|File:Amer_Fort_Entrance.jpg|গণেশ পল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ, আমেৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:Sheesh_Mahal,_Amer_Fort.jpg|শ্বীশ মহল, আমেৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:Amber Fort (आमेर का किला ).jpg|আমেৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|জয়ছালমেৰ
|File:Aerial view of Kumbhalgarh.jpg|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গৰ আকাশী দৃশ্য
|File:Temple in Kumbalgarh fortress 01.JPG|ত্ৰিকুটা মন্দিৰ কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ
|File:Walls of Kumbhalgarh.jpg|কুম্ভলগড় দুৰ্গ
|File:Looking down on Ranthambore Fort.jpg|ৰন্থামভৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:Ranthambore Fort Jain Temple.jpg|জৈন মন্দিৰ, ৰন্থাম্বোৰ দুৰ্গ
|File:Gagron fort 2nd view.jpg|গাগ্ৰন দুৰ্গ
|File:Chittorgarh fort.JPG|চিত্তৰ দুৰ্গ
}}{{gallery|mode=packed|height=300
|File:Temple_de_Shanthinath.jpg|চিত্তৰ গড়ত কীৰ্তি স্তম্ভ
|File:Kirti stambha.jpg|চিত্তৰ গড়ত কীৰ্তি স্তম্ভ
|File:Victory tower.jpg|চিত্তৰ গড়ত বিজয় স্তম্ভ
}}

==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ পৰ্যটনস্থলী]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য ক্ষেত্ৰ]]</text>
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| conventional_long_name = ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য
| native_name = {{lang|da|Kongeriget Danmark}}
| common_name = ডেনমাৰ্ক
| image_flag = Flag of Denmark.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Denmark.svg
| national_motto = &lt;!-- No official motto; historically associated phrases may be noted --&gt;
| national_anthem = {{lang|da|Der er et yndigt land}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(&quot;There is a lovely land&quot;)}}
| image_map = Location of Denmark in Europe.svg
| capital = কোপেনহেগেন
| coordinates = {{coord|55|40|N|12|34|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = কোপেনহেগেন
| official_languages = ডেনিছ
| government_type = একক সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
| leader_title1 = ৰজা
| leader_name1 = ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম
| leader_title2 = প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী
| leader_name2 = মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন
| legislature = ফোল্কেটিং
| area_km2 = 42,947
| area_rank = ১৩২তম
| population_census = ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০ (২০২৩)
| population_density_km2 = ১৩৮.৯
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $৪৩৫.৬৭৪ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $৭৩,৫২০ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $৬৯,২৬৪ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| Gini = {{decrease}} ২৭.৩&lt;br /&gt;{{small|low}} (২০২১)
| HDI = {{increase}} ০.৯৪৮&lt;br /&gt;{{small|very high}} (২০২২)
| currency = ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন (DKK)
| time_zone = {{abbr|CET|Central European Time}} (UTC+1)
| time_zone_DST = {{abbr|CEST|Central European Summer Time}} (UTC+2)
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = +৪৫
| iso3166code = DK
| cctld = .dk
}}

'''ডেনমাৰ্ক''' ({{lang-da|Danmark}}, {{IPA-da|ˈtænmɑk|pron}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ইউৰোপৰ এখন দেশ। ইয়াক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে '''ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য''' ({{lang-da|Kongeriget Danmark}}) বুলি জনা যায় আৰু ইয়াৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড ইউৰোপৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমত অৱস্থিত, জাৰ্মানীৰ উত্তৰে, সুইডেনৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু নৰৱেৰ দক্ষিণে। ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজধানী আৰু সৰ্ববৃহৎ নগৰ হৈছে [[কোপেনহেগেন]], যি জিল্যাণ্ড দ্বীপত অৱস্থিত। দেশখনে উত্তৰ সাগৰ আৰু বাল্টিক সাগৰৰ সৈতে সীমা ভাগ কৰে, আৰু ইয়াৰ ভূখণ্ডত জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপ আৰু ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, য’ত ফিউন, জিল্যাণ্ড আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, দুয়োটা উত্তৰ আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰত অৱস্থিত স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল। ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত [[ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম]] বৰ্তমানৰ ৰজা আৰু [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]] প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী। দেশখনৰ সংসদ হৈছে [[ফোল্কেটিং]], আৰু ইয়াৰ অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]]। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মুদ্ৰা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]], ইউৰো নহয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark and the EU |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/eu-membership |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কক ইয়াৰ উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মান, সামাজিক কল্যাণ ব্যৱস্থা, আৰু পৰিবেশগত স্থিৰতাৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিৰ বাবে জনা যায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত, শক্তিশালী বাণিজ্য, কৃষি, আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি খণ্ডৰ সৈতে। দেশখনে [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]] অনুসৰণ কৰে, য’ত উচ্চ কৰ, সমতা, আৰু সামাজিক নিৰাপত্তাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Jørn |title=The Nordic Model: Scandinavia Since 1945 |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-86189-726-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ইতিহাস ==
=== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস প্ৰস্তৰ যুগলৈ গৈছে, যেতিয়া শিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক সম্প্ৰদায়ে এই অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল, প্ৰায় ১২,০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ পৰা। কৃষি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯০০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে আৰম্ভ হয়, আৰু ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৮০০–৬০০) ডেনিছ সমাজে সমাধি আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মৰ জৰিয়তে সমৃদ্ধিৰ চিন স্থাপন কৰে। লৌহ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫০০–১) জাৰ্মাণিক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ উত্থান ঘটে, যিসকলে আধুনিক ডেনিছ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lauring |first=Palle |title=A History of Denmark |publisher=Host &amp; Son |year=1995 |isbn=978-87-14-29306-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ভাইকিং যুগ ===
৮মৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভাইকিং যুগত ডেনসকলে ইউৰোপৰ বিস্তীৰ্ণ অঞ্চলত আক্ৰমণ, বাণিজ্য আৰু বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ডেনিছ ভাইকিংসকলে ইংলেণ্ড, আয়াৰলেণ্ড আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ অংশ শাসন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দীঘলীয়া জাহাজে আটলাণ্টিক পাৰ হৈ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকালৈও গৈছিল। এই সময়ত হাৰাল্ড ব্লুটুথৰ দৰে ৰজাই ডেনমাৰ্কক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ৯৬৫ চনত জেলিং শিলত এই ঘটনাৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Viking Age in Denmark |url=https://www.denmark.dk/history/viking-age |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== মধ্যযুগ আৰু আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি ===
মধ্যযুগত ডেনমাৰ্কে কালমাৰ সংঘ (১৩৯৭–১৫২৩)ৰ জৰিয়তে সুইডেন আৰু নৰৱেৰ সৈতে এক সংঘ গঠন কৰে, যি সংঘৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল ৰাণী মাৰ্গাৰেট প্ৰথমে। ১৬৪৫ আৰু ১৬৫৮ চনত সুইডেনৰ সৈতে যুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্কে ভূখণ্ড হেৰুৱায়। ১৮৪৯ চনত ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ হয়, যাৰ ফলত একনায়কত্বৰ অন্ত পৰে। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্ক নিৰপেক্ষ আছিল, কিন্তু দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ১৯৪০ চনত নাৎজী জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইয়াক দখল কৰে, যদিও প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনে উল্লেখযোগ্য ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Gwyn |title=A History of the Vikings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280134-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ভূগোল ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপত অৱস্থিত, যি উত্তৰ ইউৰোপত জাৰ্মানীৰ সৈতে স্থল সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰে আৰু পশ্চিমে উত্তৰ সাগৰ, পূবে বাল্টিক সাগৰ, আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূবে সুইডেনৰ সৈতে Øresund সেতুৰ জৰিয়তে সংযোগ আছে। দেশখনৰ ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ ভিতৰত জিল্যাণ্ড, ফিউন আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম সৰ্বাধিক জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ। ভূখণ্ড সমতল, কৃষিযোগ্য, আৰু ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ৪২,৯৪৭ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geography of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== জলবায়ু ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জলবায়ু নাতিশীতোষ্ণ, গ্ৰীষ্মকাল মৃদু (গড় ১৬–২০°চেলছিয়াছ) আৰু শীতকাল ঠাণ্ডা (গড় ০–৫°চেলছিয়াছ)। বৰষুণ নিয়মীয়া, বছৰি গড়ে ৭০০ মিলিমিটাৰ, আৰু বতাহ প্ৰচলিত, বিশেষকৈ পশ্চিমৰ পৰা। জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰভাৱত উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি আৰু সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ উচ্চতা বৃদ্ধিৰ সম্ভাৱনা ডেনমাৰ্কৰ বাবে উদ্বেগৰ বিষয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate of Denmark |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/denmark-12/ |website=Climate Data |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড, বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ দ্বীপ, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, ১৮টা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি, স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ জলবায়ু আৰ্কটিক, বৰফৰ আৱৰণ বেছিভাগ অঞ্চল জুৰি, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ জলবায়ু উপ-আৰ্কটিক, কুঁৱলী আৰু বতাহৰ বাবে জনাজাত। দুয়োটা অঞ্চলৰ নিজা স্থানীয় সংসদ আৰু প্ৰশাসন আছে, কিন্তু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা আৰু বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ বাবে ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenland and the Faroe Islands |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/greenland-and-the-faroe-islands |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ৰাজনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত ৰজা বা ৰাণী প্ৰতীকী প্ৰধান, আৰু [[ফোল্কেটিং]], ১৭৯জন সদস্যৰ একককক্ষীয় সংসদ, আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰে। ১৮৪৯ চনৰ সংবিধানে গণতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী, বৰ্তমান [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]], মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইউৰোৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। ই [[নাটো]], [[জাতিসংঘ]], আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক পৰিষদ]]ৰো সদস্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government of Denmark |url=https://www.government.dk/ |website=Government of Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আইন ব্যৱস্থা ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা নাগৰিক আইনৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈছে, স্বাধীন বিচাৰ বিভাগৰ সৈতে। উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয় হৈছে সৰ্বোচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়, যিয়ে সংবিধান আৰু আইনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰে। দেশখনৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা স্বচ্ছ আৰু দুৰ্নীতিৰ মাত্ৰা কম, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম ন্যায়পৰায়ণ ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Judicial System in Denmark |url=https://www.domstol.dk/en/about-the-courts/ |website=Danish Courts |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অৰ্থনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত আৰু উন্নত, উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মানৰ সৈতে। মুখ্য খণ্ডসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে বাণিজ্য, কৃষি (বিশেষকৈ ডাইৰি আৰু শুকৰৰ মাংস), আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি, য’ত বতাহৰ শক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ডেনমাৰ্ক বিশ্ব নেতা। ২০২৪ চনত অনুমান কৰা মুঠ ঘৰুৱা উৎপাদন (GDP) নামমাত্ৰ $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন আৰু প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিৰ GDP $৬৯,২৬৪। কোম্পানী যেনে [[লেগো]], [[মাৰ্স্ক]], আৰু [[ন’ভ’ নৰ্ডিস্ক]] ডেনমাৰ্কৰ। উচ্চ কৰ আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]]ৰ অধীনত সামাজিক কল্যাণৰ বাবে ব্যয় কৰা হয়, যিয়ে শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা আৰু বেকাৰী সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Economy of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== জনসংখ্যা ==
২০২৩ চনত ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০, জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত ১৩৮.৯ জন। প্ৰায় ৮৮% লোক ডেনিছ বংশোদ্ভৱ, বাকীসকল অভিবাসী বা তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তান, মুখ্যতঃ তুৰ্কী, পোলেণ্ড, চিৰিয়া আৰু জাৰ্মানীৰ পৰা। ৰাজধানী [[কোপেনহেগেন]]ত প্ৰায় ৬,৫০,০০০ লোক বাস কৰে, আনহাতে আৰহুছ, ওডেন্সে আৰু আলবৰ্গও উল্লেখযোগ্য নগৰ। অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]], আৰু বেছিভাগ লোকে ইংৰাজীও কয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-valg |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সংস্কৃতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সংস্কৃতি ইয়াৰ নৰ্ডিক ঐতিহ্য আৰু আধুনিকতাৰ মিশ্ৰণ। ডেনিছসকলে &quot;হাইগে&quot; ({{lang-da|hygge}}), আৰাম আৰু সামাজিকতাৰ এক ধাৰণা,ৰ বাবে জনা যায়। সাহিত্যত [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]]ৰ পৰীকথা, যেনে &quot;দ্য লিটল মাৰমেইড&quot;, বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। স্থাপত্যত কোপেনহেগেনৰ অপেৰা হাউচ আৰু ডিজাইনত [[লেগো]] উল্লেখযোগ্য। ডেনিছ খাদ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে &quot;smørrebrød&quot; (মুকলি চেণ্ডউইচ), আৰু দেশখন নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি আৰু জৈৱিক কৃষিৰ বাবেও প্ৰশংসিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danish Culture |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/danish-culture |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ধৰ্ম ===
বেছিভাগ ডেনিছ লোক (প্ৰায় ৭২%) ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গীৰ্জা, [[লুথাৰান খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ সদস্য। ইছলাম, অন্যান্য খ্ৰীষ্টান সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম অভিবাসী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত প্ৰচলিত। ডেনমাৰ্কত ধৰ্মীয় স্বাধীনতা সুৰক্ষিত, আৰু সমাজ সাধাৰণতে ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religion in Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/kultur-og-fritid/kirke-og-religion |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== শিক্ষা ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ শিক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা বিনামূলীয়া আৰু সকলোৰে বাবে সুলভ। প্ৰাথমিক আৰু মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষা ৬ৰ পৰা ১৬ বছৰ বয়সলৈ বাধ্যতামূলক। উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে [[কোপেনহেগেন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] আৰু [[আৰহুছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]]ৰ অধীনত ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ভৰ্তিৰ বাবে আৰ্থিক সাহায্য পায়। শিক্ষা ব্যৱস্থাই সৃজনশীলতা আৰু সমালোচনাত্মক চিন্তাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education in Denmark |url=https://www.studyindenmark.dk/ |website=Study in Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
{{Reflist}}

== বাহ্যিক সংযোগ ==
* {{Official website|https://www.denmark.dk/}} – ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক ৱেবছাইট
* {{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}
* {{Cite web |title=Statistics Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}</text>
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| native_name = {{lang|da|Kongeriget Danmark}}
| common_name = ডেনমাৰ্ক
| image_flag = Flag of Denmark.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Denmark.svg
| national_motto = &lt;!-- No official motto; historically associated phrases may be noted --&gt;
| national_anthem = {{lang|da|Der er et yndigt land}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(&quot;There is a lovely land&quot;)}}
| image_map = Location of Denmark in Europe.svg
| capital = কোপেনহেগেন
| coordinates = {{coord|55|40|N|12|34|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = কোপেনহেগেন
| official_languages = ডেনিছ
| government_type = একক সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
| leader_title1 = ৰজা
| leader_name1 = ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম
| leader_title2 = প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী
| leader_name2 = মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন
| legislature = ফোল্কেটিং
| area_km2 = 42,947
| area_rank = ১৩২তম
| population_census = ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০ (২০২৩)
| population_density_km2 = ১৩৮.৯
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $৪৩৫.৬৭৪ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $৭৩,৫২০ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $৬৯,২৬৪ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| Gini = {{decrease}} ২৭.৩&lt;br /&gt;{{small|low}} (২০২১)
| HDI = {{increase}} ০.৯৪৮&lt;br /&gt;{{small|very high}} (২০২২)
| currency = ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন (DKK)
| time_zone = {{abbr|CET|Central European Time}} (UTC+1)
| time_zone_DST = {{abbr|CEST|Central European Summer Time}} (UTC+2)
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = +৪৫
| iso3166code = DK
| cctld = .dk
}}

'''ডেনমাৰ্ক''' ({{lang-da|Danmark}}, {{IPA-da|ˈtænmɑk|pron}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ইউৰোপৰ এখন দেশ। ইয়াক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে '''ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য''' ({{lang-da|Kongeriget Danmark}}) বুলি জনা যায় আৰু ইয়াৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড ইউৰোপৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমত অৱস্থিত, জাৰ্মানীৰ উত্তৰে, সুইডেনৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু নৰৱেৰ দক্ষিণে। ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজধানী আৰু সৰ্ববৃহৎ নগৰ হৈছে [[কোপেনহেগেন]], যি জিল্যাণ্ড দ্বীপত অৱস্থিত। দেশখনে উত্তৰ সাগৰ আৰু বাল্টিক সাগৰৰ সৈতে সীমা ভাগ কৰে, আৰু ইয়াৰ ভূখণ্ডত জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপ আৰু ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, য’ত ফিউন, জিল্যাণ্ড আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, দুয়োটা উত্তৰ আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰত অৱস্থিত স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল। ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত [[ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম]] বৰ্তমানৰ ৰজা আৰু [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]] প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী। দেশখনৰ সংসদ হৈছে [[ফোল্কেটিং]], আৰু ইয়াৰ অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]]। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মুদ্ৰা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]], ইউৰো নহয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark and the EU |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/eu-membership |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কক ইয়াৰ উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মান, সামাজিক কল্যাণ ব্যৱস্থা, আৰু পৰিবেশগত স্থিৰতাৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিৰ বাবে জনা যায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত, শক্তিশালী বাণিজ্য, কৃষি, আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি খণ্ডৰ সৈতে। দেশখনে [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]] অনুসৰণ কৰে, য’ত উচ্চ কৰ, সমতা, আৰু সামাজিক নিৰাপত্তাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Jørn |title=The Nordic Model: Scandinavia Since 1945 |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-86189-726-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ইতিহাস ==
=== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস প্ৰস্তৰ যুগলৈ গৈছে, যেতিয়া শিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক সম্প্ৰদায়ে এই অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল, প্ৰায় ১২,০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ পৰা। কৃষি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯০০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে আৰম্ভ হয়, আৰু ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৮০০–৬০০) ডেনিছ সমাজে সমাধি আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মৰ জৰিয়তে সমৃদ্ধিৰ চিন স্থাপন কৰে। লৌহ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫০০–১) জাৰ্মাণিক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ উত্থান ঘটে, যিসকলে আধুনিক ডেনিছ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lauring |first=Palle |title=A History of Denmark |publisher=Host &amp; Son |year=1995 |isbn=978-87-14-29306-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ভাইকিং যুগ ===
৮মৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভাইকিং যুগত ডেনসকলে ইউৰোপৰ বিস্তীৰ্ণ অঞ্চলত আক্ৰমণ, বাণিজ্য আৰু বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ডেনিছ ভাইকিংসকলে ইংলেণ্ড, আয়াৰলেণ্ড আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ অংশ শাসন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দীঘলীয়া জাহাজে আটলাণ্টিক পাৰ হৈ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকালৈও গৈছিল। এই সময়ত হাৰাল্ড ব্লুটুথৰ দৰে ৰজাই ডেনমাৰ্কক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ৯৬৫ চনত জেলিং শিলত এই ঘটনাৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Viking Age in Denmark |url=https://www.denmark.dk/history/viking-age |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== মধ্যযুগ আৰু আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি ===
মধ্যযুগত ডেনমাৰ্কে কালমাৰ সংঘ (১৩৯৭–১৫২৩)ৰ জৰিয়তে সুইডেন আৰু নৰৱেৰ সৈতে এক সংঘ গঠন কৰে, যি সংঘৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল ৰাণী মাৰ্গাৰেট প্ৰথমে। ১৬৪৫ আৰু ১৬৫৮ চনত সুইডেনৰ সৈতে যুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্কে ভূখণ্ড হেৰুৱায়। ১৮৪৯ চনত ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ হয়, যাৰ ফলত একনায়কত্বৰ অন্ত পৰে। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্ক নিৰপেক্ষ আছিল, কিন্তু দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ১৯৪০ চনত নাৎজী জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইয়াক দখল কৰে, যদিও প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনে উল্লেখযোগ্য ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Gwyn |title=A History of the Vikings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280134-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ভূগোল ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপত অৱস্থিত, যি উত্তৰ ইউৰোপত জাৰ্মানীৰ সৈতে স্থল সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰে আৰু পশ্চিমে উত্তৰ সাগৰ, পূবে বাল্টিক সাগৰ, আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূবে সুইডেনৰ সৈতে Øresund সেতুৰ জৰিয়তে সংযোগ আছে। দেশখনৰ ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ ভিতৰত জিল্যাণ্ড, ফিউন আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম সৰ্বাধিক জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ। ভূখণ্ড সমতল, কৃষিযোগ্য, আৰু ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ৪২,৯৪৭ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geography of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== জলবায়ু ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জলবায়ু নাতিশীতোষ্ণ, গ্ৰীষ্মকাল মৃদু (গড় ১৬–২০°চেলছিয়াছ) আৰু শীতকাল ঠাণ্ডা (গড় ০–৫°চেলছিয়াছ)। বৰষুণ নিয়মীয়া, বছৰি গড়ে ৭০০ মিলিমিটাৰ, আৰু বতাহ প্ৰচলিত, বিশেষকৈ পশ্চিমৰ পৰা। জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰভাৱত উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি আৰু সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ উচ্চতা বৃদ্ধিৰ সম্ভাৱনা ডেনমাৰ্কৰ বাবে উদ্বেগৰ বিষয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate of Denmark |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/denmark-12/ |website=Climate Data |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড, বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ দ্বীপ, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, ১৮টা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি, স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ জলবায়ু আৰ্কটিক, বৰফৰ আৱৰণ বেছিভাগ অঞ্চল জুৰি, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ জলবায়ু উপ-আৰ্কটিক, কুঁৱলী আৰু বতাহৰ বাবে জনাজাত। দুয়োটা অঞ্চলৰ নিজা স্থানীয় সংসদ আৰু প্ৰশাসন আছে, কিন্তু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা আৰু বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ বাবে ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenland and the Faroe Islands |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/greenland-and-the-faroe-islands |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ৰাজনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত ৰজা বা ৰাণী প্ৰতীকী প্ৰধান, আৰু [[ফোল্কেটিং]], ১৭৯জন সদস্যৰ একককক্ষীয় সংসদ, আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰে। ১৮৪৯ চনৰ সংবিধানে গণতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী, বৰ্তমান [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]], মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইউৰোৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। ই [[নাটো]], [[জাতিসংঘ]], আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক পৰিষদ]]ৰো সদস্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government of Denmark |url=https://www.government.dk/ |website=Government of Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আইন ব্যৱস্থা ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা নাগৰিক আইনৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈছে, স্বাধীন বিচাৰ বিভাগৰ সৈতে। উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয় হৈছে সৰ্বোচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়, যিয়ে সংবিধান আৰু আইনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰে। দেশখনৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা স্বচ্ছ আৰু দুৰ্নীতিৰ মাত্ৰা কম, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম ন্যায়পৰায়ণ ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Judicial System in Denmark |url=https://www.domstol.dk/en/about-the-courts/ |website=Danish Courts |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অৰ্থনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত আৰু উন্নত, উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মানৰ সৈতে। মুখ্য খণ্ডসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে বাণিজ্য, কৃষি (বিশেষকৈ ডাইৰি আৰু শুকৰৰ মাংস), আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি, য’ত বতাহৰ শক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ডেনমাৰ্ক বিশ্ব নেতা। ২০২৪ চনত অনুমান কৰা মুঠ ঘৰুৱা উৎপাদন (GDP) নামমাত্ৰ $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন আৰু প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিৰ GDP $৬৯,২৬৪। কোম্পানী যেনে [[লেগো]], [[মাৰ্স্ক]], আৰু [[ন’ভ’ নৰ্ডিস্ক]] ডেনমাৰ্কৰ। উচ্চ কৰ আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]]ৰ অধীনত সামাজিক কল্যাণৰ বাবে ব্যয় কৰা হয়, যিয়ে শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা আৰু বেকাৰী সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Economy of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== জনসংখ্যা ==
২০২৩ চনত ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০, জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত ১৩৮.৯ জন। প্ৰায় ৮৮% লোক ডেনিছ বংশোদ্ভৱ, বাকীসকল অভিবাসী বা তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তান, মুখ্যতঃ তুৰ্কী, পোলেণ্ড, চিৰিয়া আৰু জাৰ্মানীৰ পৰা। ৰাজধানী [[কোপেনহেগেন]]ত প্ৰায় ৬,৫০,০০০ লোক বাস কৰে, আনহাতে আৰহুছ, ওডেন্সে আৰু আলবৰ্গও উল্লেখযোগ্য নগৰ। অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]], আৰু বেছিভাগ লোকে ইংৰাজীও কয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-valg |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সংস্কৃতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সংস্কৃতি ইয়াৰ নৰ্ডিক ঐতিহ্য আৰু আধুনিকতাৰ মিশ্ৰণ। ডেনিছসকলে &quot;হাইগে&quot; ({{lang-da|hygge}}), আৰাম আৰু সামাজিকতাৰ এক ধাৰণা,ৰ বাবে জনা যায়। সাহিত্যত [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]]ৰ পৰীকথা, যেনে &quot;দ্য লিটল মাৰমেইড&quot;, বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। স্থাপত্যত কোপেনহেগেনৰ অপেৰা হাউচ আৰু ডিজাইনত [[লেগো]] উল্লেখযোগ্য। ডেনিছ খাদ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে &quot;smørrebrød&quot; (মুকলি চেণ্ডউইচ), আৰু দেশখন নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি আৰু জৈৱিক কৃষিৰ বাবেও প্ৰশংসিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danish Culture |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/danish-culture |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ধৰ্ম ===
বেছিভাগ ডেনিছ লোক (প্ৰায় ৭২%) ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গীৰ্জা, [[লুথাৰান খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ সদস্য। ইছলাম, অন্যান্য খ্ৰীষ্টান সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম অভিবাসী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত প্ৰচলিত। ডেনমাৰ্কত ধৰ্মীয় স্বাধীনতা সুৰক্ষিত, আৰু সমাজ সাধাৰণতে ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religion in Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/kultur-og-fritid/kirke-og-religion |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== শিক্ষা ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ শিক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা বিনামূলীয়া আৰু সকলোৰে বাবে সুলভ। প্ৰাথমিক আৰু মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষা ৬ৰ পৰা ১৬ বছৰ বয়সলৈ বাধ্যতামূলক। উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে [[কোপেনহেগেন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] আৰু [[আৰহুছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]]ৰ অধীনত ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ভৰ্তিৰ বাবে আৰ্থিক সাহায্য পায়। শিক্ষা ব্যৱস্থাই সৃজনশীলতা আৰু সমালোচনাত্মক চিন্তাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education in Denmark |url=https://www.studyindenmark.dk/ |website=Study in Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
{{Reflist}}

== বাহ্যিক সংযোগ ==
* {{Official website|https://www.denmark.dk/}} – ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক ৱেবছাইট
* {{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}
* {{Cite web |title=Statistics Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}

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| conventional_long_name = ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য
| native_name = {{lang|da|Kongeriget Danmark}}
| common_name = ডেনমাৰ্ক
| image_flag = Flag of Denmark.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Denmark.svg
| national_motto = &lt;!-- No official motto; historically associated phrases may be noted --&gt;
| national_anthem = {{lang|da|Der er et yndigt land}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(&quot;There is a lovely land&quot;)}}
| image_map = Location of Denmark in Europe.svg
| capital = কোপেনহেগেন
| coordinates = {{coord|55|40|N|12|34|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = কোপেনহেগেন
| official_languages = ডেনিছ
| government_type = একক সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
| leader_title1 = ৰজা
| leader_name1 = ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম
| leader_title2 = প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী
| leader_name2 = মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন
| legislature = ফোল্কেটিং
| area_km2 = 42,947
| area_rank = ১৩২তম
| population_census = ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০ (২০২৩)
| population_density_km2 = ১৩৮.৯
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $৪৩৫.৬৭৪ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $৭৩,৫২০ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $৬৯,২৬৪ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| Gini = {{decrease}} ২৭.৩&lt;br /&gt;{{small|low}} (২০২১)
| HDI = {{increase}} ০.৯৪৮&lt;br /&gt;{{small|very high}} (২০২২)
| currency = ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন (DKK)
| time_zone = {{abbr|CET|Central European Time}} (UTC+1)
| time_zone_DST = {{abbr|CEST|Central European Summer Time}} (UTC+2)
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = +৪৫
| iso3166code = DK
| cctld = .dk
}}

'''ডেনমাৰ্ক''' ({{lang-da|Danmark}}, {{IPA-da|ˈtænmɑk|pron}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ইউৰোপৰ এখন দেশ। ইয়াক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে '''ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য''' ({{lang-da|Kongeriget Danmark}}) বুলি জনা যায় আৰু ইয়াৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড ইউৰোপৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমত অৱস্থিত, জাৰ্মানীৰ উত্তৰে, সুইডেনৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু নৰৱেৰ দক্ষিণে। ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজধানী আৰু সৰ্ববৃহৎ নগৰ হৈছে [[কোপেনহেগেন]], যি জিল্যাণ্ড দ্বীপত অৱস্থিত। দেশখনে উত্তৰ সাগৰ আৰু বাল্টিক সাগৰৰ সৈতে সীমা ভাগ কৰে, আৰু ইয়াৰ ভূখণ্ডত জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপ আৰু ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, য’ত ফিউন, জিল্যাণ্ড আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, দুয়োটা উত্তৰ আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰত অৱস্থিত স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল। ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত [[ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম]] বৰ্তমানৰ ৰজা আৰু [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]] প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী। দেশখনৰ সংসদ হৈছে [[ফোল্কেটিং]], আৰু ইয়াৰ অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]]। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মুদ্ৰা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]], ইউৰো নহয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark and the EU |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/eu-membership |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কক ইয়াৰ উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মান, সামাজিক কল্যাণ ব্যৱস্থা, আৰু পৰিবেশগত স্থিৰতাৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিৰ বাবে জনা যায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত, শক্তিশালী বাণিজ্য, কৃষি, আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি খণ্ডৰ সৈতে। দেশখনে [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]] অনুসৰণ কৰে, য’ত উচ্চ কৰ, সমতা, আৰু সামাজিক নিৰাপত্তাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Jørn |title=The Nordic Model: Scandinavia Since 1945 |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-86189-726-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ইতিহাস ==
=== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস প্ৰস্তৰ যুগলৈ গৈছে, যেতিয়া শিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক সম্প্ৰদায়ে এই অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল, প্ৰায় ১২,০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ পৰা। কৃষি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯০০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে আৰম্ভ হয়, আৰু ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৮০০–৬০০) ডেনিছ সমাজে সমাধি আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মৰ জৰিয়তে সমৃদ্ধিৰ চিন স্থাপন কৰে। লৌহ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫০০–১) জাৰ্মাণিক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ উত্থান ঘটে, যিসকলে আধুনিক ডেনিছ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lauring |first=Palle |title=A History of Denmark |publisher=Host &amp; Son |year=1995 |isbn=978-87-14-29306-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ভাইকিং যুগ ===
৮মৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভাইকিং যুগত ডেনসকলে ইউৰোপৰ বিস্তীৰ্ণ অঞ্চলত আক্ৰমণ, বাণিজ্য আৰু বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ডেনিছ ভাইকিংসকলে ইংলেণ্ড, আয়াৰলেণ্ড আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ অংশ শাসন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দীঘলীয়া জাহাজে আটলাণ্টিক পাৰ হৈ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকালৈও গৈছিল। এই সময়ত হাৰাল্ড ব্লুটুথৰ দৰে ৰজাই ডেনমাৰ্কক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ৯৬৫ চনত জেলিং শিলত এই ঘটনাৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Viking Age in Denmark |url=https://www.denmark.dk/history/viking-age |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== মধ্যযুগ আৰু আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি ===
মধ্যযুগত ডেনমাৰ্কে কালমাৰ সংঘ (১৩৯৭–১৫২৩)ৰ জৰিয়তে সুইডেন আৰু নৰৱেৰ সৈতে এক সংঘ গঠন কৰে, যি সংঘৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল ৰাণী মাৰ্গাৰেট প্ৰথমে। ১৬৪৫ আৰু ১৬৫৮ চনত সুইডেনৰ সৈতে যুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্কে ভূখণ্ড হেৰুৱায়। ১৮৪৯ চনত ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ হয়, যাৰ ফলত একনায়কত্বৰ অন্ত পৰে। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্ক নিৰপেক্ষ আছিল, কিন্তু দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ১৯৪০ চনত নাৎজী জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইয়াক দখল কৰে, যদিও প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনে উল্লেখযোগ্য ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Gwyn |title=A History of the Vikings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280134-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ভূগোল ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপত অৱস্থিত, যি উত্তৰ ইউৰোপত জাৰ্মানীৰ সৈতে স্থল সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰে আৰু পশ্চিমে উত্তৰ সাগৰ, পূবে বাল্টিক সাগৰ, আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূবে সুইডেনৰ সৈতে Øresund সেতুৰ জৰিয়তে সংযোগ আছে। দেশখনৰ ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ ভিতৰত জিল্যাণ্ড, ফিউন আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম সৰ্বাধিক জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ। ভূখণ্ড সমতল, কৃষিযোগ্য, আৰু ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ৪২,৯৪৭ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geography of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== জলবায়ু ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জলবায়ু নাতিশীতোষ্ণ, গ্ৰীষ্মকাল মৃদু (গড় ১৬–২০°চেলছিয়াছ) আৰু শীতকাল ঠাণ্ডা (গড় ০–৫°চেলছিয়াছ)। বৰষুণ নিয়মীয়া, বছৰি গড়ে ৭০০ মিলিমিটাৰ, আৰু বতাহ প্ৰচলিত, বিশেষকৈ পশ্চিমৰ পৰা। জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰভাৱত উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি আৰু সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ উচ্চতা বৃদ্ধিৰ সম্ভাৱনা ডেনমাৰ্কৰ বাবে উদ্বেগৰ বিষয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate of Denmark |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/denmark-12/ |website=Climate Data |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড, বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ দ্বীপ, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, ১৮টা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি, স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ জলবায়ু আৰ্কটিক, বৰফৰ আৱৰণ বেছিভাগ অঞ্চল জুৰি, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ জলবায়ু উপ-আৰ্কটিক, কুঁৱলী আৰু বতাহৰ বাবে জনাজাত। দুয়োটা অঞ্চলৰ নিজা স্থানীয় সংসদ আৰু প্ৰশাসন আছে, কিন্তু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা আৰু বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ বাবে ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenland and the Faroe Islands |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/greenland-and-the-faroe-islands |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ৰাজনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত ৰজা বা ৰাণী প্ৰতীকী প্ৰধান, আৰু [[ফোল্কেটিং]], ১৭৯জন সদস্যৰ একককক্ষীয় সংসদ, আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰে। ১৮৪৯ চনৰ সংবিধানে গণতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী, বৰ্তমান [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]], মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইউৰোৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। ই [[নাটো]], [[জাতিসংঘ]], আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক পৰিষদ]]ৰো সদস্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government of Denmark |url=https://www.government.dk/ |website=Government of Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আইন ব্যৱস্থা ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা নাগৰিক আইনৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈছে, স্বাধীন বিচাৰ বিভাগৰ সৈতে। উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয় হৈছে সৰ্বোচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়, যিয়ে সংবিধান আৰু আইনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰে। দেশখনৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা স্বচ্ছ আৰু দুৰ্নীতিৰ মাত্ৰা কম, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম ন্যায়পৰায়ণ ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Judicial System in Denmark |url=https://www.domstol.dk/en/about-the-courts/ |website=Danish Courts |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অৰ্থনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত আৰু উন্নত, উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মানৰ সৈতে। মুখ্য খণ্ডসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে বাণিজ্য, কৃষি (বিশেষকৈ ডাইৰি আৰু শুকৰৰ মাংস), আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি, য’ত বতাহৰ শক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ডেনমাৰ্ক বিশ্ব নেতা। ২০২৪ চনত অনুমান কৰা মুঠ ঘৰুৱা উৎপাদন (GDP) নামমাত্ৰ $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন আৰু প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিৰ GDP $৬৯,২৬৪। কোম্পানী যেনে [[লেগো]], [[মাৰ্স্ক]], আৰু [[ন’ভ’ নৰ্ডিস্ক]] ডেনমাৰ্কৰ। উচ্চ কৰ আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]]ৰ অধীনত সামাজিক কল্যাণৰ বাবে ব্যয় কৰা হয়, যিয়ে শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা আৰু বেকাৰী সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Economy of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== জনসংখ্যা ==
২০২৩ চনত ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০, জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত ১৩৮.৯ জন। প্ৰায় ৮৮% লোক ডেনিছ বংশোদ্ভৱ, বাকীসকল অভিবাসী বা তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তান, মুখ্যতঃ তুৰ্কী, পোলেণ্ড, চিৰিয়া আৰু জাৰ্মানীৰ পৰা। ৰাজধানী [[কোপেনহেগেন]]ত প্ৰায় ৬,৫০,০০০ লোক বাস কৰে, আনহাতে আৰহুছ, ওডেন্সে আৰু আলবৰ্গও উল্লেখযোগ্য নগৰ। অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]], আৰু বেছিভাগ লোকে ইংৰাজীও কয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-valg |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সংস্কৃতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সংস্কৃতি ইয়াৰ নৰ্ডিক ঐতিহ্য আৰু আধুনিকতাৰ মিশ্ৰণ। ডেনিছসকলে &quot;হাইগে&quot; ({{lang-da|hygge}}), আৰাম আৰু সামাজিকতাৰ এক ধাৰণা,ৰ বাবে জনা যায়। সাহিত্যত [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]]ৰ পৰীকথা, যেনে &quot;দ্য লিটল মাৰমেইড&quot;, বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। স্থাপত্যত কোপেনহেগেনৰ অপেৰা হাউচ আৰু ডিজাইনত [[লেগো]] উল্লেখযোগ্য। ডেনিছ খাদ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে &quot;smørrebrød&quot; (মুকলি চেণ্ডউইচ), আৰু দেশখন নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি আৰু জৈৱিক কৃষিৰ বাবেও প্ৰশংসিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danish Culture |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/danish-culture |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ধৰ্ম ===
বেছিভাগ ডেনিছ লোক (প্ৰায় ৭২%) ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গীৰ্জা, [[লুথাৰান খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ সদস্য। ইছলাম, অন্যান্য খ্ৰীষ্টান সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম অভিবাসী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত প্ৰচলিত। ডেনমাৰ্কত ধৰ্মীয় স্বাধীনতা সুৰক্ষিত, আৰু সমাজ সাধাৰণতে ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religion in Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/kultur-og-fritid/kirke-og-religion |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== শিক্ষা ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সকলো শিক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচী শিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰণালয়ৰ দ্বাৰা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত আৰু স্থানীয় পৌৰসভাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত। প্ৰাথমিক আৰু নিম্ন মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ সমগ্ৰ সময়কাল ফোল্কেস্কুলে সামৰি লয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education in Denmark |url=https://www.studyindenmark.dk/ |website=Study in Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; বেছিভাগ শিশু ৬ৰ পৰা ১৬ বছৰ বয়সলৈ ১০ বছৰৰ বাবে ফোল্কেস্কুলত পঢ়ে। কোনো চূড়ান্ত পৰীক্ষা নাই, কিন্তু নৱম শ্ৰেণী (১৪–১৫ বছৰ বয়স) সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ পিছত ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ইচ্ছা কৰিলে পৰীক্ষা দিব পাৰে। যদি অধিক শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিব বিচাৰে, তেন্তে এই পৰীক্ষা বাধ্যতামূলক। বিকল্প হিচাপে, ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে এখন স্বাধীন বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|friskole}}) বা ব্যক্তিগত বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|privatskole}}), যেনে খ্ৰীষ্টান বিদ্যালয় বা ৱাল্ডৰ্ফ বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়িব পাৰে।

ডেনমাৰ্কৰ শিক্ষা ব্যৱস্থা বিনামূলীয়া আৰু সকলোৰে বাবে সুলভ। প্ৰাথমিক আৰু মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষা ৬ৰ পৰা ১৬ বছৰ বয়সলৈ বাধ্যতামূলক। উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ বাবে [[কোপেনহেগেন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] আৰু [[আৰহুছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]]ৰ অধীনত ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ভৰ্তিৰ বাবে আৰ্থিক সাহায্য পায়। শিক্ষা ব্যৱস্থাই সৃজনশীলতা আৰু সমালোচনাত্মক চিন্তাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education in Denmark |url=https://www.studyindenmark.dk/ |website=Study in Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
{{Reflist}}

== বাহ্যিক সংযোগ ==
* {{Official website|https://www.denmark.dk/}} – ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক ৱেবছাইট
* {{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}
* {{Cite web |title=Statistics Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ইউৰোপৰ দেশ]]</text>
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| conventional_long_name = ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য
| native_name = {{lang|da|Kongeriget Danmark}}
| common_name = ডেনমাৰ্ক
| image_flag = Flag of Denmark.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Denmark.svg
| national_motto = &lt;!-- No official motto; historically associated phrases may be noted --&gt;
| national_anthem = {{lang|da|Der er et yndigt land}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(&quot;There is a lovely land&quot;)}}
| image_map = Location of Denmark in Europe.svg
| capital = কোপেনহেগেন
| coordinates = {{coord|55|40|N|12|34|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = কোপেনহেগেন
| official_languages = ডেনিছ
| government_type = একক সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
| leader_title1 = ৰজা
| leader_name1 = ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম
| leader_title2 = প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী
| leader_name2 = মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন
| legislature = ফোল্কেটিং
| area_km2 = 42,947
| area_rank = ১৩২তম
| population_census = ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০ (২০২৩)
| population_density_km2 = ১৩৮.৯
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $৪৩৫.৬৭৪ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $৭৩,৫২০ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $৬৯,২৬৪ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| Gini = {{decrease}} ২৭.৩&lt;br /&gt;{{small|low}} (২০২১)
| HDI = {{increase}} ০.৯৪৮&lt;br /&gt;{{small|very high}} (২০২২)
| currency = ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন (DKK)
| time_zone = {{abbr|CET|Central European Time}} (UTC+1)
| time_zone_DST = {{abbr|CEST|Central European Summer Time}} (UTC+2)
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = +৪৫
| iso3166code = DK
| cctld = .dk
}}

'''ডেনমাৰ্ক''' ({{lang-da|Danmark}}, {{IPA-da|ˈtænmɑk|pron}}) হৈছে উত্তৰ ইউৰোপৰ এখন দেশ। ইয়াক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে '''ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য''' ({{lang-da|Kongeriget Danmark}}) বুলি জনা যায় আৰু ইয়াৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড ইউৰোপৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমত অৱস্থিত, জাৰ্মানীৰ উত্তৰে, সুইডেনৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু নৰৱেৰ দক্ষিণে। ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজধানী আৰু সৰ্ববৃহৎ নগৰ হৈছে [[কোপেনহেগেন]], যি জিল্যাণ্ড দ্বীপত অৱস্থিত। দেশখনে উত্তৰ সাগৰ আৰু বাল্টিক সাগৰৰ সৈতে সীমা ভাগ কৰে, আৰু ইয়াৰ ভূখণ্ডত জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপ আৰু ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, য’ত ফিউন, জিল্যাণ্ড আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, দুয়োটা উত্তৰ আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰত অৱস্থিত স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল। ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত [[ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম]] বৰ্তমানৰ ৰজা আৰু [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]] প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী। দেশখনৰ সংসদ হৈছে [[ফোল্কেটিং]], আৰু ইয়াৰ অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]]। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মুদ্ৰা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]], ইউৰো নহয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark and the EU |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/eu-membership |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কক ইয়াৰ উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মান, সামাজিক কল্যাণ ব্যৱস্থা, আৰু পৰিবেশগত স্থিৰতাৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিৰ বাবে জনা যায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত, শক্তিশালী বাণিজ্য, কৃষি, আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি খণ্ডৰ সৈতে। দেশখনে [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]] অনুসৰণ কৰে, য’ত উচ্চ কৰ, সমতা, আৰু সামাজিক নিৰাপত্তাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Jørn |title=The Nordic Model: Scandinavia Since 1945 |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-86189-726-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ইতিহাস ==
=== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস প্ৰস্তৰ যুগলৈ গৈছে, যেতিয়া শিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক সম্প্ৰদায়ে এই অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল, প্ৰায় ১২,০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ পৰা। কৃষি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯০০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে আৰম্ভ হয়, আৰু ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৮০০–৬০০) ডেনিছ সমাজে সমাধি আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মৰ জৰিয়তে সমৃদ্ধিৰ চিন স্থাপন কৰে। লৌহ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫০০–১) জাৰ্মাণিক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ উত্থান ঘটে, যিসকলে আধুনিক ডেনিছ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lauring |first=Palle |title=A History of Denmark |publisher=Host &amp; Son |year=1995 |isbn=978-87-14-29306-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ভাইকিং যুগ ===
৮মৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভাইকিং যুগত ডেনসকলে ইউৰোপৰ বিস্তীৰ্ণ অঞ্চলত আক্ৰমণ, বাণিজ্য আৰু বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ডেনিছ ভাইকিংসকলে ইংলেণ্ড, আয়াৰলেণ্ড আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ অংশ শাসন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দীঘলীয়া জাহাজে আটলাণ্টিক পাৰ হৈ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকালৈও গৈছিল। এই সময়ত হাৰাল্ড ব্লুটুথৰ দৰে ৰজাই ডেনমাৰ্কক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ৯৬৫ চনত জেলিং শিলত এই ঘটনাৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Viking Age in Denmark |url=https://www.denmark.dk/history/viking-age |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== মধ্যযুগ আৰু আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি ===
মধ্যযুগত ডেনমাৰ্কে কালমাৰ সংঘ (১৩৯৭–১৫২৩)ৰ জৰিয়তে সুইডেন আৰু নৰৱেৰ সৈতে এক সংঘ গঠন কৰে, যি সংঘৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল ৰাণী মাৰ্গাৰেট প্ৰথমে। ১৬৪৫ আৰু ১৬৫৮ চনত সুইডেনৰ সৈতে যুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্কে ভূখণ্ড হেৰুৱায়। ১৮৪৯ চনত ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ হয়, যাৰ ফলত একনায়কত্বৰ অন্ত পৰে। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্ক নিৰপেক্ষ আছিল, কিন্তু দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ১৯৪০ চনত নাৎজী জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইয়াক দখল কৰে, যদিও প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনে উল্লেখযোগ্য ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Gwyn |title=A History of the Vikings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280134-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ভূগোল ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপত অৱস্থিত, যি উত্তৰ ইউৰোপত জাৰ্মানীৰ সৈতে স্থল সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰে আৰু পশ্চিমে উত্তৰ সাগৰ, পূবে বাল্টিক সাগৰ, আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূবে সুইডেনৰ সৈতে Øresund সেতুৰ জৰিয়তে সংযোগ আছে। দেশখনৰ ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ ভিতৰত জিল্যাণ্ড, ফিউন আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম সৰ্বাধিক জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ। ভূখণ্ড সমতল, কৃষিযোগ্য, আৰু ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ৪২,৯৪৭ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geography of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== জলবায়ু ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জলবায়ু নাতিশীতোষ্ণ, গ্ৰীষ্মকাল মৃদু (গড় ১৬–২০°চেলছিয়াছ) আৰু শীতকাল ঠাণ্ডা (গড় ০–৫°চেলছিয়াছ)। বৰষুণ নিয়মীয়া, বছৰি গড়ে ৭০০ মিলিমিটাৰ, আৰু বতাহ প্ৰচলিত, বিশেষকৈ পশ্চিমৰ পৰা। জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰভাৱত উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি আৰু সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ উচ্চতা বৃদ্ধিৰ সম্ভাৱনা ডেনমাৰ্কৰ বাবে উদ্বেগৰ বিষয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate of Denmark |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/denmark-12/ |website=Climate Data |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড, বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ দ্বীপ, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, ১৮টা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি, স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ জলবায়ু আৰ্কটিক, বৰফৰ আৱৰণ বেছিভাগ অঞ্চল জুৰি, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ জলবায়ু উপ-আৰ্কটিক, কুঁৱলী আৰু বতাহৰ বাবে জনাজাত। দুয়োটা অঞ্চলৰ নিজা স্থানীয় সংসদ আৰু প্ৰশাসন আছে, কিন্তু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা আৰু বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ বাবে ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenland and the Faroe Islands |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/greenland-and-the-faroe-islands |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ৰাজনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত ৰজা বা ৰাণী প্ৰতীকী প্ৰধান, আৰু [[ফোল্কেটিং]], ১৭৯জন সদস্যৰ একককক্ষীয় সংসদ, আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰে। ১৮৪৯ চনৰ সংবিধানে গণতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী, বৰ্তমান [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]], মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইউৰোৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। ই [[নাটো]], [[জাতিসংঘ]], আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক পৰিষদ]]ৰো সদস্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government of Denmark |url=https://www.government.dk/ |website=Government of Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আইন ব্যৱস্থা ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা নাগৰিক আইনৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈছে, স্বাধীন বিচাৰ বিভাগৰ সৈতে। উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয় হৈছে সৰ্বোচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়, যিয়ে সংবিধান আৰু আইনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰে। দেশখনৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা স্বচ্ছ আৰু দুৰ্নীতিৰ মাত্ৰা কম, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম ন্যায়পৰায়ণ ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Judicial System in Denmark |url=https://www.domstol.dk/en/about-the-courts/ |website=Danish Courts |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অৰ্থনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত আৰু উন্নত, উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মানৰ সৈতে। মুখ্য খণ্ডসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে বাণিজ্য, কৃষি (বিশেষকৈ ডাইৰি আৰু শুকৰৰ মাংস), আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি, য’ত বতাহৰ শক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ডেনমাৰ্ক বিশ্ব নেতা। ২০২৪ চনত অনুমান কৰা মুঠ ঘৰুৱা উৎপাদন (GDP) নামমাত্ৰ $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন আৰু প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিৰ GDP $৬৯,২৬৪। কোম্পানী যেনে [[লেগো]], [[মাৰ্স্ক]], আৰু [[ন’ভ’ নৰ্ডিস্ক]] ডেনমাৰ্কৰ। উচ্চ কৰ আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]]ৰ অধীনত সামাজিক কল্যাণৰ বাবে ব্যয় কৰা হয়, যিয়ে শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা আৰু বেকাৰী সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Economy of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== জনসংখ্যা ==
২০২৩ চনত ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০, জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত ১৩৮.৯ জন। প্ৰায় ৮৮% লোক ডেনিছ বংশোদ্ভৱ, বাকীসকল অভিবাসী বা তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তান, মুখ্যতঃ তুৰ্কী, পোলেণ্ড, চিৰিয়া আৰু জাৰ্মানীৰ পৰা। ৰাজধানী [[কোপেনহেগেন]]ত প্ৰায় ৬,৫০,০০০ লোক বাস কৰে, আনহাতে আৰহুছ, ওডেন্সে আৰু আলবৰ্গও উল্লেখযোগ্য নগৰ। অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]], আৰু বেছিভাগ লোকে ইংৰাজীও কয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-valg |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সংস্কৃতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সংস্কৃতি ইয়াৰ নৰ্ডিক ঐতিহ্য আৰু আধুনিকতাৰ মিশ্ৰণ। ডেনিছসকলে &quot;হাইগে&quot; ({{lang-da|hygge}}), আৰাম আৰু সামাজিকতাৰ এক ধাৰণা,ৰ বাবে জনা যায়। সাহিত্যত [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]]ৰ পৰীকথা, যেনে &quot;দ্য লিটল মাৰমেইড&quot;, বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। স্থাপত্যত কোপেনহেগেনৰ অপেৰা হাউচ আৰু ডিজাইনত [[লেগো]] উল্লেখযোগ্য। ডেনিছ খাদ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে &quot;smørrebrød&quot; (মুকলি চেণ্ডউইচ), আৰু দেশখন নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি আৰু জৈৱিক কৃষিৰ বাবেও প্ৰশংসিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danish Culture |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/danish-culture |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ধৰ্ম ===
বেছিভাগ ডেনিছ লোক (প্ৰায় ৭২%) ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গীৰ্জা, [[লুথাৰান খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ সদস্য। ইছলাম, অন্যান্য খ্ৰীষ্টান সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম অভিবাসী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত প্ৰচলিত। ডেনমাৰ্কত ধৰ্মীয় স্বাধীনতা সুৰক্ষিত, আৰু সমাজ সাধাৰণতে ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religion in Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/kultur-og-fritid/kirke-og-religion |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== শিক্ষা ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সকলো শিক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচী শিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰণালয়ৰ দ্বাৰা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত আৰু স্থানীয় পৌৰসভাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত। প্ৰাথমিক আৰু নিম্ন মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ সমগ্ৰ সময়কাল ফোল্কেস্কুলে সামৰি লয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education in Denmark |url=https://www.studyindenmark.dk/ |website=Study in Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; বেছিভাগ শিশু ৬ৰ পৰা ১৬ বছৰ বয়সলৈ ১০ বছৰৰ বাবে ফোল্কেস্কুলত পঢ়ে। কোনো চূড়ান্ত পৰীক্ষা নাই, কিন্তু নৱম শ্ৰেণী (১৪–১৫ বছৰ বয়স) সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ পিছত ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ইচ্ছা কৰিলে পৰীক্ষা দিব পাৰে। যদি অধিক শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিব বিচাৰে, তেন্তে এই পৰীক্ষা বাধ্যতামূলক। বিকল্প হিচাপে, ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে এখন স্বাধীন বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|friskole}}) বা ব্যক্তিগত বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|privatskole}}), যেনে খ্ৰীষ্টান বিদ্যালয় বা ৱাল্ডৰ্ফ বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়িব পাৰে।

বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ পৰা স্নাতক হোৱাৰ পিছত, কেইবাটাও অব্যাহত শিক্ষাৰ সুযোগ উপলব্ধ; জিমনেছিয়ামে (এছটিএক্স) মানৱীয় বিজ্ঞান আৰু বিজ্ঞানৰ মিশ্ৰণ শিক্ষণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে, উচ্চতৰ কাৰিকৰী পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে (এইচটিএক্স) বিজ্ঞান বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত মনোনিৱেশ কৰে, আৰু উচ্চতৰ বাণিজ্যিক পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে অৰ্থনীতিৰ বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে। উচ্চতৰ প্ৰস্তুতিমূলক পৰীক্ষা (এইচএফ) জিমনেছিয়াম (এছটিএক্স)ৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্যপূৰ্ণ, কিন্তু ই এক বছৰ চুটি। নিৰ্দিষ্ট পেছাৰ বাবে বৃত্তিমূলক শিক্ষা আছে, যিয়ে শিক্ষণ আৰু কৌশলৰ সংমিশ্ৰণৰ দ্বাৰা যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলক নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যৱসায়িক কামৰ বাবে প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়ে।

২০১৮ চনত উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৮৩% আৰু তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ নামভৰ্তি আৰু সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৪৫% আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education in Denmark |url=https://www.studyindenmark.dk/ |website=Study in Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনমাৰ্কত সকলো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু কলেজীয়া (তৃতীয় স্তৰ) শিক্ষা বিনামূলীয়া; পাঠ্যক্ৰমত নামভৰ্তিৰ বাবে কোনো মাচুল নালাগে। ১৮ বছৰ বা তাতকৈ অধিক বয়সৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় শিক্ষা সহায়ক অনুদানৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰিব পাৰে, যাক ষ্টেটেন্স উদ্দানেলছেষ্ট’ট্টে (এছইউ) বুলি জনা যায়, যিয়ে নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰ্থিক সাহায্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু মাহেকীয়াকৈ বিতৰণ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State Educational Support (SU) |url=https://www.su.dk/ |website=SU.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনিছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহে আন্তৰ্জাতিক ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলক ডেনমাৰ্কত আন্তৰ্জাতিকভাৱে স্বীকৃত যোগ্যতা অৰ্জনৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰে। বহুতো কাৰ্যসূচী ইংৰাজী ভাষাত পঢ়োৱা হ’ব পাৰে, যি হৈছে একাডেমিক লিংগুয়া ফ্ৰাংকা, স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী, স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী, ডক্টৰেট আৰু ছাত্ৰ বিনিময় কাৰ্যসূচীত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Study in Denmark |url=https://www.studyindenmark.dk/ |website=Study in Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
{{Reflist}}

== বাহ্যিক সংযোগ ==
* {{Official website|https://www.denmark.dk/}} – ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক ৱেবছাইট
* {{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}
* {{Cite web |title=Statistics Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ইউৰোপৰ দেশ]]</text>
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| conventional_long_name = ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য
| native_name = {{lang|da|Kongeriget Danmark}}
| common_name = ডেনমাৰ্ক
| image_flag = Flag of Denmark.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Denmark.svg
| national_motto = &lt;!-- No official motto; historically associated phrases may be noted --&gt;
| national_anthem = {{lang|da|Der er et yndigt land}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(&quot;There is a lovely land&quot;)}}
| image_map = Location of Denmark in Europe.svg
| capital = কোপেনহেগেন
| coordinates = {{coord|55|40|N|12|34|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = কোপেনহেগেন
| official_languages = ডেনিছ
| government_type = একক সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
| leader_title1 = ৰজা
| leader_name1 = ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম
| leader_title2 = প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী
| leader_name2 = মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন
| legislature = ফোল্কেটিং
| area_km2 = 42,947
| area_rank = ১৩২তম
| population_census = ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০ (২০২৩)
| population_density_km2 = ১৩৮.৯
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $৪৩৫.৬৭৪ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $৭৩,৫২০ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $৬৯,২৬৪ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| Gini = {{decrease}} ২৭.৩&lt;br /&gt;{{small|low}} (২০২১)
| HDI = {{increase}} ০.৯৪৮&lt;br /&gt;{{small|very high}} (২০২২)
| currency = ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন (DKK)
| time_zone = {{abbr|CET|Central European Time}} (UTC+1)
| time_zone_DST = {{abbr|CEST|Central European Summer Time}} (UTC+2)
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = +৪৫
| iso3166code = DK
| cctld = .dk
}}

'''ডেনমাৰ্ক''' ({{lang-en|Danmark}}) উত্তৰ ইউৰোপৰ এখন দেশ। ইয়াক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে '''ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য''' ({{lang-da|Kongeriget Danmark}}) বুলি জনা যায় আৰু ইয়াৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড ইউৰোপৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমত অৱস্থিত, জাৰ্মানীৰ উত্তৰে, সুইডেনৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু নৰৱেৰ দক্ষিণে। ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজধানী আৰু সৰ্ববৃহৎ নগৰ হৈছে [[কোপেনহেগেন]], যি জিল্যাণ্ড দ্বীপত অৱস্থিত। দেশখনে উত্তৰ সাগৰ আৰু বাল্টিক সাগৰৰ সৈতে সীমা ভাগ কৰে, আৰু ইয়াৰ ভূখণ্ডত জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপ আৰু ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, য’ত ফিউন, জিল্যাণ্ড আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, দুয়োটা উত্তৰ আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰত অৱস্থিত স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল। ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত [[ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম]] বৰ্তমানৰ ৰজা আৰু [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]] প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী। দেশখনৰ সংসদ হৈছে [[ফোল্কেটিং]], আৰু ইয়াৰ অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]]। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মুদ্ৰা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]], ইউৰো নহয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark and the EU |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/eu-membership |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কক ইয়াৰ উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মান, সামাজিক কল্যাণ ব্যৱস্থা, আৰু পৰিবেশগত স্থিৰতাৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিৰ বাবে জনা যায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত, শক্তিশালী বাণিজ্য, কৃষি, আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি খণ্ডৰ সৈতে। দেশখনে [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]] অনুসৰণ কৰে, য’ত উচ্চ কৰ, সমতা, আৰু সামাজিক নিৰাপত্তাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Jørn |title=The Nordic Model: Scandinavia Since 1945 |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-86189-726-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ইতিহাস ==
=== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস প্ৰস্তৰ যুগলৈ গৈছে, যেতিয়া শিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক সম্প্ৰদায়ে এই অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল, প্ৰায় ১২,০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ পৰা। কৃষি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯০০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে আৰম্ভ হয়, আৰু ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৮০০–৬০০) ডেনিছ সমাজে সমাধি আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মৰ জৰিয়তে সমৃদ্ধিৰ চিন স্থাপন কৰে। লৌহ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫০০–১) জাৰ্মাণিক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ উত্থান ঘটে, যিসকলে আধুনিক ডেনিছ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lauring |first=Palle |title=A History of Denmark |publisher=Host &amp; Son |year=1995 |isbn=978-87-14-29306-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ভাইকিং যুগ ===
৮মৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভাইকিং যুগত ডেনসকলে ইউৰোপৰ বিস্তীৰ্ণ অঞ্চলত আক্ৰমণ, বাণিজ্য আৰু বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ডেনিছ ভাইকিংসকলে ইংলেণ্ড, আয়াৰলেণ্ড আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ অংশ শাসন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দীঘলীয়া জাহাজে আটলাণ্টিক পাৰ হৈ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকালৈও গৈছিল। এই সময়ত হাৰাল্ড ব্লুটুথৰ দৰে ৰজাই ডেনমাৰ্কক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ৯৬৫ চনত জেলিং শিলত এই ঘটনাৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Viking Age in Denmark |url=https://www.denmark.dk/history/viking-age |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== মধ্যযুগ আৰু আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি ===
মধ্যযুগত ডেনমাৰ্কে কালমাৰ সংঘ (১৩৯৭–১৫২৩)ৰ জৰিয়তে সুইডেন আৰু নৰৱেৰ সৈতে এক সংঘ গঠন কৰে, যি সংঘৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল ৰাণী মাৰ্গাৰেট প্ৰথমে। ১৬৪৫ আৰু ১৬৫৮ চনত সুইডেনৰ সৈতে যুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্কে ভূখণ্ড হেৰুৱায়। ১৮৪৯ চনত ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ হয়, যাৰ ফলত একনায়কত্বৰ অন্ত পৰে। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্ক নিৰপেক্ষ আছিল, কিন্তু দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ১৯৪০ চনত নাৎজী জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইয়াক দখল কৰে, যদিও প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনে উল্লেখযোগ্য ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Gwyn |title=A History of the Vikings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280134-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ভূগোল ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপত অৱস্থিত, যি উত্তৰ ইউৰোপত জাৰ্মানীৰ সৈতে স্থল সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰে আৰু পশ্চিমে উত্তৰ সাগৰ, পূবে বাল্টিক সাগৰ, আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূবে সুইডেনৰ সৈতে Øresund সেতুৰ জৰিয়তে সংযোগ আছে। দেশখনৰ ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ ভিতৰত জিল্যাণ্ড, ফিউন আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম সৰ্বাধিক জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ। ভূখণ্ড সমতল, কৃষিযোগ্য, আৰু ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ৪২,৯৪৭ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geography of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== জলবায়ু ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জলবায়ু নাতিশীতোষ্ণ, গ্ৰীষ্মকাল মৃদু (গড় ১৬–২০°চেলছিয়াছ) আৰু শীতকাল ঠাণ্ডা (গড় ০–৫°চেলছিয়াছ)। বৰষুণ নিয়মীয়া, বছৰি গড়ে ৭০০ মিলিমিটাৰ, আৰু বতাহ প্ৰচলিত, বিশেষকৈ পশ্চিমৰ পৰা। জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰভাৱত উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি আৰু সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ উচ্চতা বৃদ্ধিৰ সম্ভাৱনা ডেনমাৰ্কৰ বাবে উদ্বেগৰ বিষয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate of Denmark |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/denmark-12/ |website=Climate Data |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড, বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ দ্বীপ, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, ১৮টা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি, স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ জলবায়ু আৰ্কটিক, বৰফৰ আৱৰণ বেছিভাগ অঞ্চল জুৰি, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ জলবায়ু উপ-আৰ্কটিক, কুঁৱলী আৰু বতাহৰ বাবে জনাজাত। দুয়োটা অঞ্চলৰ নিজা স্থানীয় সংসদ আৰু প্ৰশাসন আছে, কিন্তু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা আৰু বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ বাবে ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenland and the Faroe Islands |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/greenland-and-the-faroe-islands |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ৰাজনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত ৰজা বা ৰাণী প্ৰতীকী প্ৰধান, আৰু [[ফোল্কেটিং]], ১৭৯জন সদস্যৰ একককক্ষীয় সংসদ, আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰে। ১৮৪৯ চনৰ সংবিধানে গণতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী, বৰ্তমান [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]], মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইউৰোৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। ই [[নাটো]], [[জাতিসংঘ]], আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক পৰিষদ]]ৰো সদস্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government of Denmark |url=https://www.government.dk/ |website=Government of Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আইন ব্যৱস্থা ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা নাগৰিক আইনৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈছে, স্বাধীন বিচাৰ বিভাগৰ সৈতে। উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয় হৈছে সৰ্বোচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়, যিয়ে সংবিধান আৰু আইনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰে। দেশখনৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা স্বচ্ছ আৰু দুৰ্নীতিৰ মাত্ৰা কম, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম ন্যায়পৰায়ণ ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Judicial System in Denmark |url=https://www.domstol.dk/en/about-the-courts/ |website=Danish Courts |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অৰ্থনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত আৰু উন্নত, উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মানৰ সৈতে। মুখ্য খণ্ডসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে বাণিজ্য, কৃষি (বিশেষকৈ ডাইৰি আৰু শুকৰৰ মাংস), আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি, য’ত বতাহৰ শক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ডেনমাৰ্ক বিশ্ব নেতা। ২০২৪ চনত অনুমান কৰা মুঠ ঘৰুৱা উৎপাদন (GDP) নামমাত্ৰ $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন আৰু প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিৰ GDP $৬৯,২৬৪। কোম্পানী যেনে [[লেগো]], [[মাৰ্স্ক]], আৰু [[ন’ভ’ নৰ্ডিস্ক]] ডেনমাৰ্কৰ। উচ্চ কৰ আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]]ৰ অধীনত সামাজিক কল্যাণৰ বাবে ব্যয় কৰা হয়, যিয়ে শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা আৰু বেকাৰী সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Economy of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== জনসংখ্যা ==
২০২৩ চনত ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০, জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত ১৩৮.৯ জন। প্ৰায় ৮৮% লোক ডেনিছ বংশোদ্ভৱ, বাকীসকল অভিবাসী বা তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তান, মুখ্যতঃ তুৰ্কী, পোলেণ্ড, চিৰিয়া আৰু জাৰ্মানীৰ পৰা। ৰাজধানী [[কোপেনহেগেন]]ত প্ৰায় ৬,৫০,০০০ লোক বাস কৰে, আনহাতে আৰহুছ, ওডেন্সে আৰু আলবৰ্গও উল্লেখযোগ্য নগৰ। অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]], আৰু বেছিভাগ লোকে ইংৰাজীও কয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-valg |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সংস্কৃতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সংস্কৃতি ইয়াৰ নৰ্ডিক ঐতিহ্য আৰু আধুনিকতাৰ মিশ্ৰণ। ডেনিছসকলে &quot;হাইগে&quot; ({{lang-da|hygge}}), আৰাম আৰু সামাজিকতাৰ এক ধাৰণা,ৰ বাবে জনা যায়। সাহিত্যত [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]]ৰ পৰীকথা, যেনে &quot;দ্য লিটল মাৰমেইড&quot;, বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। স্থাপত্যত কোপেনহেগেনৰ অপেৰা হাউচ আৰু ডিজাইনত [[লেগো]] উল্লেখযোগ্য। ডেনিছ খাদ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে &quot;smørrebrød&quot; (মুকলি চেণ্ডউইচ), আৰু দেশখন নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি আৰু জৈৱিক কৃষিৰ বাবেও প্ৰশংসিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danish Culture |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/danish-culture |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ধৰ্ম ===
বেছিভাগ ডেনিছ লোক (প্ৰায় ৭২%) ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গীৰ্জা, [[লুথাৰান খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ সদস্য। ইছলাম, অন্যান্য খ্ৰীষ্টান সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম অভিবাসী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত প্ৰচলিত। ডেনমাৰ্কত ধৰ্মীয় স্বাধীনতা সুৰক্ষিত, আৰু সমাজ সাধাৰণতে ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religion in Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/kultur-og-fritid/kirke-og-religion |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== শিক্ষা ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সকলো শিক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচী শিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰণালয়ৰ দ্বাৰা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত আৰু স্থানীয় পৌৰসভাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত। প্ৰাথমিক আৰু নিম্ন মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ সমগ্ৰ সময়কাল ফোল্কেস্কুলে সামৰি লয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education in Denmark |url=https://www.studyindenmark.dk/ |website=Study in Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; বেছিভাগ শিশু ৬ৰ পৰা ১৬ বছৰ বয়সলৈ ১০ বছৰৰ বাবে ফোল্কেস্কুলত পঢ়ে। কোনো চূড়ান্ত পৰীক্ষা নাই, কিন্তু নৱম শ্ৰেণী (১৪–১৫ বছৰ বয়স) সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ পিছত ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ইচ্ছা কৰিলে পৰীক্ষা দিব পাৰে। যদি অধিক শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিব বিচাৰে, তেন্তে এই পৰীক্ষা বাধ্যতামূলক। বিকল্প হিচাপে, ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে এখন স্বাধীন বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|friskole}}) বা ব্যক্তিগত বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|privatskole}}), যেনে খ্ৰীষ্টান বিদ্যালয় বা ৱাল্ডৰ্ফ বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়িব পাৰে।

বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ পৰা স্নাতক হোৱাৰ পিছত, কেইবাটাও অব্যাহত শিক্ষাৰ সুযোগ উপলব্ধ; জিমনেছিয়ামে (এছটিএক্স) মানৱীয় বিজ্ঞান আৰু বিজ্ঞানৰ মিশ্ৰণ শিক্ষণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে, উচ্চতৰ কাৰিকৰী পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে (এইচটিএক্স) বিজ্ঞান বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত মনোনিৱেশ কৰে, আৰু উচ্চতৰ বাণিজ্যিক পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে অৰ্থনীতিৰ বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে। উচ্চতৰ প্ৰস্তুতিমূলক পৰীক্ষা (এইচএফ) জিমনেছিয়াম (এছটিএক্স)ৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্যপূৰ্ণ, কিন্তু ই এক বছৰ চুটি। নিৰ্দিষ্ট পেছাৰ বাবে বৃত্তিমূলক শিক্ষা আছে, যিয়ে শিক্ষণ আৰু কৌশলৰ সংমিশ্ৰণৰ দ্বাৰা যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলক নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যৱসায়িক কামৰ বাবে প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়ে।

২০১৮ চনত উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৮৩% আৰু তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ নামভৰ্তি আৰু সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৪৫% আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education in Denmark |url=https://www.studyindenmark.dk/ |website=Study in Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনমাৰ্কত সকলো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু কলেজীয়া (তৃতীয় স্তৰ) শিক্ষা বিনামূলীয়া; পাঠ্যক্ৰমত নামভৰ্তিৰ বাবে কোনো মাচুল নালাগে। ১৮ বছৰ বা তাতকৈ অধিক বয়সৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় শিক্ষা সহায়ক অনুদানৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰিব পাৰে, যাক ষ্টেটেন্স উদ্দানেলছেষ্ট’ট্টে (এছইউ) বুলি জনা যায়, যিয়ে নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰ্থিক সাহায্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু মাহেকীয়াকৈ বিতৰণ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State Educational Support (SU) |url=https://www.su.dk/ |website=SU.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনিছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহে আন্তৰ্জাতিক ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলক ডেনমাৰ্কত আন্তৰ্জাতিকভাৱে স্বীকৃত যোগ্যতা অৰ্জনৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰে। বহুতো কাৰ্যসূচী ইংৰাজী ভাষাত পঢ়োৱা হ’ব পাৰে, যি হৈছে একাডেমিক লিংগুয়া ফ্ৰাংকা, স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী, স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী, ডক্টৰেট আৰু ছাত্ৰ বিনিময় কাৰ্যসূচীত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Study in Denmark |url=https://www.studyindenmark.dk/ |website=Study in Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
{{Reflist}}

== বাহ্যিক সংযোগ ==
* {{Official website|https://www.denmark.dk/}} – ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক ৱেবছাইট
* {{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}
* {{Cite web |title=Statistics Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ইউৰোপৰ দেশ]]</text>
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| conventional_long_name = ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য
| native_name = {{lang|da|Kongeriget Danmark}}
| common_name = ডেনমাৰ্ক
| image_flag = Flag of Denmark.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Denmark.svg
| national_motto = &lt;!-- No official motto; historically associated phrases may be noted --&gt;
| national_anthem = {{lang|da|Der er et yndigt land}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(&quot;There is a lovely land&quot;)}}
| image_map = Location of Denmark in Europe.svg
| capital = কোপেনহেগেন
| coordinates = {{coord|55|40|N|12|34|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = কোপেনহেগেন
| official_languages = ডেনিছ
| government_type = একক সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
| leader_title1 = ৰজা
| leader_name1 = ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম
| leader_title2 = প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী
| leader_name2 = মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন
| legislature = ফোল্কেটিং
| area_km2 = 42,947
| area_rank = ১৩২তম
| population_census = ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০ (২০২৩)
| population_density_km2 = ১৩৮.৯
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $৪৩৫.৬৭৪ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $৭৩,৫২০ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $৬৯,২৬৪ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| Gini = {{decrease}} ২৭.৩&lt;br /&gt;{{small|low}} (২০২১)
| HDI = {{increase}} ০.৯৪৮&lt;br /&gt;{{small|very high}} (২০২২)
| currency = ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন (DKK)
| time_zone = {{abbr|CET|Central European Time}} (UTC+1)
| time_zone_DST = {{abbr|CEST|Central European Summer Time}} (UTC+2)
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = +৪৫
| iso3166code = DK
| cctld = .dk
}}

'''ডেনমাৰ্ক''' ({{lang-en|Danmark}}) উত্তৰ ইউৰোপৰ এখন দেশ। ইয়াক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে '''ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য''' ({{lang-da|Kongeriget Danmark}}) বুলি জনা যায় আৰু ইয়াৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড ইউৰোপৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমত অৱস্থিত, জাৰ্মানীৰ উত্তৰে, সুইডেনৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু নৰৱেৰ দক্ষিণে। ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজধানী আৰু সৰ্ববৃহৎ নগৰ হৈছে [[কোপেনহেগেন]], যি জিল্যাণ্ড দ্বীপত অৱস্থিত। দেশখনে উত্তৰ সাগৰ আৰু বাল্টিক সাগৰৰ সৈতে সীমা ভাগ কৰে, আৰু ইয়াৰ ভূখণ্ডত জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপ আৰু ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, য’ত ফিউন, জিল্যাণ্ড আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, দুয়োটা উত্তৰ আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰত অৱস্থিত স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল। ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত [[ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম]] বৰ্তমানৰ ৰজা আৰু [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]] প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী। দেশখনৰ সংসদ হৈছে [[ফোল্কেটিং]], আৰু ইয়াৰ অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]]। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মুদ্ৰা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]], ইউৰো নহয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark and the EU |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/eu-membership |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কক ইয়াৰ উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মান, সামাজিক কল্যাণ ব্যৱস্থা, আৰু পৰিবেশগত স্থিৰতাৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিৰ বাবে জনা যায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত, শক্তিশালী বাণিজ্য, কৃষি, আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি খণ্ডৰ সৈতে। দেশখনে [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]] অনুসৰণ কৰে, য’ত উচ্চ কৰ, সমতা, আৰু সামাজিক নিৰাপত্তাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Jørn |title=The Nordic Model: Scandinavia Since 1945 |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-86189-726-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ইতিহাস ==
=== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস প্ৰস্তৰ যুগলৈ গৈছে, যেতিয়া শিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক সম্প্ৰদায়ে এই অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল, প্ৰায় ১২,০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ পৰা। কৃষি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯০০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে আৰম্ভ হয়, আৰু ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৮০০–৬০০) ডেনিছ সমাজে সমাধি আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মৰ জৰিয়তে সমৃদ্ধিৰ চিন স্থাপন কৰে। লৌহ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫০০–১) জাৰ্মাণিক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ উত্থান ঘটে, যিসকলে আধুনিক ডেনিছ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lauring |first=Palle |title=A History of Denmark |publisher=Host &amp; Son |year=1995 |isbn=978-87-14-29306-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ভাইকিং যুগ ===
৮মৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভাইকিং যুগত ডেনসকলে ইউৰোপৰ বিস্তীৰ্ণ অঞ্চলত আক্ৰমণ, বাণিজ্য আৰু বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ডেনিছ ভাইকিংসকলে ইংলেণ্ড, আয়াৰলেণ্ড আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ অংশ শাসন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দীঘলীয়া জাহাজে আটলাণ্টিক পাৰ হৈ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকালৈও গৈছিল। এই সময়ত হাৰাল্ড ব্লুটুথৰ দৰে ৰজাই ডেনমাৰ্কক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ৯৬৫ চনত জেলিং শিলত এই ঘটনাৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Viking Age in Denmark |url=https://www.denmark.dk/history/viking-age |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== মধ্যযুগ আৰু আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি ===
মধ্যযুগত ডেনমাৰ্কে কালমাৰ সংঘ (১৩৯৭–১৫২৩)ৰ জৰিয়তে সুইডেন আৰু নৰৱেৰ সৈতে এক সংঘ গঠন কৰে, যি সংঘৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল ৰাণী মাৰ্গাৰেট প্ৰথমে। ১৬৪৫ আৰু ১৬৫৮ চনত সুইডেনৰ সৈতে যুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্কে ভূখণ্ড হেৰুৱায়। ১৮৪৯ চনত ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ হয়, যাৰ ফলত একনায়কত্বৰ অন্ত পৰে। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্ক নিৰপেক্ষ আছিল, কিন্তু দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ১৯৪০ চনত নাৎজী জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইয়াক দখল কৰে, যদিও প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনে উল্লেখযোগ্য ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Gwyn |title=A History of the Vikings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280134-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ভূগোল ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপত অৱস্থিত, যি উত্তৰ ইউৰোপত জাৰ্মানীৰ সৈতে স্থল সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰে আৰু পশ্চিমে উত্তৰ সাগৰ, পূবে বাল্টিক সাগৰ, আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূবে সুইডেনৰ সৈতে Øresund সেতুৰ জৰিয়তে সংযোগ আছে। দেশখনৰ ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ ভিতৰত জিল্যাণ্ড, ফিউন আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম সৰ্বাধিক জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ। ভূখণ্ড সমতল, কৃষিযোগ্য, আৰু ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ৪২,৯৪৭ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geography of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== জলবায়ু ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জলবায়ু নাতিশীতোষ্ণ, গ্ৰীষ্মকাল মৃদু (গড় ১৬–২০°চেলছিয়াছ) আৰু শীতকাল ঠাণ্ডা (গড় ০–৫°চেলছিয়াছ)। বৰষুণ নিয়মীয়া, বছৰি গড়ে ৭০০ মিলিমিটাৰ, আৰু বতাহ প্ৰচলিত, বিশেষকৈ পশ্চিমৰ পৰা। জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰভাৱত উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি আৰু সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ উচ্চতা বৃদ্ধিৰ সম্ভাৱনা ডেনমাৰ্কৰ বাবে উদ্বেগৰ বিষয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate of Denmark |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/denmark-12/ |website=Climate Data |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড, বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ দ্বীপ, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, ১৮টা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি, স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ জলবায়ু আৰ্কটিক, বৰফৰ আৱৰণ বেছিভাগ অঞ্চল জুৰি, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ জলবায়ু উপ-আৰ্কটিক, কুঁৱলী আৰু বতাহৰ বাবে জনাজাত। দুয়োটা অঞ্চলৰ নিজা স্থানীয় সংসদ আৰু প্ৰশাসন আছে, কিন্তু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা আৰু বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ বাবে ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenland and the Faroe Islands |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/greenland-and-the-faroe-islands |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ৰাজনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত ৰজা বা ৰাণী প্ৰতীকী প্ৰধান, আৰু [[ফোল্কেটিং]], ১৭৯জন সদস্যৰ একককক্ষীয় সংসদ, আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰে। ১৮৪৯ চনৰ সংবিধানে গণতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী, বৰ্তমান [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]], মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইউৰোৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। ই [[নাটো]], [[জাতিসংঘ]], আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক পৰিষদ]]ৰো সদস্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government of Denmark |url=https://www.government.dk/ |website=Government of Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আইন ব্যৱস্থা ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা নাগৰিক আইনৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈছে, স্বাধীন বিচাৰ বিভাগৰ সৈতে। উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয় হৈছে সৰ্বোচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়, যিয়ে সংবিধান আৰু আইনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰে। দেশখনৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা স্বচ্ছ আৰু দুৰ্নীতিৰ মাত্ৰা কম, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম ন্যায়পৰায়ণ ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Judicial System in Denmark |url=https://www.domstol.dk/en/about-the-courts/ |website=Danish Courts |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অৰ্থনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত আৰু উন্নত, উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মানৰ সৈতে। মুখ্য খণ্ডসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে বাণিজ্য, কৃষি (বিশেষকৈ ডাইৰি আৰু শুকৰৰ মাংস), আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি, য’ত বতাহৰ শক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ডেনমাৰ্ক বিশ্ব নেতা। ২০২৪ চনত অনুমান কৰা মুঠ ঘৰুৱা উৎপাদন (GDP) নামমাত্ৰ $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন আৰু প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিৰ GDP $৬৯,২৬৪। কোম্পানী যেনে [[লেগো]], [[মাৰ্স্ক]], আৰু [[ন’ভ’ নৰ্ডিস্ক]] ডেনমাৰ্কৰ। উচ্চ কৰ আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]]ৰ অধীনত সামাজিক কল্যাণৰ বাবে ব্যয় কৰা হয়, যিয়ে শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা আৰু বেকাৰী সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Economy of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== জনসংখ্যা ==
২০২৩ চনত ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০, জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত ১৩৮.৯ জন। প্ৰায় ৮৮% লোক ডেনিছ বংশোদ্ভৱ, বাকীসকল অভিবাসী বা তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তান, মুখ্যতঃ তুৰ্কী, পোলেণ্ড, চিৰিয়া আৰু জাৰ্মানীৰ পৰা। ৰাজধানী [[কোপেনহেগেন]]ত প্ৰায় ৬,৫০,০০০ লোক বাস কৰে, আনহাতে আৰহুছ, ওডেন্সে আৰু আলবৰ্গও উল্লেখযোগ্য নগৰ। অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]], আৰু বেছিভাগ লোকে ইংৰাজীও কয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-valg |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সংস্কৃতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সংস্কৃতি ইয়াৰ নৰ্ডিক ঐতিহ্য আৰু আধুনিকতাৰ মিশ্ৰণ। ডেনিছসকলে &quot;হাইগে&quot; ({{lang-da|hygge}}), আৰাম আৰু সামাজিকতাৰ এক ধাৰণা,ৰ বাবে জনা যায়। সাহিত্যত [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]]ৰ পৰীকথা, যেনে &quot;দ্য লিটল মাৰমেইড&quot;, বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। স্থাপত্যত কোপেনহেগেনৰ অপেৰা হাউচ আৰু ডিজাইনত [[লেগো]] উল্লেখযোগ্য। ডেনিছ খাদ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে &quot;smørrebrød&quot; (মুকলি চেণ্ডউইচ), আৰু দেশখন নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি আৰু জৈৱিক কৃষিৰ বাবেও প্ৰশংসিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danish Culture |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/danish-culture |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ধৰ্ম ===
বেছিভাগ ডেনিছ লোক (প্ৰায় ৭২%) ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গীৰ্জা, [[লুথাৰান খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ সদস্য। ইছলাম, অন্যান্য খ্ৰীষ্টান সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম অভিবাসী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত প্ৰচলিত। ডেনমাৰ্কত ধৰ্মীয় স্বাধীনতা সুৰক্ষিত, আৰু সমাজ সাধাৰণতে ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religion in Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/kultur-og-fritid/kirke-og-religion |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== শিক্ষা ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সকলো শিক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচী শিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰণালয়ৰ দ্বাৰা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত আৰু স্থানীয় পৌৰসভাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত। প্ৰাথমিক আৰু নিম্ন মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ সমগ্ৰ সময়কাল ফোল্কেস্কুলে সামৰি লয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Overview of the Danish Education System|url=http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111062215/http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|publisher=Danish Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality|access-date=28 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; বেছিভাগ শিশু ৬ৰ পৰা ১৬ বছৰ বয়সলৈ ১০ বছৰৰ বাবে ফোল্কেস্কুলত পঢ়ে। কোনো চূড়ান্ত পৰীক্ষা নাই, কিন্তু নৱম শ্ৰেণী (১৪–১৫ বছৰ বয়স) সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ পিছত ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ইচ্ছা কৰিলে পৰীক্ষা দিব পাৰে। যদি অধিক শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিব বিচাৰে, তেন্তে এই পৰীক্ষা বাধ্যতামূলক। বিকল্প হিচাপে, ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে এখন স্বাধীন বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|friskole}}) বা ব্যক্তিগত বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|privatskole}}), যেনে খ্ৰীষ্টান বিদ্যালয় বা ৱাল্ডৰ্ফ বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়িব পাৰে।

বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ পৰা স্নাতক হোৱাৰ পিছত, কেইবাটাও অব্যাহত শিক্ষাৰ সুযোগ উপলব্ধ; জিমনেছিয়ামে (এছটিএক্স) মানৱীয় বিজ্ঞান আৰু বিজ্ঞানৰ মিশ্ৰণ শিক্ষণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে, উচ্চতৰ কাৰিকৰী পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে (এইচটিএক্স) বিজ্ঞান বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত মনোনিৱেশ কৰে, আৰু উচ্চতৰ বাণিজ্যিক পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে অৰ্থনীতিৰ বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে। উচ্চতৰ প্ৰস্তুতিমূলক পৰীক্ষা (এইচএফ) জিমনেছিয়াম (এছটিএক্স)ৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্যপূৰ্ণ, কিন্তু ই এক বছৰ চুটি। নিৰ্দিষ্ট পেছাৰ বাবে বৃত্তিমূলক শিক্ষা আছে, যিয়ে শিক্ষণ আৰু কৌশলৰ সংমিশ্ৰণৰ দ্বাৰা যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলক নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যৱসায়িক কামৰ বাবে প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়ে।

২০১৮ চনত উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৮৩% আৰু তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ নামভৰ্তি আৰু সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৪৫% আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education in Denmark |url=https://www.studyindenmark.dk/ |website=Study in Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনমাৰ্কত সকলো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু কলেজীয়া (তৃতীয় স্তৰ) শিক্ষা বিনামূলীয়া; পাঠ্যক্ৰমত নামভৰ্তিৰ বাবে কোনো মাচুল নালাগে। ১৮ বছৰ বা তাতকৈ অধিক বয়সৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় শিক্ষা সহায়ক অনুদানৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰিব পাৰে, যাক ষ্টেটেন্স উদ্দানেলছেষ্ট’ট্টে (এছইউ) বুলি জনা যায়, যিয়ে নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰ্থিক সাহায্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু মাহেকীয়াকৈ বিতৰণ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=State Educational Support (SU) |url=https://www.su.dk/ |website=SU.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনিছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহে আন্তৰ্জাতিক ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলক ডেনমাৰ্কত আন্তৰ্জাতিকভাৱে স্বীকৃত যোগ্যতা অৰ্জনৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰে। বহুতো কাৰ্যসূচী ইংৰাজী ভাষাত পঢ়োৱা হ’ব পাৰে, যি হৈছে একাডেমিক লিংগুয়া ফ্ৰাংকা, স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী, স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী, ডক্টৰেট আৰু ছাত্ৰ বিনিময় কাৰ্যসূচীত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Study in Denmark |url=https://www.studyindenmark.dk/ |website=Study in Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
{{Reflist}}

== বাহ্যিক সংযোগ ==
* {{Official website|https://www.denmark.dk/}} – ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক ৱেবছাইট
* {{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}
* {{Cite web |title=Statistics Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ইউৰোপৰ দেশ]]</text>
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| conventional_long_name = ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য
| native_name = {{lang|da|Kongeriget Danmark}}
| common_name = ডেনমাৰ্ক
| image_flag = Flag of Denmark.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Denmark.svg
| national_motto = &lt;!-- No official motto; historically associated phrases may be noted --&gt;
| national_anthem = {{lang|da|Der er et yndigt land}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(&quot;There is a lovely land&quot;)}}
| image_map = Location of Denmark in Europe.svg
| capital = কোপেনহেগেন
| coordinates = {{coord|55|40|N|12|34|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = কোপেনহেগেন
| official_languages = ডেনিছ
| government_type = একক সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
| leader_title1 = ৰজা
| leader_name1 = ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম
| leader_title2 = প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী
| leader_name2 = মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন
| legislature = ফোল্কেটিং
| area_km2 = 42,947
| area_rank = ১৩২তম
| population_census = ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০ (২০২৩)
| population_density_km2 = ১৩৮.৯
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $৪৩৫.৬৭৪ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $৭৩,৫২০ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $৬৯,২৬৪ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| Gini = {{decrease}} ২৭.৩&lt;br /&gt;{{small|low}} (২০২১)
| HDI = {{increase}} ০.৯৪৮&lt;br /&gt;{{small|very high}} (২০২২)
| currency = ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন (DKK)
| time_zone = {{abbr|CET|Central European Time}} (UTC+1)
| time_zone_DST = {{abbr|CEST|Central European Summer Time}} (UTC+2)
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = +৪৫
| iso3166code = DK
| cctld = .dk
}}

'''ডেনমাৰ্ক''' ({{lang-en|Danmark}}) উত্তৰ ইউৰোপৰ এখন দেশ। ইয়াক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে '''ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য''' ({{lang-da|Kongeriget Danmark}}) বুলি জনা যায় আৰু ইয়াৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড ইউৰোপৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমত অৱস্থিত, জাৰ্মানীৰ উত্তৰে, সুইডেনৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু নৰৱেৰ দক্ষিণে। ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজধানী আৰু সৰ্ববৃহৎ নগৰ হৈছে [[কোপেনহেগেন]], যি জিল্যাণ্ড দ্বীপত অৱস্থিত। দেশখনে উত্তৰ সাগৰ আৰু বাল্টিক সাগৰৰ সৈতে সীমা ভাগ কৰে, আৰু ইয়াৰ ভূখণ্ডত জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপ আৰু ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, য’ত ফিউন, জিল্যাণ্ড আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, দুয়োটা উত্তৰ আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰত অৱস্থিত স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল। ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত [[ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম]] বৰ্তমানৰ ৰজা আৰু [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]] প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী। দেশখনৰ সংসদ হৈছে [[ফোল্কেটিং]], আৰু ইয়াৰ অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]]। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মুদ্ৰা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]], ইউৰো নহয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark and the EU |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/eu-membership |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কক ইয়াৰ উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মান, সামাজিক কল্যাণ ব্যৱস্থা, আৰু পৰিবেশগত স্থিৰতাৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিৰ বাবে জনা যায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত, শক্তিশালী বাণিজ্য, কৃষি, আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি খণ্ডৰ সৈতে। দেশখনে [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]] অনুসৰণ কৰে, য’ত উচ্চ কৰ, সমতা, আৰু সামাজিক নিৰাপত্তাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Jørn |title=The Nordic Model: Scandinavia Since 1945 |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-86189-726-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ইতিহাস ==
=== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস প্ৰস্তৰ যুগলৈ গৈছে, যেতিয়া শিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক সম্প্ৰদায়ে এই অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল, প্ৰায় ১২,০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ পৰা। কৃষি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯০০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে আৰম্ভ হয়, আৰু ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৮০০–৬০০) ডেনিছ সমাজে সমাধি আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মৰ জৰিয়তে সমৃদ্ধিৰ চিন স্থাপন কৰে। লৌহ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫০০–১) জাৰ্মাণিক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ উত্থান ঘটে, যিসকলে আধুনিক ডেনিছ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lauring |first=Palle |title=A History of Denmark |publisher=Host &amp; Son |year=1995 |isbn=978-87-14-29306-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ভাইকিং যুগ ===
৮মৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভাইকিং যুগত ডেনসকলে ইউৰোপৰ বিস্তীৰ্ণ অঞ্চলত আক্ৰমণ, বাণিজ্য আৰু বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ডেনিছ ভাইকিংসকলে ইংলেণ্ড, আয়াৰলেণ্ড আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ অংশ শাসন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দীঘলীয়া জাহাজে আটলাণ্টিক পাৰ হৈ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকালৈও গৈছিল। এই সময়ত হাৰাল্ড ব্লুটুথৰ দৰে ৰজাই ডেনমাৰ্কক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ৯৬৫ চনত জেলিং শিলত এই ঘটনাৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Viking Age in Denmark |url=https://www.denmark.dk/history/viking-age |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== মধ্যযুগ আৰু আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি ===
মধ্যযুগত ডেনমাৰ্কে কালমাৰ সংঘ (১৩৯৭–১৫২৩)ৰ জৰিয়তে সুইডেন আৰু নৰৱেৰ সৈতে এক সংঘ গঠন কৰে, যি সংঘৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল ৰাণী মাৰ্গাৰেট প্ৰথমে। ১৬৪৫ আৰু ১৬৫৮ চনত সুইডেনৰ সৈতে যুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্কে ভূখণ্ড হেৰুৱায়। ১৮৪৯ চনত ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ হয়, যাৰ ফলত একনায়কত্বৰ অন্ত পৰে। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্ক নিৰপেক্ষ আছিল, কিন্তু দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ১৯৪০ চনত নাৎজী জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইয়াক দখল কৰে, যদিও প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনে উল্লেখযোগ্য ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Gwyn |title=A History of the Vikings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280134-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ভূগোল ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপত অৱস্থিত, যি উত্তৰ ইউৰোপত জাৰ্মানীৰ সৈতে স্থল সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰে আৰু পশ্চিমে উত্তৰ সাগৰ, পূবে বাল্টিক সাগৰ, আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূবে সুইডেনৰ সৈতে Øresund সেতুৰ জৰিয়তে সংযোগ আছে। দেশখনৰ ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ ভিতৰত জিল্যাণ্ড, ফিউন আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম সৰ্বাধিক জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ। ভূখণ্ড সমতল, কৃষিযোগ্য, আৰু ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ৪২,৯৪৭ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geography of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== জলবায়ু ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জলবায়ু নাতিশীতোষ্ণ, গ্ৰীষ্মকাল মৃদু (গড় ১৬–২০°চেলছিয়াছ) আৰু শীতকাল ঠাণ্ডা (গড় ০–৫°চেলছিয়াছ)। বৰষুণ নিয়মীয়া, বছৰি গড়ে ৭০০ মিলিমিটাৰ, আৰু বতাহ প্ৰচলিত, বিশেষকৈ পশ্চিমৰ পৰা। জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰভাৱত উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি আৰু সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ উচ্চতা বৃদ্ধিৰ সম্ভাৱনা ডেনমাৰ্কৰ বাবে উদ্বেগৰ বিষয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate of Denmark |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/denmark-12/ |website=Climate Data |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড, বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ দ্বীপ, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, ১৮টা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি, স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ জলবায়ু আৰ্কটিক, বৰফৰ আৱৰণ বেছিভাগ অঞ্চল জুৰি, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ জলবায়ু উপ-আৰ্কটিক, কুঁৱলী আৰু বতাহৰ বাবে জনাজাত। দুয়োটা অঞ্চলৰ নিজা স্থানীয় সংসদ আৰু প্ৰশাসন আছে, কিন্তু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা আৰু বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ বাবে ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenland and the Faroe Islands |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/greenland-and-the-faroe-islands |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ৰাজনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত ৰজা বা ৰাণী প্ৰতীকী প্ৰধান, আৰু [[ফোল্কেটিং]], ১৭৯জন সদস্যৰ একককক্ষীয় সংসদ, আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰে। ১৮৪৯ চনৰ সংবিধানে গণতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী, বৰ্তমান [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]], মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইউৰোৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। ই [[নাটো]], [[জাতিসংঘ]], আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক পৰিষদ]]ৰো সদস্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government of Denmark |url=https://www.government.dk/ |website=Government of Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আইন ব্যৱস্থা ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা নাগৰিক আইনৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈছে, স্বাধীন বিচাৰ বিভাগৰ সৈতে। উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয় হৈছে সৰ্বোচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়, যিয়ে সংবিধান আৰু আইনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰে। দেশখনৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা স্বচ্ছ আৰু দুৰ্নীতিৰ মাত্ৰা কম, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম ন্যায়পৰায়ণ ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Judicial System in Denmark |url=https://www.domstol.dk/en/about-the-courts/ |website=Danish Courts |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অৰ্থনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত আৰু উন্নত, উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মানৰ সৈতে। মুখ্য খণ্ডসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে বাণিজ্য, কৃষি (বিশেষকৈ ডাইৰি আৰু শুকৰৰ মাংস), আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি, য’ত বতাহৰ শক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ডেনমাৰ্ক বিশ্ব নেতা। ২০২৪ চনত অনুমান কৰা মুঠ ঘৰুৱা উৎপাদন (GDP) নামমাত্ৰ $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন আৰু প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিৰ GDP $৬৯,২৬৪। কোম্পানী যেনে [[লেগো]], [[মাৰ্স্ক]], আৰু [[ন’ভ’ নৰ্ডিস্ক]] ডেনমাৰ্কৰ। উচ্চ কৰ আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]]ৰ অধীনত সামাজিক কল্যাণৰ বাবে ব্যয় কৰা হয়, যিয়ে শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা আৰু বেকাৰী সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Economy of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== জনসংখ্যা ==
২০২৩ চনত ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০, জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত ১৩৮.৯ জন। প্ৰায় ৮৮% লোক ডেনিছ বংশোদ্ভৱ, বাকীসকল অভিবাসী বা তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তান, মুখ্যতঃ তুৰ্কী, পোলেণ্ড, চিৰিয়া আৰু জাৰ্মানীৰ পৰা। ৰাজধানী [[কোপেনহেগেন]]ত প্ৰায় ৬,৫০,০০০ লোক বাস কৰে, আনহাতে আৰহুছ, ওডেন্সে আৰু আলবৰ্গও উল্লেখযোগ্য নগৰ। অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]], আৰু বেছিভাগ লোকে ইংৰাজীও কয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-valg |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সংস্কৃতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সংস্কৃতি ইয়াৰ নৰ্ডিক ঐতিহ্য আৰু আধুনিকতাৰ মিশ্ৰণ। ডেনিছসকলে &quot;হাইগে&quot; ({{lang-da|hygge}}), আৰাম আৰু সামাজিকতাৰ এক ধাৰণা,ৰ বাবে জনা যায়। সাহিত্যত [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]]ৰ পৰীকথা, যেনে &quot;দ্য লিটল মাৰমেইড&quot;, বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। স্থাপত্যত কোপেনহেগেনৰ অপেৰা হাউচ আৰু ডিজাইনত [[লেগো]] উল্লেখযোগ্য। ডেনিছ খাদ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে &quot;smørrebrød&quot; (মুকলি চেণ্ডউইচ), আৰু দেশখন নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি আৰু জৈৱিক কৃষিৰ বাবেও প্ৰশংসিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danish Culture |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/danish-culture |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ধৰ্ম ===
বেছিভাগ ডেনিছ লোক (প্ৰায় ৭২%) ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গীৰ্জা, [[লুথাৰান খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ সদস্য। ইছলাম, অন্যান্য খ্ৰীষ্টান সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম অভিবাসী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত প্ৰচলিত। ডেনমাৰ্কত ধৰ্মীয় স্বাধীনতা সুৰক্ষিত, আৰু সমাজ সাধাৰণতে ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religion in Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/kultur-og-fritid/kirke-og-religion |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== শিক্ষা ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সকলো শিক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচী শিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰণালয়ৰ দ্বাৰা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত আৰু স্থানীয় পৌৰসভাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত। প্ৰাথমিক আৰু নিম্ন মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ সমগ্ৰ সময়কাল ফোল্কেস্কুলে সামৰি লয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Overview of the Danish Education System|url=http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111062215/http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|publisher=Danish Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality|access-date=28 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; বেছিভাগ শিশু ৬ৰ পৰা ১৬ বছৰ বয়সলৈ ১০ বছৰৰ বাবে ফোল্কেস্কুলত পঢ়ে। কোনো চূড়ান্ত পৰীক্ষা নাই, কিন্তু নৱম শ্ৰেণী (১৪–১৫ বছৰ বয়স) সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ পিছত ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ইচ্ছা কৰিলে পৰীক্ষা দিব পাৰে। যদি অধিক শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিব বিচাৰে, তেন্তে এই পৰীক্ষা বাধ্যতামূলক। বিকল্প হিচাপে, ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে এখন স্বাধীন বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|friskole}}) বা ব্যক্তিগত বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|privatskole}}), যেনে খ্ৰীষ্টান বিদ্যালয় বা ৱাল্ডৰ্ফ বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়িব পাৰে।

বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ পৰা স্নাতক হোৱাৰ পিছত, কেইবাটাও অব্যাহত শিক্ষাৰ সুযোগ উপলব্ধ; জিমনেছিয়ামে (এছটিএক্স) মানৱীয় বিজ্ঞান আৰু বিজ্ঞানৰ মিশ্ৰণ শিক্ষণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে, উচ্চতৰ কাৰিকৰী পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে (এইচটিএক্স) বিজ্ঞান বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত মনোনিৱেশ কৰে, আৰু উচ্চতৰ বাণিজ্যিক পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে অৰ্থনীতিৰ বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে। উচ্চতৰ প্ৰস্তুতিমূলক পৰীক্ষা (এইচএফ) জিমনেছিয়াম (এছটিএক্স)ৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্যপূৰ্ণ, কিন্তু ই এক বছৰ চুটি। নিৰ্দিষ্ট পেছাৰ বাবে বৃত্তিমূলক শিক্ষা আছে, যিয়ে শিক্ষণ আৰু কৌশলৰ সংমিশ্ৰণৰ দ্বাৰা যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলক নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যৱসায়িক কামৰ বাবে প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়ে।

২০১৮ চনত উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৮৩% আৰু তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ নামভৰ্তি আৰু সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৪৫% আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Education Policy Outlook: Denmark |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2020/12/education-policy-outlook-in-denmark_c225a424/3288629c-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017183723/https://www.oecd.org/edu/EDUCATION%20POLICY%20OUTLOOK%20DENMARK_EN.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2016 |access-date=29 March 2025 |publisher=OECD |page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনমাৰ্কত সকলো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু কলেজীয়া (তৃতীয় স্তৰ) শিক্ষা বিনামূলীয়া; পাঠ্যক্ৰমত নামভৰ্তিৰ বাবে কোনো মাচুল নালাগে। ১৮ বছৰ বা তাতকৈ অধিক বয়সৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় শিক্ষা সহায়ক অনুদানৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰিব পাৰে, যাক ষ্টেটেন্স উদ্দানেলছেষ্ট’ট্টে (এছইউ) বুলি জনা যায়, যিয়ে নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰ্থিক সাহায্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু মাহেকীয়াকৈ বিতৰণ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Rick Noack (4 February 2015). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/04/why-danish-students-are-paid-to-go-to-college/ Why Danish students are paid to go to college] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524062503/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/04/why-danish-students-are-paid-to-go-to-college/ |date=24 May 2015 }}. ''[[The Washington Post]].'' Retrieved 5 February 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনিছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহে আন্তৰ্জাতিক ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলক ডেনমাৰ্কত আন্তৰ্জাতিকভাৱে স্বীকৃত যোগ্যতা অৰ্জনৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰে। বহুতো কাৰ্যসূচী ইংৰাজী ভাষাত পঢ়োৱা হ’ব পাৰে, যি হৈছে একাডেমিক লিংগুয়া ফ্ৰাংকা, স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী, স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী, ডক্টৰেট আৰু ছাত্ৰ বিনিময় কাৰ্যসূচীত।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://studyindenmark.dk/ |title=Study in Denmark, official government website on international higher education in Denmark |access-date=8 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510042940/http://studyindenmark.dk/ |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
{{Reflist}}

== বাহ্যিক সংযোগ ==
* {{Official website|https://www.denmark.dk/}} – ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক ৱেবছাইট
* {{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}
* {{Cite web |title=Statistics Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ইউৰোপৰ দেশ]]</text>
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| conventional_long_name = ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য
| native_name = {{lang|da|Kongeriget Danmark}}
| common_name = ডেনমাৰ্ক
| image_flag = Flag of Denmark.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Denmark.svg
| national_motto = &lt;!-- No official motto; historically associated phrases may be noted --&gt;
| national_anthem = {{lang|da|Der er et yndigt land}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(&quot;There is a lovely land&quot;)}}
| image_map = Location of Denmark in Europe.svg
| capital = কোপেনহেগেন
| coordinates = {{coord|55|40|N|12|34|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = কোপেনহেগেন
| official_languages = ডেনিছ
| government_type = একক সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
| leader_title1 = ৰজা
| leader_name1 = ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম
| leader_title2 = প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী
| leader_name2 = মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন
| legislature = ফোল্কেটিং
| area_km2 = 42,947
| area_rank = ১৩২তম
| population_census = ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০ (২০২৩)
| population_density_km2 = ১৩৮.৯
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $৪৩৫.৬৭৪ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $৭৩,৫২০ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $৬৯,২৬৪ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| Gini = {{decrease}} ২৭.৩&lt;br /&gt;{{small|low}} (২০২১)
| HDI = {{increase}} ০.৯৪৮&lt;br /&gt;{{small|very high}} (২০২২)
| currency = ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন (DKK)
| time_zone = {{abbr|CET|Central European Time}} (UTC+1)
| time_zone_DST = {{abbr|CEST|Central European Summer Time}} (UTC+2)
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = +৪৫
| iso3166code = DK
| cctld = .dk
}}
==সৰহ==

'''ডেনমাৰ্ক''' ({{lang-en|Danmark}}) উত্তৰ ইউৰোপৰ এখন দেশ। ইয়াক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে '''ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য''' ({{lang-da|Kongeriget Danmark}}) বুলি জনা যায় আৰু ইয়াৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড ইউৰোপৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমত অৱস্থিত, জাৰ্মানীৰ উত্তৰে, সুইডেনৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু নৰৱেৰ দক্ষিণে। ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজধানী আৰু সৰ্ববৃহৎ নগৰ হৈছে [[কোপেনহেগেন]], যি জিল্যাণ্ড দ্বীপত অৱস্থিত। দেশখনে উত্তৰ সাগৰ আৰু বাল্টিক সাগৰৰ সৈতে সীমা ভাগ কৰে, আৰু ইয়াৰ ভূখণ্ডত জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপ আৰু ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, য’ত ফিউন, জিল্যাণ্ড আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, দুয়োটা উত্তৰ আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰত অৱস্থিত স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল। ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত [[ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম]] বৰ্তমানৰ ৰজা আৰু [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]] প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী। দেশখনৰ সংসদ হৈছে [[ফোল্কেটিং]], আৰু ইয়াৰ অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]]। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মুদ্ৰা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]], ইউৰো নহয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark and the EU |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/eu-membership |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কক ইয়াৰ উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মান, সামাজিক কল্যাণ ব্যৱস্থা, আৰু পৰিবেশগত স্থিৰতাৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিৰ বাবে জনা যায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত, শক্তিশালী বাণিজ্য, কৃষি, আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি খণ্ডৰ সৈতে। দেশখনে [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]] অনুসৰণ কৰে, য’ত উচ্চ কৰ, সমতা, আৰু সামাজিক নিৰাপত্তাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Jørn |title=The Nordic Model: Scandinavia Since 1945 |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-86189-726-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ইতিহাস ==
=== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস প্ৰস্তৰ যুগলৈ গৈছে, যেতিয়া শিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক সম্প্ৰদায়ে এই অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল, প্ৰায় ১২,০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ পৰা। কৃষি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯০০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে আৰম্ভ হয়, আৰু ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৮০০–৬০০) ডেনিছ সমাজে সমাধি আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মৰ জৰিয়তে সমৃদ্ধিৰ চিন স্থাপন কৰে। লৌহ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫০০–১) জাৰ্মাণিক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ উত্থান ঘটে, যিসকলে আধুনিক ডেনিছ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lauring |first=Palle |title=A History of Denmark |publisher=Host &amp; Son |year=1995 |isbn=978-87-14-29306-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ভাইকিং যুগ ===
৮মৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভাইকিং যুগত ডেনসকলে ইউৰোপৰ বিস্তীৰ্ণ অঞ্চলত আক্ৰমণ, বাণিজ্য আৰু বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ডেনিছ ভাইকিংসকলে ইংলেণ্ড, আয়াৰলেণ্ড আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ অংশ শাসন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দীঘলীয়া জাহাজে আটলাণ্টিক পাৰ হৈ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকালৈও গৈছিল। এই সময়ত হাৰাল্ড ব্লুটুথৰ দৰে ৰজাই ডেনমাৰ্কক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ৯৬৫ চনত জেলিং শিলত এই ঘটনাৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Viking Age in Denmark |url=https://www.denmark.dk/history/viking-age |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== মধ্যযুগ আৰু আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি ===
মধ্যযুগত ডেনমাৰ্কে কালমাৰ সংঘ (১৩৯৭–১৫২৩)ৰ জৰিয়তে সুইডেন আৰু নৰৱেৰ সৈতে এক সংঘ গঠন কৰে, যি সংঘৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল ৰাণী মাৰ্গাৰেট প্ৰথমে। ১৬৪৫ আৰু ১৬৫৮ চনত সুইডেনৰ সৈতে যুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্কে ভূখণ্ড হেৰুৱায়। ১৮৪৯ চনত ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ হয়, যাৰ ফলত একনায়কত্বৰ অন্ত পৰে। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্ক নিৰপেক্ষ আছিল, কিন্তু দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ১৯৪০ চনত নাৎজী জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইয়াক দখল কৰে, যদিও প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনে উল্লেখযোগ্য ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Gwyn |title=A History of the Vikings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280134-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ভূগোল ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপত অৱস্থিত, যি উত্তৰ ইউৰোপত জাৰ্মানীৰ সৈতে স্থল সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰে আৰু পশ্চিমে উত্তৰ সাগৰ, পূবে বাল্টিক সাগৰ, আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূবে সুইডেনৰ সৈতে Øresund সেতুৰ জৰিয়তে সংযোগ আছে। দেশখনৰ ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ ভিতৰত জিল্যাণ্ড, ফিউন আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম সৰ্বাধিক জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ। ভূখণ্ড সমতল, কৃষিযোগ্য, আৰু ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ৪২,৯৪৭ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geography of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== জলবায়ু ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জলবায়ু নাতিশীতোষ্ণ, গ্ৰীষ্মকাল মৃদু (গড় ১৬–২০°চেলছিয়াছ) আৰু শীতকাল ঠাণ্ডা (গড় ০–৫°চেলছিয়াছ)। বৰষুণ নিয়মীয়া, বছৰি গড়ে ৭০০ মিলিমিটাৰ, আৰু বতাহ প্ৰচলিত, বিশেষকৈ পশ্চিমৰ পৰা। জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰভাৱত উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি আৰু সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ উচ্চতা বৃদ্ধিৰ সম্ভাৱনা ডেনমাৰ্কৰ বাবে উদ্বেগৰ বিষয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate of Denmark |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/denmark-12/ |website=Climate Data |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড, বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ দ্বীপ, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, ১৮টা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি, স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ জলবায়ু আৰ্কটিক, বৰফৰ আৱৰণ বেছিভাগ অঞ্চল জুৰি, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ জলবায়ু উপ-আৰ্কটিক, কুঁৱলী আৰু বতাহৰ বাবে জনাজাত। দুয়োটা অঞ্চলৰ নিজা স্থানীয় সংসদ আৰু প্ৰশাসন আছে, কিন্তু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা আৰু বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ বাবে ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenland and the Faroe Islands |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/greenland-and-the-faroe-islands |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ৰাজনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত ৰজা বা ৰাণী প্ৰতীকী প্ৰধান, আৰু [[ফোল্কেটিং]], ১৭৯জন সদস্যৰ একককক্ষীয় সংসদ, আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰে। ১৮৪৯ চনৰ সংবিধানে গণতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী, বৰ্তমান [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]], মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইউৰোৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। ই [[নাটো]], [[জাতিসংঘ]], আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক পৰিষদ]]ৰো সদস্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government of Denmark |url=https://www.government.dk/ |website=Government of Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আইন ব্যৱস্থা ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা নাগৰিক আইনৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈছে, স্বাধীন বিচাৰ বিভাগৰ সৈতে। উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয় হৈছে সৰ্বোচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়, যিয়ে সংবিধান আৰু আইনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰে। দেশখনৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা স্বচ্ছ আৰু দুৰ্নীতিৰ মাত্ৰা কম, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম ন্যায়পৰায়ণ ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Judicial System in Denmark |url=https://www.domstol.dk/en/about-the-courts/ |website=Danish Courts |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অৰ্থনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত আৰু উন্নত, উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মানৰ সৈতে। মুখ্য খণ্ডসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে বাণিজ্য, কৃষি (বিশেষকৈ ডাইৰি আৰু শুকৰৰ মাংস), আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি, য’ত বতাহৰ শক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ডেনমাৰ্ক বিশ্ব নেতা। ২০২৪ চনত অনুমান কৰা মুঠ ঘৰুৱা উৎপাদন (GDP) নামমাত্ৰ $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন আৰু প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিৰ GDP $৬৯,২৬৪। কোম্পানী যেনে [[লেগো]], [[মাৰ্স্ক]], আৰু [[ন’ভ’ নৰ্ডিস্ক]] ডেনমাৰ্কৰ। উচ্চ কৰ আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]]ৰ অধীনত সামাজিক কল্যাণৰ বাবে ব্যয় কৰা হয়, যিয়ে শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা আৰু বেকাৰী সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Economy of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== জনসংখ্যা ==
২০২৩ চনত ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০, জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত ১৩৮.৯ জন। প্ৰায় ৮৮% লোক ডেনিছ বংশোদ্ভৱ, বাকীসকল অভিবাসী বা তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তান, মুখ্যতঃ তুৰ্কী, পোলেণ্ড, চিৰিয়া আৰু জাৰ্মানীৰ পৰা। ৰাজধানী [[কোপেনহেগেন]]ত প্ৰায় ৬,৫০,০০০ লোক বাস কৰে, আনহাতে আৰহুছ, ওডেন্সে আৰু আলবৰ্গও উল্লেখযোগ্য নগৰ। অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]], আৰু বেছিভাগ লোকে ইংৰাজীও কয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-valg |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সংস্কৃতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সংস্কৃতি ইয়াৰ নৰ্ডিক ঐতিহ্য আৰু আধুনিকতাৰ মিশ্ৰণ। ডেনিছসকলে &quot;হাইগে&quot; ({{lang-da|hygge}}), আৰাম আৰু সামাজিকতাৰ এক ধাৰণা,ৰ বাবে জনা যায়। সাহিত্যত [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]]ৰ পৰীকথা, যেনে &quot;দ্য লিটল মাৰমেইড&quot;, বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। স্থাপত্যত কোপেনহেগেনৰ অপেৰা হাউচ আৰু ডিজাইনত [[লেগো]] উল্লেখযোগ্য। ডেনিছ খাদ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে &quot;smørrebrød&quot; (মুকলি চেণ্ডউইচ), আৰু দেশখন নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি আৰু জৈৱিক কৃষিৰ বাবেও প্ৰশংসিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danish Culture |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/danish-culture |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ধৰ্ম ===
বেছিভাগ ডেনিছ লোক (প্ৰায় ৭২%) ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গীৰ্জা, [[লুথাৰান খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ সদস্য। ইছলাম, অন্যান্য খ্ৰীষ্টান সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম অভিবাসী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত প্ৰচলিত। ডেনমাৰ্কত ধৰ্মীয় স্বাধীনতা সুৰক্ষিত, আৰু সমাজ সাধাৰণতে ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religion in Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/kultur-og-fritid/kirke-og-religion |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== শিক্ষা ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সকলো শিক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচী শিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰণালয়ৰ দ্বাৰা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত আৰু স্থানীয় পৌৰসভাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত। প্ৰাথমিক আৰু নিম্ন মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ সমগ্ৰ সময়কাল ফোল্কেস্কুলে সামৰি লয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Overview of the Danish Education System|url=http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111062215/http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|publisher=Danish Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality|access-date=28 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; বেছিভাগ শিশু ৬ৰ পৰা ১৬ বছৰ বয়সলৈ ১০ বছৰৰ বাবে ফোল্কেস্কুলত পঢ়ে। কোনো চূড়ান্ত পৰীক্ষা নাই, কিন্তু নৱম শ্ৰেণী (১৪–১৫ বছৰ বয়স) সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ পিছত ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ইচ্ছা কৰিলে পৰীক্ষা দিব পাৰে। যদি অধিক শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিব বিচাৰে, তেন্তে এই পৰীক্ষা বাধ্যতামূলক। বিকল্প হিচাপে, ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে এখন স্বাধীন বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|friskole}}) বা ব্যক্তিগত বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|privatskole}}), যেনে খ্ৰীষ্টান বিদ্যালয় বা ৱাল্ডৰ্ফ বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়িব পাৰে।

বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ পৰা স্নাতক হোৱাৰ পিছত, কেইবাটাও অব্যাহত শিক্ষাৰ সুযোগ উপলব্ধ; জিমনেছিয়ামে (এছটিএক্স) মানৱীয় বিজ্ঞান আৰু বিজ্ঞানৰ মিশ্ৰণ শিক্ষণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে, উচ্চতৰ কাৰিকৰী পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে (এইচটিএক্স) বিজ্ঞান বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত মনোনিৱেশ কৰে, আৰু উচ্চতৰ বাণিজ্যিক পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে অৰ্থনীতিৰ বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে। উচ্চতৰ প্ৰস্তুতিমূলক পৰীক্ষা (এইচএফ) জিমনেছিয়াম (এছটিএক্স)ৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্যপূৰ্ণ, কিন্তু ই এক বছৰ চুটি। নিৰ্দিষ্ট পেছাৰ বাবে বৃত্তিমূলক শিক্ষা আছে, যিয়ে শিক্ষণ আৰু কৌশলৰ সংমিশ্ৰণৰ দ্বাৰা যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলক নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যৱসায়িক কামৰ বাবে প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়ে।

২০১৮ চনত উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৮৩% আৰু তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ নামভৰ্তি আৰু সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৪৫% আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Education Policy Outlook: Denmark |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2020/12/education-policy-outlook-in-denmark_c225a424/3288629c-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017183723/https://www.oecd.org/edu/EDUCATION%20POLICY%20OUTLOOK%20DENMARK_EN.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2016 |access-date=29 March 2025 |publisher=OECD |page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনমাৰ্কত সকলো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু কলেজীয়া (তৃতীয় স্তৰ) শিক্ষা বিনামূলীয়া; পাঠ্যক্ৰমত নামভৰ্তিৰ বাবে কোনো মাচুল নালাগে। ১৮ বছৰ বা তাতকৈ অধিক বয়সৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় শিক্ষা সহায়ক অনুদানৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰিব পাৰে, যাক ষ্টেটেন্স উদ্দানেলছেষ্ট’ট্টে (এছইউ) বুলি জনা যায়, যিয়ে নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰ্থিক সাহায্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু মাহেকীয়াকৈ বিতৰণ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Rick Noack (4 February 2015). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/04/why-danish-students-are-paid-to-go-to-college/ Why Danish students are paid to go to college] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524062503/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/04/why-danish-students-are-paid-to-go-to-college/ |date=24 May 2015 }}. ''[[The Washington Post]].'' Retrieved 5 February 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনিছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহে আন্তৰ্জাতিক ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলক ডেনমাৰ্কত আন্তৰ্জাতিকভাৱে স্বীকৃত যোগ্যতা অৰ্জনৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰে। বহুতো কাৰ্যসূচী ইংৰাজী ভাষাত পঢ়োৱা হ’ব পাৰে, যি হৈছে একাডেমিক লিংগুয়া ফ্ৰাংকা, স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী, স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী, ডক্টৰেট আৰু ছাত্ৰ বিনিময় কাৰ্যসূচীত।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://studyindenmark.dk/ |title=Study in Denmark, official government website on international higher education in Denmark |access-date=8 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510042940/http://studyindenmark.dk/ |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
{{Reflist}}

== বাহ্যিক সংযোগ ==
* {{Official website|https://www.denmark.dk/}} – ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক ৱেবছাইট
* {{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}
* {{Cite web |title=Statistics Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}

[[শ্ৰেণী:ইউৰোপৰ দেশ]]</text>
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| conventional_long_name = ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য
| native_name = {{lang|da|Kongeriget Danmark}}
| common_name = ডেনমাৰ্ক
| image_flag = Flag of Denmark.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Denmark.svg
| national_motto = &lt;!-- No official motto; historically associated phrases may be noted --&gt;
| national_anthem = {{lang|da|Der er et yndigt land}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(&quot;There is a lovely land&quot;)}}
| image_map = Location of Denmark in Europe.svg
| capital = কোপেনহেগেন
| coordinates = {{coord|55|40|N|12|34|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = কোপেনহেগেন
| official_languages = ডেনিছ
| government_type = একক সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
| leader_title1 = ৰজা
| leader_name1 = ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম
| leader_title2 = প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী
| leader_name2 = মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন
| legislature = ফোল্কেটিং
| area_km2 = 42,947
| area_rank = ১৩২তম
| population_census = ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০ (২০২৩)
| population_density_km2 = ১৩৮.৯
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $৪৩৫.৬৭৪ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $৭৩,৫২০ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $৬৯,২৬৪ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| Gini = {{decrease}} ২৭.৩&lt;br /&gt;{{small|low}} (২০২১)
| HDI = {{increase}} ০.৯৪৮&lt;br /&gt;{{small|very high}} (২০২২)
| currency = ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন (DKK)
| time_zone = {{abbr|CET|Central European Time}} (UTC+1)
| time_zone_DST = {{abbr|CEST|Central European Summer Time}} (UTC+2)
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = +৪৫
| iso3166code = DK
| cctld = .dk
}}

'''ডেনমাৰ্ক''' ({{lang-en|Danmark}}) উত্তৰ ইউৰোপৰ এখন দেশ। ইয়াক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে '''ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য''' ({{lang-da|Kongeriget Danmark}}) বুলি জনা যায় আৰু ইয়াৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড ইউৰোপৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিমত অৱস্থিত, জাৰ্মানীৰ উত্তৰে, সুইডেনৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে আৰু নৰৱেৰ দক্ষিণে। ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজধানী আৰু সৰ্ববৃহৎ নগৰ হৈছে [[কোপেনহেগেন]], যি জিল্যাণ্ড দ্বীপত অৱস্থিত। দেশখনে উত্তৰ সাগৰ আৰু বাল্টিক সাগৰৰ সৈতে সীমা ভাগ কৰে, আৰু ইয়াৰ ভূখণ্ডত জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপ আৰু ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, য’ত ফিউন, জিল্যাণ্ড আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, দুয়োটা উত্তৰ আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰত অৱস্থিত স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল। ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত [[ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম]] বৰ্তমানৰ ৰজা আৰু [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]] প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী। দেশখনৰ সংসদ হৈছে [[ফোল্কেটিং]], আৰু ইয়াৰ অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]]। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মুদ্ৰা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]], ইউৰো নহয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark and the EU |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/eu-membership |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কক ইয়াৰ উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মান, সামাজিক কল্যাণ ব্যৱস্থা, আৰু পৰিবেশগত স্থিৰতাৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিৰ বাবে জনা যায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত, শক্তিশালী বাণিজ্য, কৃষি, আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি খণ্ডৰ সৈতে। দেশখনে [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]] অনুসৰণ কৰে, য’ত উচ্চ কৰ, সমতা, আৰু সামাজিক নিৰাপত্তাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Jørn |title=The Nordic Model: Scandinavia Since 1945 |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-86189-726-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ইতিহাস ==
=== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস প্ৰস্তৰ যুগলৈ গৈছে, যেতিয়া শিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক সম্প্ৰদায়ে এই অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল, প্ৰায় ১২,০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ পৰা। কৃষি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯০০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে আৰম্ভ হয়, আৰু ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৮০০–৬০০) ডেনিছ সমাজে সমাধি আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মৰ জৰিয়তে সমৃদ্ধিৰ চিন স্থাপন কৰে। লৌহ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫০০–১) জাৰ্মাণিক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ উত্থান ঘটে, যিসকলে আধুনিক ডেনিছ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lauring |first=Palle |title=A History of Denmark |publisher=Host &amp; Son |year=1995 |isbn=978-87-14-29306-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ভাইকিং যুগ ===
৮মৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভাইকিং যুগত ডেনসকলে ইউৰোপৰ বিস্তীৰ্ণ অঞ্চলত আক্ৰমণ, বাণিজ্য আৰু বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ডেনিছ ভাইকিংসকলে ইংলেণ্ড, আয়াৰলেণ্ড আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ অংশ শাসন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দীঘলীয়া জাহাজে আটলাণ্টিক পাৰ হৈ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকালৈও গৈছিল। এই সময়ত হাৰাল্ড ব্লুটুথৰ দৰে ৰজাই ডেনমাৰ্কক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ৯৬৫ চনত জেলিং শিলত এই ঘটনাৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Viking Age in Denmark |url=https://www.denmark.dk/history/viking-age |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== মধ্যযুগ আৰু আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি ===
মধ্যযুগত ডেনমাৰ্কে কালমাৰ সংঘ (১৩৯৭–১৫২৩)ৰ জৰিয়তে সুইডেন আৰু নৰৱেৰ সৈতে এক সংঘ গঠন কৰে, যি সংঘৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল ৰাণী মাৰ্গাৰেট প্ৰথমে। ১৬৪৫ আৰু ১৬৫৮ চনত সুইডেনৰ সৈতে যুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্কে ভূখণ্ড হেৰুৱায়। ১৮৪৯ চনত ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ হয়, যাৰ ফলত একনায়কত্বৰ অন্ত পৰে। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্ক নিৰপেক্ষ আছিল, কিন্তু দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ১৯৪০ চনত নাৎজী জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইয়াক দখল কৰে, যদিও প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনে উল্লেখযোগ্য ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Gwyn |title=A History of the Vikings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280134-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ভূগোল ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপত অৱস্থিত, যি উত্তৰ ইউৰোপত জাৰ্মানীৰ সৈতে স্থল সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰে আৰু পশ্চিমে উত্তৰ সাগৰ, পূবে বাল্টিক সাগৰ, আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূবে সুইডেনৰ সৈতে Øresund সেতুৰ জৰিয়তে সংযোগ আছে। দেশখনৰ ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ ভিতৰত জিল্যাণ্ড, ফিউন আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম সৰ্বাধিক জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ। ভূখণ্ড সমতল, কৃষিযোগ্য, আৰু ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ৪২,৯৪৭ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geography of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== জলবায়ু ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জলবায়ু নাতিশীতোষ্ণ, গ্ৰীষ্মকাল মৃদু (গড় ১৬–২০°চেলছিয়াছ) আৰু শীতকাল ঠাণ্ডা (গড় ০–৫°চেলছিয়াছ)। বৰষুণ নিয়মীয়া, বছৰি গড়ে ৭০০ মিলিমিটাৰ, আৰু বতাহ প্ৰচলিত, বিশেষকৈ পশ্চিমৰ পৰা। জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰভাৱত উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি আৰু সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ উচ্চতা বৃদ্ধিৰ সম্ভাৱনা ডেনমাৰ্কৰ বাবে উদ্বেগৰ বিষয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate of Denmark |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/denmark-12/ |website=Climate Data |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড, বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ দ্বীপ, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, ১৮টা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি, স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ জলবায়ু আৰ্কটিক, বৰফৰ আৱৰণ বেছিভাগ অঞ্চল জুৰি, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ জলবায়ু উপ-আৰ্কটিক, কুঁৱলী আৰু বতাহৰ বাবে জনাজাত। দুয়োটা অঞ্চলৰ নিজা স্থানীয় সংসদ আৰু প্ৰশাসন আছে, কিন্তু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা আৰু বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ বাবে ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenland and the Faroe Islands |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/greenland-and-the-faroe-islands |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ৰাজনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত ৰজা বা ৰাণী প্ৰতীকী প্ৰধান, আৰু [[ফোল্কেটিং]], ১৭৯জন সদস্যৰ একককক্ষীয় সংসদ, আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰে। ১৮৪৯ চনৰ সংবিধানে গণতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী, বৰ্তমান [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]], মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইউৰোৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। ই [[নাটো]], [[জাতিসংঘ]], আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক পৰিষদ]]ৰো সদস্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government of Denmark |url=https://www.government.dk/ |website=Government of Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আইন ব্যৱস্থা ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা নাগৰিক আইনৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈছে, স্বাধীন বিচাৰ বিভাগৰ সৈতে। উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয় হৈছে সৰ্বোচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়, যিয়ে সংবিধান আৰু আইনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰে। দেশখনৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা স্বচ্ছ আৰু দুৰ্নীতিৰ মাত্ৰা কম, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম ন্যায়পৰায়ণ ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Judicial System in Denmark |url=https://www.domstol.dk/en/about-the-courts/ |website=Danish Courts |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অৰ্থনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত আৰু উন্নত, উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মানৰ সৈতে। মুখ্য খণ্ডসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে বাণিজ্য, কৃষি (বিশেষকৈ ডাইৰি আৰু শুকৰৰ মাংস), আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি, য’ত বতাহৰ শক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ডেনমাৰ্ক বিশ্ব নেতা। ২০২৪ চনত অনুমান কৰা মুঠ ঘৰুৱা উৎপাদন (GDP) নামমাত্ৰ $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন আৰু প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিৰ GDP $৬৯,২৬৪। কোম্পানী যেনে [[লেগো]], [[মাৰ্স্ক]], আৰু [[ন’ভ’ নৰ্ডিস্ক]] ডেনমাৰ্কৰ। উচ্চ কৰ আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]]ৰ অধীনত সামাজিক কল্যাণৰ বাবে ব্যয় কৰা হয়, যিয়ে শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা আৰু বেকাৰী সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Economy of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== জনসংখ্যা ==
২০২৩ চনত ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০, জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত ১৩৮.৯ জন। প্ৰায় ৮৮% লোক ডেনিছ বংশোদ্ভৱ, বাকীসকল অভিবাসী বা তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তান, মুখ্যতঃ তুৰ্কী, পোলেণ্ড, চিৰিয়া আৰু জাৰ্মানীৰ পৰা। ৰাজধানী [[কোপেনহেগেন]]ত প্ৰায় ৬,৫০,০০০ লোক বাস কৰে, আনহাতে আৰহুছ, ওডেন্সে আৰু আলবৰ্গও উল্লেখযোগ্য নগৰ। অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]], আৰু বেছিভাগ লোকে ইংৰাজীও কয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-valg |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সংস্কৃতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সংস্কৃতি ইয়াৰ নৰ্ডিক ঐতিহ্য আৰু আধুনিকতাৰ মিশ্ৰণ। ডেনিছসকলে &quot;হাইগে&quot; ({{lang-da|hygge}}), আৰাম আৰু সামাজিকতাৰ এক ধাৰণা,ৰ বাবে জনা যায়। সাহিত্যত [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]]ৰ পৰীকথা, যেনে &quot;দ্য লিটল মাৰমেইড&quot;, বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। স্থাপত্যত কোপেনহেগেনৰ অপেৰা হাউচ আৰু ডিজাইনত [[লেগো]] উল্লেখযোগ্য। ডেনিছ খাদ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে &quot;smørrebrød&quot; (মুকলি চেণ্ডউইচ), আৰু দেশখন নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি আৰু জৈৱিক কৃষিৰ বাবেও প্ৰশংসিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danish Culture |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/danish-culture |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ধৰ্ম ===
বেছিভাগ ডেনিছ লোক (প্ৰায় ৭২%) ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গীৰ্জা, [[লুথাৰান খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ সদস্য। ইছলাম, অন্যান্য খ্ৰীষ্টান সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম অভিবাসী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত প্ৰচলিত। ডেনমাৰ্কত ধৰ্মীয় স্বাধীনতা সুৰক্ষিত, আৰু সমাজ সাধাৰণতে ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religion in Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/kultur-og-fritid/kirke-og-religion |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== শিক্ষা ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সকলো শিক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচী শিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰণালয়ৰ দ্বাৰা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত আৰু স্থানীয় পৌৰসভাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত। প্ৰাথমিক আৰু নিম্ন মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ সমগ্ৰ সময়কাল ফোল্কেস্কুলে সামৰি লয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Overview of the Danish Education System|url=http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111062215/http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|publisher=Danish Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality|access-date=28 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; বেছিভাগ শিশু ৬ৰ পৰা ১৬ বছৰ বয়সলৈ ১০ বছৰৰ বাবে ফোল্কেস্কুলত পঢ়ে। কোনো চূড়ান্ত পৰীক্ষা নাই, কিন্তু নৱম শ্ৰেণী (১৪–১৫ বছৰ বয়স) সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ পিছত ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ইচ্ছা কৰিলে পৰীক্ষা দিব পাৰে। যদি অধিক শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিব বিচাৰে, তেন্তে এই পৰীক্ষা বাধ্যতামূলক। বিকল্প হিচাপে, ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে এখন স্বাধীন বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|friskole}}) বা ব্যক্তিগত বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|privatskole}}), যেনে খ্ৰীষ্টান বিদ্যালয় বা ৱাল্ডৰ্ফ বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়িব পাৰে।

বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ পৰা স্নাতক হোৱাৰ পিছত, কেইবাটাও অব্যাহত শিক্ষাৰ সুযোগ উপলব্ধ; জিমনেছিয়ামে (এছটিএক্স) মানৱীয় বিজ্ঞান আৰু বিজ্ঞানৰ মিশ্ৰণ শিক্ষণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে, উচ্চতৰ কাৰিকৰী পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে (এইচটিএক্স) বিজ্ঞান বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত মনোনিৱেশ কৰে, আৰু উচ্চতৰ বাণিজ্যিক পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে অৰ্থনীতিৰ বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে। উচ্চতৰ প্ৰস্তুতিমূলক পৰীক্ষা (এইচএফ) জিমনেছিয়াম (এছটিএক্স)ৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্যপূৰ্ণ, কিন্তু ই এক বছৰ চুটি। নিৰ্দিষ্ট পেছাৰ বাবে বৃত্তিমূলক শিক্ষা আছে, যিয়ে শিক্ষণ আৰু কৌশলৰ সংমিশ্ৰণৰ দ্বাৰা যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলক নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যৱসায়িক কামৰ বাবে প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়ে।

২০১৮ চনত উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৮৩% আৰু তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ নামভৰ্তি আৰু সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৪৫% আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Education Policy Outlook: Denmark |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2020/12/education-policy-outlook-in-denmark_c225a424/3288629c-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017183723/https://www.oecd.org/edu/EDUCATION%20POLICY%20OUTLOOK%20DENMARK_EN.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2016 |access-date=29 March 2025 |publisher=OECD |page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনমাৰ্কত সকলো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু কলেজীয়া (তৃতীয় স্তৰ) শিক্ষা বিনামূলীয়া; পাঠ্যক্ৰমত নামভৰ্তিৰ বাবে কোনো মাচুল নালাগে। ১৮ বছৰ বা তাতকৈ অধিক বয়সৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় শিক্ষা সহায়ক অনুদানৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰিব পাৰে, যাক ষ্টেটেন্স উদ্দানেলছেষ্ট’ট্টে (এছইউ) বুলি জনা যায়, যিয়ে নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰ্থিক সাহায্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু মাহেকীয়াকৈ বিতৰণ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Rick Noack (4 February 2015). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/04/why-danish-students-are-paid-to-go-to-college/ Why Danish students are paid to go to college] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524062503/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/04/why-danish-students-are-paid-to-go-to-college/ |date=24 May 2015 }}. ''[[The Washington Post]].'' Retrieved 5 February 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনিছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহে আন্তৰ্জাতিক ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলক ডেনমাৰ্কত আন্তৰ্জাতিকভাৱে স্বীকৃত যোগ্যতা অৰ্জনৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰে। বহুতো কাৰ্যসূচী ইংৰাজী ভাষাত পঢ়োৱা হ’ব পাৰে, যি হৈছে একাডেমিক লিংগুয়া ফ্ৰাংকা, স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী, স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী, ডক্টৰেট আৰু ছাত্ৰ বিনিময় কাৰ্যসূচীত।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://studyindenmark.dk/ |title=Study in Denmark, official government website on international higher education in Denmark |access-date=8 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510042940/http://studyindenmark.dk/ |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
{{Reflist}}

== বাহ্যিক সংযোগ ==
* {{Official website|https://www.denmark.dk/}} – ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক ৱেবছাইট
* {{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}
* {{Cite web |title=Statistics Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}

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| conventional_long_name = ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য
| native_name = {{lang|da|Kongeriget Danmark}}
| common_name = ডেনমাৰ্ক
| image_flag = Flag of Denmark.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Denmark.svg
| national_motto = &lt;!-- No official motto; historically associated phrases may be noted --&gt;
| national_anthem = {{lang|da|Der er et yndigt land}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(&quot;There is a lovely land&quot;)}}
| image_map = Location of Denmark in Europe.svg
| capital = কোপেনহেগেন
| coordinates = {{coord|55|40|N|12|34|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = কোপেনহেগেন
| official_languages = ডেনিছ
| government_type = একক সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
| leader_title1 = ৰজা
| leader_name1 = ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম
| leader_title2 = প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী
| leader_name2 = মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন
| legislature = ফোল্কেটিং
| area_km2 = 42,947
| area_rank = ১৩২তম
| population_census = ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০ (২০২৩)
| population_density_km2 = ১৩৮.৯
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $৪৩৫.৬৭৪ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $৭৩,৫২০ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $৬৯,২৬৪ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| Gini = {{decrease}} ২৭.৩&lt;br /&gt;{{small|low}} (২০২১)
| HDI = {{increase}} ০.৯৪৮&lt;br /&gt;{{small|very high}} (২০২২)
| currency = ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন (DKK)
| time_zone = {{abbr|CET|Central European Time}} (UTC+1)
| time_zone_DST = {{abbr|CEST|Central European Summer Time}} (UTC+2)
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = +৪৫
| iso3166code = DK
| cctld = .dk
}}

'''ডেনমাৰ্ক''' ({{lang-en|Danmark}}) [[ইউৰোপ|উত্তৰ ইউৰোপ]]ৰ এখন দেশ। ই ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ [[মেট্ৰ’প’ল]] আৰু সৰ্বাধিক জনবহুল অংশ, যাক [[ডেনিছ ৰাজ্য]] বুলিও জনা যায়, এখন [[সংবিধান]]ভিত্তিক [[একক ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] য’ত উত্তৰ [[আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰ]]ত [[ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ]] আৰু [[গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড]]ৰ [[স্বায়ত্তশাসিত প্ৰশাসনিক বিভাগ|স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল]]সমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। মেট্ৰ’পলিটান ডেনমাৰ্ক, যাক &quot;মহাদেশীয় ডেনমাৰ্ক&quot; বা &quot;ডেনমাৰ্ক প্ৰ’পাৰ&quot; বুলিও কোৱা হয়, উত্তৰ [[জুটলেণ্ড]] [[উপদ্বীপ]] আৰু ৪০৬টা দ্বীপৰ এটা [[দ্বীপপুঞ্জ]]ৰে গঠিত। ই [[স্কেণ্ডিনেভিয়া]]ৰ দেশসমূহৰ মধ্যে সৰ্বাধিক দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত, [[ছুইডেন]]ৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে, [[নৰৱে]]ৰ দক্ষিণে, আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]ৰ উত্তৰে, যাৰ সৈতে ই এটা চমু [[সীমা]] ভাগ কৰে। ডেনমাৰ্ক প্ৰ’পাৰ পশ্চিমে [[উত্তৰ সাগৰ]] আৰু পূবে [[বাল্টিক সাগৰ]]ৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত।

ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, দুয়োটা উত্তৰ আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰত অৱস্থিত স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল। ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত [[ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম]] বৰ্তমানৰ ৰজা আৰু [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]] প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী। দেশখনৰ সংসদ হৈছে [[ফোল্কেটিং]], আৰু ইয়াৰ অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]]। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মুদ্ৰা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]], ইউৰো নহয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark and the EU |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/eu-membership |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কক ইয়াৰ উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মান, সামাজিক কল্যাণ ব্যৱস্থা, আৰু পৰিবেশগত স্থিৰতাৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিৰ বাবে জনা যায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত, শক্তিশালী বাণিজ্য, কৃষি, আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি খণ্ডৰ সৈতে। দেশখনে [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]] অনুসৰণ কৰে, য’ত উচ্চ কৰ, সমতা, আৰু সামাজিক নিৰাপত্তাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Jørn |title=The Nordic Model: Scandinavia Since 1945 |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-86189-726-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ইতিহাস ==
=== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস প্ৰস্তৰ যুগলৈ গৈছে, যেতিয়া শিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক সম্প্ৰদায়ে এই অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল, প্ৰায় ১২,০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ পৰা। কৃষি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯০০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে আৰম্ভ হয়, আৰু ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৮০০–৬০০) ডেনিছ সমাজে সমাধি আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মৰ জৰিয়তে সমৃদ্ধিৰ চিন স্থাপন কৰে। লৌহ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫০০–১) জাৰ্মাণিক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ উত্থান ঘটে, যিসকলে আধুনিক ডেনিছ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lauring |first=Palle |title=A History of Denmark |publisher=Host &amp; Son |year=1995 |isbn=978-87-14-29306-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ভাইকিং যুগ ===
৮মৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভাইকিং যুগত ডেনসকলে ইউৰোপৰ বিস্তীৰ্ণ অঞ্চলত আক্ৰমণ, বাণিজ্য আৰু বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ডেনিছ ভাইকিংসকলে ইংলেণ্ড, আয়াৰলেণ্ড আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ অংশ শাসন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দীঘলীয়া জাহাজে আটলাণ্টিক পাৰ হৈ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকালৈও গৈছিল। এই সময়ত হাৰাল্ড ব্লুটুথৰ দৰে ৰজাই ডেনমাৰ্কক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ৯৬৫ চনত জেলিং শিলত এই ঘটনাৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Viking Age in Denmark |url=https://www.denmark.dk/history/viking-age |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== মধ্যযুগ আৰু আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি ===
মধ্যযুগত ডেনমাৰ্কে কালমাৰ সংঘ (১৩৯৭–১৫২৩)ৰ জৰিয়তে সুইডেন আৰু নৰৱেৰ সৈতে এক সংঘ গঠন কৰে, যি সংঘৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল ৰাণী মাৰ্গাৰেট প্ৰথমে। ১৬৪৫ আৰু ১৬৫৮ চনত সুইডেনৰ সৈতে যুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্কে ভূখণ্ড হেৰুৱায়। ১৮৪৯ চনত ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ হয়, যাৰ ফলত একনায়কত্বৰ অন্ত পৰে। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্ক নিৰপেক্ষ আছিল, কিন্তু দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ১৯৪০ চনত নাৎজী জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইয়াক দখল কৰে, যদিও প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনে উল্লেখযোগ্য ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Gwyn |title=A History of the Vikings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280134-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ভূগোল ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপত অৱস্থিত, যি উত্তৰ ইউৰোপত জাৰ্মানীৰ সৈতে স্থল সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰে আৰু পশ্চিমে উত্তৰ সাগৰ, পূবে বাল্টিক সাগৰ, আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূবে সুইডেনৰ সৈতে Øresund সেতুৰ জৰিয়তে সংযোগ আছে। দেশখনৰ ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ ভিতৰত জিল্যাণ্ড, ফিউন আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম সৰ্বাধিক জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ। ভূখণ্ড সমতল, কৃষিযোগ্য, আৰু ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ৪২,৯৪৭ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geography of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== জলবায়ু ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জলবায়ু নাতিশীতোষ্ণ, গ্ৰীষ্মকাল মৃদু (গড় ১৬–২০°চেলছিয়াছ) আৰু শীতকাল ঠাণ্ডা (গড় ০–৫°চেলছিয়াছ)। বৰষুণ নিয়মীয়া, বছৰি গড়ে ৭০০ মিলিমিটাৰ, আৰু বতাহ প্ৰচলিত, বিশেষকৈ পশ্চিমৰ পৰা। জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰভাৱত উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি আৰু সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ উচ্চতা বৃদ্ধিৰ সম্ভাৱনা ডেনমাৰ্কৰ বাবে উদ্বেগৰ বিষয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate of Denmark |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/denmark-12/ |website=Climate Data |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড, বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ দ্বীপ, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, ১৮টা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি, স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ জলবায়ু আৰ্কটিক, বৰফৰ আৱৰণ বেছিভাগ অঞ্চল জুৰি, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ জলবায়ু উপ-আৰ্কটিক, কুঁৱলী আৰু বতাহৰ বাবে জনাজাত। দুয়োটা অঞ্চলৰ নিজা স্থানীয় সংসদ আৰু প্ৰশাসন আছে, কিন্তু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা আৰু বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ বাবে ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenland and the Faroe Islands |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/greenland-and-the-faroe-islands |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ৰাজনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত ৰজা বা ৰাণী প্ৰতীকী প্ৰধান, আৰু [[ফোল্কেটিং]], ১৭৯জন সদস্যৰ একককক্ষীয় সংসদ, আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰে। ১৮৪৯ চনৰ সংবিধানে গণতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী, বৰ্তমান [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]], মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইউৰোৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। ই [[নাটো]], [[জাতিসংঘ]], আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক পৰিষদ]]ৰো সদস্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government of Denmark |url=https://www.government.dk/ |website=Government of Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আইন ব্যৱস্থা ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা নাগৰিক আইনৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈছে, স্বাধীন বিচাৰ বিভাগৰ সৈতে। উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয় হৈছে সৰ্বোচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়, যিয়ে সংবিধান আৰু আইনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰে। দেশখনৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা স্বচ্ছ আৰু দুৰ্নীতিৰ মাত্ৰা কম, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম ন্যায়পৰায়ণ ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Judicial System in Denmark |url=https://www.domstol.dk/en/about-the-courts/ |website=Danish Courts |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অৰ্থনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত আৰু উন্নত, উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মানৰ সৈতে। মুখ্য খণ্ডসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে বাণিজ্য, কৃষি (বিশেষকৈ ডাইৰি আৰু শুকৰৰ মাংস), আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি, য’ত বতাহৰ শক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ডেনমাৰ্ক বিশ্ব নেতা। ২০২৪ চনত অনুমান কৰা মুঠ ঘৰুৱা উৎপাদন (GDP) নামমাত্ৰ $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন আৰু প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিৰ GDP $৬৯,২৬৪। কোম্পানী যেনে [[লেগো]], [[মাৰ্স্ক]], আৰু [[ন’ভ’ নৰ্ডিস্ক]] ডেনমাৰ্কৰ। উচ্চ কৰ আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]]ৰ অধীনত সামাজিক কল্যাণৰ বাবে ব্যয় কৰা হয়, যিয়ে শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা আৰু বেকাৰী সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Economy of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== জনসংখ্যা ==
২০২৩ চনত ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০, জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত ১৩৮.৯ জন। প্ৰায় ৮৮% লোক ডেনিছ বংশোদ্ভৱ, বাকীসকল অভিবাসী বা তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তান, মুখ্যতঃ তুৰ্কী, পোলেণ্ড, চিৰিয়া আৰু জাৰ্মানীৰ পৰা। ৰাজধানী [[কোপেনহেগেন]]ত প্ৰায় ৬,৫০,০০০ লোক বাস কৰে, আনহাতে আৰহুছ, ওডেন্সে আৰু আলবৰ্গও উল্লেখযোগ্য নগৰ। অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]], আৰু বেছিভাগ লোকে ইংৰাজীও কয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-valg |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সংস্কৃতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সংস্কৃতি ইয়াৰ নৰ্ডিক ঐতিহ্য আৰু আধুনিকতাৰ মিশ্ৰণ। ডেনিছসকলে &quot;হাইগে&quot; ({{lang-da|hygge}}), আৰাম আৰু সামাজিকতাৰ এক ধাৰণা,ৰ বাবে জনা যায়। সাহিত্যত [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]]ৰ পৰীকথা, যেনে &quot;দ্য লিটল মাৰমেইড&quot;, বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। স্থাপত্যত কোপেনহেগেনৰ অপেৰা হাউচ আৰু ডিজাইনত [[লেগো]] উল্লেখযোগ্য। ডেনিছ খাদ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে &quot;smørrebrød&quot; (মুকলি চেণ্ডউইচ), আৰু দেশখন নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি আৰু জৈৱিক কৃষিৰ বাবেও প্ৰশংসিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danish Culture |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/danish-culture |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ধৰ্ম ===
বেছিভাগ ডেনিছ লোক (প্ৰায় ৭২%) ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গীৰ্জা, [[লুথাৰান খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ সদস্য। ইছলাম, অন্যান্য খ্ৰীষ্টান সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম অভিবাসী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত প্ৰচলিত। ডেনমাৰ্কত ধৰ্মীয় স্বাধীনতা সুৰক্ষিত, আৰু সমাজ সাধাৰণতে ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religion in Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/kultur-og-fritid/kirke-og-religion |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== শিক্ষা ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সকলো শিক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচী শিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰণালয়ৰ দ্বাৰা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত আৰু স্থানীয় পৌৰসভাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত। প্ৰাথমিক আৰু নিম্ন মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ সমগ্ৰ সময়কাল ফোল্কেস্কুলে সামৰি লয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Overview of the Danish Education System|url=http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111062215/http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|publisher=Danish Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality|access-date=28 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; বেছিভাগ শিশু ৬ৰ পৰা ১৬ বছৰ বয়সলৈ ১০ বছৰৰ বাবে ফোল্কেস্কুলত পঢ়ে। কোনো চূড়ান্ত পৰীক্ষা নাই, কিন্তু নৱম শ্ৰেণী (১৪–১৫ বছৰ বয়স) সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ পিছত ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ইচ্ছা কৰিলে পৰীক্ষা দিব পাৰে। যদি অধিক শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিব বিচাৰে, তেন্তে এই পৰীক্ষা বাধ্যতামূলক। বিকল্প হিচাপে, ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে এখন স্বাধীন বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|friskole}}) বা ব্যক্তিগত বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|privatskole}}), যেনে খ্ৰীষ্টান বিদ্যালয় বা ৱাল্ডৰ্ফ বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়িব পাৰে।

বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ পৰা স্নাতক হোৱাৰ পিছত, কেইবাটাও অব্যাহত শিক্ষাৰ সুযোগ উপলব্ধ; জিমনেছিয়ামে (এছটিএক্স) মানৱীয় বিজ্ঞান আৰু বিজ্ঞানৰ মিশ্ৰণ শিক্ষণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে, উচ্চতৰ কাৰিকৰী পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে (এইচটিএক্স) বিজ্ঞান বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত মনোনিৱেশ কৰে, আৰু উচ্চতৰ বাণিজ্যিক পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে অৰ্থনীতিৰ বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে। উচ্চতৰ প্ৰস্তুতিমূলক পৰীক্ষা (এইচএফ) জিমনেছিয়াম (এছটিএক্স)ৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্যপূৰ্ণ, কিন্তু ই এক বছৰ চুটি। নিৰ্দিষ্ট পেছাৰ বাবে বৃত্তিমূলক শিক্ষা আছে, যিয়ে শিক্ষণ আৰু কৌশলৰ সংমিশ্ৰণৰ দ্বাৰা যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলক নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যৱসায়িক কামৰ বাবে প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়ে।

২০১৮ চনত উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৮৩% আৰু তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ নামভৰ্তি আৰু সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৪৫% আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Education Policy Outlook: Denmark |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2020/12/education-policy-outlook-in-denmark_c225a424/3288629c-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017183723/https://www.oecd.org/edu/EDUCATION%20POLICY%20OUTLOOK%20DENMARK_EN.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2016 |access-date=29 March 2025 |publisher=OECD |page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনমাৰ্কত সকলো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু কলেজীয়া (তৃতীয় স্তৰ) শিক্ষা বিনামূলীয়া; পাঠ্যক্ৰমত নামভৰ্তিৰ বাবে কোনো মাচুল নালাগে। ১৮ বছৰ বা তাতকৈ অধিক বয়সৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় শিক্ষা সহায়ক অনুদানৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰিব পাৰে, যাক ষ্টেটেন্স উদ্দানেলছেষ্ট’ট্টে (এছইউ) বুলি জনা যায়, যিয়ে নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰ্থিক সাহায্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু মাহেকীয়াকৈ বিতৰণ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Rick Noack (4 February 2015). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/04/why-danish-students-are-paid-to-go-to-college/ Why Danish students are paid to go to college] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524062503/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/04/why-danish-students-are-paid-to-go-to-college/ |date=24 May 2015 }}. ''[[The Washington Post]].'' Retrieved 5 February 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনিছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহে আন্তৰ্জাতিক ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলক ডেনমাৰ্কত আন্তৰ্জাতিকভাৱে স্বীকৃত যোগ্যতা অৰ্জনৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰে। বহুতো কাৰ্যসূচী ইংৰাজী ভাষাত পঢ়োৱা হ’ব পাৰে, যি হৈছে একাডেমিক লিংগুয়া ফ্ৰাংকা, স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী, স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী, ডক্টৰেট আৰু ছাত্ৰ বিনিময় কাৰ্যসূচীত।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://studyindenmark.dk/ |title=Study in Denmark, official government website on international higher education in Denmark |access-date=8 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510042940/http://studyindenmark.dk/ |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
{{Reflist}}

== বাহ্যিক সংযোগ ==
* {{Official website|https://www.denmark.dk/}} – ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক ৱেবছাইট
* {{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}
* {{Cite web |title=Statistics Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}

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| conventional_long_name = ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য
| native_name = {{lang|da|Kongeriget Danmark}}
| common_name = ডেনমাৰ্ক
| image_flag = Flag of Denmark.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Denmark.svg
| national_motto = &lt;!-- No official motto; historically associated phrases may be noted --&gt;
| national_anthem = {{lang|da|Der er et yndigt land}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(&quot;There is a lovely land&quot;)}}
| image_map = Location of Denmark in Europe.svg
| capital = কোপেনহেগেন
| coordinates = {{coord|55|40|N|12|34|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = কোপেনহেগেন
| official_languages = ডেনিছ
| government_type = একক সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
| leader_title1 = ৰজা
| leader_name1 = ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম
| leader_title2 = প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী
| leader_name2 = মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন
| legislature = ফোল্কেটিং
| area_km2 = 42,947
| area_rank = ১৩২তম
| population_census = ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০ (২০২৩)
| population_density_km2 = ১৩৮.৯
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $৪৩৫.৬৭৪ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $৭৩,৫২০ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $৬৯,২৬৪ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| Gini = {{decrease}} ২৭.৩&lt;br /&gt;{{small|low}} (২০২১)
| HDI = {{increase}} ০.৯৪৮&lt;br /&gt;{{small|very high}} (২০২২)
| currency = ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন (DKK)
| time_zone = {{abbr|CET|Central European Time}} (UTC+1)
| time_zone_DST = {{abbr|CEST|Central European Summer Time}} (UTC+2)
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = +৪৫
| iso3166code = DK
| cctld = .dk
}}

'''ডেনমাৰ্ক''' ({{lang-en|Danmark}}) [[ইউৰোপ|উত্তৰ ইউৰোপ]]ৰ এখন দেশ। ই ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ [[মেট্ৰ’প’ল]] আৰু সৰ্বাধিক জনবহুল অংশ, যাক '''ডেনিছ ৰাজ্য''' বুলিও জনা যায়, এখন [[সংবিধান]]ভিত্তিক [[একক ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] য’ত উত্তৰ [[আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰ]]ত ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ আৰু গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। মেট্ৰ’পলিটান ডেনমাৰ্ক, যাক &quot;মহাদেশীয় ডেনমাৰ্ক&quot; বা &quot;ডেনমাৰ্ক প্ৰ’পাৰ&quot; বুলিও কোৱা হয়, উত্তৰ জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপ আৰু ৪০৬টা দ্বীপৰ এটা দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰে গঠিত। ই স্কেণ্ডিনেভিয়াৰ দেশসমূহৰ মধ্যে সৰ্বাধিক দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত, ছুইডেনৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে, নৰৱেৰ দক্ষিণে, আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]ৰ উত্তৰে, যাৰ সৈতে ই এটা চমু সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ডেনমাৰ্ক প্ৰ’পাৰ পশ্চিমে [[উত্তৰ সাগৰ]] আৰু পূবে [[বাল্টিক সাগৰ]]ৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত।

ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, দুয়োটা উত্তৰ আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰত অৱস্থিত স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল। ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত [[ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম]] বৰ্তমানৰ ৰজা আৰু [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]] প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী। দেশখনৰ সংসদ হৈছে [[ফোল্কেটিং]], আৰু ইয়াৰ অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]]। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মুদ্ৰা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]], ইউৰো নহয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark and the EU |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/eu-membership |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কক ইয়াৰ উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মান, সামাজিক কল্যাণ ব্যৱস্থা, আৰু পৰিবেশগত স্থিৰতাৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিৰ বাবে জনা যায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত, শক্তিশালী বাণিজ্য, কৃষি, আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি খণ্ডৰ সৈতে। দেশখনে [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]] অনুসৰণ কৰে, য’ত উচ্চ কৰ, সমতা, আৰু সামাজিক নিৰাপত্তাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Jørn |title=The Nordic Model: Scandinavia Since 1945 |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-86189-726-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ইতিহাস ==
=== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস প্ৰস্তৰ যুগলৈ গৈছে, যেতিয়া শিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক সম্প্ৰদায়ে এই অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল, প্ৰায় ১২,০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ পৰা। কৃষি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯০০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে আৰম্ভ হয়, আৰু ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৮০০–৬০০) ডেনিছ সমাজে সমাধি আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মৰ জৰিয়তে সমৃদ্ধিৰ চিন স্থাপন কৰে। লৌহ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫০০–১) জাৰ্মাণিক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ উত্থান ঘটে, যিসকলে আধুনিক ডেনিছ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lauring |first=Palle |title=A History of Denmark |publisher=Host &amp; Son |year=1995 |isbn=978-87-14-29306-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ভাইকিং যুগ ===
৮মৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভাইকিং যুগত ডেনসকলে ইউৰোপৰ বিস্তীৰ্ণ অঞ্চলত আক্ৰমণ, বাণিজ্য আৰু বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ডেনিছ ভাইকিংসকলে ইংলেণ্ড, আয়াৰলেণ্ড আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ অংশ শাসন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দীঘলীয়া জাহাজে আটলাণ্টিক পাৰ হৈ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকালৈও গৈছিল। এই সময়ত হাৰাল্ড ব্লুটুথৰ দৰে ৰজাই ডেনমাৰ্কক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ৯৬৫ চনত জেলিং শিলত এই ঘটনাৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Viking Age in Denmark |url=https://www.denmark.dk/history/viking-age |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== মধ্যযুগ আৰু আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি ===
মধ্যযুগত ডেনমাৰ্কে কালমাৰ সংঘ (১৩৯৭–১৫২৩)ৰ জৰিয়তে সুইডেন আৰু নৰৱেৰ সৈতে এক সংঘ গঠন কৰে, যি সংঘৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল ৰাণী মাৰ্গাৰেট প্ৰথমে। ১৬৪৫ আৰু ১৬৫৮ চনত সুইডেনৰ সৈতে যুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্কে ভূখণ্ড হেৰুৱায়। ১৮৪৯ চনত ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ হয়, যাৰ ফলত একনায়কত্বৰ অন্ত পৰে। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্ক নিৰপেক্ষ আছিল, কিন্তু দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ১৯৪০ চনত নাৎজী জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইয়াক দখল কৰে, যদিও প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনে উল্লেখযোগ্য ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Gwyn |title=A History of the Vikings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280134-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ভূগোল ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপত অৱস্থিত, যি উত্তৰ ইউৰোপত জাৰ্মানীৰ সৈতে স্থল সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰে আৰু পশ্চিমে উত্তৰ সাগৰ, পূবে বাল্টিক সাগৰ, আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূবে সুইডেনৰ সৈতে Øresund সেতুৰ জৰিয়তে সংযোগ আছে। দেশখনৰ ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ ভিতৰত জিল্যাণ্ড, ফিউন আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম সৰ্বাধিক জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ। ভূখণ্ড সমতল, কৃষিযোগ্য, আৰু ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ৪২,৯৪৭ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geography of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== জলবায়ু ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জলবায়ু নাতিশীতোষ্ণ, গ্ৰীষ্মকাল মৃদু (গড় ১৬–২০°চেলছিয়াছ) আৰু শীতকাল ঠাণ্ডা (গড় ০–৫°চেলছিয়াছ)। বৰষুণ নিয়মীয়া, বছৰি গড়ে ৭০০ মিলিমিটাৰ, আৰু বতাহ প্ৰচলিত, বিশেষকৈ পশ্চিমৰ পৰা। জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰভাৱত উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি আৰু সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ উচ্চতা বৃদ্ধিৰ সম্ভাৱনা ডেনমাৰ্কৰ বাবে উদ্বেগৰ বিষয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate of Denmark |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/denmark-12/ |website=Climate Data |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড, বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ দ্বীপ, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, ১৮টা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি, স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ জলবায়ু আৰ্কটিক, বৰফৰ আৱৰণ বেছিভাগ অঞ্চল জুৰি, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ জলবায়ু উপ-আৰ্কটিক, কুঁৱলী আৰু বতাহৰ বাবে জনাজাত। দুয়োটা অঞ্চলৰ নিজা স্থানীয় সংসদ আৰু প্ৰশাসন আছে, কিন্তু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা আৰু বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ বাবে ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenland and the Faroe Islands |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/greenland-and-the-faroe-islands |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ৰাজনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত ৰজা বা ৰাণী প্ৰতীকী প্ৰধান, আৰু [[ফোল্কেটিং]], ১৭৯জন সদস্যৰ একককক্ষীয় সংসদ, আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰে। ১৮৪৯ চনৰ সংবিধানে গণতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী, বৰ্তমান [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]], মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইউৰোৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। ই [[নাটো]], [[জাতিসংঘ]], আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক পৰিষদ]]ৰো সদস্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government of Denmark |url=https://www.government.dk/ |website=Government of Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আইন ব্যৱস্থা ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা নাগৰিক আইনৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈছে, স্বাধীন বিচাৰ বিভাগৰ সৈতে। উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয় হৈছে সৰ্বোচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়, যিয়ে সংবিধান আৰু আইনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰে। দেশখনৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা স্বচ্ছ আৰু দুৰ্নীতিৰ মাত্ৰা কম, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম ন্যায়পৰায়ণ ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Judicial System in Denmark |url=https://www.domstol.dk/en/about-the-courts/ |website=Danish Courts |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অৰ্থনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত আৰু উন্নত, উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মানৰ সৈতে। মুখ্য খণ্ডসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে বাণিজ্য, কৃষি (বিশেষকৈ ডাইৰি আৰু শুকৰৰ মাংস), আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি, য’ত বতাহৰ শক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ডেনমাৰ্ক বিশ্ব নেতা। ২০২৪ চনত অনুমান কৰা মুঠ ঘৰুৱা উৎপাদন (GDP) নামমাত্ৰ $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন আৰু প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিৰ GDP $৬৯,২৬৪। কোম্পানী যেনে [[লেগো]], [[মাৰ্স্ক]], আৰু [[ন’ভ’ নৰ্ডিস্ক]] ডেনমাৰ্কৰ। উচ্চ কৰ আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]]ৰ অধীনত সামাজিক কল্যাণৰ বাবে ব্যয় কৰা হয়, যিয়ে শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা আৰু বেকাৰী সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Economy of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== জনসংখ্যা ==
২০২৩ চনত ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০, জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত ১৩৮.৯ জন। প্ৰায় ৮৮% লোক ডেনিছ বংশোদ্ভৱ, বাকীসকল অভিবাসী বা তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তান, মুখ্যতঃ তুৰ্কী, পোলেণ্ড, চিৰিয়া আৰু জাৰ্মানীৰ পৰা। ৰাজধানী [[কোপেনহেগেন]]ত প্ৰায় ৬,৫০,০০০ লোক বাস কৰে, আনহাতে আৰহুছ, ওডেন্সে আৰু আলবৰ্গও উল্লেখযোগ্য নগৰ। অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]], আৰু বেছিভাগ লোকে ইংৰাজীও কয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-valg |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সংস্কৃতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সংস্কৃতি ইয়াৰ নৰ্ডিক ঐতিহ্য আৰু আধুনিকতাৰ মিশ্ৰণ। ডেনিছসকলে &quot;হাইগে&quot; ({{lang-da|hygge}}), আৰাম আৰু সামাজিকতাৰ এক ধাৰণা,ৰ বাবে জনা যায়। সাহিত্যত [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]]ৰ পৰীকথা, যেনে &quot;দ্য লিটল মাৰমেইড&quot;, বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। স্থাপত্যত কোপেনহেগেনৰ অপেৰা হাউচ আৰু ডিজাইনত [[লেগো]] উল্লেখযোগ্য। ডেনিছ খাদ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে &quot;smørrebrød&quot; (মুকলি চেণ্ডউইচ), আৰু দেশখন নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি আৰু জৈৱিক কৃষিৰ বাবেও প্ৰশংসিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danish Culture |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/danish-culture |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ধৰ্ম ===
বেছিভাগ ডেনিছ লোক (প্ৰায় ৭২%) ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গীৰ্জা, [[লুথাৰান খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ সদস্য। ইছলাম, অন্যান্য খ্ৰীষ্টান সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম অভিবাসী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত প্ৰচলিত। ডেনমাৰ্কত ধৰ্মীয় স্বাধীনতা সুৰক্ষিত, আৰু সমাজ সাধাৰণতে ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religion in Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/kultur-og-fritid/kirke-og-religion |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== শিক্ষা ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সকলো শিক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচী শিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰণালয়ৰ দ্বাৰা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত আৰু স্থানীয় পৌৰসভাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত। প্ৰাথমিক আৰু নিম্ন মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ সমগ্ৰ সময়কাল ফোল্কেস্কুলে সামৰি লয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Overview of the Danish Education System|url=http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111062215/http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|publisher=Danish Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality|access-date=28 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; বেছিভাগ শিশু ৬ৰ পৰা ১৬ বছৰ বয়সলৈ ১০ বছৰৰ বাবে ফোল্কেস্কুলত পঢ়ে। কোনো চূড়ান্ত পৰীক্ষা নাই, কিন্তু নৱম শ্ৰেণী (১৪–১৫ বছৰ বয়স) সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ পিছত ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ইচ্ছা কৰিলে পৰীক্ষা দিব পাৰে। যদি অধিক শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিব বিচাৰে, তেন্তে এই পৰীক্ষা বাধ্যতামূলক। বিকল্প হিচাপে, ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে এখন স্বাধীন বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|friskole}}) বা ব্যক্তিগত বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|privatskole}}), যেনে খ্ৰীষ্টান বিদ্যালয় বা ৱাল্ডৰ্ফ বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়িব পাৰে।

বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ পৰা স্নাতক হোৱাৰ পিছত, কেইবাটাও অব্যাহত শিক্ষাৰ সুযোগ উপলব্ধ; জিমনেছিয়ামে (এছটিএক্স) মানৱীয় বিজ্ঞান আৰু বিজ্ঞানৰ মিশ্ৰণ শিক্ষণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে, উচ্চতৰ কাৰিকৰী পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে (এইচটিএক্স) বিজ্ঞান বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত মনোনিৱেশ কৰে, আৰু উচ্চতৰ বাণিজ্যিক পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে অৰ্থনীতিৰ বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে। উচ্চতৰ প্ৰস্তুতিমূলক পৰীক্ষা (এইচএফ) জিমনেছিয়াম (এছটিএক্স)ৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্যপূৰ্ণ, কিন্তু ই এক বছৰ চুটি। নিৰ্দিষ্ট পেছাৰ বাবে বৃত্তিমূলক শিক্ষা আছে, যিয়ে শিক্ষণ আৰু কৌশলৰ সংমিশ্ৰণৰ দ্বাৰা যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলক নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যৱসায়িক কামৰ বাবে প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়ে।

২০১৮ চনত উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৮৩% আৰু তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ নামভৰ্তি আৰু সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৪৫% আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Education Policy Outlook: Denmark |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2020/12/education-policy-outlook-in-denmark_c225a424/3288629c-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017183723/https://www.oecd.org/edu/EDUCATION%20POLICY%20OUTLOOK%20DENMARK_EN.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2016 |access-date=29 March 2025 |publisher=OECD |page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনমাৰ্কত সকলো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু কলেজীয়া (তৃতীয় স্তৰ) শিক্ষা বিনামূলীয়া; পাঠ্যক্ৰমত নামভৰ্তিৰ বাবে কোনো মাচুল নালাগে। ১৮ বছৰ বা তাতকৈ অধিক বয়সৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় শিক্ষা সহায়ক অনুদানৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰিব পাৰে, যাক ষ্টেটেন্স উদ্দানেলছেষ্ট’ট্টে (এছইউ) বুলি জনা যায়, যিয়ে নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰ্থিক সাহায্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু মাহেকীয়াকৈ বিতৰণ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Rick Noack (4 February 2015). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/04/why-danish-students-are-paid-to-go-to-college/ Why Danish students are paid to go to college] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524062503/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/04/why-danish-students-are-paid-to-go-to-college/ |date=24 May 2015 }}. ''[[The Washington Post]].'' Retrieved 5 February 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনিছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহে আন্তৰ্জাতিক ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলক ডেনমাৰ্কত আন্তৰ্জাতিকভাৱে স্বীকৃত যোগ্যতা অৰ্জনৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰে। বহুতো কাৰ্যসূচী ইংৰাজী ভাষাত পঢ়োৱা হ’ব পাৰে, যি হৈছে একাডেমিক লিংগুয়া ফ্ৰাংকা, স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী, স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী, ডক্টৰেট আৰু ছাত্ৰ বিনিময় কাৰ্যসূচীত।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://studyindenmark.dk/ |title=Study in Denmark, official government website on international higher education in Denmark |access-date=8 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510042940/http://studyindenmark.dk/ |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
{{Reflist}}

== বাহ্যিক সংযোগ ==
* {{Official website|https://www.denmark.dk/}} – ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক ৱেবছাইট
* {{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}
* {{Cite web |title=Statistics Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}

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| conventional_long_name = ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য
| native_name = {{lang|da|Kongeriget Danmark}}
| common_name = ডেনমাৰ্ক
| image_flag = Flag of Denmark.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Denmark.svg
| national_motto = &lt;!-- No official motto; historically associated phrases may be noted --&gt;
| national_anthem = {{lang|da|Der er et yndigt land}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(&quot;There is a lovely land&quot;)}}
| image_map = Location of Denmark in Europe.svg
| capital = কোপেনহেগেন
| coordinates = {{coord|55|40|N|12|34|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = কোপেনহেগেন
| official_languages = ডেনিছ
| government_type = একক সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
| leader_title1 = ৰজা
| leader_name1 = ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম
| leader_title2 = প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী
| leader_name2 = মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন
| legislature = ফোল্কেটিং
| area_km2 = 42,947
| area_rank = ১৩২তম
| population_census = ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০ (২০২৩)
| population_density_km2 = ১৩৮.৯
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $৪৩৫.৬৭৪ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $৭৩,৫২০ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $৬৯,২৬৪ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| Gini = {{decrease}} ২৭.৩&lt;br /&gt;{{small|low}} (২০২১)
| HDI = {{increase}} ০.৯৪৮&lt;br /&gt;{{small|very high}} (২০২২)
| currency = ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন (DKK)
| time_zone = {{abbr|CET|Central European Time}} (UTC+1)
| time_zone_DST = {{abbr|CEST|Central European Summer Time}} (UTC+2)
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = +৪৫
| iso3166code = DK
| cctld = .dk
}}

'''ডেনমাৰ্ক''' ({{lang-en|Danmark}}) [[ইউৰোপ|উত্তৰ ইউৰোপ]]ৰ এখন দেশ। ই ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ মেট্ৰ’প’ল আৰু সৰ্বাধিক জনবহুল অংশ, যাক '''ডেনিছ ৰাজ্য''' বুলিও জনা যায়, এখন [[সংবিধান]]ভিত্তিক একক ৰাষ্ট্ৰ য’ত উত্তৰ [[আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰ]]ত ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ আৰু গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। মেট্ৰ’পলিটান ডেনমাৰ্ক, যাক &quot;মহাদেশীয় ডেনমাৰ্ক&quot; বা &quot;ডেনমাৰ্ক প্ৰ’পাৰ&quot; বুলিও কোৱা হয়, উত্তৰ জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপ আৰু ৪০৬টা দ্বীপৰ এটা দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰে গঠিত। ই স্কেণ্ডিনেভিয়াৰ দেশসমূহৰ মধ্যে সৰ্বাধিক দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত, ছুইডেনৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে, নৰৱেৰ দক্ষিণে, আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]ৰ উত্তৰে, যাৰ সৈতে ই এটা চমু সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ডেনমাৰ্ক প্ৰ’পাৰ পশ্চিমে [[উত্তৰ সাগৰ]] আৰু পূবে [[বাল্টিক সাগৰ]]ৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত।

ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, দুয়োটা উত্তৰ আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰত অৱস্থিত স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল। ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত [[ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম]] বৰ্তমানৰ ৰজা আৰু [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]] প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী। দেশখনৰ সংসদ হৈছে [[ফোল্কেটিং]], আৰু ইয়াৰ অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]]। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ মুদ্ৰা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]], ইউৰো নহয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Denmark and the EU |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/eu-membership |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ডেনমাৰ্কক ইয়াৰ উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মান, সামাজিক কল্যাণ ব্যৱস্থা, আৰু পৰিবেশগত স্থিৰতাৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিৰ বাবে জনা যায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত, শক্তিশালী বাণিজ্য, কৃষি, আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি খণ্ডৰ সৈতে। দেশখনে [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]] অনুসৰণ কৰে, য’ত উচ্চ কৰ, সমতা, আৰু সামাজিক নিৰাপত্তাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Jørn |title=The Nordic Model: Scandinavia Since 1945 |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-86189-726-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ইতিহাস ==
=== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস প্ৰস্তৰ যুগলৈ গৈছে, যেতিয়া শিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক সম্প্ৰদায়ে এই অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল, প্ৰায় ১২,০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ পৰা। কৃষি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯০০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে আৰম্ভ হয়, আৰু ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৮০০–৬০০) ডেনিছ সমাজে সমাধি আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মৰ জৰিয়তে সমৃদ্ধিৰ চিন স্থাপন কৰে। লৌহ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫০০–১) জাৰ্মাণিক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ উত্থান ঘটে, যিসকলে আধুনিক ডেনিছ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lauring |first=Palle |title=A History of Denmark |publisher=Host &amp; Son |year=1995 |isbn=978-87-14-29306-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ভাইকিং যুগ ===
৮মৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভাইকিং যুগত ডেনসকলে ইউৰোপৰ বিস্তীৰ্ণ অঞ্চলত আক্ৰমণ, বাণিজ্য আৰু বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ডেনিছ ভাইকিংসকলে ইংলেণ্ড, আয়াৰলেণ্ড আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ অংশ শাসন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দীঘলীয়া জাহাজে আটলাণ্টিক পাৰ হৈ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকালৈও গৈছিল। এই সময়ত হাৰাল্ড ব্লুটুথৰ দৰে ৰজাই ডেনমাৰ্কক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ৯৬৫ চনত জেলিং শিলত এই ঘটনাৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Viking Age in Denmark |url=https://www.denmark.dk/history/viking-age |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== মধ্যযুগ আৰু আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি ===
মধ্যযুগত ডেনমাৰ্কে কালমাৰ সংঘ (১৩৯৭–১৫২৩)ৰ জৰিয়তে সুইডেন আৰু নৰৱেৰ সৈতে এক সংঘ গঠন কৰে, যি সংঘৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল ৰাণী মাৰ্গাৰেট প্ৰথমে। ১৬৪৫ আৰু ১৬৫৮ চনত সুইডেনৰ সৈতে যুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্কে ভূখণ্ড হেৰুৱায়। ১৮৪৯ চনত ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ হয়, যাৰ ফলত একনায়কত্বৰ অন্ত পৰে। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্ক নিৰপেক্ষ আছিল, কিন্তু দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ১৯৪০ চনত নাৎজী জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইয়াক দখল কৰে, যদিও প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনে উল্লেখযোগ্য ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Gwyn |title=A History of the Vikings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280134-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ভূগোল ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপত অৱস্থিত, যি উত্তৰ ইউৰোপত জাৰ্মানীৰ সৈতে স্থল সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰে আৰু পশ্চিমে উত্তৰ সাগৰ, পূবে বাল্টিক সাগৰ, আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূবে সুইডেনৰ সৈতে Øresund সেতুৰ জৰিয়তে সংযোগ আছে। দেশখনৰ ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ ভিতৰত জিল্যাণ্ড, ফিউন আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম সৰ্বাধিক জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ। ভূখণ্ড সমতল, কৃষিযোগ্য, আৰু ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ৪২,৯৪৭ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geography of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== জলবায়ু ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জলবায়ু নাতিশীতোষ্ণ, গ্ৰীষ্মকাল মৃদু (গড় ১৬–২০°চেলছিয়াছ) আৰু শীতকাল ঠাণ্ডা (গড় ০–৫°চেলছিয়াছ)। বৰষুণ নিয়মীয়া, বছৰি গড়ে ৭০০ মিলিমিটাৰ, আৰু বতাহ প্ৰচলিত, বিশেষকৈ পশ্চিমৰ পৰা। জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰভাৱত উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি আৰু সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ উচ্চতা বৃদ্ধিৰ সম্ভাৱনা ডেনমাৰ্কৰ বাবে উদ্বেগৰ বিষয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate of Denmark |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/denmark-12/ |website=Climate Data |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড, বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ দ্বীপ, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, ১৮টা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি, স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ জলবায়ু আৰ্কটিক, বৰফৰ আৱৰণ বেছিভাগ অঞ্চল জুৰি, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ জলবায়ু উপ-আৰ্কটিক, কুঁৱলী আৰু বতাহৰ বাবে জনাজাত। দুয়োটা অঞ্চলৰ নিজা স্থানীয় সংসদ আৰু প্ৰশাসন আছে, কিন্তু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা আৰু বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ বাবে ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenland and the Faroe Islands |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/greenland-and-the-faroe-islands |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ৰাজনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত ৰজা বা ৰাণী প্ৰতীকী প্ৰধান, আৰু [[ফোল্কেটিং]], ১৭৯জন সদস্যৰ একককক্ষীয় সংসদ, আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰে। ১৮৪৯ চনৰ সংবিধানে গণতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী, বৰ্তমান [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]], মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইউৰোৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। ই [[নাটো]], [[জাতিসংঘ]], আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক পৰিষদ]]ৰো সদস্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government of Denmark |url=https://www.government.dk/ |website=Government of Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আইন ব্যৱস্থা ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা নাগৰিক আইনৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈছে, স্বাধীন বিচাৰ বিভাগৰ সৈতে। উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয় হৈছে সৰ্বোচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়, যিয়ে সংবিধান আৰু আইনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰে। দেশখনৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা স্বচ্ছ আৰু দুৰ্নীতিৰ মাত্ৰা কম, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম ন্যায়পৰায়ণ ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Judicial System in Denmark |url=https://www.domstol.dk/en/about-the-courts/ |website=Danish Courts |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অৰ্থনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত আৰু উন্নত, উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মানৰ সৈতে। মুখ্য খণ্ডসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে বাণিজ্য, কৃষি (বিশেষকৈ ডাইৰি আৰু শুকৰৰ মাংস), আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি, য’ত বতাহৰ শক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ডেনমাৰ্ক বিশ্ব নেতা। ২০২৪ চনত অনুমান কৰা মুঠ ঘৰুৱা উৎপাদন (GDP) নামমাত্ৰ $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন আৰু প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিৰ GDP $৬৯,২৬৪। কোম্পানী যেনে [[লেগো]], [[মাৰ্স্ক]], আৰু [[ন’ভ’ নৰ্ডিস্ক]] ডেনমাৰ্কৰ। উচ্চ কৰ আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]]ৰ অধীনত সামাজিক কল্যাণৰ বাবে ব্যয় কৰা হয়, যিয়ে শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা আৰু বেকাৰী সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Economy of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== জনসংখ্যা ==
২০২৩ চনত ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০, জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত ১৩৮.৯ জন। প্ৰায় ৮৮% লোক ডেনিছ বংশোদ্ভৱ, বাকীসকল অভিবাসী বা তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তান, মুখ্যতঃ তুৰ্কী, পোলেণ্ড, চিৰিয়া আৰু জাৰ্মানীৰ পৰা। ৰাজধানী [[কোপেনহেগেন]]ত প্ৰায় ৬,৫০,০০০ লোক বাস কৰে, আনহাতে আৰহুছ, ওডেন্সে আৰু আলবৰ্গও উল্লেখযোগ্য নগৰ। অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]], আৰু বেছিভাগ লোকে ইংৰাজীও কয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-valg |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সংস্কৃতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সংস্কৃতি ইয়াৰ নৰ্ডিক ঐতিহ্য আৰু আধুনিকতাৰ মিশ্ৰণ। ডেনিছসকলে &quot;হাইগে&quot; ({{lang-da|hygge}}), আৰাম আৰু সামাজিকতাৰ এক ধাৰণা,ৰ বাবে জনা যায়। সাহিত্যত [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]]ৰ পৰীকথা, যেনে &quot;দ্য লিটল মাৰমেইড&quot;, বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। স্থাপত্যত কোপেনহেগেনৰ অপেৰা হাউচ আৰু ডিজাইনত [[লেগো]] উল্লেখযোগ্য। ডেনিছ খাদ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে &quot;smørrebrød&quot; (মুকলি চেণ্ডউইচ), আৰু দেশখন নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি আৰু জৈৱিক কৃষিৰ বাবেও প্ৰশংসিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danish Culture |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/danish-culture |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ধৰ্ম ===
বেছিভাগ ডেনিছ লোক (প্ৰায় ৭২%) ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গীৰ্জা, [[লুথাৰান খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ সদস্য। ইছলাম, অন্যান্য খ্ৰীষ্টান সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম অভিবাসী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত প্ৰচলিত। ডেনমাৰ্কত ধৰ্মীয় স্বাধীনতা সুৰক্ষিত, আৰু সমাজ সাধাৰণতে ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religion in Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/kultur-og-fritid/kirke-og-religion |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== শিক্ষা ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সকলো শিক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচী শিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰণালয়ৰ দ্বাৰা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত আৰু স্থানীয় পৌৰসভাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত। প্ৰাথমিক আৰু নিম্ন মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ সমগ্ৰ সময়কাল ফোল্কেস্কুলে সামৰি লয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Overview of the Danish Education System|url=http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111062215/http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|publisher=Danish Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality|access-date=28 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; বেছিভাগ শিশু ৬ৰ পৰা ১৬ বছৰ বয়সলৈ ১০ বছৰৰ বাবে ফোল্কেস্কুলত পঢ়ে। কোনো চূড়ান্ত পৰীক্ষা নাই, কিন্তু নৱম শ্ৰেণী (১৪–১৫ বছৰ বয়স) সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ পিছত ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ইচ্ছা কৰিলে পৰীক্ষা দিব পাৰে। যদি অধিক শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিব বিচাৰে, তেন্তে এই পৰীক্ষা বাধ্যতামূলক। বিকল্প হিচাপে, ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে এখন স্বাধীন বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|friskole}}) বা ব্যক্তিগত বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|privatskole}}), যেনে খ্ৰীষ্টান বিদ্যালয় বা ৱাল্ডৰ্ফ বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়িব পাৰে।

বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ পৰা স্নাতক হোৱাৰ পিছত, কেইবাটাও অব্যাহত শিক্ষাৰ সুযোগ উপলব্ধ; জিমনেছিয়ামে (এছটিএক্স) মানৱীয় বিজ্ঞান আৰু বিজ্ঞানৰ মিশ্ৰণ শিক্ষণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে, উচ্চতৰ কাৰিকৰী পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে (এইচটিএক্স) বিজ্ঞান বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত মনোনিৱেশ কৰে, আৰু উচ্চতৰ বাণিজ্যিক পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে অৰ্থনীতিৰ বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে। উচ্চতৰ প্ৰস্তুতিমূলক পৰীক্ষা (এইচএফ) জিমনেছিয়াম (এছটিএক্স)ৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্যপূৰ্ণ, কিন্তু ই এক বছৰ চুটি। নিৰ্দিষ্ট পেছাৰ বাবে বৃত্তিমূলক শিক্ষা আছে, যিয়ে শিক্ষণ আৰু কৌশলৰ সংমিশ্ৰণৰ দ্বাৰা যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলক নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যৱসায়িক কামৰ বাবে প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়ে।

২০১৮ চনত উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৮৩% আৰু তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ নামভৰ্তি আৰু সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৪৫% আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Education Policy Outlook: Denmark |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2020/12/education-policy-outlook-in-denmark_c225a424/3288629c-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017183723/https://www.oecd.org/edu/EDUCATION%20POLICY%20OUTLOOK%20DENMARK_EN.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2016 |access-date=29 March 2025 |publisher=OECD |page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনমাৰ্কত সকলো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু কলেজীয়া (তৃতীয় স্তৰ) শিক্ষা বিনামূলীয়া; পাঠ্যক্ৰমত নামভৰ্তিৰ বাবে কোনো মাচুল নালাগে। ১৮ বছৰ বা তাতকৈ অধিক বয়সৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় শিক্ষা সহায়ক অনুদানৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰিব পাৰে, যাক ষ্টেটেন্স উদ্দানেলছেষ্ট’ট্টে (এছইউ) বুলি জনা যায়, যিয়ে নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰ্থিক সাহায্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু মাহেকীয়াকৈ বিতৰণ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Rick Noack (4 February 2015). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/04/why-danish-students-are-paid-to-go-to-college/ Why Danish students are paid to go to college] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524062503/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/04/why-danish-students-are-paid-to-go-to-college/ |date=24 May 2015 }}. ''[[The Washington Post]].'' Retrieved 5 February 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনিছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহে আন্তৰ্জাতিক ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলক ডেনমাৰ্কত আন্তৰ্জাতিকভাৱে স্বীকৃত যোগ্যতা অৰ্জনৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰে। বহুতো কাৰ্যসূচী ইংৰাজী ভাষাত পঢ়োৱা হ’ব পাৰে, যি হৈছে একাডেমিক লিংগুয়া ফ্ৰাংকা, স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী, স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী, ডক্টৰেট আৰু ছাত্ৰ বিনিময় কাৰ্যসূচীত।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://studyindenmark.dk/ |title=Study in Denmark, official government website on international higher education in Denmark |access-date=8 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510042940/http://studyindenmark.dk/ |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
{{Reflist}}

== বাহ্যিক সংযোগ ==
* {{Official website|https://www.denmark.dk/}} – ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক ৱেবছাইট
* {{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}
* {{Cite web |title=Statistics Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}

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| conventional_long_name = ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য
| native_name = {{lang|da|Kongeriget Danmark}}
| common_name = ডেনমাৰ্ক
| image_flag = Flag of Denmark.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Denmark.svg
| national_motto = &lt;!-- No official motto; historically associated phrases may be noted --&gt;
| national_anthem = {{lang|da|Der er et yndigt land}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(&quot;There is a lovely land&quot;)}}
| image_map = Location of Denmark in Europe.svg
| capital = কোপেনহেগেন
| coordinates = {{coord|55|40|N|12|34|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = কোপেনহেগেন
| official_languages = ডেনিছ
| government_type = একক সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
| leader_title1 = ৰজা
| leader_name1 = ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম
| leader_title2 = প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী
| leader_name2 = মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন
| legislature = ফোল্কেটিং
| area_km2 = 42,947
| area_rank = ১৩২তম
| population_census = ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০ (২০২৩)
| population_density_km2 = ১৩৮.৯
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $৪৩৫.৬৭৪ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $৭৩,৫২০ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $৬৯,২৬৪ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| Gini = {{decrease}} ২৭.৩&lt;br /&gt;{{small|low}} (২০২১)
| HDI = {{increase}} ০.৯৪৮&lt;br /&gt;{{small|very high}} (২০২২)
| currency = ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন (DKK)
| time_zone = {{abbr|CET|Central European Time}} (UTC+1)
| time_zone_DST = {{abbr|CEST|Central European Summer Time}} (UTC+2)
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = +৪৫
| iso3166code = DK
| cctld = .dk
}}

'''ডেনমাৰ্ক''' ({{lang-en|Danmark}}) [[ইউৰোপ|উত্তৰ ইউৰোপ]]ৰ এখন দেশ। ই ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ মেট্ৰ’প’ল আৰু সৰ্বাধিক জনবহুল অংশ, যাক '''ডেনিছ ৰাজ্য''' বুলিও জনা যায়, এখন [[সংবিধান]]ভিত্তিক একক ৰাষ্ট্ৰ য’ত উত্তৰ [[আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰ]]ত ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ আৰু গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। মেট্ৰ’পলিটান ডেনমাৰ্ক, যাক &quot;মহাদেশীয় ডেনমাৰ্ক&quot; বা &quot;ডেনমাৰ্ক প্ৰ’পাৰ&quot; বুলিও কোৱা হয়, উত্তৰ জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপ আৰু ৪০৬টা দ্বীপৰ এটা দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰে গঠিত। ই স্কেণ্ডিনেভিয়াৰ দেশসমূহৰ মধ্যে সৰ্বাধিক দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত, ছুইডেনৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে, নৰৱেৰ দক্ষিণে, আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]ৰ উত্তৰে, যাৰ সৈতে ই এটা চমু সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ডেনমাৰ্ক প্ৰ’পাৰ পশ্চিমে [[উত্তৰ সাগৰ]] আৰু পূবে [[বাল্টিক সাগৰ]]ৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত।

ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য, য’ত ফাৰো দ্বীপপুঞ্জ আৰু গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, তাত প্ৰায় ১,৪০০টা দ্বীপ আছে যাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ১০০ বৰ্গ মিটাৰ (১,১০০ বৰ্গ ফুট)তকৈ বেছি; তাৰে ৪৪৩টাৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ৭৮টা দ্বীপত মানুহৰ বসবাস আছে। ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ, তাৰে প্ৰায় ৪০% লোক ডেনমাৰ্কৰ মূল ভূখণ্ডৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ আৰু সৰ্বাধিক জনবহুল দ্বীপ জিলেণ্ড (Sjælland)ত বাস কৰে; ডেনিছ ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী আৰু সৰ্ববৃহৎ নগৰ কোপেনহেগেন (København) জিলেণ্ড আৰু আমাগাৰত অৱস্থিত। সমতল, কৃষিযোগ্য ভূমিৰে গঠিত, ডেনমাৰ্কৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে বালিময় উপকূল, নিম্ন উচ্চতা, আৰু মধ্যমীয়া জলবায়ু। ডেনমাৰ্কে ডেনিছ ৰাজ্যত আধিপত্য বিস্তাৰ কৰে, আৰু অন্যান্য সংঘটক সত্তাসমূহক তেওঁলোকৰ আভ্যন্তৰীণ বিষয়সমূহ পৰিচালনা কৰিবলৈ ক্ষমতা হস্তান্তৰ কৰে। ফাৰো দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ১৯৪৮ চনত স্বায়ত্তশাসন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হৈছিল; গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডে ১৯৭৯ চনত গৃহ শাসন লাভ কৰিছিল আৰু ২০০৯ চনত অধিক স্বায়ত্তশাসন লাভ কৰিছিল।

ডেনমাৰ্কক ইয়াৰ উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মান, সামাজিক কল্যাণ ব্যৱস্থা, আৰু পৰিবেশগত স্থিৰতাৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিৰ বাবে জনা যায়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত, শক্তিশালী বাণিজ্য, কৃষি, আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি খণ্ডৰ সৈতে। দেশখনে [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]] অনুসৰণ কৰে, য’ত উচ্চ কৰ, সমতা, আৰু সামাজিক নিৰাপত্তাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Jørn |title=The Nordic Model: Scandinavia Since 1945 |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-86189-726-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ইতিহাস ==
=== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস প্ৰস্তৰ যুগলৈ গৈছে, যেতিয়া শিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক সম্প্ৰদায়ে এই অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল, প্ৰায় ১২,০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ পৰা। কৃষি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯০০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে আৰম্ভ হয়, আৰু ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৮০০–৬০০) ডেনিছ সমাজে সমাধি আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মৰ জৰিয়তে সমৃদ্ধিৰ চিন স্থাপন কৰে। লৌহ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫০০–১) জাৰ্মাণিক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ উত্থান ঘটে, যিসকলে আধুনিক ডেনিছ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lauring |first=Palle |title=A History of Denmark |publisher=Host &amp; Son |year=1995 |isbn=978-87-14-29306-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ভাইকিং যুগ ===
৮মৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভাইকিং যুগত ডেনসকলে ইউৰোপৰ বিস্তীৰ্ণ অঞ্চলত আক্ৰমণ, বাণিজ্য আৰু বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ডেনিছ ভাইকিংসকলে ইংলেণ্ড, আয়াৰলেণ্ড আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ অংশ শাসন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দীঘলীয়া জাহাজে আটলাণ্টিক পাৰ হৈ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকালৈও গৈছিল। এই সময়ত হাৰাল্ড ব্লুটুথৰ দৰে ৰজাই ডেনমাৰ্কক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ৯৬৫ চনত জেলিং শিলত এই ঘটনাৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Viking Age in Denmark |url=https://www.denmark.dk/history/viking-age |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== মধ্যযুগ আৰু আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি ===
মধ্যযুগত ডেনমাৰ্কে কালমাৰ সংঘ (১৩৯৭–১৫২৩)ৰ জৰিয়তে সুইডেন আৰু নৰৱেৰ সৈতে এক সংঘ গঠন কৰে, যি সংঘৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল ৰাণী মাৰ্গাৰেট প্ৰথমে। ১৬৪৫ আৰু ১৬৫৮ চনত সুইডেনৰ সৈতে যুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্কে ভূখণ্ড হেৰুৱায়। ১৮৪৯ চনত ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ হয়, যাৰ ফলত একনায়কত্বৰ অন্ত পৰে। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্ক নিৰপেক্ষ আছিল, কিন্তু দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ১৯৪০ চনত নাৎজী জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইয়াক দখল কৰে, যদিও প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনে উল্লেখযোগ্য ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Gwyn |title=A History of the Vikings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280134-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ভূগোল ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপত অৱস্থিত, যি উত্তৰ ইউৰোপত জাৰ্মানীৰ সৈতে স্থল সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰে আৰু পশ্চিমে উত্তৰ সাগৰ, পূবে বাল্টিক সাগৰ, আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূবে সুইডেনৰ সৈতে Øresund সেতুৰ জৰিয়তে সংযোগ আছে। দেশখনৰ ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ ভিতৰত জিল্যাণ্ড, ফিউন আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম সৰ্বাধিক জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ। ভূখণ্ড সমতল, কৃষিযোগ্য, আৰু ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ৪২,৯৪৭ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geography of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== জলবায়ু ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জলবায়ু নাতিশীতোষ্ণ, গ্ৰীষ্মকাল মৃদু (গড় ১৬–২০°চেলছিয়াছ) আৰু শীতকাল ঠাণ্ডা (গড় ০–৫°চেলছিয়াছ)। বৰষুণ নিয়মীয়া, বছৰি গড়ে ৭০০ মিলিমিটাৰ, আৰু বতাহ প্ৰচলিত, বিশেষকৈ পশ্চিমৰ পৰা। জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰভাৱত উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি আৰু সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ উচ্চতা বৃদ্ধিৰ সম্ভাৱনা ডেনমাৰ্কৰ বাবে উদ্বেগৰ বিষয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate of Denmark |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/denmark-12/ |website=Climate Data |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড, বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ দ্বীপ, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, ১৮টা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি, স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ জলবায়ু আৰ্কটিক, বৰফৰ আৱৰণ বেছিভাগ অঞ্চল জুৰি, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ জলবায়ু উপ-আৰ্কটিক, কুঁৱলী আৰু বতাহৰ বাবে জনাজাত। দুয়োটা অঞ্চলৰ নিজা স্থানীয় সংসদ আৰু প্ৰশাসন আছে, কিন্তু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা আৰু বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ বাবে ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenland and the Faroe Islands |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/greenland-and-the-faroe-islands |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ৰাজনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত ৰজা বা ৰাণী প্ৰতীকী প্ৰধান, আৰু [[ফোল্কেটিং]], ১৭৯জন সদস্যৰ একককক্ষীয় সংসদ, আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰে। ১৮৪৯ চনৰ সংবিধানে গণতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী, বৰ্তমান [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]], মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইউৰোৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। ই [[নাটো]], [[জাতিসংঘ]], আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক পৰিষদ]]ৰো সদস্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government of Denmark |url=https://www.government.dk/ |website=Government of Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আইন ব্যৱস্থা ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা নাগৰিক আইনৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈছে, স্বাধীন বিচাৰ বিভাগৰ সৈতে। উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয় হৈছে সৰ্বোচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়, যিয়ে সংবিধান আৰু আইনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰে। দেশখনৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা স্বচ্ছ আৰু দুৰ্নীতিৰ মাত্ৰা কম, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম ন্যায়পৰায়ণ ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Judicial System in Denmark |url=https://www.domstol.dk/en/about-the-courts/ |website=Danish Courts |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অৰ্থনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত আৰু উন্নত, উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মানৰ সৈতে। মুখ্য খণ্ডসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে বাণিজ্য, কৃষি (বিশেষকৈ ডাইৰি আৰু শুকৰৰ মাংস), আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি, য’ত বতাহৰ শক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ডেনমাৰ্ক বিশ্ব নেতা। ২০২৪ চনত অনুমান কৰা মুঠ ঘৰুৱা উৎপাদন (GDP) নামমাত্ৰ $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন আৰু প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিৰ GDP $৬৯,২৬৪। কোম্পানী যেনে [[লেগো]], [[মাৰ্স্ক]], আৰু [[ন’ভ’ নৰ্ডিস্ক]] ডেনমাৰ্কৰ। উচ্চ কৰ আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]]ৰ অধীনত সামাজিক কল্যাণৰ বাবে ব্যয় কৰা হয়, যিয়ে শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা আৰু বেকাৰী সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Economy of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== জনসংখ্যা ==
২০২৩ চনত ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০, জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত ১৩৮.৯ জন। প্ৰায় ৮৮% লোক ডেনিছ বংশোদ্ভৱ, বাকীসকল অভিবাসী বা তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তান, মুখ্যতঃ তুৰ্কী, পোলেণ্ড, চিৰিয়া আৰু জাৰ্মানীৰ পৰা। ৰাজধানী [[কোপেনহেগেন]]ত প্ৰায় ৬,৫০,০০০ লোক বাস কৰে, আনহাতে আৰহুছ, ওডেন্সে আৰু আলবৰ্গও উল্লেখযোগ্য নগৰ। অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]], আৰু বেছিভাগ লোকে ইংৰাজীও কয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-valg |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সংস্কৃতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সংস্কৃতি ইয়াৰ নৰ্ডিক ঐতিহ্য আৰু আধুনিকতাৰ মিশ্ৰণ। ডেনিছসকলে &quot;হাইগে&quot; ({{lang-da|hygge}}), আৰাম আৰু সামাজিকতাৰ এক ধাৰণা,ৰ বাবে জনা যায়। সাহিত্যত [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]]ৰ পৰীকথা, যেনে &quot;দ্য লিটল মাৰমেইড&quot;, বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। স্থাপত্যত কোপেনহেগেনৰ অপেৰা হাউচ আৰু ডিজাইনত [[লেগো]] উল্লেখযোগ্য। ডেনিছ খাদ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে &quot;smørrebrød&quot; (মুকলি চেণ্ডউইচ), আৰু দেশখন নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি আৰু জৈৱিক কৃষিৰ বাবেও প্ৰশংসিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danish Culture |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/danish-culture |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ধৰ্ম ===
বেছিভাগ ডেনিছ লোক (প্ৰায় ৭২%) ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গীৰ্জা, [[লুথাৰান খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ সদস্য। ইছলাম, অন্যান্য খ্ৰীষ্টান সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম অভিবাসী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত প্ৰচলিত। ডেনমাৰ্কত ধৰ্মীয় স্বাধীনতা সুৰক্ষিত, আৰু সমাজ সাধাৰণতে ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religion in Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/kultur-og-fritid/kirke-og-religion |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== শিক্ষা ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সকলো শিক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচী শিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰণালয়ৰ দ্বাৰা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত আৰু স্থানীয় পৌৰসভাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত। প্ৰাথমিক আৰু নিম্ন মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ সমগ্ৰ সময়কাল ফোল্কেস্কুলে সামৰি লয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Overview of the Danish Education System|url=http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111062215/http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|publisher=Danish Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality|access-date=28 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; বেছিভাগ শিশু ৬ৰ পৰা ১৬ বছৰ বয়সলৈ ১০ বছৰৰ বাবে ফোল্কেস্কুলত পঢ়ে। কোনো চূড়ান্ত পৰীক্ষা নাই, কিন্তু নৱম শ্ৰেণী (১৪–১৫ বছৰ বয়স) সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ পিছত ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ইচ্ছা কৰিলে পৰীক্ষা দিব পাৰে। যদি অধিক শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিব বিচাৰে, তেন্তে এই পৰীক্ষা বাধ্যতামূলক। বিকল্প হিচাপে, ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে এখন স্বাধীন বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|friskole}}) বা ব্যক্তিগত বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|privatskole}}), যেনে খ্ৰীষ্টান বিদ্যালয় বা ৱাল্ডৰ্ফ বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়িব পাৰে।

বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ পৰা স্নাতক হোৱাৰ পিছত, কেইবাটাও অব্যাহত শিক্ষাৰ সুযোগ উপলব্ধ; জিমনেছিয়ামে (এছটিএক্স) মানৱীয় বিজ্ঞান আৰু বিজ্ঞানৰ মিশ্ৰণ শিক্ষণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে, উচ্চতৰ কাৰিকৰী পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে (এইচটিএক্স) বিজ্ঞান বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত মনোনিৱেশ কৰে, আৰু উচ্চতৰ বাণিজ্যিক পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে অৰ্থনীতিৰ বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে। উচ্চতৰ প্ৰস্তুতিমূলক পৰীক্ষা (এইচএফ) জিমনেছিয়াম (এছটিএক্স)ৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্যপূৰ্ণ, কিন্তু ই এক বছৰ চুটি। নিৰ্দিষ্ট পেছাৰ বাবে বৃত্তিমূলক শিক্ষা আছে, যিয়ে শিক্ষণ আৰু কৌশলৰ সংমিশ্ৰণৰ দ্বাৰা যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলক নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যৱসায়িক কামৰ বাবে প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়ে।

২০১৮ চনত উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৮৩% আৰু তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ নামভৰ্তি আৰু সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৪৫% আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Education Policy Outlook: Denmark |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2020/12/education-policy-outlook-in-denmark_c225a424/3288629c-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017183723/https://www.oecd.org/edu/EDUCATION%20POLICY%20OUTLOOK%20DENMARK_EN.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2016 |access-date=29 March 2025 |publisher=OECD |page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনমাৰ্কত সকলো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু কলেজীয়া (তৃতীয় স্তৰ) শিক্ষা বিনামূলীয়া; পাঠ্যক্ৰমত নামভৰ্তিৰ বাবে কোনো মাচুল নালাগে। ১৮ বছৰ বা তাতকৈ অধিক বয়সৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় শিক্ষা সহায়ক অনুদানৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰিব পাৰে, যাক ষ্টেটেন্স উদ্দানেলছেষ্ট’ট্টে (এছইউ) বুলি জনা যায়, যিয়ে নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰ্থিক সাহায্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু মাহেকীয়াকৈ বিতৰণ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Rick Noack (4 February 2015). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/04/why-danish-students-are-paid-to-go-to-college/ Why Danish students are paid to go to college] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524062503/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/04/why-danish-students-are-paid-to-go-to-college/ |date=24 May 2015 }}. ''[[The Washington Post]].'' Retrieved 5 February 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনিছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহে আন্তৰ্জাতিক ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলক ডেনমাৰ্কত আন্তৰ্জাতিকভাৱে স্বীকৃত যোগ্যতা অৰ্জনৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰে। বহুতো কাৰ্যসূচী ইংৰাজী ভাষাত পঢ়োৱা হ’ব পাৰে, যি হৈছে একাডেমিক লিংগুয়া ফ্ৰাংকা, স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী, স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী, ডক্টৰেট আৰু ছাত্ৰ বিনিময় কাৰ্যসূচীত।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://studyindenmark.dk/ |title=Study in Denmark, official government website on international higher education in Denmark |access-date=8 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510042940/http://studyindenmark.dk/ |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
{{Reflist}}

== বাহ্যিক সংযোগ ==
* {{Official website|https://www.denmark.dk/}} – ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক ৱেবছাইট
* {{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}
* {{Cite web |title=Statistics Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}

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| conventional_long_name = ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য
| native_name = {{lang|da|Kongeriget Danmark}}
| common_name = ডেনমাৰ্ক
| image_flag = Flag of Denmark.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Denmark.svg
| national_motto = &lt;!-- No official motto; historically associated phrases may be noted --&gt;
| national_anthem = {{lang|da|Der er et yndigt land}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(&quot;There is a lovely land&quot;)}}
| image_map = Location of Denmark in Europe.svg
| capital = কোপেনহেগেন
| coordinates = {{coord|55|40|N|12|34|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = কোপেনহেগেন
| official_languages = ডেনিছ
| government_type = একক সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
| leader_title1 = ৰজা
| leader_name1 = ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম
| leader_title2 = প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী
| leader_name2 = মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন
| legislature = ফোল্কেটিং
| area_km2 = 42,947
| area_rank = ১৩২তম
| population_census = ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০ (২০২৩)
| population_density_km2 = ১৩৮.৯
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $৪৩৫.৬৭৪ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $৭৩,৫২০ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $৬৯,২৬৪ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| Gini = {{decrease}} ২৭.৩&lt;br /&gt;{{small|low}} (২০২১)
| HDI = {{increase}} ০.৯৪৮&lt;br /&gt;{{small|very high}} (২০২২)
| currency = ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন (DKK)
| time_zone = {{abbr|CET|Central European Time}} (UTC+1)
| time_zone_DST = {{abbr|CEST|Central European Summer Time}} (UTC+2)
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = +৪৫
| iso3166code = DK
| cctld = .dk
}}

'''ডেনমাৰ্ক''' ({{lang-en|Danmark}}) [[ইউৰোপ|উত্তৰ ইউৰোপ]]ৰ এখন দেশ। ই ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ মেট্ৰ’প’ল আৰু সৰ্বাধিক জনবহুল অংশ, যাক '''ডেনিছ ৰাজ্য''' বুলিও জনা যায়, এখন [[সংবিধান]]ভিত্তিক একক ৰাষ্ট্ৰ য’ত উত্তৰ [[আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰ]]ত ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ আৰু গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। মেট্ৰ’পলিটান ডেনমাৰ্ক, যাক &quot;মহাদেশীয় ডেনমাৰ্ক&quot; বা &quot;ডেনমাৰ্ক প্ৰ’পাৰ&quot; বুলিও কোৱা হয়, উত্তৰ জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপ আৰু ৪০৬টা দ্বীপৰ এটা দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰে গঠিত। ই স্কেণ্ডিনেভিয়াৰ দেশসমূহৰ মধ্যে সৰ্বাধিক দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত, ছুইডেনৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে, নৰৱেৰ দক্ষিণে, আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]ৰ উত্তৰে, যাৰ সৈতে ই এটা চমু সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ডেনমাৰ্ক প্ৰ’পাৰ পশ্চিমে [[উত্তৰ সাগৰ]] আৰু পূবে [[বাল্টিক সাগৰ]]ৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত।

ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য, য’ত ফাৰো দ্বীপপুঞ্জ আৰু গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, তাত প্ৰায় ১,৪০০টা দ্বীপ আছে যাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ১০০ বৰ্গ মিটাৰ (১,১০০ বৰ্গ ফুট)তকৈ বেছি; তাৰে ৪৪৩টাৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ৭৮টা দ্বীপত মানুহৰ বসবাস আছে। ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ, তাৰে প্ৰায় ৪০% লোক ডেনমাৰ্কৰ মূল ভূখণ্ডৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ আৰু সৰ্বাধিক জনবহুল দ্বীপ জিলেণ্ড (Sjælland)ত বাস কৰে; ডেনিছ ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী আৰু সৰ্ববৃহৎ নগৰ কোপেনহেগেন (København) জিলেণ্ড আৰু আমাগাৰত অৱস্থিত। সমতল, কৃষিযোগ্য ভূমিৰে গঠিত, ডেনমাৰ্কৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে বালিময় উপকূল, নিম্ন উচ্চতা, আৰু মধ্যমীয়া জলবায়ু। ডেনমাৰ্কে ডেনিছ ৰাজ্যত আধিপত্য বিস্তাৰ কৰে, আৰু অন্যান্য সংঘটক সত্তাসমূহক তেওঁলোকৰ আভ্যন্তৰীণ বিষয়সমূহ পৰিচালনা কৰিবলৈ ক্ষমতা হস্তান্তৰ কৰে। ফাৰো দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ১৯৪৮ চনত স্বায়ত্তশাসন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হৈছিল; গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডে ১৯৭৯ চনত গৃহ শাসন লাভ কৰিছিল আৰু ২০০৯ চনত অধিক স্বায়ত্তশাসন লাভ কৰিছিল।

অষ্টম শতিকাৰ বাল্টিক সাগৰৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ বাবে সংগ্ৰাম চলাৰ সময়ত ডেনমাৰ্ক সংযুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰ এক সামুদ্ৰিক শক্তি হিচাপে উত্থান ঘটিছিল। ১৩৯৭ চনত, ডেনমাৰ্কে নৰৱে আৰু ছুইডেনৰ সৈতে কালমাৰ ইউনিয়ন গঠন কৰিছিল। এই ইউনিয়ন ১৫২৩ চনত ছুইডেনৰ বিচ্ছিন্নতাৰ সৈতে শেষ হৈছিল। অৱশিষ্ট ডেনমাৰ্ক-নৰৱে ৰাষ্ট্ৰই সপ্তদশ শতিকাত এক যুদ্ধ শৃংখলাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল, যাৰ ফলত অধিক ভূখণ্ড হস্তান্তৰ হৈছিল। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাত জাতীয়তাবাদী আন্দোলনৰ উত্থান হৈছিল, কিন্তু ১৮৪৮ চনৰ প্ৰথম শ্লেছৱিগ যুদ্ধত পৰাজিত হৈছিল। সেই যুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্কে জাৰ্মানীৰ কাষত বিশাল ভূখণ্ড হেৰুৱাইছিল, যাৰ ফলত ডেনিছ সমাজত পৰিৱৰ্তন আহিছিল, যেনে সংকুচিত দেশখনত সামাজিক ঐক্যৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া, জাটলেণ্ডৰ বিশাল মুক্তভূমি পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা, ইন্দ্ৰেমিছন খ্ৰীষ্টান আন্দোলন, আৰু একীকৃত আৰু বৈচিত্ৰময় জনগোষ্ঠী হিচাপে অধিক শক্তিশালী আত্ম-উপলব্ধি। ১৮৪৯ চনৰ ৫ জুনত ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সংবিধান গ্ৰহণৰ ফলত নিৰঙ্কুশ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰৰ অৱসান ঘটিছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ সংসদীয় ব্যৱস্থা প্ৰৱৰ্তন হৈছিল।

== ইতিহাস ==
=== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস প্ৰস্তৰ যুগলৈ গৈছে, যেতিয়া শিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক সম্প্ৰদায়ে এই অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল, প্ৰায় ১২,০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ পৰা। কৃষি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯০০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে আৰম্ভ হয়, আৰু ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৮০০–৬০০) ডেনিছ সমাজে সমাধি আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মৰ জৰিয়তে সমৃদ্ধিৰ চিন স্থাপন কৰে। লৌহ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫০০–১) জাৰ্মাণিক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ উত্থান ঘটে, যিসকলে আধুনিক ডেনিছ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lauring |first=Palle |title=A History of Denmark |publisher=Host &amp; Son |year=1995 |isbn=978-87-14-29306-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ভাইকিং যুগ ===
৮মৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভাইকিং যুগত ডেনসকলে ইউৰোপৰ বিস্তীৰ্ণ অঞ্চলত আক্ৰমণ, বাণিজ্য আৰু বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ডেনিছ ভাইকিংসকলে ইংলেণ্ড, আয়াৰলেণ্ড আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ অংশ শাসন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দীঘলীয়া জাহাজে আটলাণ্টিক পাৰ হৈ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকালৈও গৈছিল। এই সময়ত হাৰাল্ড ব্লুটুথৰ দৰে ৰজাই ডেনমাৰ্কক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ৯৬৫ চনত জেলিং শিলত এই ঘটনাৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Viking Age in Denmark |url=https://www.denmark.dk/history/viking-age |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== মধ্যযুগ আৰু আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি ===
মধ্যযুগত ডেনমাৰ্কে কালমাৰ সংঘ (১৩৯৭–১৫২৩)ৰ জৰিয়তে সুইডেন আৰু নৰৱেৰ সৈতে এক সংঘ গঠন কৰে, যি সংঘৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল ৰাণী মাৰ্গাৰেট প্ৰথমে। ১৬৪৫ আৰু ১৬৫৮ চনত সুইডেনৰ সৈতে যুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্কে ভূখণ্ড হেৰুৱায়। ১৮৪৯ চনত ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ হয়, যাৰ ফলত একনায়কত্বৰ অন্ত পৰে। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্ক নিৰপেক্ষ আছিল, কিন্তু দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ১৯৪০ চনত নাৎজী জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইয়াক দখল কৰে, যদিও প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনে উল্লেখযোগ্য ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Gwyn |title=A History of the Vikings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280134-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ভূগোল ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপত অৱস্থিত, যি উত্তৰ ইউৰোপত জাৰ্মানীৰ সৈতে স্থল সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰে আৰু পশ্চিমে উত্তৰ সাগৰ, পূবে বাল্টিক সাগৰ, আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূবে সুইডেনৰ সৈতে Øresund সেতুৰ জৰিয়তে সংযোগ আছে। দেশখনৰ ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ ভিতৰত জিল্যাণ্ড, ফিউন আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম সৰ্বাধিক জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ। ভূখণ্ড সমতল, কৃষিযোগ্য, আৰু ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ৪২,৯৪৭ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geography of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== জলবায়ু ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জলবায়ু নাতিশীতোষ্ণ, গ্ৰীষ্মকাল মৃদু (গড় ১৬–২০°চেলছিয়াছ) আৰু শীতকাল ঠাণ্ডা (গড় ০–৫°চেলছিয়াছ)। বৰষুণ নিয়মীয়া, বছৰি গড়ে ৭০০ মিলিমিটাৰ, আৰু বতাহ প্ৰচলিত, বিশেষকৈ পশ্চিমৰ পৰা। জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰভাৱত উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি আৰু সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ উচ্চতা বৃদ্ধিৰ সম্ভাৱনা ডেনমাৰ্কৰ বাবে উদ্বেগৰ বিষয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate of Denmark |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/denmark-12/ |website=Climate Data |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড, বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ দ্বীপ, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, ১৮টা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি, স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ জলবায়ু আৰ্কটিক, বৰফৰ আৱৰণ বেছিভাগ অঞ্চল জুৰি, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ জলবায়ু উপ-আৰ্কটিক, কুঁৱলী আৰু বতাহৰ বাবে জনাজাত। দুয়োটা অঞ্চলৰ নিজা স্থানীয় সংসদ আৰু প্ৰশাসন আছে, কিন্তু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা আৰু বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ বাবে ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenland and the Faroe Islands |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/greenland-and-the-faroe-islands |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ৰাজনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত ৰজা বা ৰাণী প্ৰতীকী প্ৰধান, আৰু [[ফোল্কেটিং]], ১৭৯জন সদস্যৰ একককক্ষীয় সংসদ, আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰে। ১৮৪৯ চনৰ সংবিধানে গণতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী, বৰ্তমান [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]], মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইউৰোৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। ই [[নাটো]], [[জাতিসংঘ]], আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক পৰিষদ]]ৰো সদস্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government of Denmark |url=https://www.government.dk/ |website=Government of Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আইন ব্যৱস্থা ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা নাগৰিক আইনৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈছে, স্বাধীন বিচাৰ বিভাগৰ সৈতে। উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয় হৈছে সৰ্বোচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়, যিয়ে সংবিধান আৰু আইনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰে। দেশখনৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা স্বচ্ছ আৰু দুৰ্নীতিৰ মাত্ৰা কম, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম ন্যায়পৰায়ণ ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Judicial System in Denmark |url=https://www.domstol.dk/en/about-the-courts/ |website=Danish Courts |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অৰ্থনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত আৰু উন্নত, উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মানৰ সৈতে। মুখ্য খণ্ডসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে বাণিজ্য, কৃষি (বিশেষকৈ ডাইৰি আৰু শুকৰৰ মাংস), আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি, য’ত বতাহৰ শক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ডেনমাৰ্ক বিশ্ব নেতা। ২০২৪ চনত অনুমান কৰা মুঠ ঘৰুৱা উৎপাদন (GDP) নামমাত্ৰ $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন আৰু প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিৰ GDP $৬৯,২৬৪। কোম্পানী যেনে [[লেগো]], [[মাৰ্স্ক]], আৰু [[ন’ভ’ নৰ্ডিস্ক]] ডেনমাৰ্কৰ। উচ্চ কৰ আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]]ৰ অধীনত সামাজিক কল্যাণৰ বাবে ব্যয় কৰা হয়, যিয়ে শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা আৰু বেকাৰী সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Economy of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== জনসংখ্যা ==
২০২৩ চনত ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০, জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত ১৩৮.৯ জন। প্ৰায় ৮৮% লোক ডেনিছ বংশোদ্ভৱ, বাকীসকল অভিবাসী বা তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তান, মুখ্যতঃ তুৰ্কী, পোলেণ্ড, চিৰিয়া আৰু জাৰ্মানীৰ পৰা। ৰাজধানী [[কোপেনহেগেন]]ত প্ৰায় ৬,৫০,০০০ লোক বাস কৰে, আনহাতে আৰহুছ, ওডেন্সে আৰু আলবৰ্গও উল্লেখযোগ্য নগৰ। অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]], আৰু বেছিভাগ লোকে ইংৰাজীও কয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-valg |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সংস্কৃতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সংস্কৃতি ইয়াৰ নৰ্ডিক ঐতিহ্য আৰু আধুনিকতাৰ মিশ্ৰণ। ডেনিছসকলে &quot;হাইগে&quot; ({{lang-da|hygge}}), আৰাম আৰু সামাজিকতাৰ এক ধাৰণা,ৰ বাবে জনা যায়। সাহিত্যত [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]]ৰ পৰীকথা, যেনে &quot;দ্য লিটল মাৰমেইড&quot;, বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। স্থাপত্যত কোপেনহেগেনৰ অপেৰা হাউচ আৰু ডিজাইনত [[লেগো]] উল্লেখযোগ্য। ডেনিছ খাদ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে &quot;smørrebrød&quot; (মুকলি চেণ্ডউইচ), আৰু দেশখন নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি আৰু জৈৱিক কৃষিৰ বাবেও প্ৰশংসিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danish Culture |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/danish-culture |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ধৰ্ম ===
বেছিভাগ ডেনিছ লোক (প্ৰায় ৭২%) ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গীৰ্জা, [[লুথাৰান খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ সদস্য। ইছলাম, অন্যান্য খ্ৰীষ্টান সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম অভিবাসী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত প্ৰচলিত। ডেনমাৰ্কত ধৰ্মীয় স্বাধীনতা সুৰক্ষিত, আৰু সমাজ সাধাৰণতে ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religion in Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/kultur-og-fritid/kirke-og-religion |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== শিক্ষা ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সকলো শিক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচী শিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰণালয়ৰ দ্বাৰা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত আৰু স্থানীয় পৌৰসভাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত। প্ৰাথমিক আৰু নিম্ন মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ সমগ্ৰ সময়কাল ফোল্কেস্কুলে সামৰি লয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Overview of the Danish Education System|url=http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111062215/http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|publisher=Danish Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality|access-date=28 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; বেছিভাগ শিশু ৬ৰ পৰা ১৬ বছৰ বয়সলৈ ১০ বছৰৰ বাবে ফোল্কেস্কুলত পঢ়ে। কোনো চূড়ান্ত পৰীক্ষা নাই, কিন্তু নৱম শ্ৰেণী (১৪–১৫ বছৰ বয়স) সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ পিছত ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ইচ্ছা কৰিলে পৰীক্ষা দিব পাৰে। যদি অধিক শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিব বিচাৰে, তেন্তে এই পৰীক্ষা বাধ্যতামূলক। বিকল্প হিচাপে, ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে এখন স্বাধীন বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|friskole}}) বা ব্যক্তিগত বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|privatskole}}), যেনে খ্ৰীষ্টান বিদ্যালয় বা ৱাল্ডৰ্ফ বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়িব পাৰে।

বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ পৰা স্নাতক হোৱাৰ পিছত, কেইবাটাও অব্যাহত শিক্ষাৰ সুযোগ উপলব্ধ; জিমনেছিয়ামে (এছটিএক্স) মানৱীয় বিজ্ঞান আৰু বিজ্ঞানৰ মিশ্ৰণ শিক্ষণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে, উচ্চতৰ কাৰিকৰী পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে (এইচটিএক্স) বিজ্ঞান বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত মনোনিৱেশ কৰে, আৰু উচ্চতৰ বাণিজ্যিক পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে অৰ্থনীতিৰ বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে। উচ্চতৰ প্ৰস্তুতিমূলক পৰীক্ষা (এইচএফ) জিমনেছিয়াম (এছটিএক্স)ৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্যপূৰ্ণ, কিন্তু ই এক বছৰ চুটি। নিৰ্দিষ্ট পেছাৰ বাবে বৃত্তিমূলক শিক্ষা আছে, যিয়ে শিক্ষণ আৰু কৌশলৰ সংমিশ্ৰণৰ দ্বাৰা যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলক নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যৱসায়িক কামৰ বাবে প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়ে।

২০১৮ চনত উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৮৩% আৰু তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ নামভৰ্তি আৰু সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৪৫% আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Education Policy Outlook: Denmark |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2020/12/education-policy-outlook-in-denmark_c225a424/3288629c-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017183723/https://www.oecd.org/edu/EDUCATION%20POLICY%20OUTLOOK%20DENMARK_EN.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2016 |access-date=29 March 2025 |publisher=OECD |page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনমাৰ্কত সকলো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু কলেজীয়া (তৃতীয় স্তৰ) শিক্ষা বিনামূলীয়া; পাঠ্যক্ৰমত নামভৰ্তিৰ বাবে কোনো মাচুল নালাগে। ১৮ বছৰ বা তাতকৈ অধিক বয়সৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় শিক্ষা সহায়ক অনুদানৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰিব পাৰে, যাক ষ্টেটেন্স উদ্দানেলছেষ্ট’ট্টে (এছইউ) বুলি জনা যায়, যিয়ে নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰ্থিক সাহায্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু মাহেকীয়াকৈ বিতৰণ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Rick Noack (4 February 2015). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/04/why-danish-students-are-paid-to-go-to-college/ Why Danish students are paid to go to college] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524062503/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/04/why-danish-students-are-paid-to-go-to-college/ |date=24 May 2015 }}. ''[[The Washington Post]].'' Retrieved 5 February 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনিছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহে আন্তৰ্জাতিক ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলক ডেনমাৰ্কত আন্তৰ্জাতিকভাৱে স্বীকৃত যোগ্যতা অৰ্জনৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰে। বহুতো কাৰ্যসূচী ইংৰাজী ভাষাত পঢ়োৱা হ’ব পাৰে, যি হৈছে একাডেমিক লিংগুয়া ফ্ৰাংকা, স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী, স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী, ডক্টৰেট আৰু ছাত্ৰ বিনিময় কাৰ্যসূচীত।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://studyindenmark.dk/ |title=Study in Denmark, official government website on international higher education in Denmark |access-date=8 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510042940/http://studyindenmark.dk/ |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
{{Reflist}}

== বাহ্যিক সংযোগ ==
* {{Official website|https://www.denmark.dk/}} – ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক ৱেবছাইট
* {{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}
* {{Cite web |title=Statistics Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}

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| conventional_long_name = ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য
| native_name = {{lang|da|Kongeriget Danmark}}
| common_name = ডেনমাৰ্ক
| image_flag = Flag of Denmark.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Denmark.svg
| national_motto = &lt;!-- No official motto; historically associated phrases may be noted --&gt;
| national_anthem = {{lang|da|Der er et yndigt land}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(&quot;There is a lovely land&quot;)}}
| image_map = Location of Denmark in Europe.svg
| capital = কোপেনহেগেন
| coordinates = {{coord|55|40|N|12|34|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = কোপেনহেগেন
| official_languages = ডেনিছ
| government_type = একক সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ
| leader_title1 = ৰজা
| leader_name1 = ফ্ৰেডেৰিক দশম
| leader_title2 = প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী
| leader_name2 = মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন
| legislature = ফোল্কেটিং
| area_km2 = 42,947
| area_rank = ১৩২তম
| population_census = ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০ (২০২৩)
| population_density_km2 = ১৩৮.৯
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $৪৩৫.৬৭৪ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $৭৩,৫২০ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $৬৯,২৬৪ (২০২৪ অনুমান)
| Gini = {{decrease}} ২৭.৩&lt;br /&gt;{{small|low}} (২০২১)
| HDI = {{increase}} ০.৯৪৮&lt;br /&gt;{{small|very high}} (২০২২)
| currency = ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন (DKK)
| time_zone = {{abbr|CET|Central European Time}} (UTC+1)
| time_zone_DST = {{abbr|CEST|Central European Summer Time}} (UTC+2)
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = +৪৫
| iso3166code = DK
| cctld = .dk
}}

'''ডেনমাৰ্ক''' ({{lang-en|Danmark}}) [[ইউৰোপ|উত্তৰ ইউৰোপ]]ৰ এখন দেশ। ই ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ মেট্ৰ’প’ল আৰু সৰ্বাধিক জনবহুল অংশ, যাক '''ডেনিছ ৰাজ্য''' বুলিও জনা যায়, এখন [[সংবিধান]]ভিত্তিক একক ৰাষ্ট্ৰ য’ত উত্তৰ [[আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰ]]ত ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ আৰু গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চলসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। মেট্ৰ’পলিটান ডেনমাৰ্ক, যাক &quot;মহাদেশীয় ডেনমাৰ্ক&quot; বা &quot;ডেনমাৰ্ক প্ৰ’পাৰ&quot; বুলিও কোৱা হয়, উত্তৰ জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপ আৰু ৪০৬টা দ্বীপৰ এটা দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰে গঠিত। ই স্কেণ্ডিনেভিয়াৰ দেশসমূহৰ মধ্যে সৰ্বাধিক দক্ষিণে অৱস্থিত, ছুইডেনৰ দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে, নৰৱেৰ দক্ষিণে, আৰু [[জাৰ্মানী]]ৰ উত্তৰে, যাৰ সৈতে ই এটা চমু সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ডেনমাৰ্ক প্ৰ’পাৰ পশ্চিমে [[উত্তৰ সাগৰ]] আৰু পূবে [[বাল্টিক সাগৰ]]ৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত।

ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্য, য’ত ফাৰো দ্বীপপুঞ্জ আৰু গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, তাত প্ৰায় ১,৪০০টা দ্বীপ আছে যাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ১০০ বৰ্গ মিটাৰ (১,১০০ বৰ্গ ফুট)তকৈ বেছি; তাৰে ৪৪৩টাৰ নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে আৰু ৭৮টা দ্বীপত মানুহৰ বসবাস আছে। ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ, তাৰে প্ৰায় ৪০% লোক ডেনমাৰ্কৰ মূল ভূখণ্ডৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ আৰু সৰ্বাধিক জনবহুল দ্বীপ জিলেণ্ড (Sjælland)ত বাস কৰে; ডেনিছ ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানী আৰু সৰ্ববৃহৎ নগৰ কোপেনহেগেন (København) জিলেণ্ড আৰু আমাগাৰত অৱস্থিত। সমতল, কৃষিযোগ্য ভূমিৰে গঠিত, ডেনমাৰ্কৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে বালিময় উপকূল, নিম্ন উচ্চতা, আৰু মধ্যমীয়া জলবায়ু। ডেনমাৰ্কে ডেনিছ ৰাজ্যত আধিপত্য বিস্তাৰ কৰে, আৰু অন্যান্য সংঘটক সত্তাসমূহক তেওঁলোকৰ আভ্যন্তৰীণ বিষয়সমূহ পৰিচালনা কৰিবলৈ ক্ষমতা হস্তান্তৰ কৰে। ফাৰো দ্বীপপুঞ্জত ১৯৪৮ চনত স্বায়ত্তশাসন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হৈছিল; গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডে ১৯৭৯ চনত গৃহ শাসন লাভ কৰিছিল আৰু ২০০৯ চনত অধিক স্বায়ত্তশাসন লাভ কৰিছিল।

অষ্টম শতিকাৰ বাল্টিক সাগৰৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ বাবে সংগ্ৰাম চলাৰ সময়ত ডেনমাৰ্ক সংযুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰ এক সামুদ্ৰিক শক্তি হিচাপে উত্থান ঘটিছিল। ১৩৯৭ চনত, ডেনমাৰ্কে নৰৱে আৰু ছুইডেনৰ সৈতে কালমাৰ ইউনিয়ন গঠন কৰিছিল। এই ইউনিয়ন ১৫২৩ চনত ছুইডেনৰ বিচ্ছিন্নতাৰ সৈতে শেষ হৈছিল। অৱশিষ্ট ডেনমাৰ্ক-নৰৱে ৰাষ্ট্ৰই সপ্তদশ শতিকাত এক যুদ্ধ শৃংখলাৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল, যাৰ ফলত অধিক ভূখণ্ড হস্তান্তৰ হৈছিল। ঊনবিংশ শতিকাত জাতীয়তাবাদী আন্দোলনৰ উত্থান হৈছিল, কিন্তু ১৮৪৮ চনৰ প্ৰথম শ্লেছৱিগ যুদ্ধত পৰাজিত হৈছিল। সেই যুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্কে জাৰ্মানীৰ কাষত বিশাল ভূখণ্ড হেৰুৱাইছিল, যাৰ ফলত ডেনিছ সমাজত পৰিৱৰ্তন আহিছিল, যেনে সংকুচিত দেশখনত সামাজিক ঐক্যৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া, জাটলেণ্ডৰ বিশাল মুক্তভূমি পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা, ইন্দ্ৰেমিছন খ্ৰীষ্টান আন্দোলন, আৰু একীকৃত আৰু বৈচিত্ৰময় জনগোষ্ঠী হিচাপে অধিক শক্তিশালী আত্ম-উপলব্ধি। ১৮৪৯ চনৰ ৫ জুনত ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সংবিধান গ্ৰহণৰ ফলত নিৰঙ্কুশ ৰাজতন্ত্ৰৰ অৱসান ঘটিছিল আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ সংসদীয় ব্যৱস্থা প্ৰৱৰ্তন হৈছিল।

ডেনমাৰ্কে ঊনবিংশ শতিকাৰ মধ্যভাগত শিল্পায়ন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল, আৰু এটা প্ৰমুখ কৃষি ৰপ্তানিকাৰক হিচাপে পৰিণত হৈছিল। বিংশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিত ই সামাজিক আৰু শ্ৰম বজাৰ সংস্কাৰ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰিছিল, যিয়ে বৰ্তমানৰ কল্যাণকাৰী ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আৰ্হি আৰু উন্নত মিশ্ৰিত অৰ্থনীতিৰ ভিত্তি গঠন কৰিছিল। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত ডেনমাৰ্কে নিৰপেক্ষতা বজাই ৰাখিছিল; দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ডেনিছ নিৰপেক্ষতা ১৯৪০ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত জাৰ্মানৰ দ্ৰুত আক্ৰমণৰ দ্বাৰা ভংগ হৈছিল। জাৰ্মানে ডেনমাৰ্ক দখল কৰাৰ সময়ত, ১৯৪৩ চনত এটা প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনৰ উত্থান হৈছিল, আনহাতে আইচলেণ্ডে ১৯৪৪ চনত স্বাধীনতা ঘোষণা কৰিছিল; যুদ্ধৰ অন্ত পৰাৰ পিছত ১৯৪৫ চনৰ মে’ মাহত ডেনমাৰ্ক স্বাধীন হৈছিল। ১৯৭৩ চনত, ডেনমাৰ্কে গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ সৈতে, কিন্তু ফাৰো দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ বাহিৰে, বৰ্তমানৰ ইউৰোপীয় ইউনিয়নৰ সদস্য হৈছিল; তথাপিও, ই নিজৰ মুদ্ৰা ক্ৰ’নেক (krone) বাহাল ৰখাৰ দৰে কিছুমান সুবিধাৰ বাবে আলোচনা কৰিছিল।

== ইতিহাস ==
=== প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ইতিহাস প্ৰস্তৰ যুগলৈ গৈছে, যেতিয়া শিকাৰী-সংগ্ৰাহক সম্প্ৰদায়ে এই অঞ্চলত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল, প্ৰায় ১২,০০০ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বৰ পৰা। কৃষি খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৩৯০০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে আৰম্ভ হয়, আৰু ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১৮০০–৬০০) ডেনিছ সমাজে সমাধি আৰু শিল্পকৰ্মৰ জৰিয়তে সমৃদ্ধিৰ চিন স্থাপন কৰে। লৌহ যুগত (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ৫০০–১) জাৰ্মাণিক জনগোষ্ঠীৰ উত্থান ঘটে, যিসকলে আধুনিক ডেনিছ জনগোষ্ঠীৰ পূৰ্বপুৰুষ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lauring |first=Palle |title=A History of Denmark |publisher=Host &amp; Son |year=1995 |isbn=978-87-14-29306-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ভাইকিং যুগ ===
৮মৰ পৰা ১০ম শতিকালৈ ভাইকিং যুগত ডেনসকলে ইউৰোপৰ বিস্তীৰ্ণ অঞ্চলত আক্ৰমণ, বাণিজ্য আৰু বসতি স্থাপন কৰে। ডেনিছ ভাইকিংসকলে ইংলেণ্ড, আয়াৰলেণ্ড আৰু ফ্ৰান্সৰ অংশ শাসন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ দীঘলীয়া জাহাজে আটলাণ্টিক পাৰ হৈ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকালৈও গৈছিল। এই সময়ত হাৰাল্ড ব্লুটুথৰ দৰে ৰজাই ডেনমাৰ্কক খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰে, যাৰ ফলত ৯৬৫ চনত জেলিং শিলত এই ঘটনাৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Viking Age in Denmark |url=https://www.denmark.dk/history/viking-age |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== মধ্যযুগ আৰু আধুনিক যুগৰ আৰম্ভণি ===
মধ্যযুগত ডেনমাৰ্কে কালমাৰ সংঘ (১৩৯৭–১৫২৩)ৰ জৰিয়তে সুইডেন আৰু নৰৱেৰ সৈতে এক সংঘ গঠন কৰে, যি সংঘৰ নেতৃত্ব দিছিল ৰাণী মাৰ্গাৰেট প্ৰথমে। ১৬৪৫ আৰু ১৬৫৮ চনত সুইডেনৰ সৈতে যুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্কে ভূখণ্ড হেৰুৱায়। ১৮৪৯ চনত ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ হয়, যাৰ ফলত একনায়কত্বৰ অন্ত পৰে। প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ডেনমাৰ্ক নিৰপেক্ষ আছিল, কিন্তু দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধত ১৯৪০ চনত নাৎজী জাৰ্মানীয়ে ইয়াক দখল কৰে, যদিও প্ৰতিৰোধ আন্দোলনে উল্লেখযোগ্য ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Gwyn |title=A History of the Vikings |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-280134-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ভূগোল ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ মূল ভূখণ্ড জুটলেণ্ড উপদ্বীপত অৱস্থিত, যি উত্তৰ ইউৰোপত জাৰ্মানীৰ সৈতে স্থল সীমা ভাগ কৰে। ইয়াৰ উত্তৰে আৰু পশ্চিমে উত্তৰ সাগৰ, পূবে বাল্টিক সাগৰ, আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূবে সুইডেনৰ সৈতে Øresund সেতুৰ জৰিয়তে সংযোগ আছে। দেশখনৰ ৪৪৩ নামকৰণ কৰা দ্বীপৰ ভিতৰত জিল্যাণ্ড, ফিউন আৰু বৰ্নহ’ল্ম সৰ্বাধিক জনবসতিপূৰ্ণ। ভূখণ্ড সমতল, কৃষিযোগ্য, আৰু ইয়াৰ মুঠ মাটিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ৪২,৯৪৭ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Geography of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== জলবায়ু ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জলবায়ু নাতিশীতোষ্ণ, গ্ৰীষ্মকাল মৃদু (গড় ১৬–২০°চেলছিয়াছ) আৰু শীতকাল ঠাণ্ডা (গড় ০–৫°চেলছিয়াছ)। বৰষুণ নিয়মীয়া, বছৰি গড়ে ৭০০ মিলিমিটাৰ, আৰু বতাহ প্ৰচলিত, বিশেষকৈ পশ্চিমৰ পৰা। জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰভাৱত উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি আৰু সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ উচ্চতা বৃদ্ধিৰ সম্ভাৱনা ডেনমাৰ্কৰ বাবে উদ্বেগৰ বিষয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate of Denmark |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/denmark-12/ |website=Climate Data |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাজ্যৰ ভিতৰত গ্ৰীণলেণ্ড, বিশ্বৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ দ্বীপ, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জ, ১৮টা দ্বীপৰ এক সমষ্টি, স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল হিচাপে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। গ্ৰীণলেণ্ডৰ জলবায়ু আৰ্কটিক, বৰফৰ আৱৰণ বেছিভাগ অঞ্চল জুৰি, আৰু ফেৰ’ দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ জলবায়ু উপ-আৰ্কটিক, কুঁৱলী আৰু বতাহৰ বাবে জনাজাত। দুয়োটা অঞ্চলৰ নিজা স্থানীয় সংসদ আৰু প্ৰশাসন আছে, কিন্তু প্ৰতিৰক্ষা আৰু বৈদেশিক নীতিৰ বাবে ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Greenland and the Faroe Islands |url=https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/greenland-and-the-faroe-islands |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ৰাজনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্ক এখন সাংবিধানিক ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ, য’ত ৰজা বা ৰাণী প্ৰতীকী প্ৰধান, আৰু [[ফোল্কেটিং]], ১৭৯জন সদস্যৰ একককক্ষীয় সংসদ, আইন প্ৰণয়ন কৰে। ১৮৪৯ চনৰ সংবিধানে গণতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী, বৰ্তমান [[মেট্টে ফ্ৰেডেৰিকচেন]], মন্ত্ৰীসভাৰ নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে। ডেনমাৰ্ক [[ইউৰোপীয় সংঘ]]ৰ সদস্য, কিন্তু ইউৰোৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে [[ডেনিছ ক্ৰ’ন]] ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। ই [[নাটো]], [[জাতিসংঘ]], আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক পৰিষদ]]ৰো সদস্য।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Government of Denmark |url=https://www.government.dk/ |website=Government of Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== আইন ব্যৱস্থা ===
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা নাগৰিক আইনৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি গঢ় লৈছে, স্বাধীন বিচাৰ বিভাগৰ সৈতে। উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয় হৈছে সৰ্বোচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়, যিয়ে সংবিধান আৰু আইনৰ ব্যাখ্যা কৰে। দেশখনৰ আইন ব্যৱস্থা স্বচ্ছ আৰু দুৰ্নীতিৰ মাত্ৰা কম, যাৰ ফলত ইয়াক বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম ন্যায়পৰায়ণ ব্যৱস্থা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Judicial System in Denmark |url=https://www.domstol.dk/en/about-the-courts/ |website=Danish Courts |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== অৰ্থনীতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ অৰ্থনীতি মিশ্ৰিত আৰু উন্নত, উচ্চ জীৱনযাত্ৰাৰ মানৰ সৈতে। মুখ্য খণ্ডসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে বাণিজ্য, কৃষি (বিশেষকৈ ডাইৰি আৰু শুকৰৰ মাংস), আৰু নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি, য’ত বতাহৰ শক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ডেনমাৰ্ক বিশ্ব নেতা। ২০২৪ চনত অনুমান কৰা মুঠ ঘৰুৱা উৎপাদন (GDP) নামমাত্ৰ $৪০৯.৯৮৯ বিলিয়ন আৰু প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিৰ GDP $৬৯,২৬৪। কোম্পানী যেনে [[লেগো]], [[মাৰ্স্ক]], আৰু [[ন’ভ’ নৰ্ডিস্ক]] ডেনমাৰ্কৰ। উচ্চ কৰ আৰু [[নৰ্ডিক মডেল]]ৰ অধীনত সামাজিক কল্যাণৰ বাবে ব্যয় কৰা হয়, যিয়ে শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা আৰু বেকাৰী সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Economy of Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== জনসংখ্যা ==
২০২৩ চনত ডেনমাৰ্কৰ জনসংখ্যা আছিল ৫,৯৫৪,৪৩০, জনসংখ্যাৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰতি বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰত ১৩৮.৯ জন। প্ৰায় ৮৮% লোক ডেনিছ বংশোদ্ভৱ, বাকীসকল অভিবাসী বা তেওঁলোকৰ সন্তান, মুখ্যতঃ তুৰ্কী, পোলেণ্ড, চিৰিয়া আৰু জাৰ্মানীৰ পৰা। ৰাজধানী [[কোপেনহেগেন]]ত প্ৰায় ৬,৫০,০০০ লোক বাস কৰে, আনহাতে আৰহুছ, ওডেন্সে আৰু আলবৰ্গও উল্লেখযোগ্য নগৰ। অফিচিয়েল ভাষা হৈছে [[ডেনিছ ভাষা|ডেনিছ]], আৰু বেছিভাগ লোকে ইংৰাজীও কয়।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population of Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-valg |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== সংস্কৃতি ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সংস্কৃতি ইয়াৰ নৰ্ডিক ঐতিহ্য আৰু আধুনিকতাৰ মিশ্ৰণ। ডেনিছসকলে &quot;হাইগে&quot; ({{lang-da|hygge}}), আৰাম আৰু সামাজিকতাৰ এক ধাৰণা,ৰ বাবে জনা যায়। সাহিত্যত [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]]ৰ পৰীকথা, যেনে &quot;দ্য লিটল মাৰমেইড&quot;, বিশ্ববিখ্যাত। স্থাপত্যত কোপেনহেগেনৰ অপেৰা হাউচ আৰু ডিজাইনত [[লেগো]] উল্লেখযোগ্য। ডেনিছ খাদ্যৰ ভিতৰত আছে &quot;smørrebrød&quot; (মুকলি চেণ্ডউইচ), আৰু দেশখন নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি আৰু জৈৱিক কৃষিৰ বাবেও প্ৰশংসিত।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Danish Culture |url=https://denmark.dk/people-and-culture/danish-culture |website=Denmark.dk |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ধৰ্ম ===
বেছিভাগ ডেনিছ লোক (প্ৰায় ৭২%) ডেনমাৰ্কৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গীৰ্জা, [[লুথাৰান খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]]ৰ সদস্য। ইছলাম, অন্যান্য খ্ৰীষ্টান সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম অভিবাসী সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মাজত প্ৰচলিত। ডেনমাৰ্কত ধৰ্মীয় স্বাধীনতা সুৰক্ষিত, আৰু সমাজ সাধাৰণতে ধৰ্মনিৰপেক্ষ।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religion in Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/kultur-og-fritid/kirke-og-religion |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== শিক্ষা ==
ডেনমাৰ্কৰ সকলো শিক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচী শিক্ষা মন্ত্ৰণালয়ৰ দ্বাৰা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত আৰু স্থানীয় পৌৰসভাৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত। প্ৰাথমিক আৰু নিম্ন মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ সমগ্ৰ সময়কাল ফোল্কেস্কুলে সামৰি লয়।&lt;ref name=&quot;edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Overview of the Danish Education System|url=http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111062215/http://eng.uvm.dk/Education/Overview-of-the-Danish-Education-System|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|publisher=Danish Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality|access-date=28 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; বেছিভাগ শিশু ৬ৰ পৰা ১৬ বছৰ বয়সলৈ ১০ বছৰৰ বাবে ফোল্কেস্কুলত পঢ়ে। কোনো চূড়ান্ত পৰীক্ষা নাই, কিন্তু নৱম শ্ৰেণী (১৪–১৫ বছৰ বয়স) সমাপ্ত কৰাৰ পিছত ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ইচ্ছা কৰিলে পৰীক্ষা দিব পাৰে। যদি অধিক শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰিব বিচাৰে, তেন্তে এই পৰীক্ষা বাধ্যতামূলক। বিকল্প হিচাপে, ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে এখন স্বাধীন বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|friskole}}) বা ব্যক্তিগত বিদ্যালয় ({{lang-da|privatskole}}), যেনে খ্ৰীষ্টান বিদ্যালয় বা ৱাল্ডৰ্ফ বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়িব পাৰে।

বাধ্যতামূলক শিক্ষাৰ পৰা স্নাতক হোৱাৰ পিছত, কেইবাটাও অব্যাহত শিক্ষাৰ সুযোগ উপলব্ধ; জিমনেছিয়ামে (এছটিএক্স) মানৱীয় বিজ্ঞান আৰু বিজ্ঞানৰ মিশ্ৰণ শিক্ষণৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে, উচ্চতৰ কাৰিকৰী পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে (এইচটিএক্স) বিজ্ঞান বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত মনোনিৱেশ কৰে, আৰু উচ্চতৰ বাণিজ্যিক পৰীক্ষা কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে অৰ্থনীতিৰ বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়ে। উচ্চতৰ প্ৰস্তুতিমূলক পৰীক্ষা (এইচএফ) জিমনেছিয়াম (এছটিএক্স)ৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্যপূৰ্ণ, কিন্তু ই এক বছৰ চুটি। নিৰ্দিষ্ট পেছাৰ বাবে বৃত্তিমূলক শিক্ষা আছে, যিয়ে শিক্ষণ আৰু কৌশলৰ সংমিশ্ৰণৰ দ্বাৰা যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলক নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যৱসায়িক কামৰ বাবে প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়ে।

২০১৮ চনত উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৮৩% আৰু তৃতীয় স্তৰৰ নামভৰ্তি আৰু সমাপ্তিৰ হাৰ ৪৫% আছিল।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Education Policy Outlook: Denmark |url=https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2020/12/education-policy-outlook-in-denmark_c225a424/3288629c-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017183723/https://www.oecd.org/edu/EDUCATION%20POLICY%20OUTLOOK%20DENMARK_EN.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2016 |access-date=29 March 2025 |publisher=OECD |page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনমাৰ্কত সকলো বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু কলেজীয়া (তৃতীয় স্তৰ) শিক্ষা বিনামূলীয়া; পাঠ্যক্ৰমত নামভৰ্তিৰ বাবে কোনো মাচুল নালাগে। ১৮ বছৰ বা তাতকৈ অধিক বয়সৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় শিক্ষা সহায়ক অনুদানৰ বাবে আবেদন কৰিব পাৰে, যাক ষ্টেটেন্স উদ্দানেলছেষ্ট’ট্টে (এছইউ) বুলি জনা যায়, যিয়ে নিৰ্দিষ্ট আৰ্থিক সাহায্য প্ৰদান কৰে আৰু মাহেকীয়াকৈ বিতৰণ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Rick Noack (4 February 2015). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/04/why-danish-students-are-paid-to-go-to-college/ Why Danish students are paid to go to college] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524062503/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/04/why-danish-students-are-paid-to-go-to-college/ |date=24 May 2015 }}. ''[[The Washington Post]].'' Retrieved 5 February 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; ডেনিছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহে আন্তৰ্জাতিক ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলক ডেনমাৰ্কত আন্তৰ্জাতিকভাৱে স্বীকৃত যোগ্যতা অৰ্জনৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰে। বহুতো কাৰ্যসূচী ইংৰাজী ভাষাত পঢ়োৱা হ’ব পাৰে, যি হৈছে একাডেমিক লিংগুয়া ফ্ৰাংকা, স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী, স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী, ডক্টৰেট আৰু ছাত্ৰ বিনিময় কাৰ্যসূচীত।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://studyindenmark.dk/ |title=Study in Denmark, official government website on international higher education in Denmark |access-date=8 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510042940/http://studyindenmark.dk/ |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
{{Reflist}}

== বাহ্যিক সংযোগ ==
* {{Official website|https://www.denmark.dk/}} – ডেনমাৰ্কৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক ৱেবছাইট
* {{Cite web |title=Denmark |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/denmark/ |website=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2025-06-09}}
* {{Cite web |title=Statistics Denmark |url=https://www.dst.dk/en |website=Statistics Denmark |access-date=2025-06-09}}

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        <username>Saddam Hussain Rahmani</username>
        <id>42858</id>
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      <text bytes="3394" sha1="4maplercdj0jx1lfagw8ujp6ip95xo6" xml:space="preserve">'''''আৰাফাত''' '''পৰ্বত ( [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী:]]''' '''Mount Arafat''' )'' যাক জাবাল আল-ৰহমা (&quot;দয়াৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও কোৱা হয়, চৌদি আৰৱৰ মক্কা প্ৰদেশত মক্কাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ (১২ মাইল) দক্ষিণ-পূবে অৱস্থিত। আৰাফাত পৰ্বতৰ উচ্চতা প্ৰায় ৭০ মিটাৰ (২৩০ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু ৪৫৪ মিটাৰ (১,৪৯০ ফুট)।

{{Infobox mountain|name=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|photo=Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads,_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg#mw-jump-to-license|photo_caption=হজ যাত্ৰী সকলৰ দৃশ্য|location=[[মক্কা]]|map=Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg|map_alt=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|map_caption=[[চৌদি আৰৱ]]ৰ [[মক্কা]] চহৰত অৱস্থিত এই পৰ্বত}}

ইছলামিক ইতিহাস অনুসৰি এই পাহাৰৰ পৰাই হজৰত মহম্মদে তেওঁৰ বিদায় ধৰ্মধ্বনি কুতুব আল-ৱিদা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। কিছুমান মুছলমানেও আৰাফাত বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰে য’ত আদম আৰু হৱাক জান্নাতৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ পিছত পৃথিৱীত পুনৰ একত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। এই পৰ্বতত আল্লাহে তেওঁলোকক ক্ষমা কৰি দিয়াৰ বাবে এই পৰ্বতটোক জাবল আৰ-ৰহমা (&quot;ৰহমতৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও জনা যায়। এই অনুষ্ঠান সংঘটিত হোৱা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত এটা খুঁটা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে।
হজৰ সময়ত এই পাহাৰৰ গুৰুত্ব অতিশয় বেছি। ইছলামিক জুল-হিজ্জা মাহৰ ৯ তাৰিখে আৰাফা দিৱস বুলিও জনা যায়। মিনাৰ পৰা আৰাফাতলৈ হজযাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাওনা হোৱা আৰাফাৰ দিনটোক হজ্জৰ আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দিন বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। আৰাফাৰ দিনা খুতবাহ (ধব্বত) দিয়া হয়, আৰু উপত্যকাত একেলগে জুহৰ (মধ্যদিনীয়া নামাজ) আৰু আছৰ (সন্ধিয়া নামাজ) নামাজ কৰা হয়। হজযাত্ৰীসকলে গোটেই দিনটো পাহাৰত কটায়, আল্লাহক তেওঁলোকৰ পাপ ক্ষমা কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনায়।</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-09T14:38:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saddam Hussain Rahmani</username>
        <id>42858</id>
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      <comment>আৰাফাত পৰ্বত</comment>
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      <text bytes="3468" sha1="3tv1tswfgmazgbdxpx0nm8ubo3s3imf" xml:space="preserve">'''''আৰাফাত''' '''পৰ্বত ( [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী:]]''' '''Mount Arafat''' )'' যাক জাবাল আল-ৰহমা (&quot;দয়াৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও কোৱা হয়, চৌদি আৰৱৰ মক্কা প্ৰদেশত মক্কাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ (১২ মাইল) দক্ষিণ-পূবে অৱস্থিত। আৰাফাত পৰ্বতৰ উচ্চতা প্ৰায় ৭০ মিটাৰ (২৩০ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু ৪৫৪ মিটাৰ (১,৪৯০ ফুট)।

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ইছলামিক ইতিহাস অনুসৰি এই পাহাৰৰ পৰাই [[মুহাম্মাদ|হজৰত মহম্মদে]] তেওঁৰ বিদায় ধৰ্মধ্বনি কুতুব আল-ৱিদা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। কিছুমান মুছলমানেও আৰাফাত বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰে য’ত আদম আৰু হৱাক জান্নাতৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ পিছত পৃথিৱীত পুনৰ একত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। এই পৰ্বতত আল্লাহে তেওঁলোকক ক্ষমা কৰি দিয়াৰ বাবে এই পৰ্বতটোক জাবল আৰ-ৰহমা (&quot;ৰহমতৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও জনা যায়। এই অনুষ্ঠান সংঘটিত হোৱা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত এটা খুঁটা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে। হজৰ সময়ত এই পাহাৰৰ গুৰুত্ব অতিশয় বেছি। [[ইছলামিক দৰ্শন|ইছলামিক]] জুল-হিজ্জা মাহৰ ৯ তাৰিখে আৰাফা দিৱস বুলিও জনা যায়। মিনাৰ পৰা আৰাফাতলৈ হজযাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাওনা হোৱা আৰাফাৰ দিনটোক হজ্জৰ আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দিন বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। আৰাফাৰ দিনা খুতবাহ (ধব্বত) দিয়া হয়, আৰু উপত্যকাত একেলগে জুহৰ (মধ্যদিনীয়া নামাজ) আৰু আছৰ (সন্ধিয়া নামাজ) নামাজ কৰা হয়। হজযাত্ৰীসকলে গোটেই দিনটো পাহাৰত কটায়, আল্লাহক তেওঁলোকৰ পাপ ক্ষমা কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনায়।</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-09T14:39:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saddam Hussain Rahmani</username>
        <id>42858</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>আৰাফাত পৰ্বত</comment>
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      <text bytes="3505" sha1="npdg7ts4hz0k15zwmrj2uvu66andiqo" xml:space="preserve">'''''আৰাফাত''' '''পৰ্বত ( [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী:]]''' '''Mount Arafat''' )'' যাক জাবাল আল-ৰহমা (&quot;দয়াৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও কোৱা হয়, চৌদি আৰৱৰ মক্কা প্ৰদেশত মক্কাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ (১২ মাইল) দক্ষিণ-পূবে অৱস্থিত। আৰাফাত পৰ্বতৰ উচ্চতা প্ৰায় ৭০ মিটাৰ (২৩০ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু ৪৫৪ মিটাৰ (১,৪৯০ ফুট)।

{{Infobox mountain|name=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|photo=Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads,_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg#mw-jump-to-license|photo_caption=হজ যাত্ৰী সকলৰ দৃশ্য|location=[[মক্কা]]|map=Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg|map_alt=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|map_caption=[[চৌদি আৰৱ]]ৰ [[মক্কা]] চহৰত অৱস্থিত এই পৰ্বত}}

ইছলামিক ইতিহাস অনুসৰি এই পাহাৰৰ পৰাই [[মুহাম্মাদ|হজৰত মহম্মদে]] তেওঁৰ বিদায় ধৰ্মধ্বনি কুতুব আল-ৱিদা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। কিছুমান মুছলমানেও আৰাফাত বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰে য’ত আদম আৰু হৱাক জান্নাতৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ পিছত পৃথিৱীত পুনৰ একত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল। এই পৰ্বতত আল্লাহে তেওঁলোকক ক্ষমা কৰি দিয়াৰ বাবে এই পৰ্বতটোক জাবল আৰ-ৰহমা (&quot;ৰহমতৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও জনা যায়। এই অনুষ্ঠান সংঘটিত হোৱা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত এটা খুঁটা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে। হজৰ সময়ত এই পাহাৰৰ গুৰুত্ব অতিশয় বেছি। [[ইছলামিক দৰ্শন|ইছলামিক]] জুল-হিজ্জা মাহৰ ৯ তাৰিখে আৰাফা দিৱস বুলিও জনা যায়। মিনাৰ পৰা আৰাফাতলৈ হজযাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাওনা হোৱা আৰাফাৰ দিনটোক হজ্জৰ আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দিন বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। আৰাফাৰ দিনা খুতবাহ (ধব্বত) দিয়া হয়, আৰু উপত্যকাত একেলগে জুহৰ (মধ্যদিনীয়া নামাজ) আৰু আছৰ (সন্ধিয়া নামাজ) নামাজ কৰা হয়। হজযাত্ৰীসকলে গোটেই দিনটো পাহাৰত কটায়, আল্লাহক তেওঁলোকৰ পাপ ক্ষমা কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনায়। 

== তথ্য সূত্ৰ ==</text>
      <sha1>npdg7ts4hz0k15zwmrj2uvu66andiqo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>516709</id>
      <parentid>516708</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T14:42:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saddam Hussain Rahmani</username>
        <id>42858</id>
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      <origin>516709</origin>
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      <text bytes="3704" sha1="s39lw046j6an2ognm4oha97pmzraq93" xml:space="preserve">'''''আৰাফাত''' '''পৰ্বত ( [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী:]]''' '''Mount Arafat''' )'' যাক জাবাল আল-ৰহমা (&quot;দয়াৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও কোৱা হয়, চৌদি আৰৱৰ মক্কা প্ৰদেশত মক্কাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ (১২ মাইল) দক্ষিণ-পূবে অৱস্থিত। আৰাফাত পৰ্বতৰ উচ্চতা প্ৰায় ৭০ মিটাৰ (২৩০ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু ৪৫৪ মিটাৰ (১,৪৯০ ফুট)।&lt;ref&gt;https://www.arabnews.com/node/1359496/saudi-arabia&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37331826&lt;/ref&gt;

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ইছলামিক ইতিহাস অনুসৰি এই পাহাৰৰ পৰাই [[মুহাম্মাদ|হজৰত মহম্মদে]] তেওঁৰ বিদায় ধৰ্মধ্বনি কুতুব আল-ৱিদা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। কিছুমান মুছলমানেও আৰাফাত বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰে য’ত আদম আৰু হৱাক জান্নাতৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ পিছত পৃথিৱীত পুনৰ একত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/makkah-hajj-places/jabal-arafat&lt;/ref&gt; এই পৰ্বতত আল্লাহে তেওঁলোকক ক্ষমা কৰি দিয়াৰ বাবে এই পৰ্বতটোক জাবল আৰ-ৰহমা (&quot;ৰহমতৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও জনা যায়। এই অনুষ্ঠান সংঘটিত হোৱা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত এটা খুঁটা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে। হজৰ সময়ত এই পাহাৰৰ গুৰুত্ব অতিশয় বেছি। [[ইছলামিক দৰ্শন|ইছলামিক]] জুল-হিজ্জা মাহৰ ৯ তাৰিখে আৰাফা দিৱস বুলিও জনা যায়। মিনাৰ পৰা আৰাফাতলৈ হজযাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাওনা হোৱা আৰাফাৰ দিনটোক হজ্জৰ আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দিন বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। আৰাফাৰ দিনা খুতবাহ (ধব্বত) দিয়া হয়, আৰু উপত্যকাত একেলগে জুহৰ (মধ্যদিনীয়া নামাজ) আৰু আছৰ (সন্ধিয়া নামাজ) নামাজ কৰা হয়। হজযাত্ৰীসকলে গোটেই দিনটো পাহাৰত কটায়, আল্লাহক তেওঁলোকৰ পাপ ক্ষমা কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনায়। 

== তথ্য সূত্ৰ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3995" sha1="hf6zr16zvb0vwbr2srtu4v4ay2bpxkf" xml:space="preserve">'''''আৰাফাত''' '''পৰ্বত ( [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী:]]''' '''Mount Arafat''' )'' যাক জাবাল আল-ৰহমা (&quot;দয়াৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও কোৱা হয়, চৌদি আৰৱৰ মক্কা প্ৰদেশত মক্কাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ (১২ মাইল) দক্ষিণ-পূবে অৱস্থিত। আৰাফাত পৰ্বতৰ উচ্চতা প্ৰায় ৭০ মিটাৰ (২৩০ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু ৪৫৪ মিটাৰ (১,৪৯০ ফুট)।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.arabnews.com/node/1359496/saudi-arabia &quot;Saudi Arabia Hajj: Millions at Mount Arafat for ceremonies&quot;. BBC News. 11 September 2016. Retrieved 2019-04-14.  &quot;خرائط Google&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37331826 &quot;Saudi Arabia Hajj and Umrah Pilgrimage Millions at Mount Arafat for ceremonies&quot;. BBC News. 11 September 2016.]&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Infobox mountain|name=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|photo=Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads,_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg#mw-jump-to-license|photo_caption=হজ যাত্ৰী সকলৰ দৃশ্য|location=[[মক্কা]]|map=Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg|map_alt=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|map_caption=[[চৌদি আৰৱ]]ৰ [[মক্কা]] চহৰত অৱস্থিত এই পৰ্বত}}

ইছলামিক ইতিহাস অনুসৰি এই পাহাৰৰ পৰাই [[মুহাম্মাদ|হজৰত মহম্মদে]] তেওঁৰ বিদায় ধৰ্মধ্বনি কুতুব আল-ৱিদা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। কিছুমান মুছলমানেও আৰাফাত বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰে য’ত আদম আৰু হৱাক জান্নাতৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ পিছত পৃথিৱীত পুনৰ একত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/makkah-hajj-places/jabal-arafat Makkah-Hajj-jabal-arafat] Jabal Arafat &lt;/ref&gt; এই পৰ্বতত আল্লাহে তেওঁলোকক ক্ষমা কৰি দিয়াৰ বাবে এই পৰ্বতটোক জাবল আৰ-ৰহমা (&quot;ৰহমতৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও জনা যায়। এই অনুষ্ঠান সংঘটিত হোৱা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত এটা খুঁটা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে। হজৰ সময়ত এই পাহাৰৰ গুৰুত্ব অতিশয় বেছি। [[ইছলামিক দৰ্শন|ইছলামিক]] জুল-হিজ্জা মাহৰ ৯ তাৰিখে আৰাফা দিৱস বুলিও জনা যায়। মিনাৰ পৰা আৰাফাতলৈ হজযাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাওনা হোৱা আৰাফাৰ দিনটোক হজ্জৰ আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দিন বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। আৰাফাৰ দিনা খুতবাহ (ধব্বত) দিয়া হয়, আৰু উপত্যকাত একেলগে জুহৰ (মধ্যদিনীয়া নামাজ) আৰু আছৰ (সন্ধিয়া নামাজ) নামাজ কৰা হয়। হজযাত্ৰীসকলে গোটেই দিনটো পাহাৰত কটায়, আল্লাহক তেওঁলোকৰ পাপ ক্ষমা কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনায়। 

== তথ্য সূত্ৰ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6255" sha1="jf6rijdpq9cxdhlhk9d4q77jnzcpyrj" xml:space="preserve">'''''আৰাফাত''' '''পৰ্বত ( [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী:]]''' '''Mount Arafat''' )'' যাক জাবাল আল-ৰহমা (&quot;দয়াৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও কোৱা হয়, চৌদি আৰৱৰ মক্কা প্ৰদেশত মক্কাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ (১২ মাইল) দক্ষিণ-পূবে অৱস্থিত। আৰাফাত পৰ্বতৰ উচ্চতা প্ৰায় ৭০ মিটাৰ (২৩০ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু ৪৫৪ মিটাৰ (১,৪৯০ ফুট)।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.arabnews.com/node/1359496/saudi-arabia &quot;Saudi Arabia Hajj: Millions at Mount Arafat for ceremonies&quot;. BBC News. 11 September 2016. Retrieved 2019-04-14.  &quot;خرائط Google&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37331826 &quot;Saudi Arabia Hajj and Umrah Pilgrimage Millions at Mount Arafat for ceremonies&quot;. BBC News. 11 September 2016.]&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Infobox mountain|name=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|photo=Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads,_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg#mw-jump-to-license|photo_caption=হজ যাত্ৰী সকলৰ দৃশ্য|location=[[মক্কা]]|map=Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg|map_alt=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|map_caption=[[চৌদি আৰৱ]]ৰ [[মক্কা]] চহৰত অৱস্থিত এই পৰ্বত}}

ইছলামিক ইতিহাস অনুসৰি এই পাহাৰৰ পৰাই [[মুহাম্মাদ|হজৰত মহম্মদে]] তেওঁৰ বিদায় ধৰ্মধ্বনি কুতুব আল-ৱিদা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। কিছুমান মুছলমানেও আৰাফাত বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰে য’ত আদম আৰু হৱাক জান্নাতৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ পিছত পৃথিৱীত পুনৰ একত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/makkah-hajj-places/jabal-arafat Makkah-Hajj-jabal-arafat] Jabal Arafat &lt;/ref&gt; এই পৰ্বতত আল্লাহে তেওঁলোকক ক্ষমা কৰি দিয়াৰ বাবে এই পৰ্বতটোক জাবল আৰ-ৰহমা (&quot;ৰহমতৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও জনা যায়। এই অনুষ্ঠান সংঘটিত হোৱা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত এটা খুঁটা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে। হজৰ সময়ত এই পাহাৰৰ গুৰুত্ব অতিশয় বেছি। [[ইছলামিক দৰ্শন|ইছলামিক]] জুল-হিজ্জা মাহৰ ৯ তাৰিখে আৰাফা দিৱস বুলিও জনা যায়। মিনাৰ পৰা আৰাফাতলৈ হজযাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাওনা হোৱা আৰাফাৰ দিনটোক হজ্জৰ আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দিন বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। আৰাফাৰ দিনা খুতবাহ (ধব্বত) দিয়া হয়, আৰু উপত্যকাত একেলগে জুহৰ (মধ্যদিনীয়া নামাজ) আৰু আছৰ (সন্ধিয়া নামাজ) নামাজ কৰা হয়। হজযাত্ৰীসকলে গোটেই দিনটো পাহাৰত কটায়, আল্লাহক তেওঁলোকৰ পাপ ক্ষমা কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনায়।  

== ভূতত্ত্ব আৰু ৰেডিঅ’লজি ==
২০১২ চনৰ এক অধ্যয়নত মাউণ্ট আৰাফাটক গ্ৰেনডিঅ'ৰাইট শিল হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। যিটো মূলতঃ ফেল্ডস্পাৰ, কোৱাৰ্টছ আৰু মাস্কোভাইটৰ লগতে অন্যান্য খনিজ পদাৰ্থৰে গঠিত।  পেট্ৰ'গ্ৰাফিক, ফিচন ট্ৰেক ডেটিং আৰু য়াই স্পেকট্ৰ'মেট্ৰিক (HPGe) কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি ভূতাত্ত্বিক তাপীয় ইতিহাস আৰু আদিম ৰেডিঅ'নিউক্লাইডৰ উপস্থিতিৰ বাবে হোৱা ৰেডিঅ'লজিকেল বিপদসমূহ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ। অধ্যয়নত মাউণ্ট আৰাফাত গ্ৰেনাডিঅ’ৰাইটৰ বিভাজন ট্ৰেকৰ বয়স ৯.১৩ আৰু ১.০৫ মেগাবাইট পোৱা গৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও অধ্যয়নটোত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে । যে ৰিফটিং, মেগমেটিজম, আগ্নেয়গিৰি আৰু সাগৰৰ তলত বিয়পি পৰাৰ ফলত লোহিত সাগৰ গঠন হোৱাৰ ফলত অধ্যয়নৰ অধীনত থকা আৰাফাত গ্ৰেনডিঅ’ৰাইটৰ মূল বয়স ৯.১৩ আৰু ১.০৫ মেগাবাইটলৈ সলনি হোৱা যেন লাগে। ২২৬, ২৩২ আৰু ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰৰ বাবে জুখি উলিওৱা তেজস্ক্রিয়তাৰ ঘনত্বই সাধাৰণ জনতাৰ বাবে কোনো ৰেডিঅ’লজিকেল স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদৰ সৃষ্টি নকৰা দেখা গৈছিল৷ 

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      <comment>আৰাফাত পৰ্বত</comment>
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      <text bytes="7825" sha1="k2liy807hetz47yevsmt5cqy5xrmx0l" xml:space="preserve">'''''আৰাফাত''' '''পৰ্বত ( [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী:]]''' '''Mount Arafat''' )'' যাক জাবাল আল-ৰহমা (&quot;দয়াৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও কোৱা হয়, চৌদি আৰৱৰ মক্কা প্ৰদেশত মক্কাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ (১২ মাইল) দক্ষিণ-পূবে অৱস্থিত। আৰাফাত পৰ্বতৰ উচ্চতা প্ৰায় ৭০ মিটাৰ (২৩০ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু ৪৫৪ মিটাৰ (১,৪৯০ ফুট)।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.arabnews.com/node/1359496/saudi-arabia &quot;Saudi Arabia Hajj: Millions at Mount Arafat for ceremonies&quot;. BBC News. 11 September 2016. Retrieved 2019-04-14.  &quot;خرائط Google&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37331826 &quot;Saudi Arabia Hajj and Umrah Pilgrimage Millions at Mount Arafat for ceremonies&quot;. BBC News. 11 September 2016.]&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Infobox mountain|name=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|photo=Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads,_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg#mw-jump-to-license|photo_caption=হজ যাত্ৰী সকলৰ দৃশ্য|location=[[মক্কা]]|map=Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg|map_alt=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|map_caption=[[চৌদি আৰৱ]]ৰ [[মক্কা]] চহৰত অৱস্থিত এই পৰ্বত}}

ইছলামিক ইতিহাস অনুসৰি এই পাহাৰৰ পৰাই [[মুহাম্মাদ|হজৰত মহম্মদে]] তেওঁৰ বিদায় ধৰ্মধ্বনি কুতুব আল-ৱিদা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। কিছুমান মুছলমানেও আৰাফাত বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰে য’ত আদম আৰু হৱাক জান্নাতৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ পিছত পৃথিৱীত পুনৰ একত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/makkah-hajj-places/jabal-arafat Makkah-Hajj-jabal-arafat] Jabal Arafat &lt;/ref&gt; এই পৰ্বতত আল্লাহে তেওঁলোকক ক্ষমা কৰি দিয়াৰ বাবে এই পৰ্বতটোক জাবল আৰ-ৰহমা (&quot;ৰহমতৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও জনা যায়। এই অনুষ্ঠান সংঘটিত হোৱা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত এটা খুঁটা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে। হজৰ সময়ত এই পাহাৰৰ গুৰুত্ব অতিশয় বেছি। [[ইছলামিক দৰ্শন|ইছলামিক]] জুল-হিজ্জা মাহৰ ৯ তাৰিখে আৰাফা দিৱস বুলিও জনা যায়। মিনাৰ পৰা আৰাফাতলৈ হজযাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাওনা হোৱা আৰাফাৰ দিনটোক হজ্জৰ আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দিন বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। আৰাফাৰ দিনা খুতবাহ (ধব্বত) দিয়া হয়, আৰু উপত্যকাত একেলগে জুহৰ (মধ্যদিনীয়া নামাজ) আৰু আছৰ (সন্ধিয়া নামাজ) নামাজ কৰা হয়। হজযাত্ৰীসকলে গোটেই দিনটো পাহাৰত কটায়, আল্লাহক তেওঁলোকৰ পাপ ক্ষমা কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনায়।  

== ভূতত্ত্ব আৰু ৰেডিঅ’লজি ==
২০১২ চনৰ এক অধ্যয়নত মাউণ্ট আৰাফাটক গ্ৰেনডিঅ'ৰাইট শিল হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। যিটো মূলতঃ ফেল্ডস্পাৰ, কোৱাৰ্টছ আৰু মাস্কোভাইটৰ লগতে অন্যান্য খনিজ পদাৰ্থৰে গঠিত।  পেট্ৰ'গ্ৰাফিক, ফিচন ট্ৰেক ডেটিং আৰু য়াই স্পেকট্ৰ'মেট্ৰিক (HPGe) কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি ভূতাত্ত্বিক তাপীয় ইতিহাস আৰু আদিম ৰেডিঅ'নিউক্লাইডৰ উপস্থিতিৰ বাবে হোৱা ৰেডিঅ'লজিকেল বিপদসমূহ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ। অধ্যয়নত মাউণ্ট আৰাফাত গ্ৰেনাডিঅ’ৰাইটৰ বিভাজন ট্ৰেকৰ বয়স ৯.১৩ আৰু ১.০৫ মেগাবাইট পোৱা গৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও অধ্যয়নটোত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে । যে ৰিফটিং, মেগমেটিজম, আগ্নেয়গিৰি আৰু সাগৰৰ তলত বিয়পি পৰাৰ ফলত লোহিত সাগৰ গঠন হোৱাৰ ফলত অধ্যয়নৰ অধীনত থকা আৰাফাত গ্ৰেনডিঅ’ৰাইটৰ মূল বয়স ৯.১৩ আৰু ১.০৫ মেগাবাইটলৈ সলনি হোৱা যেন লাগে। ২২৬, ২৩২ আৰু ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰৰ বাবে জুখি উলিওৱা তেজস্ক্রিয়তাৰ ঘনত্বই সাধাৰণ জনতাৰ বাবে কোনো ৰেডিঅ’লজিকেল স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদৰ সৃষ্টি নকৰা দেখা গৈছিল৷ 

== [[হজ্জ]] ==
আৰাফাতৰ অনুষ্ঠান সূৰ্যাস্তৰ সময়ত শেষ হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত হজযাত্ৰীসকলে মাগৰিব নামাজ আৰু চুটি ইছা নামাজ আৰু অলপ জিৰণি ল’বলৈ মুজদালিফালৈ যায়। পাহাৰটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা সমতল অঞ্চলটোক আৰাফাতৰ সমতল বুলি কোৱা হয়। আৰাফাত পৰ্বত শব্দটো কেতিয়াবা এই সমগ্ৰ অঞ্চলটোৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয়। ইছলামত ই এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান কাৰণ, হজ্জৰ সময়ত হজযাত্ৰীসকলে ধু আল-হিজ্জাৰ নৱম দিনা তাতেই দুপৰীয়া কটায়। প্ৰয়োজনীয় দিনত আৰাফাতৰ সমভূমিত উপস্থিত নহ’লে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা বাতিল হয়। ২০১০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ পৰা এই স্থানত মক্কা মেট্ৰ’ই সেৱা আগবঢ়ায়। সাধাৰণ হজত খোজ কাঢ়িবলৈ প্ৰায় ২১ কিলোমিটাৰ (১৩ মাইল) সময় লাগিব।

== তথ্য সূত্ৰ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="7938" sha1="73x7uqk0v3anxyas4pd7tgyybje2qdf" xml:space="preserve">'''''আৰাফাত''' '''পৰ্বত ( [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী:]]''' '''Mount Arafat''' )'' যাক জাবাল আল-ৰহমা (&quot;দয়াৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও কোৱা হয়, চৌদি আৰৱৰ মক্কা প্ৰদেশত মক্কাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ (১২ মাইল) দক্ষিণ-পূবে অৱস্থিত। আৰাফাত পৰ্বতৰ উচ্চতা প্ৰায় ৭০ মিটাৰ (২৩০ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু ৪৫৪ মিটাৰ (১,৪৯০ ফুট)।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.arabnews.com/node/1359496/saudi-arabia &quot;Saudi Arabia Hajj: Millions at Mount Arafat for ceremonies&quot;. BBC News. 11 September 2016. Retrieved 2019-04-14.  &quot;خرائط Google&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37331826 &quot;Saudi Arabia Hajj and Umrah Pilgrimage Millions at Mount Arafat for ceremonies&quot;. BBC News. 11 September 2016.]&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Infobox mountain|name=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|photo=Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads,_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg#mw-jump-to-license|photo_caption=হজ যাত্ৰী সকলৰ দৃশ্য|location=[[মক্কা]]|map=Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg|map_alt=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|map_caption=[[চৌদি আৰৱ]]ৰ [[মক্কা]] চহৰত অৱস্থিত এই পৰ্বত}}

ইছলামিক ইতিহাস অনুসৰি এই পাহাৰৰ পৰাই [[মুহাম্মাদ|হজৰত মহম্মদে]] তেওঁৰ বিদায় ধৰ্মধ্বনি কুতুব আল-ৱিদা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। কিছুমান মুছলমানেও আৰাফাত বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰে য’ত আদম আৰু হৱাক জান্নাতৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ পিছত পৃথিৱীত পুনৰ একত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/makkah-hajj-places/jabal-arafat Makkah-Hajj-jabal-arafat] Jabal Arafat &lt;/ref&gt; এই পৰ্বতত আল্লাহে তেওঁলোকক ক্ষমা কৰি দিয়াৰ বাবে এই পৰ্বতটোক জাবল আৰ-ৰহমা (&quot;ৰহমতৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও জনা যায়। এই অনুষ্ঠান সংঘটিত হোৱা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত এটা খুঁটা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে। হজৰ সময়ত এই পাহাৰৰ গুৰুত্ব অতিশয় বেছি। [[ইছলামিক দৰ্শন|ইছলামিক]] জুল-হিজ্জা মাহৰ ৯ তাৰিখে আৰাফা দিৱস বুলিও জনা যায়। মিনাৰ পৰা আৰাফাতলৈ হজযাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাওনা হোৱা আৰাফাৰ দিনটোক হজ্জৰ আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দিন বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। আৰাফাৰ দিনা খুতবাহ (ধব্বত) দিয়া হয়, আৰু উপত্যকাত একেলগে জুহৰ (মধ্যদিনীয়া নামাজ) আৰু আছৰ (সন্ধিয়া নামাজ) নামাজ কৰা হয়। হজযাত্ৰীসকলে গোটেই দিনটো পাহাৰত কটায়, আল্লাহক তেওঁলোকৰ পাপ ক্ষমা কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনায়।  

== ভূতত্ত্ব আৰু ৰেডিঅ’লজি ==
২০১২ চনৰ এক অধ্যয়নত মাউণ্ট আৰাফাটক গ্ৰেনডিঅ'ৰাইট শিল হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। যিটো মূলতঃ ফেল্ডস্পাৰ, কোৱাৰ্টছ আৰু মাস্কোভাইটৰ লগতে অন্যান্য খনিজ পদাৰ্থৰে গঠিত।  পেট্ৰ'গ্ৰাফিক, ফিচন ট্ৰেক ডেটিং আৰু য়াই স্পেকট্ৰ'মেট্ৰিক (HPGe) কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি ভূতাত্ত্বিক তাপীয় ইতিহাস আৰু আদিম ৰেডিঅ'নিউক্লাইডৰ উপস্থিতিৰ বাবে হোৱা ৰেডিঅ'লজিকেল বিপদসমূহ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ। অধ্যয়নত মাউণ্ট আৰাফাত গ্ৰেনাডিঅ’ৰাইটৰ বিভাজন ট্ৰেকৰ বয়স ৯.১৩ আৰু ১.০৫ মেগাবাইট পোৱা গৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও অধ্যয়নটোত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে । যে ৰিফটিং, মেগমেটিজম, আগ্নেয়গিৰি আৰু সাগৰৰ তলত বিয়পি পৰাৰ ফলত লোহিত সাগৰ গঠন হোৱাৰ ফলত অধ্যয়নৰ অধীনত থকা আৰাফাত গ্ৰেনডিঅ’ৰাইটৰ মূল বয়স ৯.১৩ আৰু ১.০৫ মেগাবাইটলৈ সলনি হোৱা যেন লাগে। ২২৬, ২৩২ আৰু ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰৰ বাবে জুখি উলিওৱা তেজস্ক্রিয়তাৰ ঘনত্বই সাধাৰণ জনতাৰ বাবে কোনো ৰেডিঅ’লজিকেল স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদৰ সৃষ্টি নকৰা দেখা গৈছিল৷ 

== [[হজ্জ]] ==
[[চিত্ৰ:Hajj front of Haramian.jpg|thumb|[[মক্কা]] মছজিদ আল-হাৰাম]]
আৰাফাতৰ অনুষ্ঠান সূৰ্যাস্তৰ সময়ত শেষ হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত হজযাত্ৰীসকলে মাগৰিব নামাজ আৰু চুটি ইছা নামাজ আৰু অলপ জিৰণি ল’বলৈ মুজদালিফালৈ যায়। পাহাৰটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা সমতল অঞ্চলটোক আৰাফাতৰ সমতল বুলি কোৱা হয়। আৰাফাত পৰ্বত শব্দটো কেতিয়াবা এই সমগ্ৰ অঞ্চলটোৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয়। ইছলামত ই এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান কাৰণ, হজ্জৰ সময়ত হজযাত্ৰীসকলে ধু আল-হিজ্জাৰ নৱম দিনা তাতেই দুপৰীয়া কটায়। প্ৰয়োজনীয় দিনত আৰাফাতৰ সমভূমিত উপস্থিত নহ’লে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা বাতিল হয়। ২০১০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ পৰা এই স্থানত মক্কা মেট্ৰ’ই সেৱা আগবঢ়ায়। সাধাৰণ হজত খোজ কাঢ়িবলৈ প্ৰায় ২১ কিলোমিটাৰ (১৩ মাইল) সময় লাগিব। 

== তথ্য সূত্ৰ ==</text>
      <sha1>73x7uqk0v3anxyas4pd7tgyybje2qdf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>516723</id>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-09T14:59:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saddam Hussain Rahmani</username>
        <id>42858</id>
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      <comment>আৰাফাত পৰ্বত</comment>
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      <text bytes="8086" sha1="2w4bo2p2fhhk0wvwajgujbi1k36micg" xml:space="preserve">'''''আৰাফাত''' '''পৰ্বত ( [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী:]]''' '''Mount Arafat''' )'' যাক জাবাল আল-ৰহমা (&quot;দয়াৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও কোৱা হয়, চৌদি আৰৱৰ মক্কা প্ৰদেশত মক্কাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ (১২ মাইল) দক্ষিণ-পূবে অৱস্থিত। আৰাফাত পৰ্বতৰ উচ্চতা প্ৰায় ৭০ মিটাৰ (২৩০ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু ৪৫৪ মিটাৰ (১,৪৯০ ফুট)।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.arabnews.com/node/1359496/saudi-arabia &quot;Saudi Arabia Hajj: Millions at Mount Arafat for ceremonies&quot;. BBC News. 11 September 2016. Retrieved 2019-04-14.  &quot;خرائط Google&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37331826 &quot;Saudi Arabia Hajj and Umrah Pilgrimage Millions at Mount Arafat for ceremonies&quot;. BBC News. 11 September 2016.]&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Infobox mountain|name=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|photo=Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads,_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg#mw-jump-to-license|photo_caption=হজ যাত্ৰী সকলৰ দৃশ্য|location=[[মক্কা]]|map=Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg|map_alt=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|map_caption=[[চৌদি আৰৱ]]ৰ [[মক্কা]] চহৰত অৱস্থিত এই পৰ্বত}}

ইছলামিক ইতিহাস অনুসৰি এই পাহাৰৰ পৰাই [[মুহাম্মাদ|হজৰত মহম্মদে]] তেওঁৰ বিদায় ধৰ্মধ্বনি কুতুব আল-ৱিদা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। কিছুমান মুছলমানেও আৰাফাত বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰে য’ত আদম আৰু হৱাক জান্নাতৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ পিছত পৃথিৱীত পুনৰ একত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/makkah-hajj-places/jabal-arafat Makkah-Hajj-jabal-arafat] Jabal Arafat &lt;/ref&gt; এই পৰ্বতত আল্লাহে তেওঁলোকক ক্ষমা কৰি দিয়াৰ বাবে এই পৰ্বতটোক জাবল আৰ-ৰহমা (&quot;ৰহমতৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও জনা যায়। এই অনুষ্ঠান সংঘটিত হোৱা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত এটা খুঁটা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে। হজৰ সময়ত এই পাহাৰৰ গুৰুত্ব অতিশয় বেছি। [[ইছলামিক দৰ্শন|ইছলামিক]] জুল-হিজ্জা মাহৰ ৯ তাৰিখে আৰাফা দিৱস বুলিও জনা যায়। মিনাৰ পৰা আৰাফাতলৈ হজযাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাওনা হোৱা আৰাফাৰ দিনটোক হজ্জৰ আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দিন বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। আৰাফাৰ দিনা খুতবাহ (ধব্বত) দিয়া হয়, আৰু উপত্যকাত একেলগে জুহৰ (মধ্যদিনীয়া নামাজ) আৰু আছৰ (সন্ধিয়া নামাজ) নামাজ কৰা হয়। হজযাত্ৰীসকলে গোটেই দিনটো পাহাৰত কটায়, আল্লাহক তেওঁলোকৰ পাপ ক্ষমা কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনায়।  

== ভূতত্ত্ব আৰু ৰেডিঅ’লজি ==
২০১২ চনৰ এক অধ্যয়নত মাউণ্ট আৰাফাটক গ্ৰেনডিঅ'ৰাইট শিল হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। যিটো মূলতঃ ফেল্ডস্পাৰ, কোৱাৰ্টছ আৰু মাস্কোভাইটৰ লগতে অন্যান্য খনিজ পদাৰ্থৰে গঠিত।  পেট্ৰ'গ্ৰাফিক, ফিচন ট্ৰেক ডেটিং আৰু য়াই স্পেকট্ৰ'মেট্ৰিক (HPGe) কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি ভূতাত্ত্বিক তাপীয় ইতিহাস আৰু আদিম ৰেডিঅ'নিউক্লাইডৰ উপস্থিতিৰ বাবে হোৱা ৰেডিঅ'লজিকেল বিপদসমূহ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ। অধ্যয়নত মাউণ্ট আৰাফাত গ্ৰেনাডিঅ’ৰাইটৰ বিভাজন ট্ৰেকৰ বয়স ৯.১৩ আৰু ১.০৫ মেগাবাইট পোৱা গৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও অধ্যয়নটোত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে । যে ৰিফটিং, মেগমেটিজম, আগ্নেয়গিৰি আৰু সাগৰৰ তলত বিয়পি পৰাৰ ফলত লোহিত সাগৰ গঠন হোৱাৰ ফলত অধ্যয়নৰ অধীনত থকা আৰাফাত গ্ৰেনডিঅ’ৰাইটৰ মূল বয়স ৯.১৩ আৰু ১.০৫ মেগাবাইটলৈ সলনি হোৱা যেন লাগে। ২২৬, ২৩২ আৰু ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰৰ বাবে জুখি উলিওৱা তেজস্ক্রিয়তাৰ ঘনত্বই সাধাৰণ জনতাৰ বাবে কোনো ৰেডিঅ’লজিকেল স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদৰ সৃষ্টি নকৰা দেখা গৈছিল৷ 

== [[হজ্জ]] ==
[[চিত্ৰ:Hajj front of Haramian.jpg|thumb|[[মক্কা]] মছজিদ আল-হাৰাম]]
[[চিত্ৰ:Madinah Al-Munawwara and a Guard.jpg|thumb|[[মদিনা|মাদিনা]] মছজিদ আল-মনোৱাৰা]]
আৰাফাতৰ অনুষ্ঠান সূৰ্যাস্তৰ সময়ত শেষ হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত হজযাত্ৰীসকলে মাগৰিব নামাজ আৰু চুটি ইছা নামাজ আৰু অলপ জিৰণি ল’বলৈ মুজদালিফালৈ যায়। পাহাৰটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা সমতল অঞ্চলটোক আৰাফাতৰ সমতল বুলি কোৱা হয়। আৰাফাত পৰ্বত শব্দটো কেতিয়াবা এই সমগ্ৰ অঞ্চলটোৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয়। ইছলামত ই এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান কাৰণ, হজ্জৰ সময়ত হজযাত্ৰীসকলে ধু আল-হিজ্জাৰ নৱম দিনা তাতেই দুপৰীয়া কটায়। প্ৰয়োজনীয় দিনত আৰাফাতৰ সমভূমিত উপস্থিত নহ’লে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা বাতিল হয়। ২০১০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ পৰা এই স্থানত মক্কা মেট্ৰ’ই সেৱা আগবঢ়ায়। সাধাৰণ হজত খোজ কাঢ়িবলৈ প্ৰায় ২১ কিলোমিটাৰ (১৩ মাইল) সময় লাগিব।  

== তথ্য সূত্ৰ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="8243" sha1="evjnszh53f5em7liofynnvdhwi3546b" xml:space="preserve">'''''আৰাফাত''' '''পৰ্বত ( [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী:]]''' '''Mount Arafat''' )'' যাক জাবাল আল-ৰহমা (&quot;দয়াৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও কোৱা হয়, চৌদি আৰৱৰ মক্কা প্ৰদেশত মক্কাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ (১২ মাইল) দক্ষিণ-পূবে অৱস্থিত। আৰাফাত পৰ্বতৰ উচ্চতা প্ৰায় ৭০ মিটাৰ (২৩০ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু ৪৫৪ মিটাৰ (১,৪৯০ ফুট)।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.arabnews.com/node/1359496/saudi-arabia &quot;Saudi Arabia Hajj: Millions at Mount Arafat for ceremonies&quot;. BBC News. 11 September 2016. Retrieved 2019-04-14.  &quot;خرائط Google&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37331826 &quot;Saudi Arabia Hajj and Umrah Pilgrimage Millions at Mount Arafat for ceremonies&quot;. BBC News. 11 September 2016.]&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Infobox mountain|name=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|photo=Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads,_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg#mw-jump-to-license|photo_caption=হজ যাত্ৰী সকলৰ দৃশ্য|location=[[মক্কা]]|map=Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg|map_alt=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|map_caption=[[চৌদি আৰৱ]]ৰ [[মক্কা]] চহৰত অৱস্থিত এই পৰ্বত}}

ইছলামিক ইতিহাস অনুসৰি এই পাহাৰৰ পৰাই [[মুহাম্মাদ|হজৰত মহম্মদে]] তেওঁৰ বিদায় ধৰ্মধ্বনি কুতুব আল-ৱিদা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। কিছুমান মুছলমানেও আৰাফাত বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰে য’ত আদম আৰু হৱাক জান্নাতৰ পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ পিছত পৃথিৱীত পুনৰ একত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/makkah-hajj-places/jabal-arafat Makkah-Hajj-jabal-arafat] Jabal Arafat &lt;/ref&gt; এই পৰ্বতত আল্লাহে তেওঁলোকক ক্ষমা কৰি দিয়াৰ বাবে এই পৰ্বতটোক জাবল আৰ-ৰহমা (&quot;ৰহমতৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও জনা যায়। এই অনুষ্ঠান সংঘটিত হোৱা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত এটা খুঁটা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে। হজৰ সময়ত এই পাহাৰৰ গুৰুত্ব অতিশয় বেছি। [[ইছলামিক দৰ্শন|ইছলামিক]] জুল-হিজ্জা মাহৰ ৯ তাৰিখে আৰাফা দিৱস বুলিও জনা যায়। মিনাৰ পৰা আৰাফাতলৈ হজযাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাওনা হোৱা আৰাফাৰ দিনটোক হজ্জৰ আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দিন বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। আৰাফাৰ দিনা খুতবাহ (ধব্বত) দিয়া হয়, আৰু উপত্যকাত একেলগে জুহৰ (মধ্যদিনীয়া নামাজ) আৰু আছৰ (সন্ধিয়া নামাজ) নামাজ কৰা হয়। হজযাত্ৰীসকলে গোটেই দিনটো পাহাৰত কটায়, আল্লাহক তেওঁলোকৰ পাপ ক্ষমা কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনায়।  

== ভূতত্ত্ব আৰু ৰেডিঅ’লজি ==
২০১২ চনৰ এক অধ্যয়নত মাউণ্ট আৰাফাটক গ্ৰেনডিঅ'ৰাইট শিল হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। যিটো মূলতঃ ফেল্ডস্পাৰ, কোৱাৰ্টছ আৰু মাস্কোভাইটৰ লগতে অন্যান্য খনিজ পদাৰ্থৰে গঠিত।  পেট্ৰ'গ্ৰাফিক, ফিচন ট্ৰেক ডেটিং আৰু য়াই স্পেকট্ৰ'মেট্ৰিক (HPGe) কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি ভূতাত্ত্বিক তাপীয় ইতিহাস আৰু আদিম ৰেডিঅ'নিউক্লাইডৰ উপস্থিতিৰ বাবে হোৱা ৰেডিঅ'লজিকেল বিপদসমূহ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ। অধ্যয়নত মাউণ্ট আৰাফাত গ্ৰেনাডিঅ’ৰাইটৰ বিভাজন ট্ৰেকৰ বয়স ৯.১৩ আৰু ১.০৫ মেগাবাইট পোৱা গৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও অধ্যয়নটোত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে । যে ৰিফটিং, মেগমেটিজম, আগ্নেয়গিৰি আৰু সাগৰৰ তলত বিয়পি পৰাৰ ফলত লোহিত সাগৰ গঠন হোৱাৰ ফলত অধ্যয়নৰ অধীনত থকা আৰাফাত গ্ৰেনডিঅ’ৰাইটৰ মূল বয়স ৯.১৩ আৰু ১.০৫ মেগাবাইটলৈ সলনি হোৱা যেন লাগে। ২২৬, ২৩২ আৰু ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰৰ বাবে জুখি উলিওৱা তেজস্ক্রিয়তাৰ ঘনত্বই সাধাৰণ জনতাৰ বাবে কোনো ৰেডিঅ’লজিকেল স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদৰ সৃষ্টি নকৰা দেখা গৈছিল৷ 

== [[হজ্জ]] ==
[[চিত্ৰ:Hajj front of Haramian.jpg|thumb|[[মক্কা]] মছজিদ আল-হাৰাম]]
[[চিত্ৰ:Madinah Al-Munawwara and a Guard.jpg|thumb|[[মদিনা|মাদিনা]] মছজিদ আল-মনোৱাৰা]]
[[চিত্ৰ:Jabal-e-Rehmat (Mount of Mercy Mount Arafat).jpg|thumb|হজ যাত্ৰী আৰাফাত পৰ্বতৰ দৃশ্য ]]
আৰাফাতৰ অনুষ্ঠান সূৰ্যাস্তৰ সময়ত শেষ হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত হজযাত্ৰীসকলে মাগৰিব নামাজ আৰু চুটি ইছা নামাজ আৰু অলপ জিৰণি ল’বলৈ মুজদালিফালৈ যায়। পাহাৰটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা সমতল অঞ্চলটোক আৰাফাতৰ সমতল বুলি কোৱা হয়। আৰাফাত পৰ্বত শব্দটো কেতিয়াবা এই সমগ্ৰ অঞ্চলটোৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয়। ইছলামত ই এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান কাৰণ, হজ্জৰ সময়ত হজযাত্ৰীসকলে ধু আল-হিজ্জাৰ নৱম দিনা তাতেই দুপৰীয়া কটায়। প্ৰয়োজনীয় দিনত আৰাফাতৰ সমভূমিত উপস্থিত নহ’লে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা বাতিল হয়। ২০১০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ পৰা এই স্থানত মক্কা মেট্ৰ’ই সেৱা আগবঢ়ায়। সাধাৰণ হজত খোজ কাঢ়িবলৈ প্ৰায় ২১ কিলোমিটাৰ (১৩ মাইল) সময় লাগিব।   

== তথ্য সূত্ৰ ==</text>
      <sha1>evjnszh53f5em7liofynnvdhwi3546b</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Saddam Hussain Rahmani</username>
        <id>42858</id>
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      <comment>আৰাফাত পৰ্বত</comment>
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      <text bytes="8347" sha1="5tewgv7ud0jr76mvvr6pug1160c21e5" xml:space="preserve">'''''আৰাফাত''' '''পৰ্বত ( [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী:]]''' '''Mount Arafat''' )'' যাক জাবাল আল-ৰহমা (&quot;দয়াৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও কোৱা হয়।চৌদি আৰৱৰ মক্কা প্ৰদেশত মক্কাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ (১২ মাইল) দক্ষিণ-পূবে অৱস্থিত। আৰাফাত পৰ্বতৰ উচ্চতা প্ৰায় ৭০ মিটাৰ (২৩০ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু ৪৫৪ মিটাৰ (১,৪৯০ ফুট)।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.arabnews.com/node/1359496/saudi-arabia &quot;Saudi Arabia Hajj: Millions at Mount Arafat for ceremonies&quot;. BBC News. 11 September 2016. Retrieved 2019-04-14.  &quot;خرائط Google&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37331826 &quot;Saudi Arabia Hajj and Umrah Pilgrimage Millions at Mount Arafat for ceremonies&quot;. BBC News. 11 September 2016.]&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Infobox mountain|name=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|photo=Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads,_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg#mw-jump-to-license|photo_caption=হজ যাত্ৰী সকলৰ দৃশ্য|location=[[মক্কা]]|map=Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg|map_alt=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|map_caption=[[চৌদি আৰৱ]]ৰ [[মক্কা]] চহৰত অৱস্থিত এই পৰ্বত}}

ইছলামিক ইতিহাস অনুসৰি এই পাহাৰৰ পৰাই [[মুহাম্মাদ|হজৰত মহম্মদে]] তেওঁৰ বিদায় ধৰ্মধ্বনি কুতুব আল-ৱিদা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। কিছুমান মুছলমানেও আৰাফাত বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰে য’ত [[আদম]] আৰু [[হাৱা (ইভ)|হৱাক]] [[জান্নাত|জান্নাতৰ]] পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ পিছত পৃথিৱীত পুনৰ একত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/makkah-hajj-places/jabal-arafat Makkah-Hajj-jabal-arafat] Jabal Arafat &lt;/ref&gt; এই পৰ্বতত [[আল্লাহ|আল্লাহে]] তেওঁলোকক ক্ষমা কৰি দিয়াৰ বাবে এই পৰ্বতটোক জাবল আৰ-ৰহমা (&quot;ৰহমতৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও জনা যায়। এই অনুষ্ঠান সংঘটিত হোৱা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত এটা খুঁটা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে। হজৰ সময়ত এই পাহাৰৰ গুৰুত্ব অতিশয় বেছি। [[ইছলামিক দৰ্শন|ইছলামিক]] জুল-হিজ্জা মাহৰ ৯ তাৰিখে আৰাফা দিৱস বুলিও জনা যায়। মিনাৰ পৰা আৰাফাতলৈ হজযাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাওনা হোৱা আৰাফাৰ দিনটোক হজ্জৰ আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দিন বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। আৰাফাৰ দিনা খুতবাহ (ধব্বত) দিয়া হয় আৰু উপত্যকাত একেলগে জুহৰ (মধ্যদিনীয়া নামাজ) আৰু আছৰ (সন্ধিয়া নামাজ) নামাজ কৰা হয়। হজযাত্ৰীসকলে গোটেই দিনটো পাহাৰত কটায়। [[আল্লাহ|আল্লাহক]] তেওঁলোকৰ পাপ ক্ষমা কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনায়।  

== ভূতত্ত্ব আৰু ৰেডিঅ’লজি ==
২০১২ চনৰ এক অধ্যয়নত মাউণ্ট আৰাফাটক গ্ৰেনডিঅ'ৰাইট শিল হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। যিটো মূলতঃ ফেল্ডস্পাৰ, কোৱাৰ্টছ আৰু মাস্কোভাইটৰ লগতে অন্যান্য খনিজ পদাৰ্থৰে গঠিত।  পেট্ৰ'গ্ৰাফিক, ফিচন ট্ৰেক ডেটিং আৰু য়াই স্পেকট্ৰ'মেট্ৰিক (HPGe) কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি ভূতাত্ত্বিক তাপীয় ইতিহাস আৰু আদিম ৰেডিঅ'নিউক্লাইডৰ উপস্থিতিৰ বাবে হোৱা ৰেডিঅ'লজিকেল বিপদসমূহ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ। অধ্যয়নত মাউণ্ট আৰাফাত গ্ৰেনাডিঅ’ৰাইটৰ বিভাজন ট্ৰেকৰ বয়স ৯.১৩ আৰু ১.০৫ মেগাবাইট পোৱা গৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও অধ্যয়নটোত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে । যে ৰিফটিং, মেগমেটিজম, আগ্নেয়গিৰি আৰু সাগৰৰ তলত বিয়পি পৰাৰ ফলত লোহিত সাগৰ গঠন হোৱাৰ ফলত অধ্যয়নৰ অধীনত থকা আৰাফাত গ্ৰেনডিঅ’ৰাইটৰ মূল বয়স ৯.১৩ আৰু ১.০৫ মেগাবাইটলৈ সলনি হোৱা যেন লাগে। ২২৬, ২৩২ আৰু ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰৰ বাবে জুখি উলিওৱা তেজস্ক্রিয়তাৰ ঘনত্বই সাধাৰণ জনতাৰ বাবে কোনো ৰেডিঅ’লজিকেল স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদৰ সৃষ্টি নকৰা দেখা গৈছিল৷ 

== [[হজ্জ]] ==
[[চিত্ৰ:Hajj front of Haramian.jpg|thumb|[[মক্কা]] মছজিদ আল-হাৰাম]]
[[চিত্ৰ:Madinah Al-Munawwara and a Guard.jpg|thumb|[[মদিনা|মাদিনা]] মছজিদ আল-মনোৱাৰা]]
[[চিত্ৰ:Jabal-e-Rehmat (Mount of Mercy Mount Arafat).jpg|thumb|হজ যাত্ৰী আৰাফাত পৰ্বতৰ দৃশ্য ]]
আৰাফাতৰ অনুষ্ঠান সূৰ্যাস্তৰ সময়ত শেষ হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত হজযাত্ৰীসকলে মাগৰিব নামাজ আৰু চুটি ইছা নামাজ আৰু অলপ জিৰণি ল’বলৈ মুজদালিফালৈ যায়। পাহাৰটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা সমতল অঞ্চলটোক আৰাফাতৰ সমতল বুলি কোৱা হয়। আৰাফাত পৰ্বত শব্দটো কেতিয়াবা এই সমগ্ৰ অঞ্চলটোৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয়। ইছলামত ই এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান কাৰণ, হজ্জৰ সময়ত হজযাত্ৰীসকলে ধু আল-হিজ্জাৰ নৱম দিনা তাতেই দুপৰীয়া কটায়। প্ৰয়োজনীয় দিনত আৰাফাতৰ সমভূমিত উপস্থিত নহ’লে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা বাতিল হয়। ২০১০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ পৰা এই স্থানত মক্কা মেট্ৰ’ই সেৱা আগবঢ়ায়। সাধাৰণ হজত খোজ কাঢ়িবলৈ প্ৰায় ২১ কিলোমিটাৰ (১৩ মাইল) সময় লাগিব।   

== তথ্য সূত্ৰ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="8350" sha1="1swwtkh9h1q2i4qdcjz7x7w2vsar77z" xml:space="preserve">'''''আৰাফাত''' '''পৰ্বত ( [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী:]]''' '''Mount Arafat''' )'' যাক জাবাল আল-ৰহমা (&quot;দয়াৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও কোৱা হয়।চৌদি আৰৱৰ মক্কা প্ৰদেশত মক্কাৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ কিলোমিটাৰ (১২ মাইল) দক্ষিণ-পূবে অৱস্থিত। আৰাফাত পৰ্বতৰ উচ্চতা প্ৰায় ৭০ মিটাৰ (২৩০ ফুট) আৰু ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ বিন্দু ৪৫৪ মিটাৰ (১,৪৯০ ফুট)।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.arabnews.com/node/1359496/saudi-arabia &quot;Saudi Arabia Hajj: Millions at Mount Arafat for ceremonies&quot;. BBC News. 11 September 2016. Retrieved 2019-04-14.  &quot;خرائط Google&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37331826 &quot;Saudi Arabia Hajj and Umrah Pilgrimage Millions at Mount Arafat for ceremonies&quot;. BBC News. 11 September 2016.]&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Infobox mountain|name=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|photo=Pilgrims_cover_Arafat%27s_roads,_plains_and_mountain_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg#mw-jump-to-license|photo_caption=হজ যাত্ৰী সকলৰ দৃশ্য|location=[[মক্কা]]|map=Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg|map_alt=আৰাফাত পৰ্বত|map_caption=[[চৌদি আৰৱ]]ৰ [[মক্কা]] চহৰত অৱস্থিত এই পৰ্বত}}

ইছলামিক ইতিহাস অনুসৰি এই পাহাৰৰ পৰাই [[মুহাম্মাদ|হজৰত মহম্মদে]] তেওঁৰ বিদায় ধৰ্মধ্বনি কুতুব আল-ৱিদা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। কিছুমান মুছলমানেও আৰাফাত বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰে য’ত [[আদম]] আৰু [[হাৱা (ইভ)|হৱাক]] [[জান্নাত|জান্নাতৰ]] পৰা বহিষ্কাৰ কৰাৰ পিছত পৃথিৱীত পুনৰ একত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছিল।&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.islamiclandmarks.com/makkah-hajj-places/jabal-arafat Makkah-Hajj-jabal-arafat] Jabal Arafat &lt;/ref&gt; এই পৰ্বতত [[আল্লাহ|আল্লাহে]] তেওঁলোকক ক্ষমা কৰি দিয়াৰ বাবে এই পৰ্বতটোক জাবল আৰ-ৰহমা (&quot;ৰহমতৰ পৰ্বত&quot;) বুলিও জনা যায়। এই অনুষ্ঠান সংঘটিত হোৱা বুলি ধাৰণা কৰা পাহাৰৰ শিখৰত এটা খুঁটা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে। হজৰ সময়ত এই পাহাৰৰ গুৰুত্ব অতিশয় বেছি। [[ইছলামিক দৰ্শন|ইছলামিক]] জুল-হিজ্জা মাহৰ ৯ তাৰিখে আৰাফা দিৱস বুলিও জনা যায়। মিনাৰ পৰা আৰাফাতলৈ হজযাত্ৰীসকলে ৰাওনা হোৱা আৰাফাৰ দিনটোক হজ্জৰ আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দিন বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। আৰাফাৰ দিনা খুতবাহ (ধব্বত) দিয়া হয় আৰু উপত্যকাত একেলগে জুহৰ (মধ্যদিনীয়া নামাজ) আৰু আছৰ (সন্ধিয়া নামাজ) নামাজ কৰা হয়। হজযাত্ৰীসকলে গোটেই দিনটো পাহাৰত কটায়। [[আল্লাহ|আল্লাহক]] তেওঁলোকৰ পাপ ক্ষমা কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনায়।  

== ভূতত্ত্ব আৰু ৰেডিঅ’লজি ==
২০১২ চনৰ এক অধ্যয়নত মাউণ্ট আৰাফাটক গ্ৰেনডিঅ'ৰাইট শিল হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। যিটো মূলতঃ ফেল্ডস্পাৰ, কোৱাৰ্টছ আৰু মাস্কোভাইটৰ লগতে অন্যান্য খনিজ পদাৰ্থৰে গঠিত।  পেট্ৰ'গ্ৰাফিক, ফিচন ট্ৰেক ডেটিং আৰু য়াই স্পেকট্ৰ'মেট্ৰিক (HPGe) কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি ভূতাত্ত্বিক তাপীয় ইতিহাস আৰু আদিম ৰেডিঅ'নিউক্লাইডৰ উপস্থিতিৰ বাবে হোৱা ৰেডিঅ'লজিকেল বিপদসমূহ অধ্যয়ন কৰিবলৈ। অধ্যয়নত মাউণ্ট আৰাফাত গ্ৰেনাডিঅ’ৰাইটৰ বিভাজন ট্ৰেকৰ বয়স ৯.১৩ আৰু ১.০৫ মেগাবাইট পোৱা গৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও অধ্যয়নটোত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে । যে ৰিফটিং, মেগমেটিজম, আগ্নেয়গিৰি আৰু সাগৰৰ তলত বিয়পি পৰাৰ ফলত লোহিত সাগৰ গঠন হোৱাৰ ফলত অধ্যয়নৰ অধীনত থকা আৰাফাত গ্ৰেনডিঅ’ৰাইটৰ মূল বয়স ৯.১৩ আৰু ১.০৫ মেগাবাইটলৈ সলনি হোৱা যেন লাগে। ২২৬, ২৩২ আৰু ৪০ কিলোমিটাৰৰ বাবে জুখি উলিওৱা তেজস্ক্রিয়তাৰ ঘনত্বই সাধাৰণ জনতাৰ বাবে কোনো ৰেডিঅ’লজিকেল স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদৰ সৃষ্টি নকৰা দেখা গৈছিল৷ 

== [[হজ্জ]] ==
[[চিত্ৰ:Hajj front of Haramian.jpg|thumb|[[মক্কা]] মছজিদ আল-হাৰাম]]
[[চিত্ৰ:Madinah Al-Munawwara and a Guard.jpg|thumb|[[মদিনা|মাদিনা]] মছজিদ আল-মনোৱাৰা]]
[[চিত্ৰ:Jabal-e-Rehmat (Mount of Mercy Mount Arafat).jpg|thumb|হজ যাত্ৰী আৰাফাত পৰ্বতৰ দৃশ্য ]]
আৰাফাতৰ অনুষ্ঠান সূৰ্যাস্তৰ সময়ত শেষ হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত হজযাত্ৰীসকলে মাগৰিব নামাজ আৰু চুটি ইছা নামাজ আৰু অলপ জিৰণি ল’বলৈ মুজদালিফালৈ যায়। পাহাৰটোৰ চাৰিওফালে থকা সমতল অঞ্চলটোক আৰাফাতৰ সমতল বুলি কোৱা হয়। আৰাফাত পৰ্বত শব্দটো কেতিয়াবা এই সমগ্ৰ অঞ্চলটোৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয়। ইছলামত ই এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান কাৰণ হজ্জৰ সময়ত হজযাত্ৰীসকলে ধু আল-হিজ্জাৰ নৱম দিনা তাতেই দুপৰীয়া কটায়। প্ৰয়োজনীয় দিনত আৰাফাতৰ সমভূমিত উপস্থিত নহ’লে তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা বাতিল হয়। ২০১০ চনৰ শেষৰ ফালৰ পৰা এই স্থানত [[মক্কা]] মেট্ৰ’ই সেৱা আগবঢ়ায়। সাধাৰণ হজত খোজ কাঢ়িবলৈ প্ৰায় ২১ কিলোমিটাৰ (১৩ মাইল) সময় লাগিব।   

== তথ্য সূত্ৰ ==</text>
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তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকাখন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) ভাষা আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।</text>
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তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) ভাষা আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।</text>
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তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।</text>
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তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>7iy6l2ooefey58slvbezvbrinwktscm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-09T18:16:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>516746</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1322" sha1="pit59zobo7yifhy89s31fmuxnv0uebr" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>pit59zobo7yifhy89s31fmuxnv0uebr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-09T18:20:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>516747</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2015" sha1="h9qsezm3qismmdghpwi6arl0m8wjyuv" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

#'''ছলৰেছল''': ই ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>h9qsezm3qismmdghpwi6arl0m8wjyuv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>516747</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T18:20:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>516748</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2055" sha1="95rr13xu6d6oy4993sh2mxfj4pcr415" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

#'''ছলৰেছল''': ই ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>95rr13xu6d6oy4993sh2mxfj4pcr415</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-09T18:22:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>516749</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2266" sha1="65ndcuc2cn5d0ujh4f7x827w61gs5e7" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

#'''ছলৰেছল''': ই ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#'''Communicationssprache''': ই ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>65ndcuc2cn5d0ujh4f7x827w61gs5e7</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-09T18:26:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা */</comment>
      <origin>516750</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3074" sha1="b4qasuqmpd13w8qxrr1zpvtsvbtdkni" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

#'''ছলৰেছল''': ই ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#'''Communicationssprache''': ই ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |২
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৩
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৪
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৫
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৬
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৭
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৮
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৯
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১০
|-
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|উনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দুৱা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ত্ৰিয়া}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কোৱাত্ৰা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কুয়িনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেচ্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|অ'ট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ন'ন}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দিয়া}}
|}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>b4qasuqmpd13w8qxrr1zpvtsvbtdkni</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>516751</id>
      <parentid>516750</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T18:31:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা */</comment>
      <origin>516751</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3744" sha1="kqjcyjsa8nze8ktpbywbahikl72wfq1" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

===='''ছলৰেছল'''====
ই ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ:
*আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা?
**মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে।
*এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁওলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি?
**এই বছৰ মই গাঁওলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে।
*আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি?
**আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে।

===='''Communicationssprache'''====
ই ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |২
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৩
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৪
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৫
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৬
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৭
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৮
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৯
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১০
|-
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|উনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দুৱা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ত্ৰিয়া}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কোৱাত্ৰা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কুয়িনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেচ্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|অ'ট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ন'ন}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দিয়া}}
|}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>kqjcyjsa8nze8ktpbywbahikl72wfq1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>516752</id>
      <parentid>516751</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T18:35:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Communicationssprache */</comment>
      <origin>516752</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5410" sha1="9qs2x1a4bljv90llrn4yary9zjbk18z" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

===='''ছলৰেছল'''====
ই ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ:
*আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা?
**মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে।
*এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁওলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি?
**এই বছৰ মই গাঁওলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে।
*আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি?
**আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে।

===='''Communicationssprache'''====
ই ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |২
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৩
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৪
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৫
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৬
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৭
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৮
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৯
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১০
|-
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|উনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দুৱা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ত্ৰিয়া}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কোৱাত্ৰা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কুয়িনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেচ্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|অ'ট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ন'ন}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দিয়া}}
|}

===='''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট'''====
ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt;  পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>9qs2x1a4bljv90llrn4yary9zjbk18z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>516754</id>
      <parentid>516752</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T18:38:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>516754</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5761" sha1="tk154ni980llywgxsze0t40obv9rvyq" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

===='''ছলৰেছল'''====
ই ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ:
*আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা?
**মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে।
*এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁওলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি?
**এই বছৰ মই গাঁওলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে।
*আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি?
**আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে।

===='''Communicationssprache'''====
ই ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |২
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৩
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৪
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৫
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৬
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৭
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৮
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৯
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১০
|-
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|উনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দুৱা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ত্ৰিয়া}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কোৱাত্ৰা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কুয়িনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেচ্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|অ'ট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ন'ন}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দিয়া}}
|}

===='''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট'''====
ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt;  পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।

===='''ভোলাপুক'''====
ভোলাপুক হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>tk154ni980llywgxsze0t40obv9rvyq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>516755</id>
      <parentid>516754</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T18:38:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>6257</id>
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      <origin>516755</origin>
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      <text bytes="5784" sha1="e4fpccxqwi69t6ujh86im7pogrpcp74" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

===='''ছলৰেছল'''====
ছলৰেছল হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ:
*আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা?
**মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে।
*এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁওলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি?
**এই বছৰ মই গাঁওলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে।
*আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি?
**আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে।

===='''Communicationssprache'''====
ই ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |২
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৩
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৪
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৫
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৬
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৭
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৮
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৯
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১০
|-
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|উনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দুৱা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ত্ৰিয়া}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কোৱাত্ৰা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কুয়িনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেচ্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|অ'ট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ন'ন}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দিয়া}}
|}

===='''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট'''====
ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt;  পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।

===='''ভোলাপুক'''====
ভোলাপুক হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>e4fpccxqwi69t6ujh86im7pogrpcp74</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>516756</id>
      <parentid>516755</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T18:39:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>516756</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5815" sha1="2bm992ahvhiwx7s3mq9i2hrtbnpn1f0" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

===='''ছলৰেছল'''====
ছলৰেছল হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ:
*আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা?
**মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে।
*এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁওলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি?
**এই বছৰ মই গাঁওলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে।
*আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি?
**আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে।

===='''Communicationssprache'''====
Communicationssprache হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |২
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৩
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৪
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৫
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৬
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৭
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৮
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৯
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১০
|-
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|উনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দুৱা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ত্ৰিয়া}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কোৱাত্ৰা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কুয়িনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেচ্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|অ'ট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ন'ন}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দিয়া}}
|}

===='''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট'''====
ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt;  পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।

===='''ভোলাপুক'''====
ভোলাপুক হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6827" sha1="3vilstfgqg2s70hpknqycaz24oiyeoe" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

===='''ছলৰেছল'''====
ছলৰেছল হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ:
*আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা?
**মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে।
*এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁওলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি?
**এই বছৰ মই গাঁওলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে।
*আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি?
**আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে।

===='''Communicationssprache'''====
Communicationssprache হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |২
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৩
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৪
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৫
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৬
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৭
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৮
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৯
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১০
|-
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|উনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দুৱা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ত্ৰিয়া}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কোৱাত্ৰা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কুয়িনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেচ্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|অ'ট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ন'ন}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দিয়া}}
|}

===='''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট'''====
ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt;  পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।

===='''ভোলাপুক'''====
ভোলাপুক হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।

===='''এস্পেৰেণ্টো'''====
এস্পেৰেণ্টো হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>3vilstfgqg2s70hpknqycaz24oiyeoe</sha1>
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        <id>6257</id>
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      <comment>/* এস্পেৰেণ্টো */</comment>
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      <text bytes="7081" sha1="etvah9jkqn8phmtq4z4o4tbxnn9um4j" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

===='''ছলৰেছল'''====
ছলৰেছল হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ:
*আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা?
**মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে।
*এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁওলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি?
**এই বছৰ মই গাঁওলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে।
*আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি?
**আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে।

===='''Communicationssprache'''====
Communicationssprache হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |২
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৩
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৪
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৫
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৬
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৭
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৮
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৯
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১০
|-
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|উনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দুৱা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ত্ৰিয়া}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কোৱাত্ৰা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কুয়িনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেচ্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|অ'ট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ন'ন}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দিয়া}}
|}

===='''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট'''====
ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt;  পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।

===='''ভোলাপুক'''====
ভোলাপুক হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।

===='''এস্পেৰেণ্টো'''====
এস্পেৰেণ্টো হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল।

===='''মুণ্ডোলিংকো'''====
মুণ্ডোলিংকো হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8543" sha1="peflox8tc05fwf4xwy2eg1aw9l62g10" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

===='''ছলৰেছল'''====
ছলৰেছল হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ:
*আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা?
**মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে।
*এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁওলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি?
**এই বছৰ মই গাঁওলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে।
*আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি?
**আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে।

===='''Communicationssprache'''====
Communicationssprache হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |২
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৩
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৪
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৫
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৬
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৭
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৮
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৯
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১০
|-
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|উনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দুৱা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ত্ৰিয়া}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কোৱাত্ৰা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কুয়িনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেচ্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|অ'ট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ন'ন}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দিয়া}}
|}

===='''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট'''====
ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt;  পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।

===='''ভোলাপুক'''====
ভোলাপুক হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।

===='''এস্পেৰেণ্টো'''====
এস্পেৰেণ্টো হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল।

===='''মুণ্ডোলিংকো'''====
মুণ্ডোলিংকো হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।

===='''বোলাক'''====
বোলাক হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।

===='''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল'''====
ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল।

===='''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন'''====
লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

===='''ছলৰেছল'''====
ছলৰেছল হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ:
*আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা?
**মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে।
*এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁওলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি?
**এই বছৰ মই গাঁওলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে।
*আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি?
**আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে।

===='''Communicationssprache'''====
Communicationssprache হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |২
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৩
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৪
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৫
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৬
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৭
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৮
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৯
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১০
|-
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|উনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দুৱা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ত্ৰিয়া}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কোৱাত্ৰা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কুয়িনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেচ্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|অ'ট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ন'ন}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দিয়া}}
|}

===='''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট'''====
ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt;  পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।

===='''ভোলাপুক'''====
ভোলাপুক হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।

===='''এস্পেৰেণ্টো'''====
এস্পেৰেণ্টো হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল।

===='''মুণ্ডোলিংকো'''====
মুণ্ডোলিংকো হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।

===='''বোলাক'''====
বোলাক হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।

===='''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল'''====
ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল।

#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ।
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইডো''' হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। আইড'ক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেন্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়।
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেন্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইডো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইডো বুলি কয় আৰু ইডোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10639" sha1="gtsvqbdleu628trgqew7c3v300xd9q0" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ:
• আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা?
• মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে।
• এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁওলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি?
• এই বছৰ মই গাঁওলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে।
• আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি?
• আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে।
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |২
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৩
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৪
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৫
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৬
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৭
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৮
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৯
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১০
|-
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|উনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দুৱা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ত্ৰিয়া}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কোৱাত্ৰা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কুয়িনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেচ্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|অ'ট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ন'ন}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দিয়া}}
|}
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt;  পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল।
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল।
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ।
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইডো''' হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। আইড'ক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেন্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়।
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেন্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইডো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইডো বুলি কয় আৰু ইডোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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        <id>6257</id>
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      <comment>/* আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10639" sha1="di0rl86d9c91060yjpothp12zveobge" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁওলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁওলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে।
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ):
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |২
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৩
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৪
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৫
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৬
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৭
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৮
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |৯
! width=&quot;4%&quot; |১০
|-
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|উনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দুৱা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ত্ৰিয়া}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কোৱাত্ৰা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|কুয়িনা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেচ্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ছেট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|অ'ট্টা}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|ন'ন}}
| {{lang|art-DE|italic=no|দিয়া}}
|}
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt;  পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল।
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল।
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ।
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইডো''' হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। আইড'ক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেন্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়।
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেন্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইডো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইডো বুলি কয় আৰু ইডোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10134" sha1="5lihbkgrh9xxzkzvkqpbry301pgmhny" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁওলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁওলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে।
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া।
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt;  পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল।
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল।
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ।
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইডো''' হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। আইড'ক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেন্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়।
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেন্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইডো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইডো বুলি কয় আৰু ইডোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

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তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁওলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁওলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে।
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া।
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt;  পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল।
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল।
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ।
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;) হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেন্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়।
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেন্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

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তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁওলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁওলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে।
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া।
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt;  পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল।
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল।
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ।
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেন্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়।
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেন্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁওলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁওলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে।
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া।
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt;  পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল।
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল।
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ।
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেন্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়।
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেন্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল।
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁওলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁওলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে।
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া।
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt;  পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল।
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল।
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ।
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেন্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়।
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেন্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল।
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে।
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ [[Otto Jespersen|অটো জেছপাৰছেন]]-এ ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়।
#'''চোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি।
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল।
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়।
#'''ইন্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল।
#'''ইন্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো।
#'''ইন্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নির্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা।
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত।
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁওলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁওলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে।
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া।
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt;  পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল।
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল।
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ।
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেন্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়।
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেন্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল।
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে।
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়।
#'''চোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি।
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল।
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়।
#'''ইন্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল।
#'''ইন্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো।
#'''ইন্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নির্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা।
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত।
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়।

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁওলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁওলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে।
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া।
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt;  পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল।
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল।
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল।
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ।
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা।
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সাৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেন্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়।
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেন্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল।
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে।
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়।
#'''চোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি।
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল।
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়।
#'''ইন্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল।
#'''ইন্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো।
#'''ইন্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নির্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা।
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত।
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে।
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবর্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়।
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে।
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল।
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে।
#'''গ্ল’জা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইন্টাৰগ্ল’জাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন।
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা।
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে।
#'''পলিয়েস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে।
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা।
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত।
#'''উনিশ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা।
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ।
#'''সাম্বাহ্ছা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ।
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], জাৰ্মান, [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনিছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''চোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল’জা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’জাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিয়েস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''উনিশ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সাম্বাহ্ছা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], জাৰ্মান, [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনিছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। 

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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      <comment>/* আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা */</comment>
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      <text bytes="21791" sha1="jwdgmzeqy6aygllovdiu0yiqa55f1sz" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''চোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল’জা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’জাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিয়েস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''উনিশ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সাম্বাহ্ছা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], জাৰ্মান, [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>516772</id>
      <parentid>516771</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T19:40:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা */</comment>
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      <text bytes="21830" sha1="790y4gtjcwu11043765hc3xmuj9dxrm" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''চোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল’জা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’জাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিয়েস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''উনিশ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সাম্বাহ্ছা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল’জা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’জাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিয়েস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''উনিশ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সাম্বাহ্ছা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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      <text bytes="21828" sha1="m4s5n90k7p605fy2k1ls2xocbgn65ud" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিয়েস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''উনিশ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সাম্বাহ্ছা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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      <text bytes="21819" sha1="7su4l1no53i6g20oqu4lu6lkfe081kx" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''উনিশ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সাম্বাহ্ছা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

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      <text bytes="21841" sha1="1m39h99ublkrtc8hidt05uywcweefre" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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      <text bytes="23851" sha1="cwixvv836lr0pay6o7azdpb1jmrjhj9" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।

===মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা===
মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা হ’ল আনুষংগিক ভাষাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট গোটৰ বক্তাসকলৰ মাজত যোগাযোগৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা। বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষাৰ দৰে নহয়, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সীমিত ভাষিক বা ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলত সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে প্যান-স্লাভিক ভাষা, প্যান-ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা আৰু প্যান-জাৰ্মানিক ভাষা।

===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ভাষা===
নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা হৈছে এনে প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা যিবোৰক কিছুমান বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত সহজ, ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ বা অধিক গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কৰি তোলাৰ বাবে পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যেনে মূল ভাষা ভালদৰে নজনা লোকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে। তলত দিয়া প্ৰকল্পসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজীৰ উদাহৰণ:

===দৃশ্যমান ভাষা===
দৃশ্যমান ভাষাত কথিত শব্দৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতীক বা গতিবিধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিৰ্মিত সাংকেতিক ভাষাও এই শ্ৰেণীত পৰে।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।

===মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা===
মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা হ’ল আনুষংগিক ভাষাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট গোটৰ বক্তাসকলৰ মাজত যোগাযোগৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা। বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষাৰ দৰে নহয়, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সীমিত ভাষিক বা ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলত সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে প্যান-স্লাভিক ভাষা, প্যান-ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা আৰু প্যান-জাৰ্মানিক ভাষা।
{{Sticky header}}
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable sticky-header&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| ৰুছকি ভাষা (Ruski jezik)
| 
| ১৬৬৬
| {{sort|Križanić|জুৰাজ ক্ৰিঝানিচ}} 
| কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰথমটো পেন-স্লেভিক ভাষা।
|-
| Tutonish
|
| ১৯০১
| {{sort|Molee|ইলিয়াচ মোলী}}
| প্ৰথমটো পেন-জার্মানিক ভাষা, পাছলৈ ''nu teutonish'', ''alteutonik'' আদি নামেৰে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছিল।
|-
| Romanid
| 
| ১৯৫৬ 
| {{sort|Magyar|জোলটান মজিয়াৰ (ভাষাবিদ)}} 
| ৰোমেন্স ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Guosa
| 
| ১৯৬৫
| {{sort|Igbinéwéká|আলেকজাণ্ডাৰ ইগবিনেভেকা}} 
| পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাবে হাউছা, ইয়োৰুবা আৰু ইগ্বো ভাষাৰ পৰা মূলত সংগৃহীত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Afrihili
| afh 
| ১৯৭০
| {{sort|Attobrah|কে. এ. কুমি এটোব্ৰাহ}} 
| এটা পেন-আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা।
|-
| ৰুন্যাকিতাৰা
|
| {{sort|1990|১৯৯০ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণি}}
|
| পশ্চিম উগাণ্ডাৰ চাৰিখন নিকট-সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰ আধাৰত মানকীকৃত এখন ভাষা।
|-
| Palawa kani
|
| ১৯৯২
| তাছমানিয়ান আদিবাসী কেন্দ্ৰ
| পূৰ্ব তাছমানিয়াৰ আদিবাসীয়ে কোৱা বিভিন্ন তাছমানিয়ান ভাষাৰ সীমিত তথ্যৰ আধাৰত পুনৰ্নিমাণ কৰা শব্দৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত ভাষা।
|-
| Slovio 
|
| ১৯৯৯ 
| {{sort|Hučko|মাৰ্ক হুচ্কো}}
| স্লেভিক ভাষাবোৰ আৰু এছপেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|-
| ৰোমেন্স নিয়’লাটিনো
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Cassany|জোৰ্ডি কাসানী বেটছ}} আৰু অন্যসকল
| এটা পেন-ৰোমেন্স ভাষা।
|-
| Slovianski
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Rečnik|অন্দ্ৰেই ৰেচনিক, গাব্ৰিয়েল স্বোবোডা, Jan van Steenbergen, ইগৰ পলিয়াকভ}} 
| স্লেভিক ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ ভাষা।
|-
| Neoslavonic
|
| ২০০৯ 
| {{sort|Merunka|ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| পুৰণি চার্চ স্লেভনিক ভাষাৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ।
|-
| Budinos
|
| ২০০৯
| {{sort|Arzamazov|আলেক্সেই আন্দ্ৰেৱিচ আৰ্জামাজোভ}}
| ফিন্‌নো-উগ্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Interslavic
| isv
| ২০১১–২০১৭
| {{sort|Steenbergen|Jan van Steenbergen, ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| এটা পেন-স্লেভিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা, যি Slovianski আৰু Neoslavonic ভাষাৰ সমন্বয়ে গঠিত।
|-
| Ortatürk / Öztürkçe
|
| ১৯৯২, ২০০৮
| বাখ্তিয়াৰ কাৰিমোভ, চোৱাহমাদ মুটালোভ
| পৰিসংখ্যানেৰে নিৰূপিত শব্দসম্ভাৰসহ এটা পেন-তুৰ্কিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|}

===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ভাষা===
নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা হৈছে এনে প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা যিবোৰক কিছুমান বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত সহজ, ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ বা অধিক গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কৰি তোলাৰ বাবে পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যেনে মূল ভাষা ভালদৰে নজনা লোকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে। তলত দিয়া প্ৰকল্পসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজীৰ উদাহৰণ:

===দৃশ্যমান ভাষা===
দৃশ্যমান ভাষাত কথিত শব্দৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতীক বা গতিবিধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিৰ্মিত সাংকেতিক ভাষাও এই শ্ৰেণীত পৰে।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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      <text bytes="28194" sha1="k9h2oiteapy9bvj2ur3kwlhdbrvz9gg" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।

===মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা===
মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা হ’ল আনুষংগিক ভাষাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট গোটৰ বক্তাসকলৰ মাজত যোগাযোগৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা। বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষাৰ দৰে নহয়, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সীমিত ভাষিক বা ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলত সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে প্যান-স্লাভিক ভাষা, প্যান-ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা আৰু প্যান-জাৰ্মানিক ভাষা।
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable sticky-header&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| ৰুছকি ভাষা (Ruski jezik)
| 
| ১৬৬৬
| {{sort|Križanić|জুৰাজ ক্ৰিঝানিচ}} 
| কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰথমটো পেন-স্লেভিক ভাষা।
|-
| Tutonish
|
| ১৯০১
| {{sort|Molee|ইলিয়াচ মোলী}}
| প্ৰথমটো পেন-জার্মানিক ভাষা, পাছলৈ ''nu teutonish'', ''alteutonik'' আদি নামেৰে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছিল।
|-
| Romanid
| 
| ১৯৫৬ 
| {{sort|Magyar|জোলটান মজিয়াৰ (ভাষাবিদ)}} 
| ৰোমেন্স ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Guosa
| 
| ১৯৬৫
| {{sort|Igbinéwéká|আলেকজাণ্ডাৰ ইগবিনেভেকা}} 
| পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাবে হাউছা, ইয়োৰুবা আৰু ইগ্বো ভাষাৰ পৰা মূলত সংগৃহীত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Afrihili
| afh 
| ১৯৭০
| {{sort|Attobrah|কে. এ. কুমি এটোব্ৰাহ}} 
| এটা পেন-আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা।
|-
| ৰুন্যাকিতাৰা
|
| {{sort|1990|১৯৯০ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণি}}
|
| পশ্চিম উগাণ্ডাৰ চাৰিখন নিকট-সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰ আধাৰত মানকীকৃত এখন ভাষা।
|-
| Palawa kani
|
| ১৯৯২
| তাছমানিয়ান আদিবাসী কেন্দ্ৰ
| পূৰ্ব তাছমানিয়াৰ আদিবাসীয়ে কোৱা বিভিন্ন তাছমানিয়ান ভাষাৰ সীমিত তথ্যৰ আধাৰত পুনৰ্নিমাণ কৰা শব্দৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত ভাষা।
|-
| Slovio 
|
| ১৯৯৯ 
| {{sort|Hučko|মাৰ্ক হুচ্কো}}
| স্লেভিক ভাষাবোৰ আৰু এছপেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|-
| ৰোমেন্স নিয়’লাটিনো
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Cassany|জোৰ্ডি কাসানী বেটছ}} আৰু অন্যসকল
| এটা পেন-ৰোমেন্স ভাষা।
|-
| Slovianski
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Rečnik|অন্দ্ৰেই ৰেচনিক, গাব্ৰিয়েল স্বোবোডা, Jan van Steenbergen, ইগৰ পলিয়াকভ}} 
| স্লেভিক ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ ভাষা।
|-
| Neoslavonic
|
| ২০০৯ 
| {{sort|Merunka|ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| পুৰণি চার্চ স্লেভনিক ভাষাৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ।
|-
| Budinos
|
| ২০০৯
| {{sort|Arzamazov|আলেক্সেই আন্দ্ৰেৱিচ আৰ্জামাজোভ}}
| ফিন্‌নো-উগ্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Interslavic
| isv
| ২০১১–২০১৭
| {{sort|Steenbergen|Jan van Steenbergen, ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| এটা পেন-স্লেভিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা, যি Slovianski আৰু Neoslavonic ভাষাৰ সমন্বয়ে গঠিত।
|-
| Ortatürk / Öztürkçe
|
| ১৯৯২, ২০০৮
| বাখ্তিয়াৰ কাৰিমোভ, চোৱাহমাদ মুটালোভ
| পৰিসংখ্যানেৰে নিৰূপিত শব্দসম্ভাৰসহ এটা পেন-তুৰ্কিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|}

===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ভাষা===
নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা হৈছে এনে প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা যিবোৰক কিছুমান বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত সহজ, ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ বা অধিক গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কৰি তোলাৰ বাবে পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যেনে মূল ভাষা ভালদৰে নজনা লোকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে। তলত দিয়া প্ৰকল্পসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজীৰ উদাহৰণ:

===দৃশ্যমান ভাষা===
দৃশ্যমান ভাষাত কথিত শব্দৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতীক বা গতিবিধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিৰ্মিত সাংকেতিক ভাষাও এই শ্ৰেণীত পৰে।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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      <text bytes="30424" sha1="o6oo8ms7u0mtygrbeaailgjoyt3z993" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।

===মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা===
মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা হ’ল আনুষংগিক ভাষাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট গোটৰ বক্তাসকলৰ মাজত যোগাযোগৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা। বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষাৰ দৰে নহয়, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সীমিত ভাষিক বা ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলত সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে প্যান-স্লাভিক ভাষা, প্যান-ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা আৰু প্যান-জাৰ্মানিক ভাষা।
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable sticky-header&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| ৰুছকি ভাষা (Ruski jezik)
| 
| ১৬৬৬
| {{sort|Križanić|জুৰাজ ক্ৰিঝানিচ}} 
| কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰথমটো পেন-স্লেভিক ভাষা।
|-
| Tutonish
|
| ১৯০১
| {{sort|Molee|ইলিয়াচ মোলী}}
| প্ৰথমটো পেন-জার্মানিক ভাষা, পাছলৈ ''nu teutonish'', ''alteutonik'' আদি নামেৰে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছিল।
|-
| Romanid
| 
| ১৯৫৬ 
| {{sort|Magyar|জোলটান মজিয়াৰ (ভাষাবিদ)}} 
| ৰোমেন্স ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Guosa
| 
| ১৯৬৫
| {{sort|Igbinéwéká|আলেকজাণ্ডাৰ ইগবিনেভেকা}} 
| পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাবে হাউছা, ইয়োৰুবা আৰু ইগ্বো ভাষাৰ পৰা মূলত সংগৃহীত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Afrihili
| afh 
| ১৯৭০
| {{sort|Attobrah|কে. এ. কুমি এটোব্ৰাহ}} 
| এটা পেন-আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা।
|-
| ৰুন্যাকিতাৰা
|
| {{sort|1990|১৯৯০ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণি}}
|
| পশ্চিম উগাণ্ডাৰ চাৰিখন নিকট-সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰ আধাৰত মানকীকৃত এখন ভাষা।
|-
| Palawa kani
|
| ১৯৯২
| তাছমানিয়ান আদিবাসী কেন্দ্ৰ
| পূৰ্ব তাছমানিয়াৰ আদিবাসীয়ে কোৱা বিভিন্ন তাছমানিয়ান ভাষাৰ সীমিত তথ্যৰ আধাৰত পুনৰ্নিমাণ কৰা শব্দৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত ভাষা।
|-
| Slovio 
|
| ১৯৯৯ 
| {{sort|Hučko|মাৰ্ক হুচ্কো}}
| স্লেভিক ভাষাবোৰ আৰু এছপেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|-
| ৰোমেন্স নিয়’লাটিনো
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Cassany|জোৰ্ডি কাসানী বেটছ}} আৰু অন্যসকল
| এটা পেন-ৰোমেন্স ভাষা।
|-
| Slovianski
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Rečnik|অন্দ্ৰেই ৰেচনিক, গাব্ৰিয়েল স্বোবোডা, Jan van Steenbergen, ইগৰ পলিয়াকভ}} 
| স্লেভিক ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ ভাষা।
|-
| Neoslavonic
|
| ২০০৯ 
| {{sort|Merunka|ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| পুৰণি চার্চ স্লেভনিক ভাষাৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ।
|-
| Budinos
|
| ২০০৯
| {{sort|Arzamazov|আলেক্সেই আন্দ্ৰেৱিচ আৰ্জামাজোভ}}
| ফিন্‌নো-উগ্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Interslavic
| isv
| ২০১১–২০১৭
| {{sort|Steenbergen|Jan van Steenbergen, ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| এটা পেন-স্লেভিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা, যি Slovianski আৰু Neoslavonic ভাষাৰ সমন্বয়ে গঠিত।
|-
| Ortatürk / Öztürkçe
|
| ১৯৯২, ২০০৮
| বাখ্তিয়াৰ কাৰিমোভ, চোৱাহমাদ মুটালোভ
| পৰিসংখ্যানেৰে নিৰূপিত শব্দসম্ভাৰসহ এটা পেন-তুৰ্কিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|}

===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ভাষা===
নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা হৈছে এনে প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা যিবোৰক কিছুমান বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত সহজ, ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ বা অধিক গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কৰি তোলাৰ বাবে পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যেনে মূল ভাষা ভালদৰে নজনা লোকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে। তলত দিয়া প্ৰকল্পসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজীৰ উদাহৰণ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| বেছিক ইংলিছ (Basic English)
| ১৯২৫
| চার্লছ কে. ওগ্ডেন
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ভাষাটোক নির্দিষ্টসংখ্যক সাধাৰণ শব্দ আৰু পদসমূহলৈ সীমিত কৰি বিদেশী শিক্ষার্থী বা অন্যান্য অসুবিধা হোৱা লোকসকলৰ বাবে সহজ কৰি তোলাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা।
|-
| স্পেচিয়েল (লার্নিং) ইংলিছ
| ১৯৫৯
| ভয়চ অৱ আমেৰিকা
|-
| গ্ল’বিচ (Globish)
| ২০০৪
| জঁ-পল নেৰিয়েৰ
|-
| ই-প্ৰাইম (E-Prime)
| ১৯৪০ দশক
| ডি. ডেভিড বুৰলেণ্ড জুনিয়ৰ
| ''to be'' ক্ৰিয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বাদ দিয়া হৈছে যাতে লিখনি অধিক স্পষ্ট আৰু সঠিক হয়।
|-
| ছিম্প্লিফাইড টেকনিকেল ইংলিছ
| ১৯৮৩
| ইউৰোপীয় মহাকাশ উদ্যোগ সমিতি
| কাৰিকৰী পাঠ্য, যেনে ম্যানুৱেল আদিৰ জটিলতা আৰু অনিশ্চয়তা কমাবলৈ উদ্দিষ্ট।
|-
| পেৰালেল ইংলিছ (Globish – Gogate)
| ১৯৯৮
| মধুকৰ গোগাটে
| ইংলিছৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হলেও স্বতন্ত্ৰ ৰূপে নিৰ্মিত এখন কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|-
| প্লেইন ইংলিছ
| 
| বিভিন্ন
| বহু ইডিয়ম, জাৰ্গন আৰু বিদেশী শব্দ এৰাই অধিক সোজাসাপটা, সংক্ষিপ্ত আৰু স্পষ্ট ভাষা প্ৰয়োগৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।
|}

===দৃশ্যমান ভাষা===
দৃশ্যমান ভাষাত কথিত শব্দৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতীক বা গতিবিধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিৰ্মিত সাংকেতিক ভাষাও এই শ্ৰেণীত পৰে।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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      <text bytes="31375" sha1="ekz7aunditcwshpgvjxsb5g9yiydpdd" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।

===মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা===
মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা হ’ল আনুষংগিক ভাষাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট গোটৰ বক্তাসকলৰ মাজত যোগাযোগৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা। বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষাৰ দৰে নহয়, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সীমিত ভাষিক বা ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলত সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে প্যান-স্লাভিক ভাষা, প্যান-ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা আৰু প্যান-জাৰ্মানিক ভাষা।
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable sticky-header&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| ৰুছকি ভাষা (Ruski jezik)
| 
| ১৬৬৬
| {{sort|Križanić|জুৰাজ ক্ৰিঝানিচ}} 
| কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰথমটো পেন-স্লেভিক ভাষা।
|-
| Tutonish
|
| ১৯০১
| {{sort|Molee|ইলিয়াচ মোলী}}
| প্ৰথমটো পেন-জার্মানিক ভাষা, পাছলৈ ''nu teutonish'', ''alteutonik'' আদি নামেৰে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছিল।
|-
| Romanid
| 
| ১৯৫৬ 
| {{sort|Magyar|জোলটান মজিয়াৰ (ভাষাবিদ)}} 
| ৰোমেন্স ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Guosa
| 
| ১৯৬৫
| {{sort|Igbinéwéká|আলেকজাণ্ডাৰ ইগবিনেভেকা}} 
| পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাবে হাউছা, ইয়োৰুবা আৰু ইগ্বো ভাষাৰ পৰা মূলত সংগৃহীত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Afrihili
| afh 
| ১৯৭০
| {{sort|Attobrah|কে. এ. কুমি এটোব্ৰাহ}} 
| এটা পেন-আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা।
|-
| ৰুন্যাকিতাৰা
|
| {{sort|1990|১৯৯০ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণি}}
|
| পশ্চিম উগাণ্ডাৰ চাৰিখন নিকট-সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰ আধাৰত মানকীকৃত এখন ভাষা।
|-
| Palawa kani
|
| ১৯৯২
| তাছমানিয়ান আদিবাসী কেন্দ্ৰ
| পূৰ্ব তাছমানিয়াৰ আদিবাসীয়ে কোৱা বিভিন্ন তাছমানিয়ান ভাষাৰ সীমিত তথ্যৰ আধাৰত পুনৰ্নিমাণ কৰা শব্দৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত ভাষা।
|-
| Slovio 
|
| ১৯৯৯ 
| {{sort|Hučko|মাৰ্ক হুচ্কো}}
| স্লেভিক ভাষাবোৰ আৰু এছপেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|-
| ৰোমেন্স নিয়’লাটিনো
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Cassany|জোৰ্ডি কাসানী বেটছ}} আৰু অন্যসকল
| এটা পেন-ৰোমেন্স ভাষা।
|-
| Slovianski
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Rečnik|অন্দ্ৰেই ৰেচনিক, গাব্ৰিয়েল স্বোবোডা, Jan van Steenbergen, ইগৰ পলিয়াকভ}} 
| স্লেভিক ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ ভাষা।
|-
| Neoslavonic
|
| ২০০৯ 
| {{sort|Merunka|ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| পুৰণি চার্চ স্লেভনিক ভাষাৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ।
|-
| Budinos
|
| ২০০৯
| {{sort|Arzamazov|আলেক্সেই আন্দ্ৰেৱিচ আৰ্জামাজোভ}}
| ফিন্‌নো-উগ্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Interslavic
| isv
| ২০১১–২০১৭
| {{sort|Steenbergen|Jan van Steenbergen, ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| এটা পেন-স্লেভিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা, যি Slovianski আৰু Neoslavonic ভাষাৰ সমন্বয়ে গঠিত।
|-
| Ortatürk / Öztürkçe
|
| ১৯৯২, ২০০৮
| বাখ্তিয়াৰ কাৰিমোভ, চোৱাহমাদ মুটালোভ
| পৰিসংখ্যানেৰে নিৰূপিত শব্দসম্ভাৰসহ এটা পেন-তুৰ্কিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|}

===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ভাষা===
নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা হৈছে এনে প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা যিবোৰক কিছুমান বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত সহজ, ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ বা অধিক গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কৰি তোলাৰ বাবে পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যেনে মূল ভাষা ভালদৰে নজনা লোকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে। তলত দিয়া প্ৰকল্পসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজীৰ উদাহৰণ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| বেছিক ইংলিছ (Basic English)
| ১৯২৫
| চার্লছ কে. ওগ্ডেন
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ভাষাটোক নির্দিষ্টসংখ্যক সাধাৰণ শব্দ আৰু পদসমূহলৈ সীমিত কৰি বিদেশী শিক্ষার্থী বা অন্যান্য অসুবিধা হোৱা লোকসকলৰ বাবে সহজ কৰি তোলাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা।
|-
| স্পেচিয়েল (লার্নিং) ইংলিছ
| ১৯৫৯
| ভয়চ অৱ আমেৰিকা
|-
| গ্ল’বিচ (Globish)
| ২০০৪
| জঁ-পল নেৰিয়েৰ
|-
| ই-প্ৰাইম (E-Prime)
| ১৯৪০ দশক
| ডি. ডেভিড বুৰলেণ্ড জুনিয়ৰ
| ''to be'' ক্ৰিয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বাদ দিয়া হৈছে যাতে লিখনি অধিক স্পষ্ট আৰু সঠিক হয়।
|-
| ছিম্প্লিফাইড টেকনিকেল ইংলিছ
| ১৯৮৩
| ইউৰোপীয় মহাকাশ উদ্যোগ সমিতি
| কাৰিকৰী পাঠ্য, যেনে ম্যানুৱেল আদিৰ জটিলতা আৰু অনিশ্চয়তা কমাবলৈ উদ্দিষ্ট।
|-
| পেৰালেল ইংলিছ (Globish – Gogate)
| ১৯৯৮
| মধুকৰ গোগাটে
| ইংলিছৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হলেও স্বতন্ত্ৰ ৰূপে নিৰ্মিত এখন কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|-
| প্লেইন ইংলিছ
| 
| বিভিন্ন
| বহু ইডিয়ম, জাৰ্গন আৰু বিদেশী শব্দ এৰাই অধিক সোজাসাপটা, সংক্ষিপ্ত আৰু স্পষ্ট ভাষা প্ৰয়োগৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।
|}

===দৃশ্যমান ভাষা===
দৃশ্যমান ভাষাত কথিত শব্দৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতীক বা গতিবিধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিৰ্মিত সাংকেতিক ভাষাও এই শ্ৰেণীত পৰে।
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| ব্লিচচিম্ব'লচ (Blissymbols)
| zbl
| ১৯৪৯
| চার্লছ কে. ব্লিচ
| নিজৰ ব্যাকৰণ আৰু বাক্য গঠন থকা এখন আইডিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক লিখনি পদ্ধতি।
|-
| ইণ্টাৰনেছনেল চাইন (International Sign)
| ils
| ১৯৭০ দশক
| জাছিন মালোকু
| এখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক চাইন ভাষা। গেছ্তু'নো (Gestuno) নামেও জনাজাত।
|-
| আই'চ’টাইপ (Isotype)
| 
| ১৯২৫–১৯৩৪
| অ'ট্টো ন্যুৰাথ আদি
| এখন পিক্টগ্ৰাফিক ভাষা।
|-
|}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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      <text bytes="33278" sha1="dchspccszwfvh7m58zs4tdsihnkqyvc" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।

===মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা===
মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা হ’ল আনুষংগিক ভাষাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট গোটৰ বক্তাসকলৰ মাজত যোগাযোগৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা। বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষাৰ দৰে নহয়, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সীমিত ভাষিক বা ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলত সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে প্যান-স্লাভিক ভাষা, প্যান-ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা আৰু প্যান-জাৰ্মানিক ভাষা।
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable sticky-header&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| ৰুছকি ভাষা (Ruski jezik)
| 
| ১৬৬৬
| {{sort|Križanić|জুৰাজ ক্ৰিঝানিচ}} 
| কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰথমটো পেন-স্লেভিক ভাষা।
|-
| Tutonish
|
| ১৯০১
| {{sort|Molee|ইলিয়াচ মোলী}}
| প্ৰথমটো পেন-জার্মানিক ভাষা, পাছলৈ ''nu teutonish'', ''alteutonik'' আদি নামেৰে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছিল।
|-
| Romanid
| 
| ১৯৫৬ 
| {{sort|Magyar|জোলটান মজিয়াৰ (ভাষাবিদ)}} 
| ৰোমেন্স ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Guosa
| 
| ১৯৬৫
| {{sort|Igbinéwéká|আলেকজাণ্ডাৰ ইগবিনেভেকা}} 
| পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাবে হাউছা, ইয়োৰুবা আৰু ইগ্বো ভাষাৰ পৰা মূলত সংগৃহীত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Afrihili
| afh 
| ১৯৭০
| {{sort|Attobrah|কে. এ. কুমি এটোব্ৰাহ}} 
| এটা পেন-আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা।
|-
| ৰুন্যাকিতাৰা
|
| {{sort|1990|১৯৯০ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণি}}
|
| পশ্চিম উগাণ্ডাৰ চাৰিখন নিকট-সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰ আধাৰত মানকীকৃত এখন ভাষা।
|-
| Palawa kani
|
| ১৯৯২
| তাছমানিয়ান আদিবাসী কেন্দ্ৰ
| পূৰ্ব তাছমানিয়াৰ আদিবাসীয়ে কোৱা বিভিন্ন তাছমানিয়ান ভাষাৰ সীমিত তথ্যৰ আধাৰত পুনৰ্নিমাণ কৰা শব্দৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত ভাষা।
|-
| Slovio 
|
| ১৯৯৯ 
| {{sort|Hučko|মাৰ্ক হুচ্কো}}
| স্লেভিক ভাষাবোৰ আৰু এছপেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|-
| ৰোমেন্স নিয়’লাটিনো
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Cassany|জোৰ্ডি কাসানী বেটছ}} আৰু অন্যসকল
| এটা পেন-ৰোমেন্স ভাষা।
|-
| Slovianski
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Rečnik|অন্দ্ৰেই ৰেচনিক, গাব্ৰিয়েল স্বোবোডা, Jan van Steenbergen, ইগৰ পলিয়াকভ}} 
| স্লেভিক ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ ভাষা।
|-
| Neoslavonic
|
| ২০০৯ 
| {{sort|Merunka|ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| পুৰণি চার্চ স্লেভনিক ভাষাৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ।
|-
| Budinos
|
| ২০০৯
| {{sort|Arzamazov|আলেক্সেই আন্দ্ৰেৱিচ আৰ্জামাজোভ}}
| ফিন্‌নো-উগ্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Interslavic
| isv
| ২০১১–২০১৭
| {{sort|Steenbergen|Jan van Steenbergen, ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| এটা পেন-স্লেভিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা, যি Slovianski আৰু Neoslavonic ভাষাৰ সমন্বয়ে গঠিত।
|-
| Ortatürk / Öztürkçe
|
| ১৯৯২, ২০০৮
| বাখ্তিয়াৰ কাৰিমোভ, চোৱাহমাদ মুটালোভ
| পৰিসংখ্যানেৰে নিৰূপিত শব্দসম্ভাৰসহ এটা পেন-তুৰ্কিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|}

===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ভাষা===
নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা হৈছে এনে প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা যিবোৰক কিছুমান বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত সহজ, ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ বা অধিক গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কৰি তোলাৰ বাবে পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যেনে মূল ভাষা ভালদৰে নজনা লোকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে। তলত দিয়া প্ৰকল্পসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজীৰ উদাহৰণ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| বেছিক ইংলিছ (Basic English)
| ১৯২৫
| চার্লছ কে. ওগ্ডেন
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ভাষাটোক নির্দিষ্টসংখ্যক সাধাৰণ শব্দ আৰু পদসমূহলৈ সীমিত কৰি বিদেশী শিক্ষার্থী বা অন্যান্য অসুবিধা হোৱা লোকসকলৰ বাবে সহজ কৰি তোলাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা।
|-
| স্পেচিয়েল (লার্নিং) ইংলিছ
| ১৯৫৯
| ভয়চ অৱ আমেৰিকা
|-
| গ্ল’বিচ (Globish)
| ২০০৪
| জঁ-পল নেৰিয়েৰ
|-
| ই-প্ৰাইম (E-Prime)
| ১৯৪০ দশক
| ডি. ডেভিড বুৰলেণ্ড জুনিয়ৰ
| ''to be'' ক্ৰিয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বাদ দিয়া হৈছে যাতে লিখনি অধিক স্পষ্ট আৰু সঠিক হয়।
|-
| ছিম্প্লিফাইড টেকনিকেল ইংলিছ
| ১৯৮৩
| ইউৰোপীয় মহাকাশ উদ্যোগ সমিতি
| কাৰিকৰী পাঠ্য, যেনে ম্যানুৱেল আদিৰ জটিলতা আৰু অনিশ্চয়তা কমাবলৈ উদ্দিষ্ট।
|-
| পেৰালেল ইংলিছ (Globish – Gogate)
| ১৯৯৮
| মধুকৰ গোগাটে
| ইংলিছৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হলেও স্বতন্ত্ৰ ৰূপে নিৰ্মিত এখন কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|-
| প্লেইন ইংলিছ
| 
| বিভিন্ন
| বহু ইডিয়ম, জাৰ্গন আৰু বিদেশী শব্দ এৰাই অধিক সোজাসাপটা, সংক্ষিপ্ত আৰু স্পষ্ট ভাষা প্ৰয়োগৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।
|}

===দৃশ্যমান ভাষা===
দৃশ্যমান ভাষাত কথিত শব্দৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতীক বা গতিবিধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিৰ্মিত সাংকেতিক ভাষাও এই শ্ৰেণীত পৰে।
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| ব্লিচচিম্ব'লচ (Blissymbols)
| zbl
| ১৯৪৯
| চার্লছ কে. ব্লিচ
| নিজৰ ব্যাকৰণ আৰু বাক্য গঠন থকা এখন আইডিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক লিখনি পদ্ধতি।
|-
| ইণ্টাৰনেছনেল চাইন (International Sign)
| ils
| ১৯৭০ দশক
| জাছিন মালোকু
| এখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক চাইন ভাষা। গেছ্তু'নো (Gestuno) নামেও জনাজাত।
|-
| আই'চ’টাইপ (Isotype)
| 
| ১৯২৫–১৯৩৪
| অ'ট্টো ন্যুৰাথ আদি
| এখন পিক্টগ্ৰাফিক ভাষা।
|-
|}

== ধৰ্মীয় ভাষাসমূহ ==
এইসকল ভাষা নিজ নিজ সম্প্ৰদায় বা ধৰ্মীয় সংঘৰ দ্বাৰা ধৰ্মীয় ব্যৱহাৰত ব্যৱহৃত হয়।

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| আয়াৰিক (Iyaric)
| 
| প্ৰায় ১৯৩০ দশক
| ৰাস্তাফাৰীসকল
| &quot;ৰাস্তাৰ টক&quot; বা &quot;ড্ৰেড টক&quot; বুলি জনাজাত; ৰাস্তাফাৰী আন্দোলনৰ কিছুমানে নিজৰ হেৰুৱা আফ্ৰিকান ভাষাসমূহৰ প্ৰতিস্থাপন স্বৰূপে গঢ়ি তোলে।
|-
| এছ্কায়ান (Eskayan)
| esy
| প্ৰায় ১৯২০–১৯৪০
| মাৰিয়ানো দাতাহান
| ছেবুৱানোৰ বোহোলানো উপভাষাৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।
|-
| মেডেফাইড্ৰিন (Medefaidrin)
| dmf
| ১৯৩০ দশক
| ওবেৰী অ'কাইমে গীৰ্জা
| নাইজেৰিয়াৰ এই খ্ৰীষ্টান গীৰ্জাৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত; পবিত্ৰ উৎসৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।
|-
| দামিন (Damin)
| 
| অজ্ঞাত
| লাৰ্ডিল জনগোষ্ঠী
| লাৰ্ডিল ভাষাৰ স্থানীয় বক্তাসকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা; আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাহিৰত একমাত্ৰ ক্লিক-ধ্বনি ভাষা।
|-
|}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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      <text bytes="39019" sha1="k6lsm692r85vyx0mq4x5xb4s0arw62k" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।

===মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা===
মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা হ’ল আনুষংগিক ভাষাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট গোটৰ বক্তাসকলৰ মাজত যোগাযোগৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা। বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষাৰ দৰে নহয়, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সীমিত ভাষিক বা ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলত সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে প্যান-স্লাভিক ভাষা, প্যান-ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা আৰু প্যান-জাৰ্মানিক ভাষা।
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable sticky-header&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| ৰুছকি ভাষা (Ruski jezik)
| 
| ১৬৬৬
| {{sort|Križanić|জুৰাজ ক্ৰিঝানিচ}} 
| কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰথমটো পেন-স্লেভিক ভাষা।
|-
| Tutonish
|
| ১৯০১
| {{sort|Molee|ইলিয়াচ মোলী}}
| প্ৰথমটো পেন-জার্মানিক ভাষা, পাছলৈ ''nu teutonish'', ''alteutonik'' আদি নামেৰে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছিল।
|-
| Romanid
| 
| ১৯৫৬ 
| {{sort|Magyar|জোলটান মজিয়াৰ (ভাষাবিদ)}} 
| ৰোমেন্স ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Guosa
| 
| ১৯৬৫
| {{sort|Igbinéwéká|আলেকজাণ্ডাৰ ইগবিনেভেকা}} 
| পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাবে হাউছা, ইয়োৰুবা আৰু ইগ্বো ভাষাৰ পৰা মূলত সংগৃহীত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Afrihili
| afh 
| ১৯৭০
| {{sort|Attobrah|কে. এ. কুমি এটোব্ৰাহ}} 
| এটা পেন-আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা।
|-
| ৰুন্যাকিতাৰা
|
| {{sort|1990|১৯৯০ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণি}}
|
| পশ্চিম উগাণ্ডাৰ চাৰিখন নিকট-সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰ আধাৰত মানকীকৃত এখন ভাষা।
|-
| Palawa kani
|
| ১৯৯২
| তাছমানিয়ান আদিবাসী কেন্দ্ৰ
| পূৰ্ব তাছমানিয়াৰ আদিবাসীয়ে কোৱা বিভিন্ন তাছমানিয়ান ভাষাৰ সীমিত তথ্যৰ আধাৰত পুনৰ্নিমাণ কৰা শব্দৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত ভাষা।
|-
| Slovio 
|
| ১৯৯৯ 
| {{sort|Hučko|মাৰ্ক হুচ্কো}}
| স্লেভিক ভাষাবোৰ আৰু এছপেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|-
| ৰোমেন্স নিয়’লাটিনো
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Cassany|জোৰ্ডি কাসানী বেটছ}} আৰু অন্যসকল
| এটা পেন-ৰোমেন্স ভাষা।
|-
| Slovianski
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Rečnik|অন্দ্ৰেই ৰেচনিক, গাব্ৰিয়েল স্বোবোডা, Jan van Steenbergen, ইগৰ পলিয়াকভ}} 
| স্লেভিক ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ ভাষা।
|-
| Neoslavonic
|
| ২০০৯ 
| {{sort|Merunka|ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| পুৰণি চার্চ স্লেভনিক ভাষাৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ।
|-
| Budinos
|
| ২০০৯
| {{sort|Arzamazov|আলেক্সেই আন্দ্ৰেৱিচ আৰ্জামাজোভ}}
| ফিন্‌নো-উগ্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Interslavic
| isv
| ২০১১–২০১৭
| {{sort|Steenbergen|Jan van Steenbergen, ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| এটা পেন-স্লেভিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা, যি Slovianski আৰু Neoslavonic ভাষাৰ সমন্বয়ে গঠিত।
|-
| Ortatürk / Öztürkçe
|
| ১৯৯২, ২০০৮
| বাখ্তিয়াৰ কাৰিমোভ, চোৱাহমাদ মুটালোভ
| পৰিসংখ্যানেৰে নিৰূপিত শব্দসম্ভাৰসহ এটা পেন-তুৰ্কিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|}

===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ভাষা===
নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা হৈছে এনে প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা যিবোৰক কিছুমান বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত সহজ, ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ বা অধিক গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কৰি তোলাৰ বাবে পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যেনে মূল ভাষা ভালদৰে নজনা লোকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে। তলত দিয়া প্ৰকল্পসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজীৰ উদাহৰণ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| বেছিক ইংলিছ (Basic English)
| ১৯২৫
| চার্লছ কে. ওগ্ডেন
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ভাষাটোক নির্দিষ্টসংখ্যক সাধাৰণ শব্দ আৰু পদসমূহলৈ সীমিত কৰি বিদেশী শিক্ষার্থী বা অন্যান্য অসুবিধা হোৱা লোকসকলৰ বাবে সহজ কৰি তোলাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা।
|-
| স্পেচিয়েল (লার্নিং) ইংলিছ
| ১৯৫৯
| ভয়চ অৱ আমেৰিকা
|-
| গ্ল’বিচ (Globish)
| ২০০৪
| জঁ-পল নেৰিয়েৰ
|-
| ই-প্ৰাইম (E-Prime)
| ১৯৪০ দশক
| ডি. ডেভিড বুৰলেণ্ড জুনিয়ৰ
| ''to be'' ক্ৰিয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বাদ দিয়া হৈছে যাতে লিখনি অধিক স্পষ্ট আৰু সঠিক হয়।
|-
| ছিম্প্লিফাইড টেকনিকেল ইংলিছ
| ১৯৮৩
| ইউৰোপীয় মহাকাশ উদ্যোগ সমিতি
| কাৰিকৰী পাঠ্য, যেনে ম্যানুৱেল আদিৰ জটিলতা আৰু অনিশ্চয়তা কমাবলৈ উদ্দিষ্ট।
|-
| পেৰালেল ইংলিছ (Globish – Gogate)
| ১৯৯৮
| মধুকৰ গোগাটে
| ইংলিছৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হলেও স্বতন্ত্ৰ ৰূপে নিৰ্মিত এখন কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|-
| প্লেইন ইংলিছ
| 
| বিভিন্ন
| বহু ইডিয়ম, জাৰ্গন আৰু বিদেশী শব্দ এৰাই অধিক সোজাসাপটা, সংক্ষিপ্ত আৰু স্পষ্ট ভাষা প্ৰয়োগৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।
|}

===দৃশ্যমান ভাষা===
দৃশ্যমান ভাষাত কথিত শব্দৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতীক বা গতিবিধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিৰ্মিত সাংকেতিক ভাষাও এই শ্ৰেণীত পৰে।
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| ব্লিচচিম্ব'লচ (Blissymbols)
| zbl
| ১৯৪৯
| চার্লছ কে. ব্লিচ
| নিজৰ ব্যাকৰণ আৰু বাক্য গঠন থকা এখন আইডিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক লিখনি পদ্ধতি।
|-
| ইণ্টাৰনেছনেল চাইন (International Sign)
| ils
| ১৯৭০ দশক
| জাছিন মালোকু
| এখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক চাইন ভাষা। গেছ্তু'নো (Gestuno) নামেও জনাজাত।
|-
| আই'চ’টাইপ (Isotype)
| 
| ১৯২৫–১৯৩৪
| অ'ট্টো ন্যুৰাথ আদি
| এখন পিক্টগ্ৰাফিক ভাষা।
|-
|}

== ধৰ্মীয় ভাষাসমূহ ==
এইসকল ভাষা নিজ নিজ সম্প্ৰদায় বা ধৰ্মীয় সংঘৰ দ্বাৰা ধৰ্মীয় ব্যৱহাৰত ব্যৱহৃত হয়।

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| আয়াৰিক (Iyaric)
| 
| প্ৰায় ১৯৩০ দশক
| ৰাস্তাফাৰীসকল
| &quot;ৰাস্তাৰ টক&quot; বা &quot;ড্ৰেড টক&quot; বুলি জনাজাত; ৰাস্তাফাৰী আন্দোলনৰ কিছুমানে নিজৰ হেৰুৱা আফ্ৰিকান ভাষাসমূহৰ প্ৰতিস্থাপন স্বৰূপে গঢ়ি তোলে।
|-
| এছ্কায়ান (Eskayan)
| esy
| প্ৰায় ১৯২০–১৯৪০
| মাৰিয়ানো দাতাহান
| ছেবুৱানোৰ বোহোলানো উপভাষাৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।
|-
| মেডেফাইড্ৰিন (Medefaidrin)
| dmf
| ১৯৩০ দশক
| ওবেৰী অ'কাইমে গীৰ্জা
| নাইজেৰিয়াৰ এই খ্ৰীষ্টান গীৰ্জাৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত; পবিত্ৰ উৎসৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।
|-
| দামিন (Damin)
| 
| অজ্ঞাত
| লাৰ্ডিল জনগোষ্ঠী
| লাৰ্ডিল ভাষাৰ স্থানীয় বক্তাসকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা; আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাহিৰত একমাত্ৰ ক্লিক-ধ্বনি ভাষা।
|-
|}

== অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ (Engineered languages) কোনো বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ বাবে বা নতুন ভাষাগত বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ সৈতে পৰীক্ষা-নিরীক্ষা কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। এইসকল ভাষা দাৰ্শনিক (philosophical), পৰীক্ষামূলক (experimental), অথবা যুক্তিপূৰ্ণ (logical) ভাষাৰ বিভাগসমূহত পৰি যাব পাৰে।

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লোগোপানডেক্টেইছন (Logopandecteision)
| 
| ১৬৫৩
| ছাৰ থমাছ আৰ্কুহাৰ্ট
| জটিল বৰ্গীকৰণমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ।
|-
| নামবিহীন ভাষা (John Wilkins)
| 
| ১৬৬৮
| জন উইলকিনছ
| দাৰ্শনিক স্পষ্টতা যোগাব পৰা এক প্ৰতীকমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ।
|-
| ল'গলান (Loglan)
| 
| ১৯৫৫
| জেমছ কুক ব্ৰাউন
| ছাপিৰ–ৱৰ্ফ অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত; ল'জবানৰ অনুপ্ৰেৰণা।
|-
| আ-ই-উ-আই (aUI)
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ডব্লিউ. জন ৱেইলগাৰ্ট
| প্ৰতিটো ধ্বনিই একেটা অৰ্থ বহন কৰে; শব্দসমূহে জটিল ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।
|-
| ইথকুৱিল (Ithkuil)
| 
| ১৯৭৮–২০২৩
| জন কুইজাডা
| দীঘল অৰ্থ ক্ষিপ্ৰ আৰু স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পৰা এক জটিল ভাষা।
|-
| লাডান (Láadan)
| ldn
| ১৯৮২
| ছুজেট হেডেন এলজিন
| মহিলাসকলৰ প্ৰতি অভিযোজিত এক ধ্বনিগত ভাষা; প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাসমূহ পুৰুষক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি আছে নে নাই সেয়া পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ গঢ়ি তোলা।
|-
| ল'জবান (Lojban)
| jbo
| ১৯৮৭
| Logical Language Group
| যুক্তিসংগত আৰু ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে অনিৰ্বচনীয় ভাষা; ল'গলানৰ উত্তৰাধিকারী।
|-
| টোকি পোনা (Toki Pona)
| tok
| ২০০১
| ছঞ্জা লাং
| মাত্ৰ ১২০-১৩৭+ শব্দযুক্ত এক ক্ষুদ্রতম ভাষা; ১৬০০ৰো অধিক বক্তা আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=2022 toki pona census. |url=https://tokiponacensus.github.io/results2022/ |access-date= |website=Toki Pona census |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Sonja |title=Toki Pona: the Language of Good |date=2014 |publisher=Sonja Lang |isbn=9780978292300}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| কেইলেন (Kēlen)
| 
| ২০০৯
| চিলভিয়া চোটোমায়ৰ
| এক &quot;এলিয়েন&quot; ভাষা যিয়ে ক্ৰিয়া (verb) বিলোপ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে, যি প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাৰ এক বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ উলংঘন।
|-
| ভিঅ’ছা (Viossa)
| 
| ২০১৪
| 
| কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যাকৰণ বা ধ্বনি নিয়ম নথকা কৃত্ৰিম পিড্জিন ভাষা; যদি বক্তাসকলে একে-অন্যক বুজিব পাৰে, তেন্তে সঠিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।
|}

=== অন্যান্য ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লিংকচ (Lincos)
| ১৯৬০
| হান্স ফ্ৰয়ডেনথাল
| যিকোনো সম্ভাব্য বৌদ্ধিক ভিনগ্ৰহীয় জীৱই বুজিব পৰা এক ভাষা; আন্তৰিক্ষীয় বেতাৰ-সংযোগৰ বাবে গঢ়ি তোলা।
|-
| এটেম্পটো কণ্ট্ৰ'ল্ড ইংলিছ (Attempto Controlled English)
| ১৯৯৫
| জুৰিখ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা, যি জ্ঞান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব ভাষা হিচাপেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Schwitter, Rolf. &quot;[https://aclanthology.org/C10-2128.pdf Controlled natural languages for knowledge representation].&quot; Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| মেন্টি (Mänti)
| ২০০৬
| ডেনিয়েল টামেট
| কিছুমান ফিননিক শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰ্মিত এক কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।

===মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা===
মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা হ’ল আনুষংগিক ভাষাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট গোটৰ বক্তাসকলৰ মাজত যোগাযোগৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা। বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষাৰ দৰে নহয়, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সীমিত ভাষিক বা ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলত সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে প্যান-স্লাভিক ভাষা, প্যান-ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা আৰু প্যান-জাৰ্মানিক ভাষা।
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! বিৱৰণ
|-
| ৰুছকি ভাষা (Ruski jezik)
| 
| ১৬৬৬
| {{sort|Križanić|জুৰাজ ক্ৰিঝানিচ}} 
| কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰথমটো পেন-স্লেভিক ভাষা।
|-
| Tutonish
|
| ১৯০১
| {{sort|Molee|ইলিয়াচ মোলী}}
| প্ৰথমটো পেন-জার্মানিক ভাষা, পাছলৈ ''nu teutonish'', ''alteutonik'' আদি নামেৰে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছিল।
|-
| Romanid
| 
| ১৯৫৬ 
| {{sort|Magyar|জোলটান মজিয়াৰ (ভাষাবিদ)}} 
| ৰোমেন্স ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Guosa
| 
| ১৯৬৫
| {{sort|Igbinéwéká|আলেকজাণ্ডাৰ ইগবিনেভেকা}} 
| পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাবে হাউছা, ইয়োৰুবা আৰু ইগ্বো ভাষাৰ পৰা মূলত সংগৃহীত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Afrihili
| afh 
| ১৯৭০
| {{sort|Attobrah|কে. এ. কুমি এটোব্ৰাহ}} 
| এটা পেন-আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা।
|-
| ৰুন্যাকিতাৰা
|
| {{sort|1990|১৯৯০ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণি}}
|
| পশ্চিম উগাণ্ডাৰ চাৰিখন নিকট-সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰ আধাৰত মানকীকৃত এখন ভাষা।
|-
| Palawa kani
|
| ১৯৯২
| তাছমানিয়ান আদিবাসী কেন্দ্ৰ
| পূৰ্ব তাছমানিয়াৰ আদিবাসীয়ে কোৱা বিভিন্ন তাছমানিয়ান ভাষাৰ সীমিত তথ্যৰ আধাৰত পুনৰ্নিমাণ কৰা শব্দৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত ভাষা।
|-
| Slovio 
|
| ১৯৯৯ 
| {{sort|Hučko|মাৰ্ক হুচ্কো}}
| স্লেভিক ভাষাবোৰ আৰু এছপেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|-
| ৰোমেন্স নিয়’লাটিনো
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Cassany|জোৰ্ডি কাসানী বেটছ}} আৰু অন্যসকল
| এটা পেন-ৰোমেন্স ভাষা।
|-
| Slovianski
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Rečnik|অন্দ্ৰেই ৰেচনিক, গাব্ৰিয়েল স্বোবোডা, Jan van Steenbergen, ইগৰ পলিয়াকভ}} 
| স্লেভিক ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ ভাষা।
|-
| Neoslavonic
|
| ২০০৯ 
| {{sort|Merunka|ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| পুৰণি চার্চ স্লেভনিক ভাষাৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ।
|-
| Budinos
|
| ২০০৯
| {{sort|Arzamazov|আলেক্সেই আন্দ্ৰেৱিচ আৰ্জামাজোভ}}
| ফিন্‌নো-উগ্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Interslavic
| isv
| ২০১১–২০১৭
| {{sort|Steenbergen|Jan van Steenbergen, ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| এটা পেন-স্লেভিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা, যি Slovianski আৰু Neoslavonic ভাষাৰ সমন্বয়ে গঠিত।
|-
| Ortatürk / Öztürkçe
|
| ১৯৯২, ২০০৮
| বাখ্তিয়াৰ কাৰিমোভ, চোৱাহমাদ মুটালোভ
| পৰিসংখ্যানেৰে নিৰূপিত শব্দসম্ভাৰসহ এটা পেন-তুৰ্কিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|}

===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ভাষা===
নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা হৈছে এনে প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা যিবোৰক কিছুমান বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত সহজ, ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ বা অধিক গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কৰি তোলাৰ বাবে পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যেনে মূল ভাষা ভালদৰে নজনা লোকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে। তলত দিয়া প্ৰকল্পসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজীৰ উদাহৰণ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| বেছিক ইংলিছ (Basic English)
| ১৯২৫
| চার্লছ কে. ওগ্ডেন
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ভাষাটোক নির্দিষ্টসংখ্যক সাধাৰণ শব্দ আৰু পদসমূহলৈ সীমিত কৰি বিদেশী শিক্ষার্থী বা অন্যান্য অসুবিধা হোৱা লোকসকলৰ বাবে সহজ কৰি তোলাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা।
|-
| স্পেচিয়েল (লার্নিং) ইংলিছ
| ১৯৫৯
| ভয়চ অৱ আমেৰিকা
|-
| গ্ল’বিচ (Globish)
| ২০০৪
| জঁ-পল নেৰিয়েৰ
|-
| ই-প্ৰাইম (E-Prime)
| ১৯৪০ দশক
| ডি. ডেভিড বুৰলেণ্ড জুনিয়ৰ
| ''to be'' ক্ৰিয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বাদ দিয়া হৈছে যাতে লিখনি অধিক স্পষ্ট আৰু সঠিক হয়।
|-
| ছিম্প্লিফাইড টেকনিকেল ইংলিছ
| ১৯৮৩
| ইউৰোপীয় মহাকাশ উদ্যোগ সমিতি
| কাৰিকৰী পাঠ্য, যেনে ম্যানুৱেল আদিৰ জটিলতা আৰু অনিশ্চয়তা কমাবলৈ উদ্দিষ্ট।
|-
| পেৰালেল ইংলিছ (Globish – Gogate)
| ১৯৯৮
| মধুকৰ গোগাটে
| ইংলিছৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হলেও স্বতন্ত্ৰ ৰূপে নিৰ্মিত এখন কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|-
| প্লেইন ইংলিছ
| 
| বিভিন্ন
| বহু ইডিয়ম, জাৰ্গন আৰু বিদেশী শব্দ এৰাই অধিক সোজাসাপটা, সংক্ষিপ্ত আৰু স্পষ্ট ভাষা প্ৰয়োগৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।
|}

===দৃশ্যমান ভাষা===
দৃশ্যমান ভাষাত কথিত শব্দৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতীক বা গতিবিধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিৰ্মিত সাংকেতিক ভাষাও এই শ্ৰেণীত পৰে।
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| ব্লিচচিম্ব'লচ (Blissymbols)
| zbl
| ১৯৪৯
| চার্লছ কে. ব্লিচ
| নিজৰ ব্যাকৰণ আৰু বাক্য গঠন থকা এখন আইডিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক লিখনি পদ্ধতি।
|-
| ইণ্টাৰনেছনেল চাইন (International Sign)
| ils
| ১৯৭০ দশক
| জাছিন মালোকু
| এখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক চাইন ভাষা। গেছ্তু'নো (Gestuno) নামেও জনাজাত।
|-
| আই'চ’টাইপ (Isotype)
| 
| ১৯২৫–১৯৩৪
| অ'ট্টো ন্যুৰাথ আদি
| এখন পিক্টগ্ৰাফিক ভাষা।
|-
|}

== ধৰ্মীয় ভাষাসমূহ ==
এইসকল ভাষা নিজ নিজ সম্প্ৰদায় বা ধৰ্মীয় সংঘৰ দ্বাৰা ধৰ্মীয় ব্যৱহাৰত ব্যৱহৃত হয়।

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| আয়াৰিক (Iyaric)
| 
| প্ৰায় ১৯৩০ দশক
| ৰাস্তাফাৰীসকল
| &quot;ৰাস্তাৰ টক&quot; বা &quot;ড্ৰেড টক&quot; বুলি জনাজাত; ৰাস্তাফাৰী আন্দোলনৰ কিছুমানে নিজৰ হেৰুৱা আফ্ৰিকান ভাষাসমূহৰ প্ৰতিস্থাপন স্বৰূপে গঢ়ি তোলে।
|-
| এছ্কায়ান (Eskayan)
| esy
| প্ৰায় ১৯২০–১৯৪০
| মাৰিয়ানো দাতাহান
| ছেবুৱানোৰ বোহোলানো উপভাষাৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।
|-
| মেডেফাইড্ৰিন (Medefaidrin)
| dmf
| ১৯৩০ দশক
| ওবেৰী অ'কাইমে গীৰ্জা
| নাইজেৰিয়াৰ এই খ্ৰীষ্টান গীৰ্জাৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত; পবিত্ৰ উৎসৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।
|-
| দামিন (Damin)
| 
| অজ্ঞাত
| লাৰ্ডিল জনগোষ্ঠী
| লাৰ্ডিল ভাষাৰ স্থানীয় বক্তাসকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা; আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাহিৰত একমাত্ৰ ক্লিক-ধ্বনি ভাষা।
|-
|}

== অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ (Engineered languages) কোনো বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ বাবে বা নতুন ভাষাগত বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ সৈতে পৰীক্ষা-নিরীক্ষা কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। এইসকল ভাষা দাৰ্শনিক (philosophical), পৰীক্ষামূলক (experimental), অথবা যুক্তিপূৰ্ণ (logical) ভাষাৰ বিভাগসমূহত পৰি যাব পাৰে।

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লোগোপানডেক্টেইছন (Logopandecteision)
| 
| ১৬৫৩
| ছাৰ থমাছ আৰ্কুহাৰ্ট
| জটিল বৰ্গীকৰণমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ।
|-
| নামবিহীন ভাষা (John Wilkins)
| 
| ১৬৬৮
| জন উইলকিনছ
| দাৰ্শনিক স্পষ্টতা যোগাব পৰা এক প্ৰতীকমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ।
|-
| ল'গলান (Loglan)
| 
| ১৯৫৫
| জেমছ কুক ব্ৰাউন
| ছাপিৰ–ৱৰ্ফ অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত; ল'জবানৰ অনুপ্ৰেৰণা।
|-
| আ-ই-উ-আই (aUI)
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ডব্লিউ. জন ৱেইলগাৰ্ট
| প্ৰতিটো ধ্বনিই একেটা অৰ্থ বহন কৰে; শব্দসমূহে জটিল ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।
|-
| ইথকুৱিল (Ithkuil)
| 
| ১৯৭৮–২০২৩
| জন কুইজাডা
| দীঘল অৰ্থ ক্ষিপ্ৰ আৰু স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পৰা এক জটিল ভাষা।
|-
| লাডান (Láadan)
| ldn
| ১৯৮২
| ছুজেট হেডেন এলজিন
| মহিলাসকলৰ প্ৰতি অভিযোজিত এক ধ্বনিগত ভাষা; প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাসমূহ পুৰুষক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি আছে নে নাই সেয়া পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ গঢ়ি তোলা।
|-
| ল'জবান (Lojban)
| jbo
| ১৯৮৭
| Logical Language Group
| যুক্তিসংগত আৰু ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে অনিৰ্বচনীয় ভাষা; ল'গলানৰ উত্তৰাধিকারী।
|-
| টোকি পোনা (Toki Pona)
| tok
| ২০০১
| ছঞ্জা লাং
| মাত্ৰ ১২০-১৩৭+ শব্দযুক্ত এক ক্ষুদ্রতম ভাষা; ১৬০০ৰো অধিক বক্তা আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=2022 toki pona census. |url=https://tokiponacensus.github.io/results2022/ |access-date= |website=Toki Pona census |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Sonja |title=Toki Pona: the Language of Good |date=2014 |publisher=Sonja Lang |isbn=9780978292300}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| কেইলেন (Kēlen)
| 
| ২০০৯
| চিলভিয়া চোটোমায়ৰ
| এক &quot;এলিয়েন&quot; ভাষা যিয়ে ক্ৰিয়া (verb) বিলোপ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে, যি প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাৰ এক বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ উলংঘন।
|-
| ভিঅ’ছা (Viossa)
| 
| ২০১৪
| 
| কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যাকৰণ বা ধ্বনি নিয়ম নথকা কৃত্ৰিম পিড্জিন ভাষা; যদি বক্তাসকলে একে-অন্যক বুজিব পাৰে, তেন্তে সঠিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।
|}

=== অন্যান্য ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লিংকচ (Lincos)
| ১৯৬০
| হান্স ফ্ৰয়ডেনথাল
| যিকোনো সম্ভাব্য বৌদ্ধিক ভিনগ্ৰহীয় জীৱই বুজিব পৰা এক ভাষা; আন্তৰিক্ষীয় বেতাৰ-সংযোগৰ বাবে গঢ়ি তোলা।
|-
| এটেম্পটো কণ্ট্ৰ'ল্ড ইংলিছ (Attempto Controlled English)
| ১৯৯৫
| জুৰিখ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা, যি জ্ঞান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব ভাষা হিচাপেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Schwitter, Rolf. &quot;[https://aclanthology.org/C10-2128.pdf Controlled natural languages for knowledge representation].&quot; Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| মেন্টি (Mänti)
| ২০০৬
| ডেনিয়েল টামেট
| কিছুমান ফিননিক শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰ্মিত এক কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|}

== কল্পনাৰ/সাহিত্যিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
&lt;!--
সোঁৱৰণী: ইয়াত সন্নিৱিষ্ট সকলো ভাষাৰ নিজৰ পৃথকে ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰৱন্ধ, নাইবা অন্ততঃ কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত সেৱা কৰা এক উপ-অংশ থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক।
মাত্ৰ যিকোনো কল্পনা-আধাৰিত ভাষা যুক্ত নকৰিব, যদিও তাত উৎস বা উদ্ধৃতি দিয়া থাকে।
--&gt;

=== কল্পনাত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা ভাষাসমূহ ===

==== জে. আৰ. আৰ. ট'লকিনৰ দ্বাৰা গঢ়া ভাষাসমূহ ====
{{Further|Languages constructed by Tolkien}}

ট'লকিনে গঢ়া মুখ্য ভাষাসমূহ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! ভাষা !! ISO কোড !! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[সিন্ডাৰিন]] || sjn || [[এল্ফ (মিডল-আর্থ)|এল্‌ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, প্ৰধানকৈ [[ৱেল্‌চ ভাষা|ৱেল্‌চ]] ভাষাৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত।
|-
| [[কুৱেন্যা]] || qya || এল্‌ফজাতিৰ ভাষা, [[ফিনিচ ভাষা|ফিনিচ]], [[লেটিন ভাষা]] আৰু [[প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত।
|-
| [[খুজ্দুল]] || || [[ডোৱাৰ্ফ (মিডল-আর্থ)|ডোৱাৰ্ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, [[চেমিটিক ভাষাসমূহ|চেমিটিক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত।
|}

==== চলচ্চিত্ৰ ====
{{See also |Languages in Star Wars}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ক্লিংন ভাষা|ক্লিংন]] || ''[[Star Trek]]'' || 1979–বৰ্তমান || [[Marc Okrand]] || ক্লিংন নামৰ এলিয়েন জাতিৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[চুড ভাষা]] || ''[[Pathfinder (1987 film)|Pathfinder]]'' || 1987 || Esben Kr. Aamot&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/en/item/?type=film&amp;itemid=18458#crew Veiviseren (1987)], The Swedish Film Database&lt;/ref&gt; || Tchudes নামৰ খলনায়ক গোটৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[এট্লান্টিয়ান ভাষা|এট্লান্টিয়ান]] || ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]'' || 2001 || [[Marc Okrand]] || কাল্পনিক এট্লান্টিছ নগৰৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[কু (ভাষা)|কু]] || ''[[The Interpreter (2005 film)|The Interpreter]]'' || 2005 || Said el-Gheithy || কাল্পনিক আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা।
|-
| [[নাভি ভাষা|নাভি]] || ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' || 2009 || [[Paul Frommer]] || [[Pandora]]ৰ নাভি জাতিৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা।
|-
| [[বৰছুমিয়ান ভাষা|বৰছুমিয়ান]] || ''[[John Carter (film)|John Carter]]'' || 2012 || [[Paul Frommer]], [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]] || মাৰ্ছৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[কিলিকি ভাষা|কিলিকি]] || ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|বাহুবলী]]'' || 2015 || [[Madhan Karky]] || [[কালাকেয়া গোট|কালাকেয়া]] জাতিৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.saddahaq.com/welcome-to-new-language-kilikili-from-baahubali|title=Welcome to new language 'Kilikili' from Baahubali|last=Cinema|first=Telugu|work=SaddaHaq|access-date=2017-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| [[বীমা ভাষা|বীমা]] || ''[[Alpha (2018 film)|Alpha]]'' || 2016 || [[Christine Schreyer]] || [[উচ্চ প্যালিওলিথিক যুগ]]ৰ ভাষা (২০,০০০ বছৰ আগৰ)।
|}

==== ভিডিঅ' গেম ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[চোলিয়ানি ভাষা|চোলিয়ানি]] || ''[[Empire of the Petal Throne]]'' || ১৯৪০ৰ দশক || [[M. A. R. Barker]] || [[Tékumel]] নামৰ কাল্পনিক জগতৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[গাৰ্গিশ]] || ''[[Ultima (series)|Ultima]]'' শৃংখলা || 1981–2013 || — || গাৰ্গয়েল জাতিৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[ড'নি ভাষা|ড’নি]] || ''[[Myst (series)|Myst]]'' শৃংখলা || 1993–2005 || [[Cyan Worlds]] || ভূগৰ্ভৰ [[D'ni]] লোকসকলৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[আৰ টোনেলিকো#হিম্নোছ|হিম্নোছ]] || ''[[Ar Tonelico]]'' || 2006–2010 || [[Akira Tsuchiya]] || ''Ar Ciel'' নামৰ জগতৰ ভাষা; সংগীত আৰু সজ্জাত ব্যৱহৃত।&lt;ref&gt;[http://game.salburg.com/hymmnoserver/ game.salburg.com]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৱেঞ্জা ভাষা|ৱেঞ্জা]] || ''[[Far Cry Primal]]'' || 2016 || Andrew Byrd, Brenna Byrd || PIE (প্ৰট'-ইনড'-ইউৰোপীয়)ৰ পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ৰূপ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি; তিনিটা উপভাষা — ৱেঞ্জা, উদাম, ইজিলা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Zorine Te|title=Far Cry Primal Developers Talk About Uncovering History|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/far-cry-primal-developers-talk-about-uncovering-hi/1100-6434103/|website=GameSpot|access-date=February 8, 2016|date=January 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== ইণ্টাৰনেট-ভিত্তিক ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[টিঅ'নাথ]] || 1962 || [[Sally Caves]] || [[Teonim]] নামৰ পলিডেক্টাইল মানুহজাতিৰ ভাষা, যিসকল বিড়ালসদৃশ দেৱতাসকলক পূজা কৰে।
|-
| [[ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান ভাষা|ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান]] আদিৰ ভাষাসমূহ || 1995 || [[Mark Rosenfelder]] || আল্মিয়া গ্ৰহৰ ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়া দেশত ব্যৱহৃত ভাষাসমূহ।
|-
| [[ড্ৰিটক]] || 2007 || Don Boozer || কণ্ঠৰ জায়গাত অঙ্গ-ভিত্তিক যোগাযোগ ব্যৱস্থা থকা Drushek জাতিৰ ভাষা।
|}

==== সংগীত ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[কোবাইয়ান]] || 1970s || [[Christian Vander (musician)|Christian Vander]] || [[Magma (band)|Magma]] নামৰ ফৰাচী ৰক ব্যাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত।
|-
| [[লক্সিয়ান]] || 2005 || [[Roma Ryan]] || [[Enya]]ৰ ২০০৫ৰ ''[[Amarantine (album)|Amarantine]]'' আৰু ২০১৫ৰ ''[[Dark Sky Island]]'' এলবামত ব্যৱহৃত।
|-
| [[মচ ভাষা|মচ]] || 2009 || [[Jackson Moore]] || সুৰভিত্তিক ধ্বনিগত বৈশিষ্ট্য থকা সংগীতমূলক পিজিন ভাষা।
|}

==== টেলিভিছন ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ভালকান (ভাষা)|ভালকান]] || ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' || 1966–1969 || অনুৰাগীসকলে Golic Vulcan ৰূপত উন্নয়ন কৰে।
|-
| [[এনচান্তা]] || ''[[Encantadia]]'' আৰু ''[[Etheria: Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia|Etheria]]'' || 2005 || [[Suzette Doctolero]] || [[Encantadia]] নামৰ জগতৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[ভালিৰিয়ান ভাষাসমূহ]] আৰু [[ড'থ্ৰাকি ভাষা|ড'থ্ৰাকি]] || ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' || 2011–2019 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[ট্ৰিগেডাস্লেং]] || ''[[The 100 (TV series)|The 100]]'' || 2014–2020 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[বেল্টাৰ ক্ৰিঅ'ল]] || ''[[The Expanse (TV series)|The Expanse]]'' || 2014 || [[Nick Farmer]] || [[অষ্টেৰয়েড বেল্ট]] আৰু [[সৌৰজগত]]ৰ বাহ্যিক অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2019/12/nick-farmer-knows-dozens-of-languages-so-he-invented-one-for-the-expanse/|title = Nick Farmer knows dozens of languages, so he invented one for the Expanse|date = 22 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৰ'মুলান ভাষা]] || ''[[Star Trek: Picard]]'' || 2019 || [[Trent Pehrson]] || —
|}

==== অন্যান্য সাহিত্যিক উৎস ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ইউটোপিয়ান ভাষা|ইউটোপিয়ান]] || ''[[Utopia (book)|Utopia]]'' || 1516 || [[Thomas More]], [[Pieter Gillis]] || Moreৰ কল্পিত ইউটোপিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাষা; গঢ়া ভাষাৰ প্ৰথম দৃষ্টান্তসমূহৰ এটা।
|-
| [[Zaum]] || — || 1913 || [[Velimir Khlebnikov]], [[Aleksei Kruchonykh]] আদিকে লৈ [[Russian Futurists]] || &quot;গীত, মন্ত্ৰ, অভিশাপ&quot;ৰ ভাষা হিচাপে &quot;সৰ্বাধিক সার্বজনীন&quot; ভাষা হিচাপে বিবেচিত।
|-
| [[চিল্ডাভিয়ান]] || ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]''ত || 1938–39 || [[Hergé]] || কাল্পনিক [[Balkan]] ৰাজ্য [[Syldavia]]ৰ [[পশ্চিম জাৰ্মানিক ভাষা]]।
|-
| [[Newspeak]] || ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' || 1949 || [[George Orwell]] || এক নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজী ভাষা যি চৰকাৰে চিন্তা সীমাবদ্ধ কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে।
|-
| [[বর্ডুৰিয়ান ভাষা]] || ''The Adventures of Tintin'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[The Calculus Affair]]''ত || 1954–56 || Hergé || [[Borduria]] নামৰ চিল্ডাভিয়াৰ কাষৰীয়া দেশৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[স্প'কেনিয়ান]] || — || 1962 || Rolandt Tweehuysen || কাল্পনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰ স্প'কেনিয়াৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[চাক'বছা (Dune)|চাক'বছা]] || ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]'' || 1965 || [[Frank Herbert]], [[David J. Peterson]], Jessie Peterson || [[Fremen]] জাতিৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[ল্যাপিন ভাষা|ল্যাপিন]] || ''[[Watership Down]]'' || 1972 || [[Richard Adams]] || খৰগোশে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ভাষা।
|-
| [[লাডান]] (ldn) || ''[[Native Tongue (Elgin novel)|...

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>srfmrrxco92iqvajnlcx5zmke6hcjn9</sha1>
    </revision>
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      <parentid>516784</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T20:10:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
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      <text bytes="50952" sha1="sa7hchodjsv75co05ydgjq1k3zdrcdy" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।

===মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা===
মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা হ’ল আনুষংগিক ভাষাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট গোটৰ বক্তাসকলৰ মাজত যোগাযোগৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা। বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষাৰ দৰে নহয়, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সীমিত ভাষিক বা ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলত সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে প্যান-স্লাভিক ভাষা, প্যান-ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা আৰু প্যান-জাৰ্মানিক ভাষা।
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable sticky-header&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| ৰুছকি ভাষা (Ruski jezik)
| 
| ১৬৬৬
| {{sort|Križanić|জুৰাজ ক্ৰিঝানিচ}} 
| কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰথমটো পেন-স্লেভিক ভাষা।
|-
| Tutonish
|
| ১৯০১
| {{sort|Molee|ইলিয়াচ মোলী}}
| প্ৰথমটো পেন-জার্মানিক ভাষা, পাছলৈ ''nu teutonish'', ''alteutonik'' আদি নামেৰে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছিল।
|-
| Romanid
| 
| ১৯৫৬ 
| {{sort|Magyar|জোলটান মজিয়াৰ (ভাষাবিদ)}} 
| ৰোমেন্স ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Guosa
| 
| ১৯৬৫
| {{sort|Igbinéwéká|আলেকজাণ্ডাৰ ইগবিনেভেকা}} 
| পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাবে হাউছা, ইয়োৰুবা আৰু ইগ্বো ভাষাৰ পৰা মূলত সংগৃহীত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Afrihili
| afh 
| ১৯৭০
| {{sort|Attobrah|কে. এ. কুমি এটোব্ৰাহ}} 
| এটা পেন-আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা।
|-
| ৰুন্যাকিতাৰা
|
| {{sort|1990|১৯৯০ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণি}}
|
| পশ্চিম উগাণ্ডাৰ চাৰিখন নিকট-সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰ আধাৰত মানকীকৃত এখন ভাষা।
|-
| Palawa kani
|
| ১৯৯২
| তাছমানিয়ান আদিবাসী কেন্দ্ৰ
| পূৰ্ব তাছমানিয়াৰ আদিবাসীয়ে কোৱা বিভিন্ন তাছমানিয়ান ভাষাৰ সীমিত তথ্যৰ আধাৰত পুনৰ্নিমাণ কৰা শব্দৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত ভাষা।
|-
| Slovio 
|
| ১৯৯৯ 
| {{sort|Hučko|মাৰ্ক হুচ্কো}}
| স্লেভিক ভাষাবোৰ আৰু এছপেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|-
| ৰোমেন্স নিয়’লাটিনো
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Cassany|জোৰ্ডি কাসানী বেটছ}} আৰু অন্যসকল
| এটা পেন-ৰোমেন্স ভাষা।
|-
| Slovianski
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Rečnik|অন্দ্ৰেই ৰেচনিক, গাব্ৰিয়েল স্বোবোডা, Jan van Steenbergen, ইগৰ পলিয়াকভ}} 
| স্লেভিক ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ ভাষা।
|-
| Neoslavonic
|
| ২০০৯ 
| {{sort|Merunka|ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| পুৰণি চার্চ স্লেভনিক ভাষাৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ।
|-
| Budinos
|
| ২০০৯
| {{sort|Arzamazov|আলেক্সেই আন্দ্ৰেৱিচ আৰ্জামাজোভ}}
| ফিন্‌নো-উগ্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Interslavic
| isv
| ২০১১–২০১৭
| {{sort|Steenbergen|Jan van Steenbergen, ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| এটা পেন-স্লেভিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা, যি Slovianski আৰু Neoslavonic ভাষাৰ সমন্বয়ে গঠিত।
|-
| Ortatürk / Öztürkçe
|
| ১৯৯২, ২০০৮
| বাখ্তিয়াৰ কাৰিমোভ, চোৱাহমাদ মুটালোভ
| পৰিসংখ্যানেৰে নিৰূপিত শব্দসম্ভাৰসহ এটা পেন-তুৰ্কিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|}

===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ভাষা===
নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা হৈছে এনে প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা যিবোৰক কিছুমান বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত সহজ, ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ বা অধিক গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কৰি তোলাৰ বাবে পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যেনে মূল ভাষা ভালদৰে নজনা লোকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে। তলত দিয়া প্ৰকল্পসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজীৰ উদাহৰণ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| বেছিক ইংলিছ (Basic English)
| ১৯২৫
| চার্লছ কে. ওগ্ডেন
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ভাষাটোক নির্দিষ্টসংখ্যক সাধাৰণ শব্দ আৰু পদসমূহলৈ সীমিত কৰি বিদেশী শিক্ষার্থী বা অন্যান্য অসুবিধা হোৱা লোকসকলৰ বাবে সহজ কৰি তোলাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা।
|-
| স্পেচিয়েল (লার্নিং) ইংলিছ
| ১৯৫৯
| ভয়চ অৱ আমেৰিকা
|-
| গ্ল’বিচ (Globish)
| ২০০৪
| জঁ-পল নেৰিয়েৰ
|-
| ই-প্ৰাইম (E-Prime)
| ১৯৪০ দশক
| ডি. ডেভিড বুৰলেণ্ড জুনিয়ৰ
| ''to be'' ক্ৰিয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বাদ দিয়া হৈছে যাতে লিখনি অধিক স্পষ্ট আৰু সঠিক হয়।
|-
| ছিম্প্লিফাইড টেকনিকেল ইংলিছ
| ১৯৮৩
| ইউৰোপীয় মহাকাশ উদ্যোগ সমিতি
| কাৰিকৰী পাঠ্য, যেনে ম্যানুৱেল আদিৰ জটিলতা আৰু অনিশ্চয়তা কমাবলৈ উদ্দিষ্ট।
|-
| পেৰালেল ইংলিছ (Globish – Gogate)
| ১৯৯৮
| মধুকৰ গোগাটে
| ইংলিছৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হলেও স্বতন্ত্ৰ ৰূপে নিৰ্মিত এখন কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|-
| প্লেইন ইংলিছ
| 
| বিভিন্ন
| বহু ইডিয়ম, জাৰ্গন আৰু বিদেশী শব্দ এৰাই অধিক সোজাসাপটা, সংক্ষিপ্ত আৰু স্পষ্ট ভাষা প্ৰয়োগৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।
|}

===দৃশ্যমান ভাষা===
দৃশ্যমান ভাষাত কথিত শব্দৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতীক বা গতিবিধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিৰ্মিত সাংকেতিক ভাষাও এই শ্ৰেণীত পৰে।
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| ব্লিচচিম্ব'লচ (Blissymbols)
| zbl
| ১৯৪৯
| চার্লছ কে. ব্লিচ
| নিজৰ ব্যাকৰণ আৰু বাক্য গঠন থকা এখন আইডিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক লিখনি পদ্ধতি।
|-
| ইণ্টাৰনেছনেল চাইন (International Sign)
| ils
| ১৯৭০ দশক
| জাছিন মালোকু
| এখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক চাইন ভাষা। গেছ্তু'নো (Gestuno) নামেও জনাজাত।
|-
| আই'চ’টাইপ (Isotype)
| 
| ১৯২৫–১৯৩৪
| অ'ট্টো ন্যুৰাথ আদি
| এখন পিক্টগ্ৰাফিক ভাষা।
|-
|}

== ধৰ্মীয় ভাষাসমূহ ==
এইসকল ভাষা নিজ নিজ সম্প্ৰদায় বা ধৰ্মীয় সংঘৰ দ্বাৰা ধৰ্মীয় ব্যৱহাৰত ব্যৱহৃত হয়।

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| আয়াৰিক (Iyaric)
| 
| প্ৰায় ১৯৩০ দশক
| ৰাস্তাফাৰীসকল
| &quot;ৰাস্তাৰ টক&quot; বা &quot;ড্ৰেড টক&quot; বুলি জনাজাত; ৰাস্তাফাৰী আন্দোলনৰ কিছুমানে নিজৰ হেৰুৱা আফ্ৰিকান ভাষাসমূহৰ প্ৰতিস্থাপন স্বৰূপে গঢ়ি তোলে।
|-
| এছ্কায়ান (Eskayan)
| esy
| প্ৰায় ১৯২০–১৯৪০
| মাৰিয়ানো দাতাহান
| ছেবুৱানোৰ বোহোলানো উপভাষাৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।
|-
| মেডেফাইড্ৰিন (Medefaidrin)
| dmf
| ১৯৩০ দশক
| ওবেৰী অ'কাইমে গীৰ্জা
| নাইজেৰিয়াৰ এই খ্ৰীষ্টান গীৰ্জাৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত; পবিত্ৰ উৎসৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।
|-
| দামিন (Damin)
| 
| অজ্ঞাত
| লাৰ্ডিল জনগোষ্ঠী
| লাৰ্ডিল ভাষাৰ স্থানীয় বক্তাসকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা; আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাহিৰত একমাত্ৰ ক্লিক-ধ্বনি ভাষা।
|-
|}

== অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ (Engineered languages) কোনো বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ বাবে বা নতুন ভাষাগত বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ সৈতে পৰীক্ষা-নিরীক্ষা কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। এইসকল ভাষা দাৰ্শনিক (philosophical), পৰীক্ষামূলক (experimental), অথবা যুক্তিপূৰ্ণ (logical) ভাষাৰ বিভাগসমূহত পৰি যাব পাৰে।

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লোগোপানডেক্টেইছন (Logopandecteision)
| 
| ১৬৫৩
| ছাৰ থমাছ আৰ্কুহাৰ্ট
| জটিল বৰ্গীকৰণমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ।
|-
| নামবিহীন ভাষা (John Wilkins)
| 
| ১৬৬৮
| জন উইলকিনছ
| দাৰ্শনিক স্পষ্টতা যোগাব পৰা এক প্ৰতীকমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ।
|-
| ল'গলান (Loglan)
| 
| ১৯৫৫
| জেমছ কুক ব্ৰাউন
| ছাপিৰ–ৱৰ্ফ অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত; ল'জবানৰ অনুপ্ৰেৰণা।
|-
| আ-ই-উ-আই (aUI)
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ডব্লিউ. জন ৱেইলগাৰ্ট
| প্ৰতিটো ধ্বনিই একেটা অৰ্থ বহন কৰে; শব্দসমূহে জটিল ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।
|-
| ইথকুৱিল (Ithkuil)
| 
| ১৯৭৮–২০২৩
| জন কুইজাডা
| দীঘল অৰ্থ ক্ষিপ্ৰ আৰু স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পৰা এক জটিল ভাষা।
|-
| লাডান (Láadan)
| ldn
| ১৯৮২
| ছুজেট হেডেন এলজিন
| মহিলাসকলৰ প্ৰতি অভিযোজিত এক ধ্বনিগত ভাষা; প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাসমূহ পুৰুষক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি আছে নে নাই সেয়া পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ গঢ়ি তোলা।
|-
| ল'জবান (Lojban)
| jbo
| ১৯৮৭
| Logical Language Group
| যুক্তিসংগত আৰু ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে অনিৰ্বচনীয় ভাষা; ল'গলানৰ উত্তৰাধিকারী।
|-
| টোকি পোনা (Toki Pona)
| tok
| ২০০১
| ছঞ্জা লাং
| মাত্ৰ ১২০-১৩৭+ শব্দযুক্ত এক ক্ষুদ্রতম ভাষা; ১৬০০ৰো অধিক বক্তা আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=2022 toki pona census. |url=https://tokiponacensus.github.io/results2022/ |access-date= |website=Toki Pona census |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Sonja |title=Toki Pona: the Language of Good |date=2014 |publisher=Sonja Lang |isbn=9780978292300}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| কেইলেন (Kēlen)
| 
| ২০০৯
| চিলভিয়া চোটোমায়ৰ
| এক &quot;এলিয়েন&quot; ভাষা যিয়ে ক্ৰিয়া (verb) বিলোপ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে, যি প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাৰ এক বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ উলংঘন।
|-
| ভিঅ’ছা (Viossa)
| 
| ২০১৪
| 
| কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যাকৰণ বা ধ্বনি নিয়ম নথকা কৃত্ৰিম পিড্জিন ভাষা; যদি বক্তাসকলে একে-অন্যক বুজিব পাৰে, তেন্তে সঠিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।
|}

=== অন্যান্য ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লিংকচ (Lincos)
| ১৯৬০
| হান্স ফ্ৰয়ডেনথাল
| যিকোনো সম্ভাব্য বৌদ্ধিক ভিনগ্ৰহীয় জীৱই বুজিব পৰা এক ভাষা; আন্তৰিক্ষীয় বেতাৰ-সংযোগৰ বাবে গঢ়ি তোলা।
|-
| এটেম্পটো কণ্ট্ৰ'ল্ড ইংলিছ (Attempto Controlled English)
| ১৯৯৫
| জুৰিখ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা, যি জ্ঞান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব ভাষা হিচাপেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Schwitter, Rolf. &quot;[https://aclanthology.org/C10-2128.pdf Controlled natural languages for knowledge representation].&quot; Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| মেন্টি (Mänti)
| ২০০৬
| ডেনিয়েল টামেট
| কিছুমান ফিননিক শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰ্মিত এক কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|}

== কল্পনাৰ/সাহিত্যিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
&lt;!--
সোঁৱৰণী: ইয়াত সন্নিৱিষ্ট সকলো ভাষাৰ নিজৰ পৃথকে ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰৱন্ধ, নাইবা অন্ততঃ কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত সেৱা কৰা এক উপ-অংশ থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক।
মাত্ৰ যিকোনো কল্পনা-আধাৰিত ভাষা যুক্ত নকৰিব, যদিও তাত উৎস বা উদ্ধৃতি দিয়া থাকে।
--&gt;

=== কল্পনাত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা ভাষাসমূহ ===

==== জে. আৰ. আৰ. ট'লকিনৰ দ্বাৰা গঢ়া ভাষাসমূহ ====

ট'লকিনে গঢ়া মুখ্য ভাষাসমূহ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! ভাষা !! ISO কোড !! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[সিন্ডাৰিন]] || sjn || [[এল্ফ (মিডল-আর্থ)|এল্‌ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, প্ৰধানকৈ [[ৱেল্‌চ ভাষা|ৱেল্‌চ]] ভাষাৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত।
|-
| [[কুৱেন্যা]] || qya || এল্‌ফজাতিৰ ভাষা, [[ফিনিচ ভাষা|ফিনিচ]], [[লেটিন ভাষা]] আৰু [[প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত।
|-
| [[খুজ্দুল]] || || [[ডোৱাৰ্ফ (মিডল-আর্থ)|ডোৱাৰ্ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, [[চেমিটিক ভাষাসমূহ|চেমিটিক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত।
|}

==== চলচ্চিত্ৰ ====
{{See also |Languages in Star Wars}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ক্লিংন ভাষা|ক্লিংন]] || ''[[Star Trek]]'' || 1979–বৰ্তমান || [[Marc Okrand]] || ক্লিংন নামৰ এলিয়েন জাতিৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[চুড ভাষা]] || ''[[Pathfinder (1987 film)|Pathfinder]]'' || 1987 || Esben Kr. Aamot&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/en/item/?type=film&amp;itemid=18458#crew Veiviseren (1987)], The Swedish Film Database&lt;/ref&gt; || Tchudes নামৰ খলনায়ক গোটৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[এট্লান্টিয়ান ভাষা|এট্লান্টিয়ান]] || ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]'' || 2001 || [[Marc Okrand]] || কাল্পনিক এট্লান্টিছ নগৰৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[কু (ভাষা)|কু]] || ''[[The Interpreter (2005 film)|The Interpreter]]'' || 2005 || Said el-Gheithy || কাল্পনিক আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা।
|-
| [[নাভি ভাষা|নাভি]] || ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' || 2009 || [[Paul Frommer]] || [[Pandora]]ৰ নাভি জাতিৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা।
|-
| [[বৰছুমিয়ান ভাষা|বৰছুমিয়ান]] || ''[[John Carter (film)|John Carter]]'' || 2012 || [[Paul Frommer]], [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]] || মাৰ্ছৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[কিলিকি ভাষা|কিলিকি]] || ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|বাহুবলী]]'' || 2015 || [[Madhan Karky]] || [[কালাকেয়া গোট|কালাকেয়া]] জাতিৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.saddahaq.com/welcome-to-new-language-kilikili-from-baahubali|title=Welcome to new language 'Kilikili' from Baahubali|last=Cinema|first=Telugu|work=SaddaHaq|access-date=2017-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| [[বীমা ভাষা|বীমা]] || ''[[Alpha (2018 film)|Alpha]]'' || 2016 || [[Christine Schreyer]] || [[উচ্চ প্যালিওলিথিক যুগ]]ৰ ভাষা (২০,০০০ বছৰ আগৰ)।
|}

==== ভিডিঅ' গেম ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[চোলিয়ানি ভাষা|চোলিয়ানি]] || ''[[Empire of the Petal Throne]]'' || ১৯৪০ৰ দশক || [[M. A. R. Barker]] || [[Tékumel]] নামৰ কাল্পনিক জগতৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[গাৰ্গিশ]] || ''[[Ultima (series)|Ultima]]'' শৃংখলা || 1981–2013 || — || গাৰ্গয়েল জাতিৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[ড'নি ভাষা|ড’নি]] || ''[[Myst (series)|Myst]]'' শৃংখলা || 1993–2005 || [[Cyan Worlds]] || ভূগৰ্ভৰ [[D'ni]] লোকসকলৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[আৰ টোনেলিকো#হিম্নোছ|হিম্নোছ]] || ''[[Ar Tonelico]]'' || 2006–2010 || [[Akira Tsuchiya]] || ''Ar Ciel'' নামৰ জগতৰ ভাষা; সংগীত আৰু সজ্জাত ব্যৱহৃত।&lt;ref&gt;[http://game.salburg.com/hymmnoserver/ game.salburg.com]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৱেঞ্জা ভাষা|ৱেঞ্জা]] || ''[[Far Cry Primal]]'' || 2016 || Andrew Byrd, Brenna Byrd || PIE (প্ৰট'-ইনড'-ইউৰোপীয়)ৰ পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ৰূপ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি; তিনিটা উপভাষা — ৱেঞ্জা, উদাম, ইজিলা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Zorine Te|title=Far Cry Primal Developers Talk About Uncovering History|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/far-cry-primal-developers-talk-about-uncovering-hi/1100-6434103/|website=GameSpot|access-date=February 8, 2016|date=January 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== ইণ্টাৰনেট-ভিত্তিক ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[টিঅ'নাথ]] || 1962 || [[Sally Caves]] || [[Teonim]] নামৰ পলিডেক্টাইল মানুহজাতিৰ ভাষা, যিসকল বিড়ালসদৃশ দেৱতাসকলক পূজা কৰে।
|-
| [[ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান ভাষা|ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান]] আদিৰ ভাষাসমূহ || 1995 || [[Mark Rosenfelder]] || আল্মিয়া গ্ৰহৰ ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়া দেশত ব্যৱহৃত ভাষাসমূহ।
|-
| [[ড্ৰিটক]] || 2007 || Don Boozer || কণ্ঠৰ জায়গাত অঙ্গ-ভিত্তিক যোগাযোগ ব্যৱস্থা থকা Drushek জাতিৰ ভাষা।
|}

==== সংগীত ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[কোবাইয়ান]] || 1970s || [[Christian Vander (musician)|Christian Vander]] || [[Magma (band)|Magma]] নামৰ ফৰাচী ৰক ব্যাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত।
|-
| [[লক্সিয়ান]] || 2005 || [[Roma Ryan]] || [[Enya]]ৰ ২০০৫ৰ ''[[Amarantine (album)|Amarantine]]'' আৰু ২০১৫ৰ ''[[Dark Sky Island]]'' এলবামত ব্যৱহৃত।
|-
| [[মচ ভাষা|মচ]] || 2009 || [[Jackson Moore]] || সুৰভিত্তিক ধ্বনিগত বৈশিষ্ট্য থকা সংগীতমূলক পিজিন ভাষা।
|}

==== টেলিভিছন ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ভালকান (ভাষা)|ভালকান]] || ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' || 1966–1969 || অনুৰাগীসকলে Golic Vulcan ৰূপত উন্নয়ন কৰে।
|-
| [[এনচান্তা]] || ''[[Encantadia]]'' আৰু ''[[Etheria: Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia|Etheria]]'' || 2005 || [[Suzette Doctolero]] || [[Encantadia]] নামৰ জগতৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[ভালিৰিয়ান ভাষাসমূহ]] আৰু [[ড'থ্ৰাকি ভাষা|ড'থ্ৰাকি]] || ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' || 2011–2019 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[ট্ৰিগেডাস্লেং]] || ''[[The 100 (TV series)|The 100]]'' || 2014–2020 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[বেল্টাৰ ক্ৰিঅ'ল]] || ''[[The Expanse (TV series)|The Expanse]]'' || 2014 || [[Nick Farmer]] || [[অষ্টেৰয়েড বেল্ট]] আৰু [[সৌৰজগত]]ৰ বাহ্যিক অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2019/12/nick-farmer-knows-dozens-of-languages-so-he-invented-one-for-the-expanse/|title = Nick Farmer knows dozens of languages, so he invented one for the Expanse|date = 22 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৰ'মুলান ভাষা]] || ''[[Star Trek: Picard]]'' || 2019 || [[Trent Pehrson]] || —
|}

==== অন্যান্য সাহিত্যিক উৎস ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ইউটোপিয়ান ভাষা|ইউটোপিয়ান]] || ''[[Utopia (book)|Utopia]]'' || 1516 || [[Thomas More]], [[Pieter Gillis]] || Moreৰ কল্পিত ইউটোপিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ভাষা; গঢ়া ভাষাৰ প্ৰথম দৃষ্টান্তসমূহৰ এটা।
|-
| [[Zaum]] || — || 1913 || [[Velimir Khlebnikov]], [[Aleksei Kruchonykh]] আদিকে লৈ [[Russian Futurists]] || &quot;গীত, মন্ত্ৰ, অভিশাপ&quot;ৰ ভাষা হিচাপে &quot;সৰ্বাধিক সার্বজনীন&quot; ভাষা হিচাপে বিবেচিত।
|-
| [[চিল্ডাভিয়ান]] || ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]''ত || 1938–39 || [[Hergé]] || কাল্পনিক [[Balkan]] ৰাজ্য [[Syldavia]]ৰ [[পশ্চিম জাৰ্মানিক ভাষা]]।
|-
| [[Newspeak]] || ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' || 1949 || [[George Orwell]] || এক নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজী ভাষা যি চৰকাৰে চিন্তা সীমাবদ্ধ কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে।
|-
| [[বর্ডুৰিয়ান ভাষা]] || ''The Adventures of Tintin'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[The Calculus Affair]]''ত || 1954–56 || Hergé || [[Borduria]] নামৰ চিল্ডাভিয়াৰ কাষৰীয়া দেশৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[স্প'কেনিয়ান]] || — || 1962 || Rolandt Tweehuysen || কাল্পনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰ স্প'কেনিয়াৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[চাক'বছা (Dune)|চাক'বছা]] || ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]'' || 1965 || [[Frank Herbert]], [[David J. Peterson]], Jessie Peterson || [[Fremen]] জাতিৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[ল্যাপিন ভাষা|ল্যাপিন]] || ''[[Watership Down]]'' || 1972 || [[Richard Adams]] || খৰগোশে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ভাষা।
|-
| [[লাডান]] (ldn) || ''[[Native Tongue (Elgin novel)|...

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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      <text bytes="52214" sha1="imif0bhbise4uwvmfd3m7udxcf44dn2" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।

===মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা===
মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা হ’ল আনুষংগিক ভাষাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট গোটৰ বক্তাসকলৰ মাজত যোগাযোগৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা। বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষাৰ দৰে নহয়, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সীমিত ভাষিক বা ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলত সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে প্যান-স্লাভিক ভাষা, প্যান-ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা আৰু প্যান-জাৰ্মানিক ভাষা।
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable sticky-header&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| ৰুছকি ভাষা (Ruski jezik)
| 
| ১৬৬৬
| {{sort|Križanić|জুৰাজ ক্ৰিঝানিচ}} 
| কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰথমটো পেন-স্লেভিক ভাষা।
|-
| Tutonish
|
| ১৯০১
| {{sort|Molee|ইলিয়াচ মোলী}}
| প্ৰথমটো পেন-জার্মানিক ভাষা, পাছলৈ ''nu teutonish'', ''alteutonik'' আদি নামেৰে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছিল।
|-
| Romanid
| 
| ১৯৫৬ 
| {{sort|Magyar|জোলটান মজিয়াৰ (ভাষাবিদ)}} 
| ৰোমেন্স ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Guosa
| 
| ১৯৬৫
| {{sort|Igbinéwéká|আলেকজাণ্ডাৰ ইগবিনেভেকা}} 
| পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাবে হাউছা, ইয়োৰুবা আৰু ইগ্বো ভাষাৰ পৰা মূলত সংগৃহীত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Afrihili
| afh 
| ১৯৭০
| {{sort|Attobrah|কে. এ. কুমি এটোব্ৰাহ}} 
| এটা পেন-আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা।
|-
| ৰুন্যাকিতাৰা
|
| {{sort|1990|১৯৯০ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণি}}
|
| পশ্চিম উগাণ্ডাৰ চাৰিখন নিকট-সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰ আধাৰত মানকীকৃত এখন ভাষা।
|-
| Palawa kani
|
| ১৯৯২
| তাছমানিয়ান আদিবাসী কেন্দ্ৰ
| পূৰ্ব তাছমানিয়াৰ আদিবাসীয়ে কোৱা বিভিন্ন তাছমানিয়ান ভাষাৰ সীমিত তথ্যৰ আধাৰত পুনৰ্নিমাণ কৰা শব্দৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত ভাষা।
|-
| Slovio 
|
| ১৯৯৯ 
| {{sort|Hučko|মাৰ্ক হুচ্কো}}
| স্লেভিক ভাষাবোৰ আৰু এছপেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|-
| ৰোমেন্স নিয়’লাটিনো
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Cassany|জোৰ্ডি কাসানী বেটছ}} আৰু অন্যসকল
| এটা পেন-ৰোমেন্স ভাষা।
|-
| Slovianski
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Rečnik|অন্দ্ৰেই ৰেচনিক, গাব্ৰিয়েল স্বোবোডা, Jan van Steenbergen, ইগৰ পলিয়াকভ}} 
| স্লেভিক ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ ভাষা।
|-
| Neoslavonic
|
| ২০০৯ 
| {{sort|Merunka|ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| পুৰণি চার্চ স্লেভনিক ভাষাৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ।
|-
| Budinos
|
| ২০০৯
| {{sort|Arzamazov|আলেক্সেই আন্দ্ৰেৱিচ আৰ্জামাজোভ}}
| ফিন্‌নো-উগ্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Interslavic
| isv
| ২০১১–২০১৭
| {{sort|Steenbergen|Jan van Steenbergen, ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| এটা পেন-স্লেভিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা, যি Slovianski আৰু Neoslavonic ভাষাৰ সমন্বয়ে গঠিত।
|-
| Ortatürk / Öztürkçe
|
| ১৯৯২, ২০০৮
| বাখ্তিয়াৰ কাৰিমোভ, চোৱাহমাদ মুটালোভ
| পৰিসংখ্যানেৰে নিৰূপিত শব্দসম্ভাৰসহ এটা পেন-তুৰ্কিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|}

===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ভাষা===
নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা হৈছে এনে প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা যিবোৰক কিছুমান বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত সহজ, ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ বা অধিক গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কৰি তোলাৰ বাবে পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যেনে মূল ভাষা ভালদৰে নজনা লোকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে। তলত দিয়া প্ৰকল্পসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজীৰ উদাহৰণ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| বেছিক ইংলিছ (Basic English)
| ১৯২৫
| চার্লছ কে. ওগ্ডেন
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ভাষাটোক নির্দিষ্টসংখ্যক সাধাৰণ শব্দ আৰু পদসমূহলৈ সীমিত কৰি বিদেশী শিক্ষার্থী বা অন্যান্য অসুবিধা হোৱা লোকসকলৰ বাবে সহজ কৰি তোলাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা।
|-
| স্পেচিয়েল (লার্নিং) ইংলিছ
| ১৯৫৯
| ভয়চ অৱ আমেৰিকা
|-
| গ্ল’বিচ (Globish)
| ২০০৪
| জঁ-পল নেৰিয়েৰ
|-
| ই-প্ৰাইম (E-Prime)
| ১৯৪০ দশক
| ডি. ডেভিড বুৰলেণ্ড জুনিয়ৰ
| ''to be'' ক্ৰিয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বাদ দিয়া হৈছে যাতে লিখনি অধিক স্পষ্ট আৰু সঠিক হয়।
|-
| ছিম্প্লিফাইড টেকনিকেল ইংলিছ
| ১৯৮৩
| ইউৰোপীয় মহাকাশ উদ্যোগ সমিতি
| কাৰিকৰী পাঠ্য, যেনে ম্যানুৱেল আদিৰ জটিলতা আৰু অনিশ্চয়তা কমাবলৈ উদ্দিষ্ট।
|-
| পেৰালেল ইংলিছ (Globish – Gogate)
| ১৯৯৮
| মধুকৰ গোগাটে
| ইংলিছৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হলেও স্বতন্ত্ৰ ৰূপে নিৰ্মিত এখন কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|-
| প্লেইন ইংলিছ
| 
| বিভিন্ন
| বহু ইডিয়ম, জাৰ্গন আৰু বিদেশী শব্দ এৰাই অধিক সোজাসাপটা, সংক্ষিপ্ত আৰু স্পষ্ট ভাষা প্ৰয়োগৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।
|}

===দৃশ্যমান ভাষা===
দৃশ্যমান ভাষাত কথিত শব্দৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতীক বা গতিবিধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিৰ্মিত সাংকেতিক ভাষাও এই শ্ৰেণীত পৰে।
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| ব্লিচচিম্ব'লচ (Blissymbols)
| zbl
| ১৯৪৯
| চার্লছ কে. ব্লিচ
| নিজৰ ব্যাকৰণ আৰু বাক্য গঠন থকা এখন আইডিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক লিখনি পদ্ধতি।
|-
| ইণ্টাৰনেছনেল চাইন (International Sign)
| ils
| ১৯৭০ দশক
| জাছিন মালোকু
| এখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক চাইন ভাষা। গেছ্তু'নো (Gestuno) নামেও জনাজাত।
|-
| আই'চ’টাইপ (Isotype)
| 
| ১৯২৫–১৯৩৪
| অ'ট্টো ন্যুৰাথ আদি
| এখন পিক্টগ্ৰাফিক ভাষা।
|-
|}

== ধৰ্মীয় ভাষাসমূহ ==
এইসকল ভাষা নিজ নিজ সম্প্ৰদায় বা ধৰ্মীয় সংঘৰ দ্বাৰা ধৰ্মীয় ব্যৱহাৰত ব্যৱহৃত হয়।

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| আয়াৰিক (Iyaric)
| 
| প্ৰায় ১৯৩০ দশক
| ৰাস্তাফাৰীসকল
| &quot;ৰাস্তাৰ টক&quot; বা &quot;ড্ৰেড টক&quot; বুলি জনাজাত; ৰাস্তাফাৰী আন্দোলনৰ কিছুমানে নিজৰ হেৰুৱা আফ্ৰিকান ভাষাসমূহৰ প্ৰতিস্থাপন স্বৰূপে গঢ়ি তোলে।
|-
| এছ্কায়ান (Eskayan)
| esy
| প্ৰায় ১৯২০–১৯৪০
| মাৰিয়ানো দাতাহান
| ছেবুৱানোৰ বোহোলানো উপভাষাৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।
|-
| মেডেফাইড্ৰিন (Medefaidrin)
| dmf
| ১৯৩০ দশক
| ওবেৰী অ'কাইমে গীৰ্জা
| নাইজেৰিয়াৰ এই খ্ৰীষ্টান গীৰ্জাৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত; পবিত্ৰ উৎসৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।
|-
| দামিন (Damin)
| 
| অজ্ঞাত
| লাৰ্ডিল জনগোষ্ঠী
| লাৰ্ডিল ভাষাৰ স্থানীয় বক্তাসকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা; আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাহিৰত একমাত্ৰ ক্লিক-ধ্বনি ভাষা।
|-
|}

== অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ (Engineered languages) কোনো বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ বাবে বা নতুন ভাষাগত বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ সৈতে পৰীক্ষা-নিরীক্ষা কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। এইসকল ভাষা দাৰ্শনিক (philosophical), পৰীক্ষামূলক (experimental), অথবা যুক্তিপূৰ্ণ (logical) ভাষাৰ বিভাগসমূহত পৰি যাব পাৰে।

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লোগোপানডেক্টেইছন (Logopandecteision)
| 
| ১৬৫৩
| ছাৰ থমাছ আৰ্কুহাৰ্ট
| জটিল বৰ্গীকৰণমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ।
|-
| নামবিহীন ভাষা (John Wilkins)
| 
| ১৬৬৮
| জন উইলকিনছ
| দাৰ্শনিক স্পষ্টতা যোগাব পৰা এক প্ৰতীকমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ।
|-
| ল'গলান (Loglan)
| 
| ১৯৫৫
| জেমছ কুক ব্ৰাউন
| ছাপিৰ–ৱৰ্ফ অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত; ল'জবানৰ অনুপ্ৰেৰণা।
|-
| আ-ই-উ-আই (aUI)
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ডব্লিউ. জন ৱেইলগাৰ্ট
| প্ৰতিটো ধ্বনিই একেটা অৰ্থ বহন কৰে; শব্দসমূহে জটিল ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।
|-
| ইথকুৱিল (Ithkuil)
| 
| ১৯৭৮–২০২৩
| জন কুইজাডা
| দীঘল অৰ্থ ক্ষিপ্ৰ আৰু স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পৰা এক জটিল ভাষা।
|-
| লাডান (Láadan)
| ldn
| ১৯৮২
| ছুজেট হেডেন এলজিন
| মহিলাসকলৰ প্ৰতি অভিযোজিত এক ধ্বনিগত ভাষা; প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাসমূহ পুৰুষক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি আছে নে নাই সেয়া পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ গঢ়ি তোলা।
|-
| ল'জবান (Lojban)
| jbo
| ১৯৮৭
| Logical Language Group
| যুক্তিসংগত আৰু ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে অনিৰ্বচনীয় ভাষা; ল'গলানৰ উত্তৰাধিকারী।
|-
| টোকি পোনা (Toki Pona)
| tok
| ২০০১
| ছঞ্জা লাং
| মাত্ৰ ১২০-১৩৭+ শব্দযুক্ত এক ক্ষুদ্রতম ভাষা; ১৬০০ৰো অধিক বক্তা আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=2022 toki pona census. |url=https://tokiponacensus.github.io/results2022/ |access-date= |website=Toki Pona census |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Sonja |title=Toki Pona: the Language of Good |date=2014 |publisher=Sonja Lang |isbn=9780978292300}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| কেইলেন (Kēlen)
| 
| ২০০৯
| চিলভিয়া চোটোমায়ৰ
| এক &quot;এলিয়েন&quot; ভাষা যিয়ে ক্ৰিয়া (verb) বিলোপ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে, যি প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাৰ এক বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ উলংঘন।
|-
| ভিঅ’ছা (Viossa)
| 
| ২০১৪
| 
| কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যাকৰণ বা ধ্বনি নিয়ম নথকা কৃত্ৰিম পিড্জিন ভাষা; যদি বক্তাসকলে একে-অন্যক বুজিব পাৰে, তেন্তে সঠিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।
|}

=== অন্যান্য ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লিংকচ (Lincos)
| ১৯৬০
| হান্স ফ্ৰয়ডেনথাল
| যিকোনো সম্ভাব্য বৌদ্ধিক ভিনগ্ৰহীয় জীৱই বুজিব পৰা এক ভাষা; আন্তৰিক্ষীয় বেতাৰ-সংযোগৰ বাবে গঢ়ি তোলা।
|-
| এটেম্পটো কণ্ট্ৰ'ল্ড ইংলিছ (Attempto Controlled English)
| ১৯৯৫
| জুৰিখ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা, যি জ্ঞান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব ভাষা হিচাপেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Schwitter, Rolf. &quot;[https://aclanthology.org/C10-2128.pdf Controlled natural languages for knowledge representation].&quot; Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| মেন্টি (Mänti)
| ২০০৬
| ডেনিয়েল টামেট
| কিছুমান ফিননিক শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰ্মিত এক কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|}

== কল্পনাৰ/সাহিত্যিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
&lt;!--
সোঁৱৰণী: ইয়াত সন্নিৱিষ্ট সকলো ভাষাৰ নিজৰ পৃথকে ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰৱন্ধ, নাইবা অন্ততঃ কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত সেৱা কৰা এক উপ-অংশ থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক।
মাত্ৰ যিকোনো কল্পনা-আধাৰিত ভাষা যুক্ত নকৰিব, যদিও তাত উৎস বা উদ্ধৃতি দিয়া থাকে।
--&gt;

=== কল্পনাত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা ভাষাসমূহ ===

==== জে. আৰ. আৰ. ট'লকিনৰ দ্বাৰা গঢ়া ভাষাসমূহ ====

ট'লকিনে গঢ়া মুখ্য ভাষাসমূহ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! ভাষা !! ISO কোড !! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[সিন্ডাৰিন]] || sjn || [[এল্ফ (মিডল-আর্থ)|এল্‌ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, প্ৰধানকৈ [[ৱেল্‌চ ভাষা|ৱেল্‌চ]] ভাষাৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত।
|-
| [[কুৱেন্যা]] || qya || এল্‌ফজাতিৰ ভাষা, [[ফিনিচ ভাষা|ফিনিচ]], [[লেটিন ভাষা]] আৰু [[প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত।
|-
| [[খুজ্দুল]] || || [[ডোৱাৰ্ফ (মিডল-আর্থ)|ডোৱাৰ্ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, [[চেমিটিক ভাষাসমূহ|চেমিটিক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত।
|}

==== চলচ্চিত্ৰ ====
{{See also |Languages in Star Wars}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ক্লিংন ভাষা|ক্লিংন]] || ''[[Star Trek]]'' || 1979–বৰ্তমান || [[Marc Okrand]] || ক্লিংন নামৰ এলিয়েন জাতিৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[চুড ভাষা]] || ''[[Pathfinder (1987 film)|Pathfinder]]'' || 1987 || Esben Kr. Aamot&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/en/item/?type=film&amp;itemid=18458#crew Veiviseren (1987)], The Swedish Film Database&lt;/ref&gt; || Tchudes নামৰ খলনায়ক গোটৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[এট্লান্টিয়ান ভাষা|এট্লান্টিয়ান]] || ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]'' || 2001 || [[Marc Okrand]] || কাল্পনিক এট্লান্টিছ নগৰৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[কু (ভাষা)|কু]] || ''[[The Interpreter (2005 film)|The Interpreter]]'' || 2005 || Said el-Gheithy || কাল্পনিক আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা।
|-
| [[নাভি ভাষা|নাভি]] || ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' || 2009 || [[Paul Frommer]] || [[Pandora]]ৰ নাভি জাতিৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা।
|-
| [[বৰছুমিয়ান ভাষা|বৰছুমিয়ান]] || ''[[John Carter (film)|John Carter]]'' || 2012 || [[Paul Frommer]], [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]] || মাৰ্ছৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[কিলিকি ভাষা|কিলিকি]] || ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|বাহুবলী]]'' || 2015 || [[Madhan Karky]] || [[কালাকেয়া গোট|কালাকেয়া]] জাতিৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.saddahaq.com/welcome-to-new-language-kilikili-from-baahubali|title=Welcome to new language 'Kilikili' from Baahubali|last=Cinema|first=Telugu|work=SaddaHaq|access-date=2017-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| [[বীমা ভাষা|বীমা]] || ''[[Alpha (2018 film)|Alpha]]'' || 2016 || [[Christine Schreyer]] || [[উচ্চ প্যালিওলিথিক যুগ]]ৰ ভাষা (২০,০০০ বছৰ আগৰ)।
|}

==== ভিডিঅ' গেম ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[চোলিয়ানি ভাষা|চোলিয়ানি]] || ''[[Empire of the Petal Throne]]'' || ১৯৪০ৰ দশক || [[M. A. R. Barker]] || [[Tékumel]] নামৰ কাল্পনিক জগতৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[গাৰ্গিশ]] || ''[[Ultima (series)|Ultima]]'' শৃংখলা || 1981–2013 || — || গাৰ্গয়েল জাতিৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[ড'নি ভাষা|ড’নি]] || ''[[Myst (series)|Myst]]'' শৃংখলা || 1993–2005 || [[Cyan Worlds]] || ভূগৰ্ভৰ [[D'ni]] লোকসকলৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[আৰ টোনেলিকো#হিম্নোছ|হিম্নোছ]] || ''[[Ar Tonelico]]'' || 2006–2010 || [[Akira Tsuchiya]] || ''Ar Ciel'' নামৰ জগতৰ ভাষা; সংগীত আৰু সজ্জাত ব্যৱহৃত।&lt;ref&gt;[http://game.salburg.com/hymmnoserver/ game.salburg.com]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৱেঞ্জা ভাষা|ৱেঞ্জা]] || ''[[Far Cry Primal]]'' || 2016 || Andrew Byrd, Brenna Byrd || PIE (প্ৰট'-ইনড'-ইউৰোপীয়)ৰ পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ৰূপ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি; তিনিটা উপভাষা — ৱেঞ্জা, উদাম, ইজিলা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Zorine Te|title=Far Cry Primal Developers Talk About Uncovering History|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/far-cry-primal-developers-talk-about-uncovering-hi/1100-6434103/|website=GameSpot|access-date=February 8, 2016|date=January 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== ইণ্টাৰনেট-ভিত্তিক ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[টিঅ'নাথ]] || 1962 || [[Sally Caves]] || [[Teonim]] নামৰ পলিডেক্টাইল মানুহজাতিৰ ভাষা, যিসকল বিড়ালসদৃশ দেৱতাসকলক পূজা কৰে।
|-
| [[ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান ভাষা|ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান]] আদিৰ ভাষাসমূহ || 1995 || [[Mark Rosenfelder]] || আল্মিয়া গ্ৰহৰ ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়া দেশত ব্যৱহৃত ভাষাসমূহ।
|-
| [[ড্ৰিটক]] || 2007 || Don Boozer || কণ্ঠৰ জায়গাত অঙ্গ-ভিত্তিক যোগাযোগ ব্যৱস্থা থকা Drushek জাতিৰ ভাষা।
|}

==== সংগীত ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[কোবাইয়ান]] || 1970s || [[Christian Vander (musician)|Christian Vander]] || [[Magma (band)|Magma]] নামৰ ফৰাচী ৰক ব্যাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত।
|-
| [[লক্সিয়ান]] || 2005 || [[Roma Ryan]] || [[Enya]]ৰ ২০০৫ৰ ''[[Amarantine (album)|Amarantine]]'' আৰু ২০১৫ৰ ''[[Dark Sky Island]]'' এলবামত ব্যৱহৃত।
|-
| [[মচ ভাষা|মচ]] || 2009 || [[Jackson Moore]] || সুৰভিত্তিক ধ্বনিগত বৈশিষ্ট্য থকা সংগীতমূলক পিজিন ভাষা।
|}

==== টেলিভিছন ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ভালকান (ভাষা)|ভালকান]] || ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' || 1966–1969 || অনুৰাগীসকলে Golic Vulcan ৰূপত উন্নয়ন কৰে।
|-
| [[এনচান্তা]] || ''[[Encantadia]]'' আৰু ''[[Etheria: Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia|Etheria]]'' || 2005 || [[Suzette Doctolero]] || [[Encantadia]] নামৰ জগতৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[ভালিৰিয়ান ভাষাসমূহ]] আৰু [[ড'থ্ৰাকি ভাষা|ড'থ্ৰাকি]] || ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' || 2011–2019 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[ট্ৰিগেডাস্লেং]] || ''[[The 100 (TV series)|The 100]]'' || 2014–2020 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[বেল্টাৰ ক্ৰিঅ'ল]] || ''[[The Expanse (TV series)|The Expanse]]'' || 2014 || [[Nick Farmer]] || [[অষ্টেৰয়েড বেল্ট]] আৰু [[সৌৰজগত]]ৰ বাহ্যিক অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2019/12/nick-farmer-knows-dozens-of-languages-so-he-invented-one-for-the-expanse/|title = Nick Farmer knows dozens of languages, so he invented one for the Expanse|date = 22 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৰ'মুলান ভাষা]] || ''[[Star Trek: Picard]]'' || 2019 || [[Trent Pehrson]] || —
|}

====অন্যান্য সাহিত্য====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! ভাষাৰ নাম
! উৎস গ্ৰন্থ
! সৃষ্টি-বছৰ
! সৃষ্টিকর্তা
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[Utopian language|ইউটোপিয়ান]]
| ''[[Utopia (book)|Utopia]]''
| ১৫১৬
| [[থমাছ ম’ৰ]], [[পিটাৰ গিলিছ]]
| ম’ৰৰ কল্পিত ৰাষ্ট্ৰ ইউটোপিয়াৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ বাবে সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা; নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ আটাইতকৈ আগৰ প্ৰয়াসসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটি।
|-
| [[Zaum|জাউম]]
| 
| ১৯১৩
| [[ভেলিমিৰ খ্লেবনিকোভ]], [[আলেক্সেই ক্ৰুচোনিখ]] আদি
| এই [[ৰাছিয়ান ফিউচাৰিস্ট]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট &quot;গীত, মন্ত্ৰ আৰু অভিশাপ&quot;ৰ &quot;সৰ্বাধিক সার্বজনীন&quot; আৰু &quot;অতাৰ্কিক&quot; ভাষা ৰূপে এটা কবিতামূলক ভাষা।
|-
| [[Syldavian|চিলডেভিয়ান]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]''-ত
| ১৯৩৮–৩৯
| [[আৰ্জে]]
| [[চিলডেভিয়া]] নামৰ এটা কাল্পনিক [[বাল্কান]] ৰাজ্যৰ কাল্পনিক [[পশ্চিম জাৰ্মানিক ভাষা]]।
|-
| [[Newspeak|নিউজস্পীক]]
| ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''
| ১৯৪৯
| [[জৰ্জ অ’ৰৱেল]]
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজী ভাষা, যাক এক স্বৈৰাচাৰী চৰকাৰে মানুহৰ চিন্তাশক্তি সীমিত কৰি বিদ্ৰোহ প্ৰতিবন্ধ কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰে।
|-
| [[Borduria#Language|বৰডুৰিয়ান]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[The Calculus Affair]]''-ত
| ১৯৫৪–৫৬
| আৰ্জে
| [[চিলডেভিয়া]]ৰ সীমান্তৰ দেশ [[বৰডুৰিয়া]]ৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[Spocanian|স্পোকেনিয়ান]]
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ৰ'লান্ট টুৱেহুইছেন
| স্পোকেনিয়াৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[Chakobsa (Dune)|চাকবছা]]
| ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]''
| ১৯৬৫
| [[ফ্ৰেংক হাৰ্বাৰ্ট]], [[ডেভিড জে. পিটাৰছন]], জেচি পিটাৰছন
| [[Fremen|ফ্ৰেমেন]]সকলৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[Lapine language|ল্যাপন]]
| ''[[Watership Down]]''
| ১৯৭২
| [[ৰিচাৰ্ড এডামছ]]
| খৰগোশসকলৰ দ্বাৰা কোৱা ভাষা।
|-
| [[Láadan]] (ldn)
| ''[[Native Tongue (Elgin novel)|Native Tongue]]'' আৰু তাৰ উত্তৰ-উপন্যাসসমূহত
| ১৯৮৪
| [[চুজেট হেডেন এলজিন]]
| [[মহিলা]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা।
|-
| [[Baronh|বাৰোনহ]]
| ''Seikai no Monshō'' (''[[Crest of the Stars]]'') আৰু আন বহুতোত
| ১৯৯৬
| [[হিৰোয়ুকি মৰিঅ'কা]]
| [[Abh]] জাতিৰ ভাষা।
|}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
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      <text bytes="56473" sha1="ef4cxln7zxyi3d3057qu9jicd7yvdt8" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোনা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।

===মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা===
মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা হ’ল আনুষংগিক ভাষাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট গোটৰ বক্তাসকলৰ মাজত যোগাযোগৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা। বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষাৰ দৰে নহয়, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সীমিত ভাষিক বা ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলত সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে প্যান-স্লাভিক ভাষা, প্যান-ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা আৰু প্যান-জাৰ্মানিক ভাষা।
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable sticky-header&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| ৰুছকি ভাষা (Ruski jezik)
| 
| ১৬৬৬
| {{sort|Križanić|জুৰাজ ক্ৰিঝানিচ}} 
| কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰথমটো পেন-স্লেভিক ভাষা।
|-
| Tutonish
|
| ১৯০১
| {{sort|Molee|ইলিয়াচ মোলী}}
| প্ৰথমটো পেন-জার্মানিক ভাষা, পাছলৈ ''nu teutonish'', ''alteutonik'' আদি নামেৰে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছিল।
|-
| Romanid
| 
| ১৯৫৬ 
| {{sort|Magyar|জোলটান মজিয়াৰ (ভাষাবিদ)}} 
| ৰোমেন্স ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Guosa
| 
| ১৯৬৫
| {{sort|Igbinéwéká|আলেকজাণ্ডাৰ ইগবিনেভেকা}} 
| পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাবে হাউছা, ইয়োৰুবা আৰু ইগ্বো ভাষাৰ পৰা মূলত সংগৃহীত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Afrihili
| afh 
| ১৯৭০
| {{sort|Attobrah|কে. এ. কুমি এটোব্ৰাহ}} 
| এটা পেন-আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা।
|-
| ৰুন্যাকিতাৰা
|
| {{sort|1990|১৯৯০ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণি}}
|
| পশ্চিম উগাণ্ডাৰ চাৰিখন নিকট-সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰ আধাৰত মানকীকৃত এখন ভাষা।
|-
| Palawa kani
|
| ১৯৯২
| তাছমানিয়ান আদিবাসী কেন্দ্ৰ
| পূৰ্ব তাছমানিয়াৰ আদিবাসীয়ে কোৱা বিভিন্ন তাছমানিয়ান ভাষাৰ সীমিত তথ্যৰ আধাৰত পুনৰ্নিমাণ কৰা শব্দৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত ভাষা।
|-
| Slovio 
|
| ১৯৯৯ 
| {{sort|Hučko|মাৰ্ক হুচ্কো}}
| স্লেভিক ভাষাবোৰ আৰু এছপেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|-
| ৰোমেন্স নিয়’লাটিনো
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Cassany|জোৰ্ডি কাসানী বেটছ}} আৰু অন্যসকল
| এটা পেন-ৰোমেন্স ভাষা।
|-
| Slovianski
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Rečnik|অন্দ্ৰেই ৰেচনিক, গাব্ৰিয়েল স্বোবোডা, Jan van Steenbergen, ইগৰ পলিয়াকভ}} 
| স্লেভিক ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ ভাষা।
|-
| Neoslavonic
|
| ২০০৯ 
| {{sort|Merunka|ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| পুৰণি চার্চ স্লেভনিক ভাষাৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ।
|-
| Budinos
|
| ২০০৯
| {{sort|Arzamazov|আলেক্সেই আন্দ্ৰেৱিচ আৰ্জামাজোভ}}
| ফিন্‌নো-উগ্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|-
| Interslavic
| isv
| ২০১১–২০১৭
| {{sort|Steenbergen|Jan van Steenbergen, ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| এটা পেন-স্লেভিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা, যি Slovianski আৰু Neoslavonic ভাষাৰ সমন্বয়ে গঠিত।
|-
| Ortatürk / Öztürkçe
|
| ১৯৯২, ২০০৮
| বাখ্তিয়াৰ কাৰিমোভ, চোৱাহমাদ মুটালোভ
| পৰিসংখ্যানেৰে নিৰূপিত শব্দসম্ভাৰসহ এটা পেন-তুৰ্কিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা।
|}

===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ভাষা===
নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা হৈছে এনে প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা যিবোৰক কিছুমান বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত সহজ, ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ বা অধিক গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কৰি তোলাৰ বাবে পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যেনে মূল ভাষা ভালদৰে নজনা লোকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে। তলত দিয়া প্ৰকল্পসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজীৰ উদাহৰণ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| বেছিক ইংলিছ (Basic English)
| ১৯২৫
| চার্লছ কে. ওগ্ডেন
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ভাষাটোক নির্দিষ্টসংখ্যক সাধাৰণ শব্দ আৰু পদসমূহলৈ সীমিত কৰি বিদেশী শিক্ষার্থী বা অন্যান্য অসুবিধা হোৱা লোকসকলৰ বাবে সহজ কৰি তোলাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা।
|-
| স্পেচিয়েল (লার্নিং) ইংলিছ
| ১৯৫৯
| ভয়চ অৱ আমেৰিকা
|-
| গ্ল’বিচ (Globish)
| ২০০৪
| জঁ-পল নেৰিয়েৰ
|-
| ই-প্ৰাইম (E-Prime)
| ১৯৪০ দশক
| ডি. ডেভিড বুৰলেণ্ড জুনিয়ৰ
| ''to be'' ক্ৰিয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বাদ দিয়া হৈছে যাতে লিখনি অধিক স্পষ্ট আৰু সঠিক হয়।
|-
| ছিম্প্লিফাইড টেকনিকেল ইংলিছ
| ১৯৮৩
| ইউৰোপীয় মহাকাশ উদ্যোগ সমিতি
| কাৰিকৰী পাঠ্য, যেনে ম্যানুৱেল আদিৰ জটিলতা আৰু অনিশ্চয়তা কমাবলৈ উদ্দিষ্ট।
|-
| পেৰালেল ইংলিছ (Globish – Gogate)
| ১৯৯৮
| মধুকৰ গোগাটে
| ইংলিছৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হলেও স্বতন্ত্ৰ ৰূপে নিৰ্মিত এখন কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|-
| প্লেইন ইংলিছ
| 
| বিভিন্ন
| বহু ইডিয়ম, জাৰ্গন আৰু বিদেশী শব্দ এৰাই অধিক সোজাসাপটা, সংক্ষিপ্ত আৰু স্পষ্ট ভাষা প্ৰয়োগৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে।
|}

===দৃশ্যমান ভাষা===
দৃশ্যমান ভাষাত কথিত শব্দৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতীক বা গতিবিধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিৰ্মিত সাংকেতিক ভাষাও এই শ্ৰেণীত পৰে।
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| ব্লিচচিম্ব'লচ (Blissymbols)
| zbl
| ১৯৪৯
| চার্লছ কে. ব্লিচ
| নিজৰ ব্যাকৰণ আৰু বাক্য গঠন থকা এখন আইডিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক লিখনি পদ্ধতি।
|-
| ইণ্টাৰনেছনেল চাইন (International Sign)
| ils
| ১৯৭০ দশক
| জাছিন মালোকু
| এখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক চাইন ভাষা। গেছ্তু'নো (Gestuno) নামেও জনাজাত।
|-
| আই'চ’টাইপ (Isotype)
| 
| ১৯২৫–১৯৩৪
| অ'ট্টো ন্যুৰাথ আদি
| এখন পিক্টগ্ৰাফিক ভাষা।
|-
|}

== ধৰ্মীয় ভাষাসমূহ ==
এইসকল ভাষা নিজ নিজ সম্প্ৰদায় বা ধৰ্মীয় সংঘৰ দ্বাৰা ধৰ্মীয় ব্যৱহাৰত ব্যৱহৃত হয়।

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| আয়াৰিক (Iyaric)
| 
| প্ৰায় ১৯৩০ দশক
| ৰাস্তাফাৰীসকল
| &quot;ৰাস্তাৰ টক&quot; বা &quot;ড্ৰেড টক&quot; বুলি জনাজাত; ৰাস্তাফাৰী আন্দোলনৰ কিছুমানে নিজৰ হেৰুৱা আফ্ৰিকান ভাষাসমূহৰ প্ৰতিস্থাপন স্বৰূপে গঢ়ি তোলে।
|-
| এছ্কায়ান (Eskayan)
| esy
| প্ৰায় ১৯২০–১৯৪০
| মাৰিয়ানো দাতাহান
| ছেবুৱানোৰ বোহোলানো উপভাষাৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত।
|-
| মেডেফাইড্ৰিন (Medefaidrin)
| dmf
| ১৯৩০ দশক
| ওবেৰী অ'কাইমে গীৰ্জা
| নাইজেৰিয়াৰ এই খ্ৰীষ্টান গীৰ্জাৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত; পবিত্ৰ উৎসৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়।
|-
| দামিন (Damin)
| 
| অজ্ঞাত
| লাৰ্ডিল জনগোষ্ঠী
| লাৰ্ডিল ভাষাৰ স্থানীয় বক্তাসকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা; আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাহিৰত একমাত্ৰ ক্লিক-ধ্বনি ভাষা।
|-
|}

== অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ (Engineered languages) কোনো বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ বাবে বা নতুন ভাষাগত বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ সৈতে পৰীক্ষা-নিরীক্ষা কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। এইসকল ভাষা দাৰ্শনিক (philosophical), পৰীক্ষামূলক (experimental), অথবা যুক্তিপূৰ্ণ (logical) ভাষাৰ বিভাগসমূহত পৰি যাব পাৰে।

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লোগোপানডেক্টেইছন (Logopandecteision)
| 
| ১৬৫৩
| ছাৰ থমাছ আৰ্কুহাৰ্ট
| জটিল বৰ্গীকৰণমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ।
|-
| নামবিহীন ভাষা (John Wilkins)
| 
| ১৬৬৮
| জন উইলকিনছ
| দাৰ্শনিক স্পষ্টতা যোগাব পৰা এক প্ৰতীকমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ।
|-
| ল'গলান (Loglan)
| 
| ১৯৫৫
| জেমছ কুক ব্ৰাউন
| ছাপিৰ–ৱৰ্ফ অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত; ল'জবানৰ অনুপ্ৰেৰণা।
|-
| আ-ই-উ-আই (aUI)
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ডব্লিউ. জন ৱেইলগাৰ্ট
| প্ৰতিটো ধ্বনিই একেটা অৰ্থ বহন কৰে; শব্দসমূহে জটিল ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।
|-
| ইথকুৱিল (Ithkuil)
| 
| ১৯৭৮–২০২৩
| জন কুইজাডা
| দীঘল অৰ্থ ক্ষিপ্ৰ আৰু স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পৰা এক জটিল ভাষা।
|-
| লাডান (Láadan)
| ldn
| ১৯৮২
| ছুজেট হেডেন এলজিন
| মহিলাসকলৰ প্ৰতি অভিযোজিত এক ধ্বনিগত ভাষা; প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাসমূহ পুৰুষক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি আছে নে নাই সেয়া পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ গঢ়ি তোলা।
|-
| ল'জবান (Lojban)
| jbo
| ১৯৮৭
| Logical Language Group
| যুক্তিসংগত আৰু ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে অনিৰ্বচনীয় ভাষা; ল'গলানৰ উত্তৰাধিকারী।
|-
| টোকি পোনা (Toki Pona)
| tok
| ২০০১
| ছঞ্জা লাং
| মাত্ৰ ১২০-১৩৭+ শব্দযুক্ত এক ক্ষুদ্রতম ভাষা; ১৬০০ৰো অধিক বক্তা আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=2022 toki pona census. |url=https://tokiponacensus.github.io/results2022/ |access-date= |website=Toki Pona census |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Sonja |title=Toki Pona: the Language of Good |date=2014 |publisher=Sonja Lang |isbn=9780978292300}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| কেইলেন (Kēlen)
| 
| ২০০৯
| চিলভিয়া চোটোমায়ৰ
| এক &quot;এলিয়েন&quot; ভাষা যিয়ে ক্ৰিয়া (verb) বিলোপ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে, যি প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাৰ এক বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ উলংঘন।
|-
| ভিঅ’ছা (Viossa)
| 
| ২০১৪
| 
| কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যাকৰণ বা ধ্বনি নিয়ম নথকা কৃত্ৰিম পিড্জিন ভাষা; যদি বক্তাসকলে একে-অন্যক বুজিব পাৰে, তেন্তে সঠিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।
|}

=== অন্যান্য ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লিংকচ (Lincos)
| ১৯৬০
| হান্স ফ্ৰয়ডেনথাল
| যিকোনো সম্ভাব্য বৌদ্ধিক ভিনগ্ৰহীয় জীৱই বুজিব পৰা এক ভাষা; আন্তৰিক্ষীয় বেতাৰ-সংযোগৰ বাবে গঢ়ি তোলা।
|-
| এটেম্পটো কণ্ট্ৰ'ল্ড ইংলিছ (Attempto Controlled English)
| ১৯৯৫
| জুৰিখ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা, যি জ্ঞান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব ভাষা হিচাপেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Schwitter, Rolf. &quot;[https://aclanthology.org/C10-2128.pdf Controlled natural languages for knowledge representation].&quot; Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| মেন্টি (Mänti)
| ২০০৬
| ডেনিয়েল টামেট
| কিছুমান ফিননিক শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰ্মিত এক কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা।
|}

== কল্পনাৰ/সাহিত্যিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
&lt;!--
সোঁৱৰণী: ইয়াত সন্নিৱিষ্ট সকলো ভাষাৰ নিজৰ পৃথকে ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰৱন্ধ, নাইবা অন্ততঃ কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত সেৱা কৰা এক উপ-অংশ থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক।
মাত্ৰ যিকোনো কল্পনা-আধাৰিত ভাষা যুক্ত নকৰিব, যদিও তাত উৎস বা উদ্ধৃতি দিয়া থাকে।
--&gt;

=== কল্পনাত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা ভাষাসমূহ ===

==== জে. আৰ. আৰ. ট'লকিনৰ দ্বাৰা গঢ়া ভাষাসমূহ ====

ট'লকিনে গঢ়া মুখ্য ভাষাসমূহ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! ভাষা !! ISO কোড !! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[সিন্ডাৰিন]] || sjn || [[এল্ফ (মিডল-আর্থ)|এল্‌ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, প্ৰধানকৈ [[ৱেল্‌চ ভাষা|ৱেল্‌চ]] ভাষাৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত।
|-
| [[কুৱেন্যা]] || qya || এল্‌ফজাতিৰ ভাষা, [[ফিনিচ ভাষা|ফিনিচ]], [[লেটিন ভাষা]] আৰু [[প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত।
|-
| [[খুজ্দুল]] || || [[ডোৱাৰ্ফ (মিডল-আর্থ)|ডোৱাৰ্ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, [[চেমিটিক ভাষাসমূহ|চেমিটিক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত।
|}

==== চলচ্চিত্ৰ ====
{{See also |Languages in Star Wars}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ক্লিংন ভাষা|ক্লিংন]] || ''[[Star Trek]]'' || 1979–বৰ্তমান || [[Marc Okrand]] || ক্লিংন নামৰ এলিয়েন জাতিৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[চুড ভাষা]] || ''[[Pathfinder (1987 film)|Pathfinder]]'' || 1987 || Esben Kr. Aamot&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/en/item/?type=film&amp;itemid=18458#crew Veiviseren (1987)], The Swedish Film Database&lt;/ref&gt; || Tchudes নামৰ খলনায়ক গোটৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[এট্লান্টিয়ান ভাষা|এট্লান্টিয়ান]] || ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]'' || 2001 || [[Marc Okrand]] || কাল্পনিক এট্লান্টিছ নগৰৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[কু (ভাষা)|কু]] || ''[[The Interpreter (2005 film)|The Interpreter]]'' || 2005 || Said el-Gheithy || কাল্পনিক আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা।
|-
| [[নাভি ভাষা|নাভি]] || ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' || 2009 || [[Paul Frommer]] || [[Pandora]]ৰ নাভি জাতিৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা।
|-
| [[বৰছুমিয়ান ভাষা|বৰছুমিয়ান]] || ''[[John Carter (film)|John Carter]]'' || 2012 || [[Paul Frommer]], [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]] || মাৰ্ছৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[কিলিকি ভাষা|কিলিকি]] || ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|বাহুবলী]]'' || 2015 || [[Madhan Karky]] || [[কালাকেয়া গোট|কালাকেয়া]] জাতিৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.saddahaq.com/welcome-to-new-language-kilikili-from-baahubali|title=Welcome to new language 'Kilikili' from Baahubali|last=Cinema|first=Telugu|work=SaddaHaq|access-date=2017-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| [[বীমা ভাষা|বীমা]] || ''[[Alpha (2018 film)|Alpha]]'' || 2016 || [[Christine Schreyer]] || [[উচ্চ প্যালিওলিথিক যুগ]]ৰ ভাষা (২০,০০০ বছৰ আগৰ)।
|}

==== ভিডিঅ' গেম ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[চোলিয়ানি ভাষা|চোলিয়ানি]] || ''[[Empire of the Petal Throne]]'' || ১৯৪০ৰ দশক || [[M. A. R. Barker]] || [[Tékumel]] নামৰ কাল্পনিক জগতৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[গাৰ্গিশ]] || ''[[Ultima (series)|Ultima]]'' শৃংখলা || 1981–2013 || — || গাৰ্গয়েল জাতিৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[ড'নি ভাষা|ড’নি]] || ''[[Myst (series)|Myst]]'' শৃংখলা || 1993–2005 || [[Cyan Worlds]] || ভূগৰ্ভৰ [[D'ni]] লোকসকলৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[আৰ টোনেলিকো#হিম্নোছ|হিম্নোছ]] || ''[[Ar Tonelico]]'' || 2006–2010 || [[Akira Tsuchiya]] || ''Ar Ciel'' নামৰ জগতৰ ভাষা; সংগীত আৰু সজ্জাত ব্যৱহৃত।&lt;ref&gt;[http://game.salburg.com/hymmnoserver/ game.salburg.com]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৱেঞ্জা ভাষা|ৱেঞ্জা]] || ''[[Far Cry Primal]]'' || 2016 || Andrew Byrd, Brenna Byrd || PIE (প্ৰট'-ইনড'-ইউৰোপীয়)ৰ পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ৰূপ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি; তিনিটা উপভাষা — ৱেঞ্জা, উদাম, ইজিলা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Zorine Te|title=Far Cry Primal Developers Talk About Uncovering History|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/far-cry-primal-developers-talk-about-uncovering-hi/1100-6434103/|website=GameSpot|access-date=February 8, 2016|date=January 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== ইণ্টাৰনেট-ভিত্তিক ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[টিঅ'নাথ]] || 1962 || [[Sally Caves]] || [[Teonim]] নামৰ পলিডেক্টাইল মানুহজাতিৰ ভাষা, যিসকল বিড়ালসদৃশ দেৱতাসকলক পূজা কৰে।
|-
| [[ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান ভাষা|ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান]] আদিৰ ভাষাসমূহ || 1995 || [[Mark Rosenfelder]] || আল্মিয়া গ্ৰহৰ ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়া দেশত ব্যৱহৃত ভাষাসমূহ।
|-
| [[ড্ৰিটক]] || 2007 || Don Boozer || কণ্ঠৰ জায়গাত অঙ্গ-ভিত্তিক যোগাযোগ ব্যৱস্থা থকা Drushek জাতিৰ ভাষা।
|}

==== সংগীত ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[কোবাইয়ান]] || 1970s || [[Christian Vander (musician)|Christian Vander]] || [[Magma (band)|Magma]] নামৰ ফৰাচী ৰক ব্যাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত।
|-
| [[লক্সিয়ান]] || 2005 || [[Roma Ryan]] || [[Enya]]ৰ ২০০৫ৰ ''[[Amarantine (album)|Amarantine]]'' আৰু ২০১৫ৰ ''[[Dark Sky Island]]'' এলবামত ব্যৱহৃত।
|-
| [[মচ ভাষা|মচ]] || 2009 || [[Jackson Moore]] || সুৰভিত্তিক ধ্বনিগত বৈশিষ্ট্য থকা সংগীতমূলক পিজিন ভাষা।
|}

==== টেলিভিছন ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ভালকান (ভাষা)|ভালকান]] || ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' || 1966–1969 || অনুৰাগীসকলে Golic Vulcan ৰূপত উন্নয়ন কৰে।
|-
| [[এনচান্তা]] || ''[[Encantadia]]'' আৰু ''[[Etheria: Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia|Etheria]]'' || 2005 || [[Suzette Doctolero]] || [[Encantadia]] নামৰ জগতৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[ভালিৰিয়ান ভাষাসমূহ]] আৰু [[ড'থ্ৰাকি ভাষা|ড'থ্ৰাকি]] || ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' || 2011–2019 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[ট্ৰিগেডাস্লেং]] || ''[[The 100 (TV series)|The 100]]'' || 2014–2020 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[বেল্টাৰ ক্ৰিঅ'ল]] || ''[[The Expanse (TV series)|The Expanse]]'' || 2014 || [[Nick Farmer]] || [[অষ্টেৰয়েড বেল্ট]] আৰু [[সৌৰজগত]]ৰ বাহ্যিক অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2019/12/nick-farmer-knows-dozens-of-languages-so-he-invented-one-for-the-expanse/|title = Nick Farmer knows dozens of languages, so he invented one for the Expanse|date = 22 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৰ'মুলান ভাষা]] || ''[[Star Trek: Picard]]'' || 2019 || [[Trent Pehrson]] || —
|}

====অন্যান্য সাহিত্য====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! ভাষাৰ নাম
! উৎস গ্ৰন্থ
! সৃষ্টি-বছৰ
! সৃষ্টিকর্তা
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[Utopian language|ইউটোপিয়ান]]
| ''[[Utopia (book)|Utopia]]''
| ১৫১৬
| [[থমাছ ম’ৰ]], [[পিটাৰ গিলিছ]]
| ম’ৰৰ কল্পিত ৰাষ্ট্ৰ ইউটোপিয়াৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ বাবে সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা; নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ আটাইতকৈ আগৰ প্ৰয়াসসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটি।
|-
| [[Zaum|জাউম]]
| 
| ১৯১৩
| [[ভেলিমিৰ খ্লেবনিকোভ]], [[আলেক্সেই ক্ৰুচোনিখ]] আদি
| এই [[ৰাছিয়ান ফিউচাৰিস্ট]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট &quot;গীত, মন্ত্ৰ আৰু অভিশাপ&quot;ৰ &quot;সৰ্বাধিক সার্বজনীন&quot; আৰু &quot;অতাৰ্কিক&quot; ভাষা ৰূপে এটা কবিতামূলক ভাষা।
|-
| [[Syldavian|চিলডেভিয়ান]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]''-ত
| ১৯৩৮–৩৯
| [[আৰ্জে]]
| [[চিলডেভিয়া]] নামৰ এটা কাল্পনিক [[বাল্কান]] ৰাজ্যৰ কাল্পনিক [[পশ্চিম জাৰ্মানিক ভাষা]]।
|-
| [[Newspeak|নিউজস্পীক]]
| ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''
| ১৯৪৯
| [[জৰ্জ অ’ৰৱেল]]
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজী ভাষা, যাক এক স্বৈৰাচাৰী চৰকাৰে মানুহৰ চিন্তাশক্তি সীমিত কৰি বিদ্ৰোহ প্ৰতিবন্ধ কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰে।
|-
| [[Borduria#Language|বৰডুৰিয়ান]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[The Calculus Affair]]''-ত
| ১৯৫৪–৫৬
| আৰ্জে
| [[চিলডেভিয়া]]ৰ সীমান্তৰ দেশ [[বৰডুৰিয়া]]ৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[Spocanian|স্পোকেনিয়ান]]
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ৰ'লান্ট টুৱেহুইছেন
| স্পোকেনিয়াৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[Chakobsa (Dune)|চাকবছা]]
| ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]''
| ১৯৬৫
| [[ফ্ৰেংক হাৰ্বাৰ্ট]], [[ডেভিড জে. পিটাৰছন]], জেচি পিটাৰছন
| [[Fremen|ফ্ৰেমেন]]সকলৰ ভাষা।
|-
| [[Lapine language|ল্যাপন]]
| ''[[Watership Down]]''
| ১৯৭২
| [[ৰিচাৰ্ড এডামছ]]
| খৰগোশসকলৰ দ্বাৰা কোৱা ভাষা।
|-
| [[Láadan]] (ldn)
| ''[[Native Tongue (Elgin novel)|Native Tongue]]'' আৰু তাৰ উত্তৰ-উপন্যাসসমূহত
| ১৯৮৪
| [[চুজেট হেডেন এলজিন]]
| [[মহিলা]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা।
|-
| [[Baronh|বাৰোনহ]]
| ''Seikai no Monshō'' (''[[Crest of the Stars]]'') আৰু আন বহুতোত
| ১৯৯৬
| [[হিৰোয়ুকি মৰিঅ'কা]]
| [[Abh]] জাতিৰ ভাষা।
|}

== উইকিপিডিয়াত নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহ ==

তলত উল্লিখিত নৱটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষাত উইকিপিডিয়াৰ সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। এই ভাষাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আঠটা ভাষাই [[আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা]] (International Auxiliary Language - IAL), আৰু [[Lojban|ল'জবান]] এটি [[engineered language|ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰ্ড ভাষা]]। ২০০৫ চনলৈকে [[Toki Pona]] আৰু [[Klingon language|ক্লিঙন]] ভাষাতো উইকিপিডিয়া আছিল, কিন্তু এই সংস্কৰণসমূহ পাছত মচি পেলোৱা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[[:Meta:List of Wikipedias]]&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+ {{sronly|উইকিপিডিয়াত নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহ}}
|-
! ভাষাৰ নাম
! ISO/সংযোগ
! আৰম্ভণি
! বিশ্বজুৰি ব্যৱহাৰকাৰী
! সক্ৰিয় সম্পাদক
! প্ৰবন্ধসংখ্যা
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Esperanto|এস্পেৰান্তো]]
| ''[[:eo:|eo]]'' || ১৮৮৭ || ১,০০,০০০ – ২০,০০,০০০ || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|eo|N}} || [[Esperanto Wikipedia|{{NUMBEROF|articles|eo|N}}]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Volapük|ভ’লাপুক]]
| ''[[:vo:|vo]]'' || ১৮৮০ || ? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|vo|N}} || [[Volapük Wikipedia|{{NUMBEROF|articles|vo|N}}]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Ido|ইডো]]
| ''[[:io:|io]]'' || ১৯০৭ || প্ৰায় ১০০০ জন || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|io|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|io|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Interlingua|ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা]]
| ''[[:ia:|ia]]'' || ১৯৫১ || প্ৰায় ১০০০ জন || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|ia|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|ia|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Kotava|কটাভা]]
| ''[[:avk:|avk]]'' || ১৯৭৮ || ? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|avk|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|avk|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Interlingue|ইণ্টাৰলিং'''
| ''[[:ie:|ie]]'' || ১৯২২ || ? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|ie|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|ie|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Lingua Franca Nova|লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাংকা নোভা]]
| ''[[:lfn:|lfn]]'' || ১৯৯৮ || ? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|lfn|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|lfn|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Novial|নোভিয়েল]]
| ''[[:nov:|nov]]'' || ১৯২৮ || ? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|nov|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|nov|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Lojban|ল'জবান]]
| ''[[:jbo:|jbo]]'' || ১৯৮৭ || ? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|jbo|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|jbo|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Láadan|লাডান]]{{efn|name=inc|[[Wikimedia Incubator]]-ত হোস্ট কৰা হৈছে}}
| ''[[:incubator:Wp/ldn|ldn]]'' || ১৯৮২ || ? || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Interslavic|ইণ্টাৰ্স্লেভিক]]{{efn|name=inc}}
| ''[[:incubator:Wp/isv|isv]]'' || ২০১১–২০১৭ || ৭০০০ – ২০,০০০ || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|}

== চাওক ==
* [[Alien language|এলিয়েন ভাষা]]
* [[Constructed script|নির্মিত লিপি]]
* [[Conlanger|ভাষা নিৰ্মাতা]]
* [[Constructed language|নির্মিত ভাষা]]
* [[Engineered language|ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰ্ড ভাষা]]
* [[Hieroglyph|হায়াৰোগ্লিফ]]
* [[International auxiliary language|আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা]]
* [[Language game|ভাষা খেল]]
* [[List of languages|ভাষাৰ তালিকা]]
* [[Rohonc Codex|ৰোহঞ্চ কোডেক্স]]
* [[Voynich Manuscript|ভয়নিক পাণ্ডুলিপি]]
* [[List of markup languages|মাৰ্কআপ ভাষাৰ তালিকা]]
* [[List of extinct languages|অলপজীৱিত ভাষাৰ তালিকা]]

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>ef4cxln7zxyi3d3057qu9jicd7yvdt8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>516788</id>
      <parentid>516787</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T20:15:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল।</comment>
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      <text bytes="56531" sha1="8z4z85igthw531trb8midhtld3eirqo" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোণা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। 

===মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা===
মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা হ’ল আনুষংগিক ভাষাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট গোটৰ বক্তাসকলৰ মাজত যোগাযোগৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা। বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষাৰ দৰে নহয়, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সীমিত ভাষিক বা ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলত সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে প্যান-স্লাভিক ভাষা, প্যান-ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা আৰু প্যান-জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা। 
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable sticky-header&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| ৰুছকি ভাষা (Ruski jezik)
| 
| ১৬৬৬
| {{sort|Križanić|জুৰাজ ক্ৰিঝানিচ}} 
| কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰথমটো পেন-স্লেভিক ভাষা। 
|-
| Tutonish
|
| ১৯০১
| {{sort|Molee|ইলিয়াচ মোলী}}
| প্ৰথমটো পেন-জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা, পাছলৈ ''nu teutonish'', ''alteutonik'' আদি নামেৰে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছিল। 
|-
| Romanid
| 
| ১৯৫৬ 
| {{sort|Magyar|জোলটান মজিয়াৰ (ভাষাবিদ)}} 
| ৰোমেন্স ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Guosa
| 
| ১৯৬৫
| {{sort|Igbinéwéká|আলেকজাণ্ডাৰ ইগবিনেভেকা}} 
| পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাবে হাউছা, ইয়োৰুবা আৰু ইগ্বো ভাষাৰ পৰা মূলত সংগৃহীত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Afrihili
| afh 
| ১৯৭০
| {{sort|Attobrah|কে. এ. কুমি এটোব্ৰাহ}} 
| এটা পেন-আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা। 
|-
| ৰুন্যাকিতাৰা
|
| {{sort|1990|১৯৯০ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণি}}
|
| পশ্চিম উগাণ্ডাৰ চাৰিখন নিকট-সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰ আধাৰত মানকীকৃত এখন ভাষা। 
|-
| Palawa kani
|
| ১৯৯২
| তাছমানিয়ান আদিবাসী কেন্দ্ৰ
| পূৰ্ব তাছমানিয়াৰ আদিবাসীয়ে কোৱা বিভিন্ন তাছমানিয়ান ভাষাৰ সীমিত তথ্যৰ আধাৰত পুনৰ্নিমাণ কৰা শব্দৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত ভাষা। 
|-
| Slovio 
|
| ১৯৯৯ 
| {{sort|Hučko|মাৰ্ক হুচ্কো}}
| স্লেভিক ভাষাবোৰ আৰু এছপেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|-
| ৰোমেন্স নিয়’লাটিনো
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Cassany|জোৰ্ডি কাসানী বেটছ}} আৰু অন্যসকল
| এটা পেন-ৰোমেন্স ভাষা। 
|-
| Slovianski
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Rečnik|অন্দ্ৰেই ৰেচনিক, গাব্ৰিয়েল স্বোবোডা, Jan van Steenbergen, ইগৰ পলিয়াকভ}} 
| স্লেভিক ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| Neoslavonic
|
| ২০০৯ 
| {{sort|Merunka|ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| পুৰণি চাৰ্চ স্লেভনিক ভাষাৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ। 
|-
| Budinos
|
| ২০০৯
| {{sort|Arzamazov|আলেক্সেই আন্দ্ৰেৱিচ আৰ্জামাজোভ}}
| ফিন্‌নো-উগ্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Interslavic
| isv
| ২০১১–২০১৭
| {{sort|Steenbergen|Jan van Steenbergen, ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| এটা পেন-স্লেভিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা, যি Slovianski আৰু Neoslavonic ভাষাৰ সমন্বয়ে গঠিত। 
|-
| Ortatürk / Öztürkçe
|
| ১৯৯২, ২০০৮
| বাখ্তিয়াৰ কাৰিমোভ, চোৱাহমাদ মুটালোভ
| পৰিসংখ্যানেৰে নিৰূপিত শব্দসম্ভাৰসহ এটা পেন-তুৰ্কিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|}

===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ভাষা===
নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা হৈছে এনে প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা যিবোৰক কিছুমান বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত সহজ, ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ বা অধিক গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কৰি তোলাৰ বাবে পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যেনে মূল ভাষা ভালদৰে নজনা লোকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে। তলত দিয়া প্ৰকল্পসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজীৰ উদাহৰণ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| বেছিক ইংলিছ (Basic English)
| ১৯২৫
| চাৰ্লছ কে. ওগ্ডেন
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ভাষাটোক নিৰ্দিষ্টসংখ্যক সাধাৰণ শব্দ আৰু পদসমূহলৈ সীমিত কৰি বিদেশী শিক্ষাৰ্থী বা অন্যান্য অসুবিধা হোৱা লোকসকলৰ বাবে সহজ কৰি তোলাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা। 
|-
| স্পেচিয়েল (লাৰ্নিং) ইংলিছ
| ১৯৫৯
| ভয়চ অৱ আমেৰিকা
|-
| গ্ল’বিচ (Globish)
| ২০০৪
| জঁ-পল নেৰিয়েৰ
|-
| ই-প্ৰাইম (E-Prime)
| ১৯৪০ দশক
| ডি. ডেভিড বুৰলেণ্ড জুনিয়ৰ
| ''to be'' ক্ৰিয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বাদ দিয়া হৈছে যাতে লিখনি অধিক স্পষ্ট আৰু সঠিক হয়। 
|-
| ছিম্প্লিফাইড টেকনিকেল ইংলিছ
| ১৯৮৩
| ইউৰোপীয় মহাকাশ উদ্যোগ সমিতি
| কাৰিকৰী পাঠ্য, যেনে ম্যানুৱেল আদিৰ জটিলতা আৰু অনিশ্চয়তা কমাবলৈ উদ্দিষ্ট। 
|-
| পেৰালেল ইংলিছ (Globish – Gogate)
| ১৯৯৮
| মধুকৰ গোগাটে
| ইংলিছৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হলেও স্বতন্ত্ৰ ৰূপে নিৰ্মিত এখন কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|-
| প্লেইন ইংলিছ
| 
| বিভিন্ন
| বহু ইডিয়ম, জাৰ্গন আৰু বিদেশী শব্দ এৰাই অধিক সোজাসাপটা, সংক্ষিপ্ত আৰু স্পষ্ট ভাষা প্ৰয়োগৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে। 
|}

===দৃশ্যমান ভাষা===
দৃশ্যমান ভাষাত কথিত শব্দৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতীক বা গতিবিধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিৰ্মিত সাংকেতিক ভাষাও এই শ্ৰেণীত পৰে। 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| ব্লিচচিম্ব'লচ (Blissymbols)
| zbl
| ১৯৪৯
| চাৰ্লছ কে. ব্লিচ
| নিজৰ ব্যাকৰণ আৰু বাক্য গঠন থকা এখন আইডিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক লিখনি পদ্ধতি। 
|-
| ইণ্টাৰনেছনেল চাইন (International Sign)
| ils
| ১৯৭০ দশক
| জাছিন মালোকু
| এখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক চাইন ভাষা। গেছ্তু'নো (Gestuno) নামেও জনাজাত। 
|-
| আই'চ’টাইপ (Isotype)
| 
| ১৯২৫–১৯৩৪
| অ'ট্টো ন্যুৰাথ আদি
| এখন পিক্টগ্ৰাফিক ভাষা। 
|-
|}

== ধৰ্মীয় ভাষাসমূহ ==
এইসকল ভাষা নিজ নিজ সম্প্ৰদায় বা ধৰ্মীয় সংঘৰ দ্বাৰা ধৰ্মীয় ব্যৱহাৰত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| আয়াৰিক (Iyaric)
| 
| প্ৰায় ১৯৩০ দশক
| ৰাস্তাফাৰীসকল
| &quot;ৰাস্তাৰ টক&quot; বা &quot;ড্ৰেড টক&quot; বুলি জনাজাত; ৰাস্তাফাৰী আন্দোলনৰ কিছুমানে নিজৰ হেৰুৱা আফ্ৰিকান ভাষাসমূহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপন স্বৰূপে গঢ়ি তোলে। 
|-
| এছ্কায়ান (Eskayan)
| esy
| প্ৰায় ১৯২০–১৯৪০
| মাৰিয়ানো দাতাহান
| ছেবুৱানোৰ বোহোলানো উপভাষাৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। 
|-
| মেডেফাইড্ৰিন (Medefaidrin)
| dmf
| ১৯৩০ দশক
| ওবেৰী অ'কাইমে গীৰ্জা
| নাইজেৰিয়াৰ এই খ্ৰীষ্টান গীৰ্জাৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত; পবিত্ৰ উৎসৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
|-
| দামিন (Damin)
| 
| অজ্ঞাত
| লাৰ্ডিল জনগোষ্ঠী
| লাৰ্ডিল ভাষাৰ স্থানীয় বক্তাসকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা; আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাহিৰত একমাত্ৰ ক্লিক-ধ্বনি ভাষা। 
|-
|}

== অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ (Engineered languages) কোনো বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ বাবে বা নতুন ভাষাগত বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ সৈতে পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। এইসকল ভাষা দাৰ্শনিক (philosophical), পৰীক্ষামূলক (experimental), অথবা যুক্তিপূৰ্ণ (logical) ভাষাৰ বিভাগসমূহত পৰি যাব পাৰে। 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লোগোপানডেক্টেইছন (Logopandecteision)
| 
| ১৬৫৩
| ছাৰ থমাছ আৰ্কুহাৰ্ট
| জটিল বৰ্গীকৰণমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ। 
|-
| নামবিহীন ভাষা (John Wilkins)
| 
| ১৬৬৮
|জন উইলকিনছ
| দাৰ্শনিক স্পষ্টতা যোগাব পৰা এক প্ৰতীকমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ। 
|-
| ল'গলান (Loglan)
| 
| ১৯৫৫
| জেমছ কুক ব্ৰাউন
| ছাপিৰ–ৱৰ্ফ অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত; ল'জবানৰ অনুপ্ৰেৰণা। 
|-
| আ-ই-উ-আই (aUI)
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ডব্লিউ.জন ৱেইলগাৰ্ট
| প্ৰতিটো ধ্বনিই একেটা অৰ্থ বহন কৰে; শব্দসমূহে জটিল ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰে। 
|-
| ইথকুৱিল (Ithkuil)
| 
| ১৯৭৮–২০২৩
|জন কুইজাডা
| দীঘল অৰ্থ ক্ষিপ্ৰ আৰু স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পৰা এক জটিল ভাষা। 
|-
| লাডান (Láadan)
| ldn
| ১৯৮২
| ছুজেট হেডেন এলজিন
| মহিলাসকলৰ প্ৰতি অভিযোজিত এক ধ্বনিগত ভাষা; প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাসমূহ পুৰুষক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি আছে নে নাই সেয়া পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ গঢ়ি তোলা। 
|-
| ল'জবান (Lojban)
| jbo
| ১৯৮৭
| Logical Language Group
| যুক্তিসংগত আৰু ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে অনিৰ্বচনীয় ভাষা; ল'গলানৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী। 
|-
| টোকি পোনা (Toki Pona)
| tok
| ২০০১
| ছঞ্জা লাং
| মাত্ৰ ১২০-১৩৭+ শব্দযুক্ত এক ক্ষুদ্ৰতম ভাষা; ১৬০০ৰো অধিক বক্তা আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=2022 toki pona census. |url=https://tokiponacensus.github.io/results2022/ |access-date= |website=Toki Pona census |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Sonja |title=Toki Pona: the Language of Good |date=2014 |publisher=Sonja Lang |isbn=9780978292300}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| কেইলেন (Kēlen)
| 
| ২০০৯
| চিলভিয়া চোটোমায়ৰ
| এক &quot;এলিয়েন&quot; ভাষা যিয়ে ক্ৰিয়া (verb) বিলোপ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে, যি প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাৰ এক বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ উলংঘন। 
|-
| ভিঅ’ছা (Viossa)
| 
| ২০১৪
| 
| কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যাকৰণ বা ধ্বনি নিয়ম নথকা কৃত্ৰিম পিড্জিন ভাষা; যদি বক্তাসকলে একে-অন্যক বুজিব পাৰে, তেন্তে সঠিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। 
|}

=== অন্যান্য ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লিংকচ (Lincos)
| ১৯৬০
| হান্স ফ্ৰয়ডেনথাল
| যিকোনো সম্ভাব্য বৌদ্ধিক ভিনগ্ৰহীয় জীৱই বুজিব পৰা এক ভাষা; আন্তৰিক্ষীয় বেতাৰ-সংযোগৰ বাবে গঢ়ি তোলা। 
|-
| এটেম্পটো কণ্ট্ৰ'ল্ড ইংলিছ (Attempto Controlled English)
| ১৯৯৫
| জুৰিখ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা, যি জ্ঞান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব ভাষা হিচাপেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Schwitter, Rolf. &quot;[https://aclanthology.org/C10-2128.pdf Controlled natural languages for knowledge representation].&quot; Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| মেণ্টি (Mänti)
| ২০০৬
| ডেনিয়েল টামেট
| কিছুমান ফিননিক শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰ্মিত এক কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|}

== কল্পনাৰ/সাহিত্যিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
&lt;!--
সোঁৱৰণী: ইয়াত সন্নিৱিষ্ট সকলো ভাষাৰ নিজৰ পৃথকে ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধ, নাইবা অন্ততঃ কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত সেৱা কৰা এক উপ-অংশ থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক। 
মাত্ৰ যিকোনো কল্পনা-আধাৰিত ভাষা যুক্ত নকৰিব, যদিও তাত উৎস বা উদ্ধৃতি দিয়া থাকে। 
--&gt;

=== কল্পনাত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা ভাষাসমূহ ===

==== জে. আৰ. আৰ. ট'লকিনৰ দ্বাৰা গঢ়া ভাষাসমূহ ====

ট'লকিনে গঢ়া মুখ্য ভাষাসমূহ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! ভাষা!! ISO কোড!! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[সিণ্ডাৰিন]] || sjn || [[এল্ফ (মিডল-আৰ্থ)|এল্‌ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, প্ৰধানকৈ [[ৱেল্‌চ ভাষা|ৱেল্‌চ]] ভাষাৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|-
| [[কুৱেন্যা]] || qya || এল্‌ফজাতিৰ ভাষা, [[ফিনিচ ভাষা|ফিনিচ]], [[লেটিন ভাষা]] আৰু [[প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|-
| [[খুজ্দুল]] || || [[ডোৱাৰ্ফ (মিডল-আৰ্থ)|ডোৱাৰ্ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, [[চেমিটিক ভাষাসমূহ|চেমিটিক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|}

==== চলচ্চিত্ৰ ====
{{See also |Languages in Star Wars}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ক্লিংন ভাষা|ক্লিংন]] || ''[[Star Trek]]'' || 1979–বৰ্তমান || [[Marc Okrand]] || ক্লিংন নামৰ এলিয়েন জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[চুড ভাষা]] || ''[[Pathfinder (1987 film)|Pathfinder]]'' || 1987 || Esben Kr. Aamot&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/en/item/?type=film&amp;itemid=18458#crew Veiviseren (1987)], The Swedish Film Database&lt;/ref&gt; || Tchudes নামৰ খলনায়ক গোটৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[এট্লাণ্টিয়ান ভাষা|এট্লাণ্টিয়ান]] || ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]'' || 2001 || [[Marc Okrand]] || কাল্পনিক এট্লাণ্টিছ নগৰৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[কু (ভাষা)|কু]] || ''[[The Interpreter (2005 film)|The Interpreter]]'' || 2005 || Said el-Gheithy || কাল্পনিক আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা। 
|-
| [[নাভি ভাষা|নাভি]] || ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' || 2009 || [[Paul Frommer]] || [[Pandora]]ৰ নাভি জাতিৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা। 
|-
| [[বৰছুমিয়ান ভাষা|বৰছুমিয়ান]] || ''[[John Carter (film)|John Carter]]'' || 2012 || [[Paul Frommer]], [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]] || মাৰ্ছৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[কিলিকি ভাষা|কিলিকি]] || ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|বাহুবলী]]'' || 2015 || [[Madhan Karky]] || [[কালাকেয়া গোট|কালাকেয়া]] জাতিৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.saddahaq.com/welcome-to-new-language-kilikili-from-baahubali|title=Welcome to new language 'Kilikili' from Baahubali|last=Cinema|first=Telugu|work=SaddaHaq|access-date=2017-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| [[বীমা ভাষা|বীমা]] || ''[[Alpha (2018 film)|Alpha]]'' || 2016 || [[Christine Schreyer]] || [[উচ্চ প্যালিওলিথিক যুগ]]ৰ ভাষা (২০,০০০ বছৰ আগৰ)। 
|}

==== ভিডিঅ' গেম ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[চোলিয়ানি ভাষা|চোলিয়ানি]] || ''[[Empire of the Petal Throne]]'' || ১৯৪০ৰ দশক || [[M. A. R. Barker]] || [[Tékumel]] নামৰ কাল্পনিক জগতৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[গাৰ্গিশ]] || ''[[Ultima (series)|Ultima]]'' শৃংখলা || 1981–2013 || — || গাৰ্গয়েল জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[ড'নি ভাষা|ড’নি]] || ''[[Myst (series)|Myst]]'' শৃংখলা || 1993–2005 || [[Cyan Worlds]] || ভূগৰ্ভৰ [[D'ni]] লোকসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[আৰ টোনেলিকো#হিম্নোছ|হিম্নোছ]] || ''[[Ar Tonelico]]'' || 2006–2010 || [[Akira Tsuchiya]] || ''Ar Ciel'' নামৰ জগতৰ ভাষা; সংগীত আৰু সজ্জাত ব্যৱহৃত।&lt;ref&gt;[http://game.salburg.com/hymmnoserver/ game.salburg.com]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৱেঞ্জা ভাষা|ৱেঞ্জা]] || ''[[Far Cry Primal]]'' || 2016 || Andrew Byrd, Brenna Byrd || PIE (প্ৰট'-ইনড'-ইউৰোপীয়)ৰ পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ৰূপ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি; তিনিটা উপভাষা — ৱেঞ্জা, উদাম, ইজিলা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Zorine Te|title=Far Cry Primal Developers Talk About Uncovering History|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/far-cry-primal-developers-talk-about-uncovering-hi/1100-6434103/|website=GameSpot|access-date=February 8, 2016|date=January 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== ইণ্টাৰনেট-ভিত্তিক ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[টিঅ'নাথ]] || 1962 || [[Sally Caves]] || [[Teonim]] নামৰ পলিডেক্টাইল মানুহজাতিৰ ভাষা, যিসকল বিড়ালসদৃশ দেৱতাসকলক পূজা কৰে। 
|-
| [[ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান ভাষা|ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান]] আদিৰ ভাষাসমূহ || 1995 || [[Mark Rosenfelder]] || আল্মিয়া গ্ৰহৰ ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়া দেশত ব্যৱহৃত ভাষাসমূহ। 
|-
| [[ড্ৰিটক]] || 2007 || Don Boozer || কণ্ঠৰ জায়গাত অঙ্গ-ভিত্তিক যোগাযোগ ব্যৱস্থা থকা Drushek জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|}

==== সংগীত ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[কোবাইয়ান]] || 1970s || [[Christian Vander (musician)|Christian Vander]] || [[Magma (band)|Magma]] নামৰ ফৰাচী ৰক ব্যাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত। 
|-
| [[লক্সিয়ান]] || 2005 || [[Roma Ryan]] || [[Enya]]ৰ ২০০৫ৰ ''[[Amarantine (album)|Amarantine]]'' আৰু ২০১৫ৰ ''[[Dark Sky Island]]'' এলবামত ব্যৱহৃত। 
|-
| [[মচ ভাষা|মচ]] || 2009 || [[Jackson Moore]] || সুৰভিত্তিক ধ্বনিগত বৈশিষ্ট্য থকা সংগীতমূলক পিজিন ভাষা। 
|}

==== টেলিভিছন ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ভালকান (ভাষা)|ভালকান]] || ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' || 1966–1969 || অনুৰাগীসকলে Golic Vulcan ৰূপত উন্নয়ন কৰে। 
|-
| [[এনচান্তা]] || ''[[Encantadia]]'' আৰু ''[[Etheria: Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia|Etheria]]'' || 2005 || [[Suzette Doctolero]] || [[Encantadia]] নামৰ জগতৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[ভালিৰিয়ান ভাষাসমূহ]] আৰু [[ড'থ্ৰাকি ভাষা|ড'থ্ৰাকি]] || ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' || 2011–2019 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[ট্ৰিগেডাস্লেং]] || ''[[The 100 (TV series)|The 100]]'' || 2014–2020 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[বেল্টাৰ ক্ৰিঅ'ল]] || ''[[The Expanse (TV series)|The Expanse]]'' || 2014 || [[Nick Farmer]] || [[অষ্টেৰয়েড বেল্ট]] আৰু [[সৌৰজগত]]ৰ বাহ্যিক অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2019/12/nick-farmer-knows-dozens-of-languages-so-he-invented-one-for-the-expanse/|title = Nick Farmer knows dozens of languages, so he invented one for the Expanse|date = 22 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৰ'মুলান ভাষা]] || ''[[Star Trek: Picard]]'' || 2019 || [[Trent Pehrson]] || —
|}

====অন্যান্য সাহিত্য====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! ভাষাৰ নাম
! উৎস গ্ৰন্থ
! সৃষ্টি-বছৰ
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[Utopian language|ইউটোপিয়ান]]
| ''[[Utopia (book)|Utopia]]''
| ১৫১৬
| [[থমাছ ম’ৰ]], [[পিটাৰ গিলিছ]]
| ম’ৰৰ কল্পিত ৰাষ্ট্ৰ ইউটোপিয়াৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ বাবে সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা; নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ আটাইতকৈ আগৰ প্ৰয়াসসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটি। 
|-
| [[Zaum|জাউম]]
| 
| ১৯১৩
| [[ভেলিমিৰ খ্লেবনিকোভ]], [[আলেক্সেই ক্ৰুচোনিখ]] আদি
| এই [[ৰাছিয়ান ফিউচাৰিষ্ট]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট &quot;গীত, মন্ত্ৰ আৰু অভিশাপ&quot;ৰ &quot;সৰ্বাধিক সৰ্বজনীন&quot; আৰু &quot;অতাৰ্কিক&quot; ভাষা ৰূপে এটা কবিতামূলক ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Syldavian|চিলডেভিয়ান]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]''-ত
| ১৯৩৮–৩৯
| [[আৰ্জে]]
| [[চিলডেভিয়া]] নামৰ এটা কাল্পনিক [[বাল্কান]] ৰাজ্যৰ কাল্পনিক [[পশ্চিম জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা]]। 
|-
| [[Newspeak|নিউজস্পীক]]
| ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''
| ১৯৪৯
| [[জৰ্জ অ’ৰৱেল]]
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজী ভাষা, যাক এক স্বৈৰাচাৰী চৰকাৰে মানুহৰ চিন্তাশক্তি সীমিত কৰি বিদ্ৰোহ প্ৰতিবন্ধ কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰে। 
|-
| [[Borduria#Language|বৰডুৰিয়ান]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[The Calculus Affair]]''-ত
| ১৯৫৪–৫৬
| আৰ্জে
| [[চিলডেভিয়া]]ৰ সীমান্তৰ দেশ [[বৰডুৰিয়া]]ৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Spocanian|স্পোকেনিয়ান]]
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ৰ'লাণ্ট টুৱেহুইছেন
| স্পোকেনিয়াৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Chakobsa (Dune)|চাকবছা]]
| ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]''
| ১৯৬৫
| [[ফ্ৰেংক হাৰ্বাৰ্ট]], [[ডেভিড জে. পিটাৰছন]], জেচি পিটাৰছন
| [[Fremen|ফ্ৰেমেন]]সকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Lapine language|ল্যাপন]]
| ''[[Watership Down]]''
| ১৯৭২
| [[ৰিচাৰ্ড এডামছ]]
| খৰগোশসকলৰ দ্বাৰা কোৱা ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Láadan]] (ldn)
| ''[[Native Tongue (Elgin novel)|Native Tongue]]'' আৰু তাৰ উত্তৰ-উপন্যাসসমূহত
| ১৯৮৪
| [[চুজেট হেডেন এলজিন]]
| [[মহিলা]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Baronh|বাৰোনহ]]
| ''Seikai no Monshō'' (''[[Crest of the Stars]]'') আৰু আন বহুতোত
| ১৯৯৬
| [[হিৰোয়ুকি মৰিঅ'কা]]
| [[Abh]] জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|}

== উইকিপিডিয়াত নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহ ==

তলত উল্লিখিত নৱটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষাত উইকিপিডিয়াৰ সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। এই ভাষাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আঠটা ভাষাই [[আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা]] (International Auxiliary Language - IAL), আৰু [[Lojban|ল'জবান]] এটি [[engineered language|ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰ্ড ভাষা]]। ২০০৫ চনলৈকে [[Toki Pona]] আৰু [[Klingon language|ক্লিঙন]] ভাষাতো উইকিপিডিয়া আছিল, কিন্তু এই সংস্কৰণসমূহ পাছত মচি পেলোৱা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[[:Meta:List of Wikipedias]]&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+ {{sronly|উইকিপিডিয়াত নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহ}}
|-
! ভাষাৰ নাম
! ISO/সংযোগ
! আৰম্ভণি
! বিশ্বজুৰি ব্যৱহাৰকাৰী
! সক্ৰিয় সম্পাদক
! প্ৰবন্ধসংখ্যা
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Esperanto|এস্পেৰান্তো]]
| ''[[:eo:|eo]]'' || ১৮৮৭ || ১,০০,০০০ – ২০,০০,০০০ || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|eo|N}} || [[Esperanto Wikipedia|{{NUMBEROF|articles|eo|N}}]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Volapük|ভ’লাপুক]]
| ''[[:vo:|vo]]'' || ১৮৮০ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|vo|N}} || [[Volapük Wikipedia|{{NUMBEROF|articles|vo|N}}]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Ido|ইডো]]
| ''[[:io:|io]]'' || ১৯০৭ || প্ৰায় ১০০০জন || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|io|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|io|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Interlingua|ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা]]
| ''[[:ia:|ia]]'' || ১৯৫১ || প্ৰায় ১০০০জন || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|ia|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|ia|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Kotava|কটাভা]]
| ''[[:avk:|avk]]'' || ১৯৭৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|avk|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|avk|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Interlingue|ইণ্টাৰলিং'''
| ''[[:ie:|ie]]'' || ১৯২২ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|ie|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|ie|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Lingua Franca Nova|লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাংকা নোভা]]
| ''[[:lfn:|lfn]]'' || ১৯৯৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|lfn|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|lfn|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Novial|নোভিয়েল]]
| ''[[:nov:|nov]]'' || ১৯২৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|nov|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|nov|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Lojban|ল'জবান]]
| ''[[:jbo:|jbo]]'' || ১৯৮৭ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|jbo|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|jbo|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Láadan|লাডান]]{{efn|name=inc|[[Wikimedia Incubator]]-ত হোষ্ট কৰা হৈছে}}
| ''[[:incubator:Wp/ldn|ldn]]'' || ১৯৮২ ||? || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Interslavic|ইণ্টাৰ্স্লেভিক]]{{efn|name=inc}}
| ''[[:incubator:Wp/isv|isv]]'' || ২০১১–২০১৭ || ৭০০০ – ২০,০০০ || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|}

== চাওক ==
* [[Alien language|এলিয়েন ভাষা]]
* [[Constructed script|নিৰ্মিত লিপি]]
* [[Conlanger|ভাষা নিৰ্মাতা]]
* [[Constructed language|নিৰ্মিত ভাষা]]
* [[Engineered language|ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰ্ড ভাষা]]
* [[Hieroglyph|হায়াৰোগ্লিফ]]
* [[International auxiliary language|আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা]]
* [[Language game|ভাষা খেল]]
* [[List of languages|ভাষাৰ তালিকা]]
* [[Rohonc Codex|ৰোহঞ্চ কোডেস্ক]]
* [[Voynich Manuscript|ভয়নিক পাণ্ডুলিপি]]
* [[List of markup languages|মাৰ্কআপ ভাষাৰ তালিকা]]
* [[List of extinct languages|অলপজীৱিত ভাষাৰ তালিকা]]

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>8z4z85igthw531trb8midhtld3eirqo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>516789</id>
      <parentid>516788</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T20:18:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* উইকিপিডিয়াত নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহ */</comment>
      <origin>516789</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="56436" sha1="qsayixphe83f7ptqbkwuhe0dwe66lmo" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোণা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। 

===মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা===
মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা হ’ল আনুষংগিক ভাষাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট গোটৰ বক্তাসকলৰ মাজত যোগাযোগৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা। বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষাৰ দৰে নহয়, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সীমিত ভাষিক বা ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলত সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে প্যান-স্লাভিক ভাষা, প্যান-ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা আৰু প্যান-জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা। 
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable sticky-header&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| ৰুছকি ভাষা (Ruski jezik)
| 
| ১৬৬৬
| {{sort|Križanić|জুৰাজ ক্ৰিঝানিচ}} 
| কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰথমটো পেন-স্লেভিক ভাষা। 
|-
| Tutonish
|
| ১৯০১
| {{sort|Molee|ইলিয়াচ মোলী}}
| প্ৰথমটো পেন-জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা, পাছলৈ ''nu teutonish'', ''alteutonik'' আদি নামেৰে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছিল। 
|-
| Romanid
| 
| ১৯৫৬ 
| {{sort|Magyar|জোলটান মজিয়াৰ (ভাষাবিদ)}} 
| ৰোমেন্স ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Guosa
| 
| ১৯৬৫
| {{sort|Igbinéwéká|আলেকজাণ্ডাৰ ইগবিনেভেকা}} 
| পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাবে হাউছা, ইয়োৰুবা আৰু ইগ্বো ভাষাৰ পৰা মূলত সংগৃহীত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Afrihili
| afh 
| ১৯৭০
| {{sort|Attobrah|কে. এ. কুমি এটোব্ৰাহ}} 
| এটা পেন-আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা। 
|-
| ৰুন্যাকিতাৰা
|
| {{sort|1990|১৯৯০ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণি}}
|
| পশ্চিম উগাণ্ডাৰ চাৰিখন নিকট-সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰ আধাৰত মানকীকৃত এখন ভাষা। 
|-
| Palawa kani
|
| ১৯৯২
| তাছমানিয়ান আদিবাসী কেন্দ্ৰ
| পূৰ্ব তাছমানিয়াৰ আদিবাসীয়ে কোৱা বিভিন্ন তাছমানিয়ান ভাষাৰ সীমিত তথ্যৰ আধাৰত পুনৰ্নিমাণ কৰা শব্দৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত ভাষা। 
|-
| Slovio 
|
| ১৯৯৯ 
| {{sort|Hučko|মাৰ্ক হুচ্কো}}
| স্লেভিক ভাষাবোৰ আৰু এছপেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|-
| ৰোমেন্স নিয়’লাটিনো
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Cassany|জোৰ্ডি কাসানী বেটছ}} আৰু অন্যসকল
| এটা পেন-ৰোমেন্স ভাষা। 
|-
| Slovianski
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Rečnik|অন্দ্ৰেই ৰেচনিক, গাব্ৰিয়েল স্বোবোডা, Jan van Steenbergen, ইগৰ পলিয়াকভ}} 
| স্লেভিক ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| Neoslavonic
|
| ২০০৯ 
| {{sort|Merunka|ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| পুৰণি চাৰ্চ স্লেভনিক ভাষাৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ। 
|-
| Budinos
|
| ২০০৯
| {{sort|Arzamazov|আলেক্সেই আন্দ্ৰেৱিচ আৰ্জামাজোভ}}
| ফিন্‌নো-উগ্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Interslavic
| isv
| ২০১১–২০১৭
| {{sort|Steenbergen|Jan van Steenbergen, ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| এটা পেন-স্লেভিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা, যি Slovianski আৰু Neoslavonic ভাষাৰ সমন্বয়ে গঠিত। 
|-
| Ortatürk / Öztürkçe
|
| ১৯৯২, ২০০৮
| বাখ্তিয়াৰ কাৰিমোভ, চোৱাহমাদ মুটালোভ
| পৰিসংখ্যানেৰে নিৰূপিত শব্দসম্ভাৰসহ এটা পেন-তুৰ্কিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|}

===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ভাষা===
নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা হৈছে এনে প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা যিবোৰক কিছুমান বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত সহজ, ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ বা অধিক গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কৰি তোলাৰ বাবে পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যেনে মূল ভাষা ভালদৰে নজনা লোকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে। তলত দিয়া প্ৰকল্পসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজীৰ উদাহৰণ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| বেছিক ইংলিছ (Basic English)
| ১৯২৫
| চাৰ্লছ কে. ওগ্ডেন
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ভাষাটোক নিৰ্দিষ্টসংখ্যক সাধাৰণ শব্দ আৰু পদসমূহলৈ সীমিত কৰি বিদেশী শিক্ষাৰ্থী বা অন্যান্য অসুবিধা হোৱা লোকসকলৰ বাবে সহজ কৰি তোলাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা। 
|-
| স্পেচিয়েল (লাৰ্নিং) ইংলিছ
| ১৯৫৯
| ভয়চ অৱ আমেৰিকা
|-
| গ্ল’বিচ (Globish)
| ২০০৪
| জঁ-পল নেৰিয়েৰ
|-
| ই-প্ৰাইম (E-Prime)
| ১৯৪০ দশক
| ডি. ডেভিড বুৰলেণ্ড জুনিয়ৰ
| ''to be'' ক্ৰিয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বাদ দিয়া হৈছে যাতে লিখনি অধিক স্পষ্ট আৰু সঠিক হয়। 
|-
| ছিম্প্লিফাইড টেকনিকেল ইংলিছ
| ১৯৮৩
| ইউৰোপীয় মহাকাশ উদ্যোগ সমিতি
| কাৰিকৰী পাঠ্য, যেনে ম্যানুৱেল আদিৰ জটিলতা আৰু অনিশ্চয়তা কমাবলৈ উদ্দিষ্ট। 
|-
| পেৰালেল ইংলিছ (Globish – Gogate)
| ১৯৯৮
| মধুকৰ গোগাটে
| ইংলিছৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হলেও স্বতন্ত্ৰ ৰূপে নিৰ্মিত এখন কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|-
| প্লেইন ইংলিছ
| 
| বিভিন্ন
| বহু ইডিয়ম, জাৰ্গন আৰু বিদেশী শব্দ এৰাই অধিক সোজাসাপটা, সংক্ষিপ্ত আৰু স্পষ্ট ভাষা প্ৰয়োগৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে। 
|}

===দৃশ্যমান ভাষা===
দৃশ্যমান ভাষাত কথিত শব্দৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতীক বা গতিবিধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিৰ্মিত সাংকেতিক ভাষাও এই শ্ৰেণীত পৰে। 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| ব্লিচচিম্ব'লচ (Blissymbols)
| zbl
| ১৯৪৯
| চাৰ্লছ কে. ব্লিচ
| নিজৰ ব্যাকৰণ আৰু বাক্য গঠন থকা এখন আইডিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক লিখনি পদ্ধতি। 
|-
| ইণ্টাৰনেছনেল চাইন (International Sign)
| ils
| ১৯৭০ দশক
| জাছিন মালোকু
| এখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক চাইন ভাষা। গেছ্তু'নো (Gestuno) নামেও জনাজাত। 
|-
| আই'চ’টাইপ (Isotype)
| 
| ১৯২৫–১৯৩৪
| অ'ট্টো ন্যুৰাথ আদি
| এখন পিক্টগ্ৰাফিক ভাষা। 
|-
|}

== ধৰ্মীয় ভাষাসমূহ ==
এইসকল ভাষা নিজ নিজ সম্প্ৰদায় বা ধৰ্মীয় সংঘৰ দ্বাৰা ধৰ্মীয় ব্যৱহাৰত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| আয়াৰিক (Iyaric)
| 
| প্ৰায় ১৯৩০ দশক
| ৰাস্তাফাৰীসকল
| &quot;ৰাস্তাৰ টক&quot; বা &quot;ড্ৰেড টক&quot; বুলি জনাজাত; ৰাস্তাফাৰী আন্দোলনৰ কিছুমানে নিজৰ হেৰুৱা আফ্ৰিকান ভাষাসমূহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপন স্বৰূপে গঢ়ি তোলে। 
|-
| এছ্কায়ান (Eskayan)
| esy
| প্ৰায় ১৯২০–১৯৪০
| মাৰিয়ানো দাতাহান
| ছেবুৱানোৰ বোহোলানো উপভাষাৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। 
|-
| মেডেফাইড্ৰিন (Medefaidrin)
| dmf
| ১৯৩০ দশক
| ওবেৰী অ'কাইমে গীৰ্জা
| নাইজেৰিয়াৰ এই খ্ৰীষ্টান গীৰ্জাৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত; পবিত্ৰ উৎসৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
|-
| দামিন (Damin)
| 
| অজ্ঞাত
| লাৰ্ডিল জনগোষ্ঠী
| লাৰ্ডিল ভাষাৰ স্থানীয় বক্তাসকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা; আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাহিৰত একমাত্ৰ ক্লিক-ধ্বনি ভাষা। 
|-
|}

== অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ (Engineered languages) কোনো বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ বাবে বা নতুন ভাষাগত বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ সৈতে পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। এইসকল ভাষা দাৰ্শনিক (philosophical), পৰীক্ষামূলক (experimental), অথবা যুক্তিপূৰ্ণ (logical) ভাষাৰ বিভাগসমূহত পৰি যাব পাৰে। 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লোগোপানডেক্টেইছন (Logopandecteision)
| 
| ১৬৫৩
| ছাৰ থমাছ আৰ্কুহাৰ্ট
| জটিল বৰ্গীকৰণমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ। 
|-
| নামবিহীন ভাষা (John Wilkins)
| 
| ১৬৬৮
|জন উইলকিনছ
| দাৰ্শনিক স্পষ্টতা যোগাব পৰা এক প্ৰতীকমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ। 
|-
| ল'গলান (Loglan)
| 
| ১৯৫৫
| জেমছ কুক ব্ৰাউন
| ছাপিৰ–ৱৰ্ফ অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত; ল'জবানৰ অনুপ্ৰেৰণা। 
|-
| আ-ই-উ-আই (aUI)
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ডব্লিউ.জন ৱেইলগাৰ্ট
| প্ৰতিটো ধ্বনিই একেটা অৰ্থ বহন কৰে; শব্দসমূহে জটিল ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰে। 
|-
| ইথকুৱিল (Ithkuil)
| 
| ১৯৭৮–২০২৩
|জন কুইজাডা
| দীঘল অৰ্থ ক্ষিপ্ৰ আৰু স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পৰা এক জটিল ভাষা। 
|-
| লাডান (Láadan)
| ldn
| ১৯৮২
| ছুজেট হেডেন এলজিন
| মহিলাসকলৰ প্ৰতি অভিযোজিত এক ধ্বনিগত ভাষা; প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাসমূহ পুৰুষক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি আছে নে নাই সেয়া পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ গঢ়ি তোলা। 
|-
| ল'জবান (Lojban)
| jbo
| ১৯৮৭
| Logical Language Group
| যুক্তিসংগত আৰু ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে অনিৰ্বচনীয় ভাষা; ল'গলানৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী। 
|-
| টোকি পোনা (Toki Pona)
| tok
| ২০০১
| ছঞ্জা লাং
| মাত্ৰ ১২০-১৩৭+ শব্দযুক্ত এক ক্ষুদ্ৰতম ভাষা; ১৬০০ৰো অধিক বক্তা আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=2022 toki pona census. |url=https://tokiponacensus.github.io/results2022/ |access-date= |website=Toki Pona census |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Sonja |title=Toki Pona: the Language of Good |date=2014 |publisher=Sonja Lang |isbn=9780978292300}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| কেইলেন (Kēlen)
| 
| ২০০৯
| চিলভিয়া চোটোমায়ৰ
| এক &quot;এলিয়েন&quot; ভাষা যিয়ে ক্ৰিয়া (verb) বিলোপ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে, যি প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাৰ এক বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ উলংঘন। 
|-
| ভিঅ’ছা (Viossa)
| 
| ২০১৪
| 
| কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যাকৰণ বা ধ্বনি নিয়ম নথকা কৃত্ৰিম পিড্জিন ভাষা; যদি বক্তাসকলে একে-অন্যক বুজিব পাৰে, তেন্তে সঠিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। 
|}

=== অন্যান্য ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লিংকচ (Lincos)
| ১৯৬০
| হান্স ফ্ৰয়ডেনথাল
| যিকোনো সম্ভাব্য বৌদ্ধিক ভিনগ্ৰহীয় জীৱই বুজিব পৰা এক ভাষা; আন্তৰিক্ষীয় বেতাৰ-সংযোগৰ বাবে গঢ়ি তোলা। 
|-
| এটেম্পটো কণ্ট্ৰ'ল্ড ইংলিছ (Attempto Controlled English)
| ১৯৯৫
| জুৰিখ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা, যি জ্ঞান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব ভাষা হিচাপেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Schwitter, Rolf. &quot;[https://aclanthology.org/C10-2128.pdf Controlled natural languages for knowledge representation].&quot; Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| মেণ্টি (Mänti)
| ২০০৬
| ডেনিয়েল টামেট
| কিছুমান ফিননিক শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰ্মিত এক কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|}

== কল্পনাৰ/সাহিত্যিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
&lt;!--
সোঁৱৰণী: ইয়াত সন্নিৱিষ্ট সকলো ভাষাৰ নিজৰ পৃথকে ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধ, নাইবা অন্ততঃ কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত সেৱা কৰা এক উপ-অংশ থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক। 
মাত্ৰ যিকোনো কল্পনা-আধাৰিত ভাষা যুক্ত নকৰিব, যদিও তাত উৎস বা উদ্ধৃতি দিয়া থাকে। 
--&gt;

=== কল্পনাত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা ভাষাসমূহ ===

==== জে. আৰ. আৰ. ট'লকিনৰ দ্বাৰা গঢ়া ভাষাসমূহ ====

ট'লকিনে গঢ়া মুখ্য ভাষাসমূহ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! ভাষা!! ISO কোড!! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[সিণ্ডাৰিন]] || sjn || [[এল্ফ (মিডল-আৰ্থ)|এল্‌ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, প্ৰধানকৈ [[ৱেল্‌চ ভাষা|ৱেল্‌চ]] ভাষাৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|-
| [[কুৱেন্যা]] || qya || এল্‌ফজাতিৰ ভাষা, [[ফিনিচ ভাষা|ফিনিচ]], [[লেটিন ভাষা]] আৰু [[প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|-
| [[খুজ্দুল]] || || [[ডোৱাৰ্ফ (মিডল-আৰ্থ)|ডোৱাৰ্ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, [[চেমিটিক ভাষাসমূহ|চেমিটিক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|}

==== চলচ্চিত্ৰ ====
{{See also |Languages in Star Wars}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ক্লিংন ভাষা|ক্লিংন]] || ''[[Star Trek]]'' || 1979–বৰ্তমান || [[Marc Okrand]] || ক্লিংন নামৰ এলিয়েন জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[চুড ভাষা]] || ''[[Pathfinder (1987 film)|Pathfinder]]'' || 1987 || Esben Kr. Aamot&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/en/item/?type=film&amp;itemid=18458#crew Veiviseren (1987)], The Swedish Film Database&lt;/ref&gt; || Tchudes নামৰ খলনায়ক গোটৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[এট্লাণ্টিয়ান ভাষা|এট্লাণ্টিয়ান]] || ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]'' || 2001 || [[Marc Okrand]] || কাল্পনিক এট্লাণ্টিছ নগৰৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[কু (ভাষা)|কু]] || ''[[The Interpreter (2005 film)|The Interpreter]]'' || 2005 || Said el-Gheithy || কাল্পনিক আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা। 
|-
| [[নাভি ভাষা|নাভি]] || ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' || 2009 || [[Paul Frommer]] || [[Pandora]]ৰ নাভি জাতিৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা। 
|-
| [[বৰছুমিয়ান ভাষা|বৰছুমিয়ান]] || ''[[John Carter (film)|John Carter]]'' || 2012 || [[Paul Frommer]], [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]] || মাৰ্ছৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[কিলিকি ভাষা|কিলিকি]] || ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|বাহুবলী]]'' || 2015 || [[Madhan Karky]] || [[কালাকেয়া গোট|কালাকেয়া]] জাতিৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.saddahaq.com/welcome-to-new-language-kilikili-from-baahubali|title=Welcome to new language 'Kilikili' from Baahubali|last=Cinema|first=Telugu|work=SaddaHaq|access-date=2017-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| [[বীমা ভাষা|বীমা]] || ''[[Alpha (2018 film)|Alpha]]'' || 2016 || [[Christine Schreyer]] || [[উচ্চ প্যালিওলিথিক যুগ]]ৰ ভাষা (২০,০০০ বছৰ আগৰ)। 
|}

==== ভিডিঅ' গেম ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[চোলিয়ানি ভাষা|চোলিয়ানি]] || ''[[Empire of the Petal Throne]]'' || ১৯৪০ৰ দশক || [[M. A. R. Barker]] || [[Tékumel]] নামৰ কাল্পনিক জগতৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[গাৰ্গিশ]] || ''[[Ultima (series)|Ultima]]'' শৃংখলা || 1981–2013 || — || গাৰ্গয়েল জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[ড'নি ভাষা|ড’নি]] || ''[[Myst (series)|Myst]]'' শৃংখলা || 1993–2005 || [[Cyan Worlds]] || ভূগৰ্ভৰ [[D'ni]] লোকসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[আৰ টোনেলিকো#হিম্নোছ|হিম্নোছ]] || ''[[Ar Tonelico]]'' || 2006–2010 || [[Akira Tsuchiya]] || ''Ar Ciel'' নামৰ জগতৰ ভাষা; সংগীত আৰু সজ্জাত ব্যৱহৃত।&lt;ref&gt;[http://game.salburg.com/hymmnoserver/ game.salburg.com]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৱেঞ্জা ভাষা|ৱেঞ্জা]] || ''[[Far Cry Primal]]'' || 2016 || Andrew Byrd, Brenna Byrd || PIE (প্ৰট'-ইনড'-ইউৰোপীয়)ৰ পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ৰূপ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি; তিনিটা উপভাষা — ৱেঞ্জা, উদাম, ইজিলা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Zorine Te|title=Far Cry Primal Developers Talk About Uncovering History|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/far-cry-primal-developers-talk-about-uncovering-hi/1100-6434103/|website=GameSpot|access-date=February 8, 2016|date=January 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== ইণ্টাৰনেট-ভিত্তিক ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[টিঅ'নাথ]] || 1962 || [[Sally Caves]] || [[Teonim]] নামৰ পলিডেক্টাইল মানুহজাতিৰ ভাষা, যিসকল বিড়ালসদৃশ দেৱতাসকলক পূজা কৰে। 
|-
| [[ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান ভাষা|ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান]] আদিৰ ভাষাসমূহ || 1995 || [[Mark Rosenfelder]] || আল্মিয়া গ্ৰহৰ ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়া দেশত ব্যৱহৃত ভাষাসমূহ। 
|-
| [[ড্ৰিটক]] || 2007 || Don Boozer || কণ্ঠৰ জায়গাত অঙ্গ-ভিত্তিক যোগাযোগ ব্যৱস্থা থকা Drushek জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|}

==== সংগীত ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[কোবাইয়ান]] || 1970s || [[Christian Vander (musician)|Christian Vander]] || [[Magma (band)|Magma]] নামৰ ফৰাচী ৰক ব্যাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত। 
|-
| [[লক্সিয়ান]] || 2005 || [[Roma Ryan]] || [[Enya]]ৰ ২০০৫ৰ ''[[Amarantine (album)|Amarantine]]'' আৰু ২০১৫ৰ ''[[Dark Sky Island]]'' এলবামত ব্যৱহৃত। 
|-
| [[মচ ভাষা|মচ]] || 2009 || [[Jackson Moore]] || সুৰভিত্তিক ধ্বনিগত বৈশিষ্ট্য থকা সংগীতমূলক পিজিন ভাষা। 
|}

==== টেলিভিছন ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ভালকান (ভাষা)|ভালকান]] || ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' || 1966–1969 || অনুৰাগীসকলে Golic Vulcan ৰূপত উন্নয়ন কৰে। 
|-
| [[এনচান্তা]] || ''[[Encantadia]]'' আৰু ''[[Etheria: Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia|Etheria]]'' || 2005 || [[Suzette Doctolero]] || [[Encantadia]] নামৰ জগতৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[ভালিৰিয়ান ভাষাসমূহ]] আৰু [[ড'থ্ৰাকি ভাষা|ড'থ্ৰাকি]] || ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' || 2011–2019 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[ট্ৰিগেডাস্লেং]] || ''[[The 100 (TV series)|The 100]]'' || 2014–2020 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[বেল্টাৰ ক্ৰিঅ'ল]] || ''[[The Expanse (TV series)|The Expanse]]'' || 2014 || [[Nick Farmer]] || [[অষ্টেৰয়েড বেল্ট]] আৰু [[সৌৰজগত]]ৰ বাহ্যিক অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2019/12/nick-farmer-knows-dozens-of-languages-so-he-invented-one-for-the-expanse/|title = Nick Farmer knows dozens of languages, so he invented one for the Expanse|date = 22 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৰ'মুলান ভাষা]] || ''[[Star Trek: Picard]]'' || 2019 || [[Trent Pehrson]] || —
|}

====অন্যান্য সাহিত্য====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! ভাষাৰ নাম
! উৎস গ্ৰন্থ
! সৃষ্টি-বছৰ
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[Utopian language|ইউটোপিয়ান]]
| ''[[Utopia (book)|Utopia]]''
| ১৫১৬
| [[থমাছ ম’ৰ]], [[পিটাৰ গিলিছ]]
| ম’ৰৰ কল্পিত ৰাষ্ট্ৰ ইউটোপিয়াৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ বাবে সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা; নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ আটাইতকৈ আগৰ প্ৰয়াসসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটি। 
|-
| [[Zaum|জাউম]]
| 
| ১৯১৩
| [[ভেলিমিৰ খ্লেবনিকোভ]], [[আলেক্সেই ক্ৰুচোনিখ]] আদি
| এই [[ৰাছিয়ান ফিউচাৰিষ্ট]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট &quot;গীত, মন্ত্ৰ আৰু অভিশাপ&quot;ৰ &quot;সৰ্বাধিক সৰ্বজনীন&quot; আৰু &quot;অতাৰ্কিক&quot; ভাষা ৰূপে এটা কবিতামূলক ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Syldavian|চিলডেভিয়ান]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]''-ত
| ১৯৩৮–৩৯
| [[আৰ্জে]]
| [[চিলডেভিয়া]] নামৰ এটা কাল্পনিক [[বাল্কান]] ৰাজ্যৰ কাল্পনিক [[পশ্চিম জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা]]। 
|-
| [[Newspeak|নিউজস্পীক]]
| ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''
| ১৯৪৯
| [[জৰ্জ অ’ৰৱেল]]
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজী ভাষা, যাক এক স্বৈৰাচাৰী চৰকাৰে মানুহৰ চিন্তাশক্তি সীমিত কৰি বিদ্ৰোহ প্ৰতিবন্ধ কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰে। 
|-
| [[Borduria#Language|বৰডুৰিয়ান]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[The Calculus Affair]]''-ত
| ১৯৫৪–৫৬
| আৰ্জে
| [[চিলডেভিয়া]]ৰ সীমান্তৰ দেশ [[বৰডুৰিয়া]]ৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Spocanian|স্পোকেনিয়ান]]
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ৰ'লাণ্ট টুৱেহুইছেন
| স্পোকেনিয়াৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Chakobsa (Dune)|চাকবছা]]
| ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]''
| ১৯৬৫
| [[ফ্ৰেংক হাৰ্বাৰ্ট]], [[ডেভিড জে. পিটাৰছন]], জেচি পিটাৰছন
| [[Fremen|ফ্ৰেমেন]]সকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Lapine language|ল্যাপন]]
| ''[[Watership Down]]''
| ১৯৭২
| [[ৰিচাৰ্ড এডামছ]]
| খৰগোশসকলৰ দ্বাৰা কোৱা ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Láadan]] (ldn)
| ''[[Native Tongue (Elgin novel)|Native Tongue]]'' আৰু তাৰ উত্তৰ-উপন্যাসসমূহত
| ১৯৮৪
| [[চুজেট হেডেন এলজিন]]
| [[মহিলা]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Baronh|বাৰোনহ]]
| ''Seikai no Monshō'' (''[[Crest of the Stars]]'') আৰু আন বহুতোত
| ১৯৯৬
| [[হিৰোয়ুকি মৰিঅ'কা]]
| [[Abh]] জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|}

== উইকিপিডিয়াত নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহ ==

তলত উল্লিখিত নৱটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষাত উইকিপিডিয়াৰ সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। এই ভাষাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আঠটা ভাষাই [[আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা]] (International Auxiliary Language - IAL), আৰু [[Lojban|ল'জবান]] এটি [[engineered language|ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰ্ড ভাষা]]। ২০০৫ চনলৈকে [[Toki Pona]] আৰু [[Klingon language|ক্লিঙন]] ভাষাতো উইকিপিডিয়া আছিল, কিন্তু এই সংস্কৰণসমূহ পাছত মচি পেলোৱা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[[:Meta:List of Wikipedias]]&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+
|-
! ভাষাৰ নাম
! ISO/সংযোগ
! আৰম্ভণি
! বিশ্বজুৰি ব্যৱহাৰকাৰী
! সক্ৰিয় সম্পাদক
! প্ৰবন্ধসংখ্যা
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Esperanto|এস্পেৰান্তো]]
| ''[[:eo:|eo]]'' || ১৮৮৭ || ১,০০,০০০ – ২০,০০,০০০ || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|eo|N}} || [[Esperanto Wikipedia|{{NUMBEROF|articles|eo|N}}]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Volapük|ভ’লাপুক]]
| ''[[:vo:|vo]]'' || ১৮৮০ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|vo|N}} || [[Volapük Wikipedia|{{NUMBEROF|articles|vo|N}}]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Ido|ইডো]]
| ''[[:io:|io]]'' || ১৯০৭ || প্ৰায় ১০০০জন || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|io|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|io|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Interlingua|ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা]]
| ''[[:ia:|ia]]'' || ১৯৫১ || প্ৰায় ১০০০জন || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|ia|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|ia|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Kotava|কটাভা]]
| ''[[:avk:|avk]]'' || ১৯৭৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|avk|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|avk|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Interlingue|ইণ্টাৰলিং'''
| ''[[:ie:|ie]]'' || ১৯২২ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|ie|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|ie|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Lingua Franca Nova|লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাংকা নোভা]]
| ''[[:lfn:|lfn]]'' || ১৯৯৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|lfn|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|lfn|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Novial|নোভিয়েল]]
| ''[[:nov:|nov]]'' || ১৯২৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|nov|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|nov|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Lojban|ল'জবান]]
| ''[[:jbo:|jbo]]'' || ১৯৮৭ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|jbo|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|jbo|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Láadan|লাডান]]{{efn|name=inc|[[Wikimedia Incubator]]-ত হোষ্ট কৰা হৈছে}}
| ''[[:incubator:Wp/ldn|ldn]]'' || ১৯৮২ ||? || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Interslavic|ইণ্টাৰ্স্লেভিক]]{{efn|name=inc}}
| ''[[:incubator:Wp/isv|isv]]'' || ২০১১–২০১৭ || ৭০০০ – ২০,০০০ || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|}

== চাওক ==
* [[Alien language|এলিয়েন ভাষা]]
* [[Constructed script|নিৰ্মিত লিপি]]
* [[Conlanger|ভাষা নিৰ্মাতা]]
* [[Constructed language|নিৰ্মিত ভাষা]]
* [[Engineered language|ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰ্ড ভাষা]]
* [[Hieroglyph|হায়াৰোগ্লিফ]]
* [[International auxiliary language|আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা]]
* [[Language game|ভাষা খেল]]
* [[List of languages|ভাষাৰ তালিকা]]
* [[Rohonc Codex|ৰোহঞ্চ কোডেস্ক]]
* [[Voynich Manuscript|ভয়নিক পাণ্ডুলিপি]]
* [[List of markup languages|মাৰ্কআপ ভাষাৰ তালিকা]]
* [[List of extinct languages|অলপজীৱিত ভাষাৰ তালিকা]]

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>qsayixphe83f7ptqbkwuhe0dwe66lmo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>516790</id>
      <parentid>516789</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T20:21:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহ */</comment>
      <origin>516790</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="56236" sha1="55ey3y7twctc3sha4349chv8vxzfrbp" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোণা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। 

===মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা===
মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা হ’ল আনুষংগিক ভাষাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট গোটৰ বক্তাসকলৰ মাজত যোগাযোগৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা। বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষাৰ দৰে নহয়, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সীমিত ভাষিক বা ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলত সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে প্যান-স্লাভিক ভাষা, প্যান-ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা আৰু প্যান-জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা। 
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable sticky-header&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| ৰুছকি ভাষা (Ruski jezik)
| 
| ১৬৬৬
| {{sort|Križanić|জুৰাজ ক্ৰিঝানিচ}} 
| কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰথমটো পেন-স্লেভিক ভাষা। 
|-
| Tutonish
|
| ১৯০১
| {{sort|Molee|ইলিয়াচ মোলী}}
| প্ৰথমটো পেন-জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা, পাছলৈ ''nu teutonish'', ''alteutonik'' আদি নামেৰে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছিল। 
|-
| Romanid
| 
| ১৯৫৬ 
| {{sort|Magyar|জোলটান মজিয়াৰ (ভাষাবিদ)}} 
| ৰোমেন্স ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Guosa
| 
| ১৯৬৫
| {{sort|Igbinéwéká|আলেকজাণ্ডাৰ ইগবিনেভেকা}} 
| পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাবে হাউছা, ইয়োৰুবা আৰু ইগ্বো ভাষাৰ পৰা মূলত সংগৃহীত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Afrihili
| afh 
| ১৯৭০
| {{sort|Attobrah|কে. এ. কুমি এটোব্ৰাহ}} 
| এটা পেন-আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা। 
|-
| ৰুন্যাকিতাৰা
|
| {{sort|1990|১৯৯০ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণি}}
|
| পশ্চিম উগাণ্ডাৰ চাৰিখন নিকট-সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰ আধাৰত মানকীকৃত এখন ভাষা। 
|-
| Palawa kani
|
| ১৯৯২
| তাছমানিয়ান আদিবাসী কেন্দ্ৰ
| পূৰ্ব তাছমানিয়াৰ আদিবাসীয়ে কোৱা বিভিন্ন তাছমানিয়ান ভাষাৰ সীমিত তথ্যৰ আধাৰত পুনৰ্নিমাণ কৰা শব্দৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত ভাষা। 
|-
| Slovio 
|
| ১৯৯৯ 
| {{sort|Hučko|মাৰ্ক হুচ্কো}}
| স্লেভিক ভাষাবোৰ আৰু এছপেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|-
| ৰোমেন্স নিয়’লাটিনো
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Cassany|জোৰ্ডি কাসানী বেটছ}} আৰু অন্যসকল
| এটা পেন-ৰোমেন্স ভাষা। 
|-
| Slovianski
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Rečnik|অন্দ্ৰেই ৰেচনিক, গাব্ৰিয়েল স্বোবোডা, Jan van Steenbergen, ইগৰ পলিয়াকভ}} 
| স্লেভিক ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| Neoslavonic
|
| ২০০৯ 
| {{sort|Merunka|ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| পুৰণি চাৰ্চ স্লেভনিক ভাষাৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ। 
|-
| Budinos
|
| ২০০৯
| {{sort|Arzamazov|আলেক্সেই আন্দ্ৰেৱিচ আৰ্জামাজোভ}}
| ফিন্‌নো-উগ্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Interslavic
| isv
| ২০১১–২০১৭
| {{sort|Steenbergen|Jan van Steenbergen, ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| এটা পেন-স্লেভিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা, যি Slovianski আৰু Neoslavonic ভাষাৰ সমন্বয়ে গঠিত। 
|-
| Ortatürk / Öztürkçe
|
| ১৯৯২, ২০০৮
| বাখ্তিয়াৰ কাৰিমোভ, চোৱাহমাদ মুটালোভ
| পৰিসংখ্যানেৰে নিৰূপিত শব্দসম্ভাৰসহ এটা পেন-তুৰ্কিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|}

===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ভাষা===
নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা হৈছে এনে প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা যিবোৰক কিছুমান বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত সহজ, ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ বা অধিক গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কৰি তোলাৰ বাবে পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যেনে মূল ভাষা ভালদৰে নজনা লোকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে। তলত দিয়া প্ৰকল্পসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজীৰ উদাহৰণ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| বেছিক ইংলিছ (Basic English)
| ১৯২৫
| চাৰ্লছ কে. ওগ্ডেন
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ভাষাটোক নিৰ্দিষ্টসংখ্যক সাধাৰণ শব্দ আৰু পদসমূহলৈ সীমিত কৰি বিদেশী শিক্ষাৰ্থী বা অন্যান্য অসুবিধা হোৱা লোকসকলৰ বাবে সহজ কৰি তোলাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা। 
|-
| স্পেচিয়েল (লাৰ্নিং) ইংলিছ
| ১৯৫৯
| ভয়চ অৱ আমেৰিকা
|-
| গ্ল’বিচ (Globish)
| ২০০৪
| জঁ-পল নেৰিয়েৰ
|-
| ই-প্ৰাইম (E-Prime)
| ১৯৪০ দশক
| ডি. ডেভিড বুৰলেণ্ড জুনিয়ৰ
| ''to be'' ক্ৰিয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বাদ দিয়া হৈছে যাতে লিখনি অধিক স্পষ্ট আৰু সঠিক হয়। 
|-
| ছিম্প্লিফাইড টেকনিকেল ইংলিছ
| ১৯৮৩
| ইউৰোপীয় মহাকাশ উদ্যোগ সমিতি
| কাৰিকৰী পাঠ্য, যেনে ম্যানুৱেল আদিৰ জটিলতা আৰু অনিশ্চয়তা কমাবলৈ উদ্দিষ্ট। 
|-
| পেৰালেল ইংলিছ (Globish – Gogate)
| ১৯৯৮
| মধুকৰ গোগাটে
| ইংলিছৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হলেও স্বতন্ত্ৰ ৰূপে নিৰ্মিত এখন কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|-
| প্লেইন ইংলিছ
| 
| বিভিন্ন
| বহু ইডিয়ম, জাৰ্গন আৰু বিদেশী শব্দ এৰাই অধিক সোজাসাপটা, সংক্ষিপ্ত আৰু স্পষ্ট ভাষা প্ৰয়োগৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে। 
|}

===দৃশ্যমান ভাষা===
দৃশ্যমান ভাষাত কথিত শব্দৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতীক বা গতিবিধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিৰ্মিত সাংকেতিক ভাষাও এই শ্ৰেণীত পৰে। 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| ব্লিচচিম্ব'লচ (Blissymbols)
| zbl
| ১৯৪৯
| চাৰ্লছ কে. ব্লিচ
| নিজৰ ব্যাকৰণ আৰু বাক্য গঠন থকা এখন আইডিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক লিখনি পদ্ধতি। 
|-
| ইণ্টাৰনেছনেল চাইন (International Sign)
| ils
| ১৯৭০ দশক
| জাছিন মালোকু
| এখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক চাইন ভাষা। গেছ্তু'নো (Gestuno) নামেও জনাজাত। 
|-
| আই'চ’টাইপ (Isotype)
| 
| ১৯২৫–১৯৩৪
| অ'ট্টো ন্যুৰাথ আদি
| এখন পিক্টগ্ৰাফিক ভাষা। 
|-
|}

== ধৰ্মীয় ভাষাসমূহ ==
এইসকল ভাষা নিজ নিজ সম্প্ৰদায় বা ধৰ্মীয় সংঘৰ দ্বাৰা ধৰ্মীয় ব্যৱহাৰত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| আয়াৰিক (Iyaric)
| 
| প্ৰায় ১৯৩০ দশক
| ৰাস্তাফাৰীসকল
| &quot;ৰাস্তাৰ টক&quot; বা &quot;ড্ৰেড টক&quot; বুলি জনাজাত; ৰাস্তাফাৰী আন্দোলনৰ কিছুমানে নিজৰ হেৰুৱা আফ্ৰিকান ভাষাসমূহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপন স্বৰূপে গঢ়ি তোলে। 
|-
| এছ্কায়ান (Eskayan)
| esy
| প্ৰায় ১৯২০–১৯৪০
| মাৰিয়ানো দাতাহান
| ছেবুৱানোৰ বোহোলানো উপভাষাৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। 
|-
| মেডেফাইড্ৰিন (Medefaidrin)
| dmf
| ১৯৩০ দশক
| ওবেৰী অ'কাইমে গীৰ্জা
| নাইজেৰিয়াৰ এই খ্ৰীষ্টান গীৰ্জাৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত; পবিত্ৰ উৎসৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
|-
| দামিন (Damin)
| 
| অজ্ঞাত
| লাৰ্ডিল জনগোষ্ঠী
| লাৰ্ডিল ভাষাৰ স্থানীয় বক্তাসকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা; আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাহিৰত একমাত্ৰ ক্লিক-ধ্বনি ভাষা। 
|-
|}

== অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ (Engineered languages) কোনো বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ বাবে বা নতুন ভাষাগত বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ সৈতে পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। এইসকল ভাষা দাৰ্শনিক (philosophical), পৰীক্ষামূলক (experimental), অথবা যুক্তিপূৰ্ণ (logical) ভাষাৰ বিভাগসমূহত পৰি যাব পাৰে। 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লোগোপানডেক্টেইছন (Logopandecteision)
| 
| ১৬৫৩
| ছাৰ থমাছ আৰ্কুহাৰ্ট
| জটিল বৰ্গীকৰণমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ। 
|-
| নামবিহীন ভাষা (John Wilkins)
| 
| ১৬৬৮
|জন উইলকিনছ
| দাৰ্শনিক স্পষ্টতা যোগাব পৰা এক প্ৰতীকমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ। 
|-
| ল'গলান (Loglan)
| 
| ১৯৫৫
| জেমছ কুক ব্ৰাউন
| ছাপিৰ–ৱৰ্ফ অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত; ল'জবানৰ অনুপ্ৰেৰণা। 
|-
| আ-ই-উ-আই (aUI)
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ডব্লিউ.জন ৱেইলগাৰ্ট
| প্ৰতিটো ধ্বনিই একেটা অৰ্থ বহন কৰে; শব্দসমূহে জটিল ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰে। 
|-
| ইথকুৱিল (Ithkuil)
| 
| ১৯৭৮–২০২৩
|জন কুইজাডা
| দীঘল অৰ্থ ক্ষিপ্ৰ আৰু স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পৰা এক জটিল ভাষা। 
|-
| লাডান (Láadan)
| ldn
| ১৯৮২
| ছুজেট হেডেন এলজিন
| মহিলাসকলৰ প্ৰতি অভিযোজিত এক ধ্বনিগত ভাষা; প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাসমূহ পুৰুষক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি আছে নে নাই সেয়া পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ গঢ়ি তোলা। 
|-
| ল'জবান (Lojban)
| jbo
| ১৯৮৭
| Logical Language Group
| যুক্তিসংগত আৰু ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে অনিৰ্বচনীয় ভাষা; ল'গলানৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী। 
|-
| টোকি পোনা (Toki Pona)
| tok
| ২০০১
| ছঞ্জা লাং
| মাত্ৰ ১২০-১৩৭+ শব্দযুক্ত এক ক্ষুদ্ৰতম ভাষা; ১৬০০ৰো অধিক বক্তা আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=2022 toki pona census. |url=https://tokiponacensus.github.io/results2022/ |access-date= |website=Toki Pona census |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Sonja |title=Toki Pona: the Language of Good |date=2014 |publisher=Sonja Lang |isbn=9780978292300}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| কেইলেন (Kēlen)
| 
| ২০০৯
| চিলভিয়া চোটোমায়ৰ
| এক &quot;এলিয়েন&quot; ভাষা যিয়ে ক্ৰিয়া (verb) বিলোপ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে, যি প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাৰ এক বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ উলংঘন। 
|-
| ভিঅ’ছা (Viossa)
| 
| ২০১৪
| 
| কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যাকৰণ বা ধ্বনি নিয়ম নথকা কৃত্ৰিম পিড্জিন ভাষা; যদি বক্তাসকলে একে-অন্যক বুজিব পাৰে, তেন্তে সঠিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। 
|}

=== অন্যান্য ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লিংকচ (Lincos)
| ১৯৬০
| হান্স ফ্ৰয়ডেনথাল
| যিকোনো সম্ভাব্য বৌদ্ধিক ভিনগ্ৰহীয় জীৱই বুজিব পৰা এক ভাষা; আন্তৰিক্ষীয় বেতাৰ-সংযোগৰ বাবে গঢ়ি তোলা। 
|-
| এটেম্পটো কণ্ট্ৰ'ল্ড ইংলিছ (Attempto Controlled English)
| ১৯৯৫
| জুৰিখ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা, যি জ্ঞান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব ভাষা হিচাপেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Schwitter, Rolf. &quot;[https://aclanthology.org/C10-2128.pdf Controlled natural languages for knowledge representation].&quot; Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| মেণ্টি (Mänti)
| ২০০৬
| ডেনিয়েল টামেট
| কিছুমান ফিননিক শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰ্মিত এক কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|}

== কল্পনাৰ/সাহিত্যিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
&lt;!--
সোঁৱৰণী: ইয়াত সন্নিৱিষ্ট সকলো ভাষাৰ নিজৰ পৃথকে ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধ, নাইবা অন্ততঃ কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত সেৱা কৰা এক উপ-অংশ থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক। 
মাত্ৰ যিকোনো কল্পনা-আধাৰিত ভাষা যুক্ত নকৰিব, যদিও তাত উৎস বা উদ্ধৃতি দিয়া থাকে। 
--&gt;

=== কল্পনাত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা ভাষাসমূহ ===

==== জে. আৰ. আৰ. ট'লকিনৰ দ্বাৰা গঢ়া ভাষাসমূহ ====

ট'লকিনে গঢ়া মুখ্য ভাষাসমূহ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! ভাষা!! ISO কোড!! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[সিণ্ডাৰিন]] || sjn || [[এল্ফ (মিডল-আৰ্থ)|এল্‌ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, প্ৰধানকৈ [[ৱেল্‌চ ভাষা|ৱেল্‌চ]] ভাষাৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|-
| [[কুৱেন্যা]] || qya || এল্‌ফজাতিৰ ভাষা, [[ফিনিচ ভাষা|ফিনিচ]], [[লেটিন ভাষা]] আৰু [[প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|-
| [[খুজ্দুল]] || || [[ডোৱাৰ্ফ (মিডল-আৰ্থ)|ডোৱাৰ্ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, [[চেমিটিক ভাষাসমূহ|চেমিটিক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|}

==== চলচ্চিত্ৰ ====
{{See also |Languages in Star Wars}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ক্লিংন ভাষা|ক্লিংন]] || ''[[Star Trek]]'' || 1979–বৰ্তমান || [[Marc Okrand]] || ক্লিংন নামৰ এলিয়েন জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[চুড ভাষা]] || ''[[Pathfinder (1987 film)|Pathfinder]]'' || 1987 || Esben Kr. Aamot&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/en/item/?type=film&amp;itemid=18458#crew Veiviseren (1987)], The Swedish Film Database&lt;/ref&gt; || Tchudes নামৰ খলনায়ক গোটৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[এট্লাণ্টিয়ান ভাষা|এট্লাণ্টিয়ান]] || ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]'' || 2001 || [[Marc Okrand]] || কাল্পনিক এট্লাণ্টিছ নগৰৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[কু (ভাষা)|কু]] || ''[[The Interpreter (2005 film)|The Interpreter]]'' || 2005 || Said el-Gheithy || কাল্পনিক আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা। 
|-
| [[নাভি ভাষা|নাভি]] || ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' || 2009 || [[Paul Frommer]] || [[Pandora]]ৰ নাভি জাতিৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা। 
|-
| [[বৰছুমিয়ান ভাষা|বৰছুমিয়ান]] || ''[[John Carter (film)|John Carter]]'' || 2012 || [[Paul Frommer]], [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]] || মাৰ্ছৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[কিলিকি ভাষা|কিলিকি]] || ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|বাহুবলী]]'' || 2015 || [[Madhan Karky]] || [[কালাকেয়া গোট|কালাকেয়া]] জাতিৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.saddahaq.com/welcome-to-new-language-kilikili-from-baahubali|title=Welcome to new language 'Kilikili' from Baahubali|last=Cinema|first=Telugu|work=SaddaHaq|access-date=2017-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| [[বীমা ভাষা|বীমা]] || ''[[Alpha (2018 film)|Alpha]]'' || 2016 || [[Christine Schreyer]] || [[উচ্চ প্যালিওলিথিক যুগ]]ৰ ভাষা (২০,০০০ বছৰ আগৰ)। 
|}

==== ভিডিঅ' গেম ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[চোলিয়ানি ভাষা|চোলিয়ানি]] || ''[[Empire of the Petal Throne]]'' || ১৯৪০ৰ দশক || [[M. A. R. Barker]] || [[Tékumel]] নামৰ কাল্পনিক জগতৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[গাৰ্গিশ]] || ''[[Ultima (series)|Ultima]]'' শৃংখলা || 1981–2013 || — || গাৰ্গয়েল জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[ড'নি ভাষা|ড’নি]] || ''[[Myst (series)|Myst]]'' শৃংখলা || 1993–2005 || [[Cyan Worlds]] || ভূগৰ্ভৰ [[D'ni]] লোকসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[আৰ টোনেলিকো#হিম্নোছ|হিম্নোছ]] || ''[[Ar Tonelico]]'' || 2006–2010 || [[Akira Tsuchiya]] || ''Ar Ciel'' নামৰ জগতৰ ভাষা; সংগীত আৰু সজ্জাত ব্যৱহৃত।&lt;ref&gt;[http://game.salburg.com/hymmnoserver/ game.salburg.com]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৱেঞ্জা ভাষা|ৱেঞ্জা]] || ''[[Far Cry Primal]]'' || 2016 || Andrew Byrd, Brenna Byrd || PIE (প্ৰট'-ইনড'-ইউৰোপীয়)ৰ পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ৰূপ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি; তিনিটা উপভাষা — ৱেঞ্জা, উদাম, ইজিলা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Zorine Te|title=Far Cry Primal Developers Talk About Uncovering History|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/far-cry-primal-developers-talk-about-uncovering-hi/1100-6434103/|website=GameSpot|access-date=February 8, 2016|date=January 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== ইণ্টাৰনেট-ভিত্তিক ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[টিঅ'নাথ]] || 1962 || [[Sally Caves]] || [[Teonim]] নামৰ পলিডেক্টাইল মানুহজাতিৰ ভাষা, যিসকল বিড়ালসদৃশ দেৱতাসকলক পূজা কৰে। 
|-
| [[ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান ভাষা|ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান]] আদিৰ ভাষাসমূহ || 1995 || [[Mark Rosenfelder]] || আল্মিয়া গ্ৰহৰ ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়া দেশত ব্যৱহৃত ভাষাসমূহ। 
|-
| [[ড্ৰিটক]] || 2007 || Don Boozer || কণ্ঠৰ জায়গাত অঙ্গ-ভিত্তিক যোগাযোগ ব্যৱস্থা থকা Drushek জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|}

==== সংগীত ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[কোবাইয়ান]] || 1970s || [[Christian Vander (musician)|Christian Vander]] || [[Magma (band)|Magma]] নামৰ ফৰাচী ৰক ব্যাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত। 
|-
| [[লক্সিয়ান]] || 2005 || [[Roma Ryan]] || [[Enya]]ৰ ২০০৫ৰ ''[[Amarantine (album)|Amarantine]]'' আৰু ২০১৫ৰ ''[[Dark Sky Island]]'' এলবামত ব্যৱহৃত। 
|-
| [[মচ ভাষা|মচ]] || 2009 || [[Jackson Moore]] || সুৰভিত্তিক ধ্বনিগত বৈশিষ্ট্য থকা সংগীতমূলক পিজিন ভাষা। 
|}

==== টেলিভিছন ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ভালকান (ভাষা)|ভালকান]] || ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' || 1966–1969 || অনুৰাগীসকলে Golic Vulcan ৰূপত উন্নয়ন কৰে। 
|-
| [[এনচান্তা]] || ''[[Encantadia]]'' আৰু ''[[Etheria: Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia|Etheria]]'' || 2005 || [[Suzette Doctolero]] || [[Encantadia]] নামৰ জগতৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[ভালিৰিয়ান ভাষাসমূহ]] আৰু [[ড'থ্ৰাকি ভাষা|ড'থ্ৰাকি]] || ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' || 2011–2019 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[ট্ৰিগেডাস্লেং]] || ''[[The 100 (TV series)|The 100]]'' || 2014–2020 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[বেল্টাৰ ক্ৰিঅ'ল]] || ''[[The Expanse (TV series)|The Expanse]]'' || 2014 || [[Nick Farmer]] || [[অষ্টেৰয়েড বেল্ট]] আৰু [[সৌৰজগত]]ৰ বাহ্যিক অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2019/12/nick-farmer-knows-dozens-of-languages-so-he-invented-one-for-the-expanse/|title = Nick Farmer knows dozens of languages, so he invented one for the Expanse|date = 22 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৰ'মুলান ভাষা]] || ''[[Star Trek: Picard]]'' || 2019 || [[Trent Pehrson]] || —
|}

====অন্যান্য সাহিত্য====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! ভাষাৰ নাম
! উৎস গ্ৰন্থ
! সৃষ্টি-বছৰ
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[Utopian language|ইউটোপিয়ান]]
| ''[[Utopia (book)|Utopia]]''
| ১৫১৬
| [[থমাছ ম’ৰ]], [[পিটাৰ গিলিছ]]
| ম’ৰৰ কল্পিত ৰাষ্ট্ৰ ইউটোপিয়াৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ বাবে সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা; নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ আটাইতকৈ আগৰ প্ৰয়াসসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটি। 
|-
| [[Zaum|জাউম]]
| 
| ১৯১৩
| [[ভেলিমিৰ খ্লেবনিকোভ]], [[আলেক্সেই ক্ৰুচোনিখ]] আদি
| এই [[ৰাছিয়ান ফিউচাৰিষ্ট]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট &quot;গীত, মন্ত্ৰ আৰু অভিশাপ&quot;ৰ &quot;সৰ্বাধিক সৰ্বজনীন&quot; আৰু &quot;অতাৰ্কিক&quot; ভাষা ৰূপে এটা কবিতামূলক ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Syldavian|চিলডেভিয়ান]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]''-ত
| ১৯৩৮–৩৯
| [[আৰ্জে]]
| [[চিলডেভিয়া]] নামৰ এটা কাল্পনিক [[বাল্কান]] ৰাজ্যৰ কাল্পনিক [[পশ্চিম জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা]]। 
|-
| [[Newspeak|নিউজস্পীক]]
| ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''
| ১৯৪৯
| [[জৰ্জ অ’ৰৱেল]]
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজী ভাষা, যাক এক স্বৈৰাচাৰী চৰকাৰে মানুহৰ চিন্তাশক্তি সীমিত কৰি বিদ্ৰোহ প্ৰতিবন্ধ কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰে। 
|-
| [[Borduria#Language|বৰডুৰিয়ান]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[The Calculus Affair]]''-ত
| ১৯৫৪–৫৬
| আৰ্জে
| [[চিলডেভিয়া]]ৰ সীমান্তৰ দেশ [[বৰডুৰিয়া]]ৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Spocanian|স্পোকেনিয়ান]]
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ৰ'লাণ্ট টুৱেহুইছেন
| স্পোকেনিয়াৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Chakobsa (Dune)|চাকবছা]]
| ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]''
| ১৯৬৫
| [[ফ্ৰেংক হাৰ্বাৰ্ট]], [[ডেভিড জে. পিটাৰছন]], জেচি পিটাৰছন
| [[Fremen|ফ্ৰেমেন]]সকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Lapine language|ল্যাপন]]
| ''[[Watership Down]]''
| ১৯৭২
| [[ৰিচাৰ্ড এডামছ]]
| খৰগোশসকলৰ দ্বাৰা কোৱা ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Láadan]] (ldn)
| ''[[Native Tongue (Elgin novel)|Native Tongue]]'' আৰু তাৰ উত্তৰ-উপন্যাসসমূহত
| ১৯৮৪
| [[চুজেট হেডেন এলজিন]]
| [[মহিলা]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Baronh|বাৰোনহ]]
| ''Seikai no Monshō'' (''[[Crest of the Stars]]'') আৰু আন বহুতোত
| ১৯৯৬
| [[হিৰোয়ুকি মৰিঅ'কা]]
| [[Abh]] জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|}

== ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহ ==
তলত উল্লিখিত নটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষাত ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। এই ভাষাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আঠটা ভাষাই আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা আৰু ল'জবান এটা অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষা। ২০০৫ চনলৈকে [[টোকি পোনা]] আৰু ক্লিঙন ভাষাতো ৱিকিপিডিয়া আছিল, কিন্তু এই সংস্কৰণসমূহ পাছত মচি পেলোৱা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[[:Meta:List of Wikipedias]]&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+
|-
! ভাষাৰ নাম
! ISO/সংযোগ
! আৰম্ভণি
! বিশ্বজুৰি ব্যৱহাৰকাৰী
! সক্ৰিয় সম্পাদক
! প্ৰবন্ধসংখ্যা
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | এস্পেৰান্তো
| ''[[:eo:|eo]]'' || ১৮৮৭ || ১,০০,০০০ – ২০,০০,০০০ || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|eo|N}} || [[Esperanto Wikipedia|{{NUMBEROF|articles|eo|N}}]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ভ’লাপুক
| ''[[:vo:|vo]]'' || ১৮৮০ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|vo|N}} || [[Volapük Wikipedia|{{NUMBEROF|articles|vo|N}}]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ইদো
| ''[[:io:|io]]'' || ১৯০৭ || প্ৰায় ১০০০জন || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|io|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|io|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা
| ''[[:ia:|ia]]'' || ১৯৫১ || প্ৰায় ১০০০জন || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|ia|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|ia|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | কটাভা
| ''[[:avk:|avk]]'' || ১৯৭৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|avk|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|avk|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | '''ইণ্টাৰলিং'''
| ''[[:ie:|ie]]'' || ১৯২২ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|ie|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|ie|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাংকা নোভা
| ''[[:lfn:|lfn]]'' || ১৯৯৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|lfn|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|lfn|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | নোভিয়েল
| ''[[:nov:|nov]]'' || ১৯২৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|nov|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|nov|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Lojban|ল'জবান]]
| ''[[:jbo:|jbo]]'' || ১৯৮৭ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|jbo|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|jbo|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Láadan|লাডান]]{{efn|name=inc|[[Wikimedia Incubator]]-ত হোষ্ট কৰা হৈছে}}
| ''[[:incubator:Wp/ldn|ldn]]'' || ১৯৮২ ||? || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[Interslavic|ইণ্টাৰ্স্লেভিক]]{{efn|name=inc}}
| ''[[:incubator:Wp/isv|isv]]'' || ২০১১–২০১৭ || ৭০০০ – ২০,০০০ || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|}

== চাওক ==
* [[Alien language|এলিয়েন ভাষা]]
* [[Constructed script|নিৰ্মিত লিপি]]
* [[Conlanger|ভাষা নিৰ্মাতা]]
* [[Constructed language|নিৰ্মিত ভাষা]]
* [[Engineered language|ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰ্ড ভাষা]]
* [[Hieroglyph|হায়াৰোগ্লিফ]]
* [[International auxiliary language|আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা]]
* [[Language game|ভাষা খেল]]
* [[List of languages|ভাষাৰ তালিকা]]
* [[Rohonc Codex|ৰোহঞ্চ কোডেস্ক]]
* [[Voynich Manuscript|ভয়নিক পাণ্ডুলিপি]]
* [[List of markup languages|মাৰ্কআপ ভাষাৰ তালিকা]]
* [[List of extinct languages|অলপজীৱিত ভাষাৰ তালিকা]]

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>55ey3y7twctc3sha4349chv8vxzfrbp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>516791</id>
      <parentid>516790</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T20:22:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহ */</comment>
      <origin>516791</origin>
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      <text bytes="56098" sha1="qq3i9l5h90adama3zrx3fqsk4alfh6q" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোণা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। 

===মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা===
মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা হ’ল আনুষংগিক ভাষাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট গোটৰ বক্তাসকলৰ মাজত যোগাযোগৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা। বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষাৰ দৰে নহয়, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সীমিত ভাষিক বা ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলত সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে প্যান-স্লাভিক ভাষা, প্যান-ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা আৰু প্যান-জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা। 
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable sticky-header&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| ৰুছকি ভাষা (Ruski jezik)
| 
| ১৬৬৬
| {{sort|Križanić|জুৰাজ ক্ৰিঝানিচ}} 
| কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰথমটো পেন-স্লেভিক ভাষা। 
|-
| Tutonish
|
| ১৯০১
| {{sort|Molee|ইলিয়াচ মোলী}}
| প্ৰথমটো পেন-জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা, পাছলৈ ''nu teutonish'', ''alteutonik'' আদি নামেৰে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছিল। 
|-
| Romanid
| 
| ১৯৫৬ 
| {{sort|Magyar|জোলটান মজিয়াৰ (ভাষাবিদ)}} 
| ৰোমেন্স ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Guosa
| 
| ১৯৬৫
| {{sort|Igbinéwéká|আলেকজাণ্ডাৰ ইগবিনেভেকা}} 
| পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাবে হাউছা, ইয়োৰুবা আৰু ইগ্বো ভাষাৰ পৰা মূলত সংগৃহীত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Afrihili
| afh 
| ১৯৭০
| {{sort|Attobrah|কে. এ. কুমি এটোব্ৰাহ}} 
| এটা পেন-আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা। 
|-
| ৰুন্যাকিতাৰা
|
| {{sort|1990|১৯৯০ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণি}}
|
| পশ্চিম উগাণ্ডাৰ চাৰিখন নিকট-সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰ আধাৰত মানকীকৃত এখন ভাষা। 
|-
| Palawa kani
|
| ১৯৯২
| তাছমানিয়ান আদিবাসী কেন্দ্ৰ
| পূৰ্ব তাছমানিয়াৰ আদিবাসীয়ে কোৱা বিভিন্ন তাছমানিয়ান ভাষাৰ সীমিত তথ্যৰ আধাৰত পুনৰ্নিমাণ কৰা শব্দৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত ভাষা। 
|-
| Slovio 
|
| ১৯৯৯ 
| {{sort|Hučko|মাৰ্ক হুচ্কো}}
| স্লেভিক ভাষাবোৰ আৰু এছপেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|-
| ৰোমেন্স নিয়’লাটিনো
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Cassany|জোৰ্ডি কাসানী বেটছ}} আৰু অন্যসকল
| এটা পেন-ৰোমেন্স ভাষা। 
|-
| Slovianski
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Rečnik|অন্দ্ৰেই ৰেচনিক, গাব্ৰিয়েল স্বোবোডা, Jan van Steenbergen, ইগৰ পলিয়াকভ}} 
| স্লেভিক ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| Neoslavonic
|
| ২০০৯ 
| {{sort|Merunka|ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| পুৰণি চাৰ্চ স্লেভনিক ভাষাৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ। 
|-
| Budinos
|
| ২০০৯
| {{sort|Arzamazov|আলেক্সেই আন্দ্ৰেৱিচ আৰ্জামাজোভ}}
| ফিন্‌নো-উগ্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Interslavic
| isv
| ২০১১–২০১৭
| {{sort|Steenbergen|Jan van Steenbergen, ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| এটা পেন-স্লেভিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা, যি Slovianski আৰু Neoslavonic ভাষাৰ সমন্বয়ে গঠিত। 
|-
| Ortatürk / Öztürkçe
|
| ১৯৯২, ২০০৮
| বাখ্তিয়াৰ কাৰিমোভ, চোৱাহমাদ মুটালোভ
| পৰিসংখ্যানেৰে নিৰূপিত শব্দসম্ভাৰসহ এটা পেন-তুৰ্কিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|}

===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ভাষা===
নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা হৈছে এনে প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা যিবোৰক কিছুমান বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত সহজ, ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ বা অধিক গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কৰি তোলাৰ বাবে পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যেনে মূল ভাষা ভালদৰে নজনা লোকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে। তলত দিয়া প্ৰকল্পসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজীৰ উদাহৰণ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| বেছিক ইংলিছ (Basic English)
| ১৯২৫
| চাৰ্লছ কে. ওগ্ডেন
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ভাষাটোক নিৰ্দিষ্টসংখ্যক সাধাৰণ শব্দ আৰু পদসমূহলৈ সীমিত কৰি বিদেশী শিক্ষাৰ্থী বা অন্যান্য অসুবিধা হোৱা লোকসকলৰ বাবে সহজ কৰি তোলাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা। 
|-
| স্পেচিয়েল (লাৰ্নিং) ইংলিছ
| ১৯৫৯
| ভয়চ অৱ আমেৰিকা
|-
| গ্ল’বিচ (Globish)
| ২০০৪
| জঁ-পল নেৰিয়েৰ
|-
| ই-প্ৰাইম (E-Prime)
| ১৯৪০ দশক
| ডি. ডেভিড বুৰলেণ্ড জুনিয়ৰ
| ''to be'' ক্ৰিয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বাদ দিয়া হৈছে যাতে লিখনি অধিক স্পষ্ট আৰু সঠিক হয়। 
|-
| ছিম্প্লিফাইড টেকনিকেল ইংলিছ
| ১৯৮৩
| ইউৰোপীয় মহাকাশ উদ্যোগ সমিতি
| কাৰিকৰী পাঠ্য, যেনে ম্যানুৱেল আদিৰ জটিলতা আৰু অনিশ্চয়তা কমাবলৈ উদ্দিষ্ট। 
|-
| পেৰালেল ইংলিছ (Globish – Gogate)
| ১৯৯৮
| মধুকৰ গোগাটে
| ইংলিছৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হলেও স্বতন্ত্ৰ ৰূপে নিৰ্মিত এখন কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|-
| প্লেইন ইংলিছ
| 
| বিভিন্ন
| বহু ইডিয়ম, জাৰ্গন আৰু বিদেশী শব্দ এৰাই অধিক সোজাসাপটা, সংক্ষিপ্ত আৰু স্পষ্ট ভাষা প্ৰয়োগৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে। 
|}

===দৃশ্যমান ভাষা===
দৃশ্যমান ভাষাত কথিত শব্দৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতীক বা গতিবিধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিৰ্মিত সাংকেতিক ভাষাও এই শ্ৰেণীত পৰে। 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| ব্লিচচিম্ব'লচ (Blissymbols)
| zbl
| ১৯৪৯
| চাৰ্লছ কে. ব্লিচ
| নিজৰ ব্যাকৰণ আৰু বাক্য গঠন থকা এখন আইডিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক লিখনি পদ্ধতি। 
|-
| ইণ্টাৰনেছনেল চাইন (International Sign)
| ils
| ১৯৭০ দশক
| জাছিন মালোকু
| এখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক চাইন ভাষা। গেছ্তু'নো (Gestuno) নামেও জনাজাত। 
|-
| আই'চ’টাইপ (Isotype)
| 
| ১৯২৫–১৯৩৪
| অ'ট্টো ন্যুৰাথ আদি
| এখন পিক্টগ্ৰাফিক ভাষা। 
|-
|}

== ধৰ্মীয় ভাষাসমূহ ==
এইসকল ভাষা নিজ নিজ সম্প্ৰদায় বা ধৰ্মীয় সংঘৰ দ্বাৰা ধৰ্মীয় ব্যৱহাৰত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| আয়াৰিক (Iyaric)
| 
| প্ৰায় ১৯৩০ দশক
| ৰাস্তাফাৰীসকল
| &quot;ৰাস্তাৰ টক&quot; বা &quot;ড্ৰেড টক&quot; বুলি জনাজাত; ৰাস্তাফাৰী আন্দোলনৰ কিছুমানে নিজৰ হেৰুৱা আফ্ৰিকান ভাষাসমূহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপন স্বৰূপে গঢ়ি তোলে। 
|-
| এছ্কায়ান (Eskayan)
| esy
| প্ৰায় ১৯২০–১৯৪০
| মাৰিয়ানো দাতাহান
| ছেবুৱানোৰ বোহোলানো উপভাষাৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। 
|-
| মেডেফাইড্ৰিন (Medefaidrin)
| dmf
| ১৯৩০ দশক
| ওবেৰী অ'কাইমে গীৰ্জা
| নাইজেৰিয়াৰ এই খ্ৰীষ্টান গীৰ্জাৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত; পবিত্ৰ উৎসৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
|-
| দামিন (Damin)
| 
| অজ্ঞাত
| লাৰ্ডিল জনগোষ্ঠী
| লাৰ্ডিল ভাষাৰ স্থানীয় বক্তাসকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা; আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাহিৰত একমাত্ৰ ক্লিক-ধ্বনি ভাষা। 
|-
|}

== অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ (Engineered languages) কোনো বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ বাবে বা নতুন ভাষাগত বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ সৈতে পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। এইসকল ভাষা দাৰ্শনিক (philosophical), পৰীক্ষামূলক (experimental), অথবা যুক্তিপূৰ্ণ (logical) ভাষাৰ বিভাগসমূহত পৰি যাব পাৰে। 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লোগোপানডেক্টেইছন (Logopandecteision)
| 
| ১৬৫৩
| ছাৰ থমাছ আৰ্কুহাৰ্ট
| জটিল বৰ্গীকৰণমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ। 
|-
| নামবিহীন ভাষা (John Wilkins)
| 
| ১৬৬৮
|জন উইলকিনছ
| দাৰ্শনিক স্পষ্টতা যোগাব পৰা এক প্ৰতীকমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ। 
|-
| ল'গলান (Loglan)
| 
| ১৯৫৫
| জেমছ কুক ব্ৰাউন
| ছাপিৰ–ৱৰ্ফ অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত; ল'জবানৰ অনুপ্ৰেৰণা। 
|-
| আ-ই-উ-আই (aUI)
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ডব্লিউ.জন ৱেইলগাৰ্ট
| প্ৰতিটো ধ্বনিই একেটা অৰ্থ বহন কৰে; শব্দসমূহে জটিল ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰে। 
|-
| ইথকুৱিল (Ithkuil)
| 
| ১৯৭৮–২০২৩
|জন কুইজাডা
| দীঘল অৰ্থ ক্ষিপ্ৰ আৰু স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পৰা এক জটিল ভাষা। 
|-
| লাডান (Láadan)
| ldn
| ১৯৮২
| ছুজেট হেডেন এলজিন
| মহিলাসকলৰ প্ৰতি অভিযোজিত এক ধ্বনিগত ভাষা; প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাসমূহ পুৰুষক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি আছে নে নাই সেয়া পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ গঢ়ি তোলা। 
|-
| ল'জবান (Lojban)
| jbo
| ১৯৮৭
| Logical Language Group
| যুক্তিসংগত আৰু ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে অনিৰ্বচনীয় ভাষা; ল'গলানৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী। 
|-
| টোকি পোনা (Toki Pona)
| tok
| ২০০১
| ছঞ্জা লাং
| মাত্ৰ ১২০-১৩৭+ শব্দযুক্ত এক ক্ষুদ্ৰতম ভাষা; ১৬০০ৰো অধিক বক্তা আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=2022 toki pona census. |url=https://tokiponacensus.github.io/results2022/ |access-date= |website=Toki Pona census |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Sonja |title=Toki Pona: the Language of Good |date=2014 |publisher=Sonja Lang |isbn=9780978292300}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| কেইলেন (Kēlen)
| 
| ২০০৯
| চিলভিয়া চোটোমায়ৰ
| এক &quot;এলিয়েন&quot; ভাষা যিয়ে ক্ৰিয়া (verb) বিলোপ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে, যি প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাৰ এক বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ উলংঘন। 
|-
| ভিঅ’ছা (Viossa)
| 
| ২০১৪
| 
| কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যাকৰণ বা ধ্বনি নিয়ম নথকা কৃত্ৰিম পিড্জিন ভাষা; যদি বক্তাসকলে একে-অন্যক বুজিব পাৰে, তেন্তে সঠিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। 
|}

=== অন্যান্য ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লিংকচ (Lincos)
| ১৯৬০
| হান্স ফ্ৰয়ডেনথাল
| যিকোনো সম্ভাব্য বৌদ্ধিক ভিনগ্ৰহীয় জীৱই বুজিব পৰা এক ভাষা; আন্তৰিক্ষীয় বেতাৰ-সংযোগৰ বাবে গঢ়ি তোলা। 
|-
| এটেম্পটো কণ্ট্ৰ'ল্ড ইংলিছ (Attempto Controlled English)
| ১৯৯৫
| জুৰিখ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা, যি জ্ঞান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব ভাষা হিচাপেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Schwitter, Rolf. &quot;[https://aclanthology.org/C10-2128.pdf Controlled natural languages for knowledge representation].&quot; Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| মেণ্টি (Mänti)
| ২০০৬
| ডেনিয়েল টামেট
| কিছুমান ফিননিক শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰ্মিত এক কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|}

== কল্পনাৰ/সাহিত্যিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
&lt;!--
সোঁৱৰণী: ইয়াত সন্নিৱিষ্ট সকলো ভাষাৰ নিজৰ পৃথকে ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধ, নাইবা অন্ততঃ কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত সেৱা কৰা এক উপ-অংশ থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক। 
মাত্ৰ যিকোনো কল্পনা-আধাৰিত ভাষা যুক্ত নকৰিব, যদিও তাত উৎস বা উদ্ধৃতি দিয়া থাকে। 
--&gt;

=== কল্পনাত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা ভাষাসমূহ ===

==== জে. আৰ. আৰ. ট'লকিনৰ দ্বাৰা গঢ়া ভাষাসমূহ ====

ট'লকিনে গঢ়া মুখ্য ভাষাসমূহ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! ভাষা!! ISO কোড!! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[সিণ্ডাৰিন]] || sjn || [[এল্ফ (মিডল-আৰ্থ)|এল্‌ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, প্ৰধানকৈ [[ৱেল্‌চ ভাষা|ৱেল্‌চ]] ভাষাৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|-
| [[কুৱেন্যা]] || qya || এল্‌ফজাতিৰ ভাষা, [[ফিনিচ ভাষা|ফিনিচ]], [[লেটিন ভাষা]] আৰু [[প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|-
| [[খুজ্দুল]] || || [[ডোৱাৰ্ফ (মিডল-আৰ্থ)|ডোৱাৰ্ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, [[চেমিটিক ভাষাসমূহ|চেমিটিক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|}

==== চলচ্চিত্ৰ ====
{{See also |Languages in Star Wars}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ক্লিংন ভাষা|ক্লিংন]] || ''[[Star Trek]]'' || 1979–বৰ্তমান || [[Marc Okrand]] || ক্লিংন নামৰ এলিয়েন জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[চুড ভাষা]] || ''[[Pathfinder (1987 film)|Pathfinder]]'' || 1987 || Esben Kr. Aamot&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/en/item/?type=film&amp;itemid=18458#crew Veiviseren (1987)], The Swedish Film Database&lt;/ref&gt; || Tchudes নামৰ খলনায়ক গোটৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[এট্লাণ্টিয়ান ভাষা|এট্লাণ্টিয়ান]] || ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]'' || 2001 || [[Marc Okrand]] || কাল্পনিক এট্লাণ্টিছ নগৰৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[কু (ভাষা)|কু]] || ''[[The Interpreter (2005 film)|The Interpreter]]'' || 2005 || Said el-Gheithy || কাল্পনিক আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা। 
|-
| [[নাভি ভাষা|নাভি]] || ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' || 2009 || [[Paul Frommer]] || [[Pandora]]ৰ নাভি জাতিৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা। 
|-
| [[বৰছুমিয়ান ভাষা|বৰছুমিয়ান]] || ''[[John Carter (film)|John Carter]]'' || 2012 || [[Paul Frommer]], [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]] || মাৰ্ছৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[কিলিকি ভাষা|কিলিকি]] || ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|বাহুবলী]]'' || 2015 || [[Madhan Karky]] || [[কালাকেয়া গোট|কালাকেয়া]] জাতিৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.saddahaq.com/welcome-to-new-language-kilikili-from-baahubali|title=Welcome to new language 'Kilikili' from Baahubali|last=Cinema|first=Telugu|work=SaddaHaq|access-date=2017-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| [[বীমা ভাষা|বীমা]] || ''[[Alpha (2018 film)|Alpha]]'' || 2016 || [[Christine Schreyer]] || [[উচ্চ প্যালিওলিথিক যুগ]]ৰ ভাষা (২০,০০০ বছৰ আগৰ)। 
|}

==== ভিডিঅ' গেম ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[চোলিয়ানি ভাষা|চোলিয়ানি]] || ''[[Empire of the Petal Throne]]'' || ১৯৪০ৰ দশক || [[M. A. R. Barker]] || [[Tékumel]] নামৰ কাল্পনিক জগতৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[গাৰ্গিশ]] || ''[[Ultima (series)|Ultima]]'' শৃংখলা || 1981–2013 || — || গাৰ্গয়েল জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[ড'নি ভাষা|ড’নি]] || ''[[Myst (series)|Myst]]'' শৃংখলা || 1993–2005 || [[Cyan Worlds]] || ভূগৰ্ভৰ [[D'ni]] লোকসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[আৰ টোনেলিকো#হিম্নোছ|হিম্নোছ]] || ''[[Ar Tonelico]]'' || 2006–2010 || [[Akira Tsuchiya]] || ''Ar Ciel'' নামৰ জগতৰ ভাষা; সংগীত আৰু সজ্জাত ব্যৱহৃত।&lt;ref&gt;[http://game.salburg.com/hymmnoserver/ game.salburg.com]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৱেঞ্জা ভাষা|ৱেঞ্জা]] || ''[[Far Cry Primal]]'' || 2016 || Andrew Byrd, Brenna Byrd || PIE (প্ৰট'-ইনড'-ইউৰোপীয়)ৰ পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ৰূপ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি; তিনিটা উপভাষা — ৱেঞ্জা, উদাম, ইজিলা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Zorine Te|title=Far Cry Primal Developers Talk About Uncovering History|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/far-cry-primal-developers-talk-about-uncovering-hi/1100-6434103/|website=GameSpot|access-date=February 8, 2016|date=January 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== ইণ্টাৰনেট-ভিত্তিক ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[টিঅ'নাথ]] || 1962 || [[Sally Caves]] || [[Teonim]] নামৰ পলিডেক্টাইল মানুহজাতিৰ ভাষা, যিসকল বিড়ালসদৃশ দেৱতাসকলক পূজা কৰে। 
|-
| [[ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান ভাষা|ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান]] আদিৰ ভাষাসমূহ || 1995 || [[Mark Rosenfelder]] || আল্মিয়া গ্ৰহৰ ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়া দেশত ব্যৱহৃত ভাষাসমূহ। 
|-
| [[ড্ৰিটক]] || 2007 || Don Boozer || কণ্ঠৰ জায়গাত অঙ্গ-ভিত্তিক যোগাযোগ ব্যৱস্থা থকা Drushek জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|}

==== সংগীত ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[কোবাইয়ান]] || 1970s || [[Christian Vander (musician)|Christian Vander]] || [[Magma (band)|Magma]] নামৰ ফৰাচী ৰক ব্যাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত। 
|-
| [[লক্সিয়ান]] || 2005 || [[Roma Ryan]] || [[Enya]]ৰ ২০০৫ৰ ''[[Amarantine (album)|Amarantine]]'' আৰু ২০১৫ৰ ''[[Dark Sky Island]]'' এলবামত ব্যৱহৃত। 
|-
| [[মচ ভাষা|মচ]] || 2009 || [[Jackson Moore]] || সুৰভিত্তিক ধ্বনিগত বৈশিষ্ট্য থকা সংগীতমূলক পিজিন ভাষা। 
|}

==== টেলিভিছন ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ভালকান (ভাষা)|ভালকান]] || ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' || 1966–1969 || অনুৰাগীসকলে Golic Vulcan ৰূপত উন্নয়ন কৰে। 
|-
| [[এনচান্তা]] || ''[[Encantadia]]'' আৰু ''[[Etheria: Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia|Etheria]]'' || 2005 || [[Suzette Doctolero]] || [[Encantadia]] নামৰ জগতৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[ভালিৰিয়ান ভাষাসমূহ]] আৰু [[ড'থ্ৰাকি ভাষা|ড'থ্ৰাকি]] || ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' || 2011–2019 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[ট্ৰিগেডাস্লেং]] || ''[[The 100 (TV series)|The 100]]'' || 2014–2020 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[বেল্টাৰ ক্ৰিঅ'ল]] || ''[[The Expanse (TV series)|The Expanse]]'' || 2014 || [[Nick Farmer]] || [[অষ্টেৰয়েড বেল্ট]] আৰু [[সৌৰজগত]]ৰ বাহ্যিক অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2019/12/nick-farmer-knows-dozens-of-languages-so-he-invented-one-for-the-expanse/|title = Nick Farmer knows dozens of languages, so he invented one for the Expanse|date = 22 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৰ'মুলান ভাষা]] || ''[[Star Trek: Picard]]'' || 2019 || [[Trent Pehrson]] || —
|}

====অন্যান্য সাহিত্য====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! ভাষাৰ নাম
! উৎস গ্ৰন্থ
! সৃষ্টি-বছৰ
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[Utopian language|ইউটোপিয়ান]]
| ''[[Utopia (book)|Utopia]]''
| ১৫১৬
| [[থমাছ ম’ৰ]], [[পিটাৰ গিলিছ]]
| ম’ৰৰ কল্পিত ৰাষ্ট্ৰ ইউটোপিয়াৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ বাবে সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা; নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ আটাইতকৈ আগৰ প্ৰয়াসসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটি। 
|-
| [[Zaum|জাউম]]
| 
| ১৯১৩
| [[ভেলিমিৰ খ্লেবনিকোভ]], [[আলেক্সেই ক্ৰুচোনিখ]] আদি
| এই [[ৰাছিয়ান ফিউচাৰিষ্ট]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট &quot;গীত, মন্ত্ৰ আৰু অভিশাপ&quot;ৰ &quot;সৰ্বাধিক সৰ্বজনীন&quot; আৰু &quot;অতাৰ্কিক&quot; ভাষা ৰূপে এটা কবিতামূলক ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Syldavian|চিলডেভিয়ান]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]''-ত
| ১৯৩৮–৩৯
| [[আৰ্জে]]
| [[চিলডেভিয়া]] নামৰ এটা কাল্পনিক [[বাল্কান]] ৰাজ্যৰ কাল্পনিক [[পশ্চিম জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা]]। 
|-
| [[Newspeak|নিউজস্পীক]]
| ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''
| ১৯৪৯
| [[জৰ্জ অ’ৰৱেল]]
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজী ভাষা, যাক এক স্বৈৰাচাৰী চৰকাৰে মানুহৰ চিন্তাশক্তি সীমিত কৰি বিদ্ৰোহ প্ৰতিবন্ধ কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰে। 
|-
| [[Borduria#Language|বৰডুৰিয়ান]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[The Calculus Affair]]''-ত
| ১৯৫৪–৫৬
| আৰ্জে
| [[চিলডেভিয়া]]ৰ সীমান্তৰ দেশ [[বৰডুৰিয়া]]ৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Spocanian|স্পোকেনিয়ান]]
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ৰ'লাণ্ট টুৱেহুইছেন
| স্পোকেনিয়াৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Chakobsa (Dune)|চাকবছা]]
| ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]''
| ১৯৬৫
| [[ফ্ৰেংক হাৰ্বাৰ্ট]], [[ডেভিড জে. পিটাৰছন]], জেচি পিটাৰছন
| [[Fremen|ফ্ৰেমেন]]সকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Lapine language|ল্যাপন]]
| ''[[Watership Down]]''
| ১৯৭২
| [[ৰিচাৰ্ড এডামছ]]
| খৰগোশসকলৰ দ্বাৰা কোৱা ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Láadan]] (ldn)
| ''[[Native Tongue (Elgin novel)|Native Tongue]]'' আৰু তাৰ উত্তৰ-উপন্যাসসমূহত
| ১৯৮৪
| [[চুজেট হেডেন এলজিন]]
| [[মহিলা]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Baronh|বাৰোনহ]]
| ''Seikai no Monshō'' (''[[Crest of the Stars]]'') আৰু আন বহুতোত
| ১৯৯৬
| [[হিৰোয়ুকি মৰিঅ'কা]]
| [[Abh]] জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|}

== ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহ ==
তলত উল্লিখিত নটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষাত ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। এই ভাষাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আঠটা ভাষাই আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা আৰু ল'জবান এটা অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষা। ২০০৫ চনলৈকে [[টোকি পোনা]] আৰু ক্লিঙন ভাষাতো ৱিকিপিডিয়া আছিল, কিন্তু এই সংস্কৰণসমূহ পাছত মচি পেলোৱা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[[:Meta:List of Wikipedias]]&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+
|-
! ভাষাৰ নাম
! ISO/সংযোগ
! আৰম্ভণি
! বিশ্বজুৰি ব্যৱহাৰকাৰী
! সক্ৰিয় সম্পাদক
! প্ৰবন্ধসংখ্যা
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | এস্পেৰান্তো
| ''[[:eo:|eo]]'' || ১৮৮৭ || ১,০০,০০০ – ২০,০০,০০০ || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|eo|N}} || [[Esperanto Wikipedia|{{NUMBEROF|articles|eo|N}}]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ভ’লাপুক
| ''[[:vo:|vo]]'' || ১৮৮০ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|vo|N}} || [[Volapük Wikipedia|{{NUMBEROF|articles|vo|N}}]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ইদো
| ''[[:io:|io]]'' || ১৯০৭ || প্ৰায় ১০০০জন || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|io|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|io|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা
| ''[[:ia:|ia]]'' || ১৯৫১ || প্ৰায় ১০০০জন || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|ia|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|ia|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | কটাভা
| ''[[:avk:|avk]]'' || ১৯৭৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|avk|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|avk|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | '''ইণ্টাৰলিং'''
| ''[[:ie:|ie]]'' || ১৯২২ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|ie|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|ie|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাংকা নোভা
| ''[[:lfn:|lfn]]'' || ১৯৯৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|lfn|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|lfn|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | নোভিয়েল
| ''[[:nov:|nov]]'' || ১৯২৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|nov|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|nov|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ল'জবান
| ''[[:jbo:|jbo]]'' || ১৯৮৭ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|jbo|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|jbo|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | লাডান
| ''[[:incubator:Wp/ldn|ldn]]'' || ১৯৮২ ||? || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ইণ্টাৰ্স্লেভিক
| ''[[:incubator:Wp/isv|isv]]'' || ২০১১–২০১৭ || ৭০০০ – ২০,০০০ || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|}

== চাওক ==
* [[Alien language|এলিয়েন ভাষা]]
* [[Constructed script|নিৰ্মিত লিপি]]
* [[Conlanger|ভাষা নিৰ্মাতা]]
* [[Constructed language|নিৰ্মিত ভাষা]]
* [[Engineered language|ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰ্ড ভাষা]]
* [[Hieroglyph|হায়াৰোগ্লিফ]]
* [[International auxiliary language|আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা]]
* [[Language game|ভাষা খেল]]
* [[List of languages|ভাষাৰ তালিকা]]
* [[Rohonc Codex|ৰোহঞ্চ কোডেস্ক]]
* [[Voynich Manuscript|ভয়নিক পাণ্ডুলিপি]]
* [[List of markup languages|মাৰ্কআপ ভাষাৰ তালিকা]]
* [[List of extinct languages|অলপজীৱিত ভাষাৰ তালিকা]]

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>qq3i9l5h90adama3zrx3fqsk4alfh6q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>516792</id>
      <parentid>516791</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T20:23:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="56060" sha1="laa0byq6rpfrw76ccq6v2gmfmotxswa" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোণা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। 

===মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা===
মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা হ’ল আনুষংগিক ভাষাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট গোটৰ বক্তাসকলৰ মাজত যোগাযোগৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা। বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষাৰ দৰে নহয়, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সীমিত ভাষিক বা ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলত সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে প্যান-স্লাভিক ভাষা, প্যান-ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা আৰু প্যান-জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা। 
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable sticky-header&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| ৰুছকি ভাষা (Ruski jezik)
| 
| ১৬৬৬
| {{sort|Križanić|জুৰাজ ক্ৰিঝানিচ}} 
| কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰথমটো পেন-স্লেভিক ভাষা। 
|-
| Tutonish
|
| ১৯০১
| {{sort|Molee|ইলিয়াচ মোলী}}
| প্ৰথমটো পেন-জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা, পাছলৈ ''nu teutonish'', ''alteutonik'' আদি নামেৰে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছিল। 
|-
| Romanid
| 
| ১৯৫৬ 
| {{sort|Magyar|জোলটান মজিয়াৰ (ভাষাবিদ)}} 
| ৰোমেন্স ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Guosa
| 
| ১৯৬৫
| {{sort|Igbinéwéká|আলেকজাণ্ডাৰ ইগবিনেভেকা}} 
| পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাবে হাউছা, ইয়োৰুবা আৰু ইগ্বো ভাষাৰ পৰা মূলত সংগৃহীত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Afrihili
| afh 
| ১৯৭০
| {{sort|Attobrah|কে. এ. কুমি এটোব্ৰাহ}} 
| এটা পেন-আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা। 
|-
| ৰুন্যাকিতাৰা
|
| {{sort|1990|১৯৯০ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণি}}
|
| পশ্চিম উগাণ্ডাৰ চাৰিখন নিকট-সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰ আধাৰত মানকীকৃত এখন ভাষা। 
|-
| Palawa kani
|
| ১৯৯২
| তাছমানিয়ান আদিবাসী কেন্দ্ৰ
| পূৰ্ব তাছমানিয়াৰ আদিবাসীয়ে কোৱা বিভিন্ন তাছমানিয়ান ভাষাৰ সীমিত তথ্যৰ আধাৰত পুনৰ্নিমাণ কৰা শব্দৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত ভাষা। 
|-
| Slovio 
|
| ১৯৯৯ 
| {{sort|Hučko|মাৰ্ক হুচ্কো}}
| স্লেভিক ভাষাবোৰ আৰু এছপেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|-
| ৰোমেন্স নিয়’লাটিনো
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Cassany|জোৰ্ডি কাসানী বেটছ}} আৰু অন্যসকল
| এটা পেন-ৰোমেন্স ভাষা। 
|-
| Slovianski
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Rečnik|অন্দ্ৰেই ৰেচনিক, গাব্ৰিয়েল স্বোবোডা, Jan van Steenbergen, ইগৰ পলিয়াকভ}} 
| স্লেভিক ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| Neoslavonic
|
| ২০০৯ 
| {{sort|Merunka|ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| পুৰণি চাৰ্চ স্লেভনিক ভাষাৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ। 
|-
| Budinos
|
| ২০০৯
| {{sort|Arzamazov|আলেক্সেই আন্দ্ৰেৱিচ আৰ্জামাজোভ}}
| ফিন্‌নো-উগ্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Interslavic
| isv
| ২০১১–২০১৭
| {{sort|Steenbergen|Jan van Steenbergen, ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| এটা পেন-স্লেভিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা, যি Slovianski আৰু Neoslavonic ভাষাৰ সমন্বয়ে গঠিত। 
|-
| Ortatürk / Öztürkçe
|
| ১৯৯২, ২০০৮
| বাখ্তিয়াৰ কাৰিমোভ, চোৱাহমাদ মুটালোভ
| পৰিসংখ্যানেৰে নিৰূপিত শব্দসম্ভাৰসহ এটা পেন-তুৰ্কিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|}

===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ভাষা===
নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা হৈছে এনে প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা যিবোৰক কিছুমান বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত সহজ, ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ বা অধিক গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কৰি তোলাৰ বাবে পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যেনে মূল ভাষা ভালদৰে নজনা লোকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে। তলত দিয়া প্ৰকল্পসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজীৰ উদাহৰণ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| বেছিক ইংলিছ (Basic English)
| ১৯২৫
| চাৰ্লছ কে. ওগ্ডেন
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ভাষাটোক নিৰ্দিষ্টসংখ্যক সাধাৰণ শব্দ আৰু পদসমূহলৈ সীমিত কৰি বিদেশী শিক্ষাৰ্থী বা অন্যান্য অসুবিধা হোৱা লোকসকলৰ বাবে সহজ কৰি তোলাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা। 
|-
| স্পেচিয়েল (লাৰ্নিং) ইংলিছ
| ১৯৫৯
| ভয়চ অৱ আমেৰিকা
|-
| গ্ল’বিচ (Globish)
| ২০০৪
| জঁ-পল নেৰিয়েৰ
|-
| ই-প্ৰাইম (E-Prime)
| ১৯৪০ দশক
| ডি. ডেভিড বুৰলেণ্ড জুনিয়ৰ
| ''to be'' ক্ৰিয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বাদ দিয়া হৈছে যাতে লিখনি অধিক স্পষ্ট আৰু সঠিক হয়। 
|-
| ছিম্প্লিফাইড টেকনিকেল ইংলিছ
| ১৯৮৩
| ইউৰোপীয় মহাকাশ উদ্যোগ সমিতি
| কাৰিকৰী পাঠ্য, যেনে ম্যানুৱেল আদিৰ জটিলতা আৰু অনিশ্চয়তা কমাবলৈ উদ্দিষ্ট। 
|-
| পেৰালেল ইংলিছ (Globish – Gogate)
| ১৯৯৮
| মধুকৰ গোগাটে
| ইংলিছৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হলেও স্বতন্ত্ৰ ৰূপে নিৰ্মিত এখন কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|-
| প্লেইন ইংলিছ
| 
| বিভিন্ন
| বহু ইডিয়ম, জাৰ্গন আৰু বিদেশী শব্দ এৰাই অধিক সোজাসাপটা, সংক্ষিপ্ত আৰু স্পষ্ট ভাষা প্ৰয়োগৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে। 
|}

===দৃশ্যমান ভাষা===
দৃশ্যমান ভাষাত কথিত শব্দৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতীক বা গতিবিধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিৰ্মিত সাংকেতিক ভাষাও এই শ্ৰেণীত পৰে। 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| ব্লিচচিম্ব'লচ (Blissymbols)
| zbl
| ১৯৪৯
| চাৰ্লছ কে. ব্লিচ
| নিজৰ ব্যাকৰণ আৰু বাক্য গঠন থকা এখন আইডিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক লিখনি পদ্ধতি। 
|-
| ইণ্টাৰনেছনেল চাইন (International Sign)
| ils
| ১৯৭০ দশক
| জাছিন মালোকু
| এখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক চাইন ভাষা। গেছ্তু'নো (Gestuno) নামেও জনাজাত। 
|-
| আই'চ’টাইপ (Isotype)
| 
| ১৯২৫–১৯৩৪
| অ'ট্টো ন্যুৰাথ আদি
| এখন পিক্টগ্ৰাফিক ভাষা। 
|-
|}

== ধৰ্মীয় ভাষাসমূহ ==
এইসকল ভাষা নিজ নিজ সম্প্ৰদায় বা ধৰ্মীয় সংঘৰ দ্বাৰা ধৰ্মীয় ব্যৱহাৰত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| আয়াৰিক (Iyaric)
| 
| প্ৰায় ১৯৩০ দশক
| ৰাস্তাফাৰীসকল
| &quot;ৰাস্তাৰ টক&quot; বা &quot;ড্ৰেড টক&quot; বুলি জনাজাত; ৰাস্তাফাৰী আন্দোলনৰ কিছুমানে নিজৰ হেৰুৱা আফ্ৰিকান ভাষাসমূহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপন স্বৰূপে গঢ়ি তোলে। 
|-
| এছ্কায়ান (Eskayan)
| esy
| প্ৰায় ১৯২০–১৯৪০
| মাৰিয়ানো দাতাহান
| ছেবুৱানোৰ বোহোলানো উপভাষাৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। 
|-
| মেডেফাইড্ৰিন (Medefaidrin)
| dmf
| ১৯৩০ দশক
| ওবেৰী অ'কাইমে গীৰ্জা
| নাইজেৰিয়াৰ এই খ্ৰীষ্টান গীৰ্জাৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত; পবিত্ৰ উৎসৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
|-
| দামিন (Damin)
| 
| অজ্ঞাত
| লাৰ্ডিল জনগোষ্ঠী
| লাৰ্ডিল ভাষাৰ স্থানীয় বক্তাসকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা; আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাহিৰত একমাত্ৰ ক্লিক-ধ্বনি ভাষা। 
|-
|}

== অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ (Engineered languages) কোনো বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ বাবে বা নতুন ভাষাগত বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ সৈতে পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। এইসকল ভাষা দাৰ্শনিক (philosophical), পৰীক্ষামূলক (experimental), অথবা যুক্তিপূৰ্ণ (logical) ভাষাৰ বিভাগসমূহত পৰি যাব পাৰে। 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লোগোপানডেক্টেইছন (Logopandecteision)
| 
| ১৬৫৩
| ছাৰ থমাছ আৰ্কুহাৰ্ট
| জটিল বৰ্গীকৰণমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ। 
|-
| নামবিহীন ভাষা (John Wilkins)
| 
| ১৬৬৮
|জন উইলকিনছ
| দাৰ্শনিক স্পষ্টতা যোগাব পৰা এক প্ৰতীকমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ। 
|-
| ল'গলান (Loglan)
| 
| ১৯৫৫
| জেমছ কুক ব্ৰাউন
| ছাপিৰ–ৱৰ্ফ অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত; ল'জবানৰ অনুপ্ৰেৰণা। 
|-
| আ-ই-উ-আই (aUI)
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ডব্লিউ.জন ৱেইলগাৰ্ট
| প্ৰতিটো ধ্বনিই একেটা অৰ্থ বহন কৰে; শব্দসমূহে জটিল ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰে। 
|-
| ইথকুৱিল (Ithkuil)
| 
| ১৯৭৮–২০২৩
|জন কুইজাডা
| দীঘল অৰ্থ ক্ষিপ্ৰ আৰু স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পৰা এক জটিল ভাষা। 
|-
| লাডান (Láadan)
| ldn
| ১৯৮২
| ছুজেট হেডেন এলজিন
| মহিলাসকলৰ প্ৰতি অভিযোজিত এক ধ্বনিগত ভাষা; প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাসমূহ পুৰুষক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি আছে নে নাই সেয়া পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ গঢ়ি তোলা। 
|-
| ল'জবান (Lojban)
| jbo
| ১৯৮৭
| Logical Language Group
| যুক্তিসংগত আৰু ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে অনিৰ্বচনীয় ভাষা; ল'গলানৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী। 
|-
| টোকি পোনা (Toki Pona)
| tok
| ২০০১
| ছঞ্জা লাং
| মাত্ৰ ১২০-১৩৭+ শব্দযুক্ত এক ক্ষুদ্ৰতম ভাষা; ১৬০০ৰো অধিক বক্তা আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=2022 toki pona census. |url=https://tokiponacensus.github.io/results2022/ |access-date= |website=Toki Pona census |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Sonja |title=Toki Pona: the Language of Good |date=2014 |publisher=Sonja Lang |isbn=9780978292300}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| কেইলেন (Kēlen)
| 
| ২০০৯
| চিলভিয়া চোটোমায়ৰ
| এক &quot;এলিয়েন&quot; ভাষা যিয়ে ক্ৰিয়া (verb) বিলোপ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে, যি প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাৰ এক বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ উলংঘন। 
|-
| ভিঅ’ছা (Viossa)
| 
| ২০১৪
| 
| কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যাকৰণ বা ধ্বনি নিয়ম নথকা কৃত্ৰিম পিড্জিন ভাষা; যদি বক্তাসকলে একে-অন্যক বুজিব পাৰে, তেন্তে সঠিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। 
|}

=== অন্যান্য ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লিংকচ (Lincos)
| ১৯৬০
| হান্স ফ্ৰয়ডেনথাল
| যিকোনো সম্ভাব্য বৌদ্ধিক ভিনগ্ৰহীয় জীৱই বুজিব পৰা এক ভাষা; আন্তৰিক্ষীয় বেতাৰ-সংযোগৰ বাবে গঢ়ি তোলা। 
|-
| এটেম্পটো কণ্ট্ৰ'ল্ড ইংলিছ (Attempto Controlled English)
| ১৯৯৫
| জুৰিখ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা, যি জ্ঞান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব ভাষা হিচাপেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Schwitter, Rolf. &quot;[https://aclanthology.org/C10-2128.pdf Controlled natural languages for knowledge representation].&quot; Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| মেণ্টি (Mänti)
| ২০০৬
| ডেনিয়েল টামেট
| কিছুমান ফিননিক শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰ্মিত এক কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|}

== কল্পনাৰ/সাহিত্যিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
&lt;!--
সোঁৱৰণী: ইয়াত সন্নিৱিষ্ট সকলো ভাষাৰ নিজৰ পৃথকে ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধ, নাইবা অন্ততঃ কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত সেৱা কৰা এক উপ-অংশ থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক। 
মাত্ৰ যিকোনো কল্পনা-আধাৰিত ভাষা যুক্ত নকৰিব, যদিও তাত উৎস বা উদ্ধৃতি দিয়া থাকে। 
--&gt;

=== কল্পনাত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা ভাষাসমূহ ===

==== জে. আৰ. আৰ. ট'লকিনৰ দ্বাৰা গঢ়া ভাষাসমূহ ====

ট'লকিনে গঢ়া মুখ্য ভাষাসমূহ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! ভাষা!! ISO কোড!! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[সিণ্ডাৰিন]] || sjn || [[এল্ফ (মিডল-আৰ্থ)|এল্‌ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, প্ৰধানকৈ [[ৱেল্‌চ ভাষা|ৱেল্‌চ]] ভাষাৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|-
| [[কুৱেন্যা]] || qya || এল্‌ফজাতিৰ ভাষা, [[ফিনিচ ভাষা|ফিনিচ]], [[লেটিন ভাষা]] আৰু [[প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|-
| [[খুজ্দুল]] || || [[ডোৱাৰ্ফ (মিডল-আৰ্থ)|ডোৱাৰ্ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, [[চেমিটিক ভাষাসমূহ|চেমিটিক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|}

==== চলচ্চিত্ৰ ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ক্লিংন ভাষা|ক্লিংন]] || ''[[Star Trek]]'' || 1979–বৰ্তমান || [[Marc Okrand]] || ক্লিংন নামৰ এলিয়েন জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[চুড ভাষা]] || ''[[Pathfinder (1987 film)|Pathfinder]]'' || 1987 || Esben Kr. Aamot&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/en/item/?type=film&amp;itemid=18458#crew Veiviseren (1987)], The Swedish Film Database&lt;/ref&gt; || Tchudes নামৰ খলনায়ক গোটৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[এট্লাণ্টিয়ান ভাষা|এট্লাণ্টিয়ান]] || ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]'' || 2001 || [[Marc Okrand]] || কাল্পনিক এট্লাণ্টিছ নগৰৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[কু (ভাষা)|কু]] || ''[[The Interpreter (2005 film)|The Interpreter]]'' || 2005 || Said el-Gheithy || কাল্পনিক আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা। 
|-
| [[নাভি ভাষা|নাভি]] || ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' || 2009 || [[Paul Frommer]] || [[Pandora]]ৰ নাভি জাতিৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা। 
|-
| [[বৰছুমিয়ান ভাষা|বৰছুমিয়ান]] || ''[[John Carter (film)|John Carter]]'' || 2012 || [[Paul Frommer]], [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]] || মাৰ্ছৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[কিলিকি ভাষা|কিলিকি]] || ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|বাহুবলী]]'' || 2015 || [[Madhan Karky]] || [[কালাকেয়া গোট|কালাকেয়া]] জাতিৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.saddahaq.com/welcome-to-new-language-kilikili-from-baahubali|title=Welcome to new language 'Kilikili' from Baahubali|last=Cinema|first=Telugu|work=SaddaHaq|access-date=2017-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| [[বীমা ভাষা|বীমা]] || ''[[Alpha (2018 film)|Alpha]]'' || 2016 || [[Christine Schreyer]] || [[উচ্চ প্যালিওলিথিক যুগ]]ৰ ভাষা (২০,০০০ বছৰ আগৰ)। 
|}

==== ভিডিঅ' গেম ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[চোলিয়ানি ভাষা|চোলিয়ানি]] || ''[[Empire of the Petal Throne]]'' || ১৯৪০ৰ দশক || [[M. A. R. Barker]] || [[Tékumel]] নামৰ কাল্পনিক জগতৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[গাৰ্গিশ]] || ''[[Ultima (series)|Ultima]]'' শৃংখলা || 1981–2013 || — || গাৰ্গয়েল জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[ড'নি ভাষা|ড’নি]] || ''[[Myst (series)|Myst]]'' শৃংখলা || 1993–2005 || [[Cyan Worlds]] || ভূগৰ্ভৰ [[D'ni]] লোকসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[আৰ টোনেলিকো#হিম্নোছ|হিম্নোছ]] || ''[[Ar Tonelico]]'' || 2006–2010 || [[Akira Tsuchiya]] || ''Ar Ciel'' নামৰ জগতৰ ভাষা; সংগীত আৰু সজ্জাত ব্যৱহৃত।&lt;ref&gt;[http://game.salburg.com/hymmnoserver/ game.salburg.com]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৱেঞ্জা ভাষা|ৱেঞ্জা]] || ''[[Far Cry Primal]]'' || 2016 || Andrew Byrd, Brenna Byrd || PIE (প্ৰট'-ইনড'-ইউৰোপীয়)ৰ পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ৰূপ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি; তিনিটা উপভাষা — ৱেঞ্জা, উদাম, ইজিলা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Zorine Te|title=Far Cry Primal Developers Talk About Uncovering History|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/far-cry-primal-developers-talk-about-uncovering-hi/1100-6434103/|website=GameSpot|access-date=February 8, 2016|date=January 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== ইণ্টাৰনেট-ভিত্তিক ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[টিঅ'নাথ]] || 1962 || [[Sally Caves]] || [[Teonim]] নামৰ পলিডেক্টাইল মানুহজাতিৰ ভাষা, যিসকল বিড়ালসদৃশ দেৱতাসকলক পূজা কৰে। 
|-
| [[ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান ভাষা|ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান]] আদিৰ ভাষাসমূহ || 1995 || [[Mark Rosenfelder]] || আল্মিয়া গ্ৰহৰ ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়া দেশত ব্যৱহৃত ভাষাসমূহ। 
|-
| [[ড্ৰিটক]] || 2007 || Don Boozer || কণ্ঠৰ জায়গাত অঙ্গ-ভিত্তিক যোগাযোগ ব্যৱস্থা থকা Drushek জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|}

==== সংগীত ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[কোবাইয়ান]] || 1970s || [[Christian Vander (musician)|Christian Vander]] || [[Magma (band)|Magma]] নামৰ ফৰাচী ৰক ব্যাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত। 
|-
| [[লক্সিয়ান]] || 2005 || [[Roma Ryan]] || [[Enya]]ৰ ২০০৫ৰ ''[[Amarantine (album)|Amarantine]]'' আৰু ২০১৫ৰ ''[[Dark Sky Island]]'' এলবামত ব্যৱহৃত। 
|-
| [[মচ ভাষা|মচ]] || 2009 || [[Jackson Moore]] || সুৰভিত্তিক ধ্বনিগত বৈশিষ্ট্য থকা সংগীতমূলক পিজিন ভাষা। 
|}

==== টেলিভিছন ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ভালকান (ভাষা)|ভালকান]] || ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' || 1966–1969 || অনুৰাগীসকলে Golic Vulcan ৰূপত উন্নয়ন কৰে। 
|-
| [[এনচান্তা]] || ''[[Encantadia]]'' আৰু ''[[Etheria: Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia|Etheria]]'' || 2005 || [[Suzette Doctolero]] || [[Encantadia]] নামৰ জগতৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[ভালিৰিয়ান ভাষাসমূহ]] আৰু [[ড'থ্ৰাকি ভাষা|ড'থ্ৰাকি]] || ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' || 2011–2019 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[ট্ৰিগেডাস্লেং]] || ''[[The 100 (TV series)|The 100]]'' || 2014–2020 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[বেল্টাৰ ক্ৰিঅ'ল]] || ''[[The Expanse (TV series)|The Expanse]]'' || 2014 || [[Nick Farmer]] || [[অষ্টেৰয়েড বেল্ট]] আৰু [[সৌৰজগত]]ৰ বাহ্যিক অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2019/12/nick-farmer-knows-dozens-of-languages-so-he-invented-one-for-the-expanse/|title = Nick Farmer knows dozens of languages, so he invented one for the Expanse|date = 22 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৰ'মুলান ভাষা]] || ''[[Star Trek: Picard]]'' || 2019 || [[Trent Pehrson]] || —
|}

====অন্যান্য সাহিত্য====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! ভাষাৰ নাম
! উৎস গ্ৰন্থ
! সৃষ্টি-বছৰ
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[Utopian language|ইউটোপিয়ান]]
| ''[[Utopia (book)|Utopia]]''
| ১৫১৬
| [[থমাছ ম’ৰ]], [[পিটাৰ গিলিছ]]
| ম’ৰৰ কল্পিত ৰাষ্ট্ৰ ইউটোপিয়াৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ বাবে সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা; নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ আটাইতকৈ আগৰ প্ৰয়াসসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটি। 
|-
| [[Zaum|জাউম]]
| 
| ১৯১৩
| [[ভেলিমিৰ খ্লেবনিকোভ]], [[আলেক্সেই ক্ৰুচোনিখ]] আদি
| এই [[ৰাছিয়ান ফিউচাৰিষ্ট]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট &quot;গীত, মন্ত্ৰ আৰু অভিশাপ&quot;ৰ &quot;সৰ্বাধিক সৰ্বজনীন&quot; আৰু &quot;অতাৰ্কিক&quot; ভাষা ৰূপে এটা কবিতামূলক ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Syldavian|চিলডেভিয়ান]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]''-ত
| ১৯৩৮–৩৯
| [[আৰ্জে]]
| [[চিলডেভিয়া]] নামৰ এটা কাল্পনিক [[বাল্কান]] ৰাজ্যৰ কাল্পনিক [[পশ্চিম জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা]]। 
|-
| [[Newspeak|নিউজস্পীক]]
| ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''
| ১৯৪৯
| [[জৰ্জ অ’ৰৱেল]]
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজী ভাষা, যাক এক স্বৈৰাচাৰী চৰকাৰে মানুহৰ চিন্তাশক্তি সীমিত কৰি বিদ্ৰোহ প্ৰতিবন্ধ কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰে। 
|-
| [[Borduria#Language|বৰডুৰিয়ান]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[The Calculus Affair]]''-ত
| ১৯৫৪–৫৬
| আৰ্জে
| [[চিলডেভিয়া]]ৰ সীমান্তৰ দেশ [[বৰডুৰিয়া]]ৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Spocanian|স্পোকেনিয়ান]]
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ৰ'লাণ্ট টুৱেহুইছেন
| স্পোকেনিয়াৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Chakobsa (Dune)|চাকবছা]]
| ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]''
| ১৯৬৫
| [[ফ্ৰেংক হাৰ্বাৰ্ট]], [[ডেভিড জে. পিটাৰছন]], জেচি পিটাৰছন
| [[Fremen|ফ্ৰেমেন]]সকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Lapine language|ল্যাপন]]
| ''[[Watership Down]]''
| ১৯৭২
| [[ৰিচাৰ্ড এডামছ]]
| খৰগোশসকলৰ দ্বাৰা কোৱা ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Láadan]] (ldn)
| ''[[Native Tongue (Elgin novel)|Native Tongue]]'' আৰু তাৰ উত্তৰ-উপন্যাসসমূহত
| ১৯৮৪
| [[চুজেট হেডেন এলজিন]]
| [[মহিলা]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Baronh|বাৰোনহ]]
| ''Seikai no Monshō'' (''[[Crest of the Stars]]'') আৰু আন বহুতোত
| ১৯৯৬
| [[হিৰোয়ুকি মৰিঅ'কা]]
| [[Abh]] জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|}

== ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহ ==
তলত উল্লিখিত নটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষাত ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। এই ভাষাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আঠটা ভাষাই আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা আৰু ল'জবান এটা অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষা। ২০০৫ চনলৈকে [[টোকি পোনা]] আৰু ক্লিঙন ভাষাতো ৱিকিপিডিয়া আছিল, কিন্তু এই সংস্কৰণসমূহ পাছত মচি পেলোৱা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[[:Meta:List of Wikipedias]]&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+
|-
! ভাষাৰ নাম
! ISO/সংযোগ
! আৰম্ভণি
! বিশ্বজুৰি ব্যৱহাৰকাৰী
! সক্ৰিয় সম্পাদক
! প্ৰবন্ধসংখ্যা
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | এস্পেৰান্তো
| ''[[:eo:|eo]]'' || ১৮৮৭ || ১,০০,০০০ – ২০,০০,০০০ || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|eo|N}} || [[Esperanto Wikipedia|{{NUMBEROF|articles|eo|N}}]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ভ’লাপুক
| ''[[:vo:|vo]]'' || ১৮৮০ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|vo|N}} || [[Volapük Wikipedia|{{NUMBEROF|articles|vo|N}}]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ইদো
| ''[[:io:|io]]'' || ১৯০৭ || প্ৰায় ১০০০জন || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|io|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|io|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা
| ''[[:ia:|ia]]'' || ১৯৫১ || প্ৰায় ১০০০জন || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|ia|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|ia|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | কটাভা
| ''[[:avk:|avk]]'' || ১৯৭৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|avk|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|avk|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | '''ইণ্টাৰলিং'''
| ''[[:ie:|ie]]'' || ১৯২২ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|ie|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|ie|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাংকা নোভা
| ''[[:lfn:|lfn]]'' || ১৯৯৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|lfn|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|lfn|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | নোভিয়েল
| ''[[:nov:|nov]]'' || ১৯২৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|nov|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|nov|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ল'জবান
| ''[[:jbo:|jbo]]'' || ১৯৮৭ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|jbo|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|jbo|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | লাডান
| ''[[:incubator:Wp/ldn|ldn]]'' || ১৯৮২ ||? || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ইণ্টাৰ্স্লেভিক
| ''[[:incubator:Wp/isv|isv]]'' || ২০১১–২০১৭ || ৭০০০ – ২০,০০০ || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|}

== চাওক ==
* [[Alien language|এলিয়েন ভাষা]]
* [[Constructed script|নিৰ্মিত লিপি]]
* [[Conlanger|ভাষা নিৰ্মাতা]]
* [[Constructed language|নিৰ্মিত ভাষা]]
* [[Engineered language|ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰ্ড ভাষা]]
* [[Hieroglyph|হায়াৰোগ্লিফ]]
* [[International auxiliary language|আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা]]
* [[Language game|ভাষা খেল]]
* [[List of languages|ভাষাৰ তালিকা]]
* [[Rohonc Codex|ৰোহঞ্চ কোডেস্ক]]
* [[Voynich Manuscript|ভয়নিক পাণ্ডুলিপি]]
* [[List of markup languages|মাৰ্কআপ ভাষাৰ তালিকা]]
* [[List of extinct languages|অলপজীৱিত ভাষাৰ তালিকা]]

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>laa0byq6rpfrw76ccq6v2gmfmotxswa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>516793</id>
      <parentid>516792</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T20:24:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="55141" sha1="jwv1hrxggm25hctgcxf0r1vnle5mipn" xml:space="preserve">{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}}
তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে। 

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোণা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। 

===মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা===
মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা হ’ল আনুষংগিক ভাষাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট গোটৰ বক্তাসকলৰ মাজত যোগাযোগৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা। বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষাৰ দৰে নহয়, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সীমিত ভাষিক বা ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলত সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে প্যান-স্লাভিক ভাষা, প্যান-ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা আৰু প্যান-জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা। 
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable sticky-header&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| ৰুছকি ভাষা (Ruski jezik)
| 
| ১৬৬৬
| {{sort|Križanić|জুৰাজ ক্ৰিঝানিচ}} 
| কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰথমটো পেন-স্লেভিক ভাষা। 
|-
| Tutonish
|
| ১৯০১
| {{sort|Molee|ইলিয়াচ মোলী}}
| প্ৰথমটো পেন-জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা, পাছলৈ ''nu teutonish'', ''alteutonik'' আদি নামেৰে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছিল। 
|-
| Romanid
| 
| ১৯৫৬ 
| {{sort|Magyar|জোলটান মজিয়াৰ (ভাষাবিদ)}} 
| ৰোমেন্স ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Guosa
| 
| ১৯৬৫
| {{sort|Igbinéwéká|আলেকজাণ্ডাৰ ইগবিনেভেকা}} 
| পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাবে হাউছা, ইয়োৰুবা আৰু ইগ্বো ভাষাৰ পৰা মূলত সংগৃহীত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Afrihili
| afh 
| ১৯৭০
| {{sort|Attobrah|কে. এ. কুমি এটোব্ৰাহ}} 
| এটা পেন-আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা। 
|-
| ৰুন্যাকিতাৰা
|
| {{sort|1990|১৯৯০ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণি}}
|
| পশ্চিম উগাণ্ডাৰ চাৰিখন নিকট-সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰ আধাৰত মানকীকৃত এখন ভাষা। 
|-
| Palawa kani
|
| ১৯৯২
| তাছমানিয়ান আদিবাসী কেন্দ্ৰ
| পূৰ্ব তাছমানিয়াৰ আদিবাসীয়ে কোৱা বিভিন্ন তাছমানিয়ান ভাষাৰ সীমিত তথ্যৰ আধাৰত পুনৰ্নিমাণ কৰা শব্দৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত ভাষা। 
|-
| Slovio 
|
| ১৯৯৯ 
| {{sort|Hučko|মাৰ্ক হুচ্কো}}
| স্লেভিক ভাষাবোৰ আৰু এছপেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|-
| ৰোমেন্স নিয়’লাটিনো
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Cassany|জোৰ্ডি কাসানী বেটছ}} আৰু অন্যসকল
| এটা পেন-ৰোমেন্স ভাষা। 
|-
| Slovianski
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Rečnik|অন্দ্ৰেই ৰেচনিক, গাব্ৰিয়েল স্বোবোডা, Jan van Steenbergen, ইগৰ পলিয়াকভ}} 
| স্লেভিক ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| Neoslavonic
|
| ২০০৯ 
| {{sort|Merunka|ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| পুৰণি চাৰ্চ স্লেভনিক ভাষাৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ। 
|-
| Budinos
|
| ২০০৯
| {{sort|Arzamazov|আলেক্সেই আন্দ্ৰেৱিচ আৰ্জামাজোভ}}
| ফিন্‌নো-উগ্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Interslavic
| isv
| ২০১১–২০১৭
| {{sort|Steenbergen|Jan van Steenbergen, ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| এটা পেন-স্লেভিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা, যি Slovianski আৰু Neoslavonic ভাষাৰ সমন্বয়ে গঠিত। 
|-
| Ortatürk / Öztürkçe
|
| ১৯৯২, ২০০৮
| বাখ্তিয়াৰ কাৰিমোভ, চোৱাহমাদ মুটালোভ
| পৰিসংখ্যানেৰে নিৰূপিত শব্দসম্ভাৰসহ এটা পেন-তুৰ্কিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|}

===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ভাষা===
নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা হৈছে এনে প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা যিবোৰক কিছুমান বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত সহজ, ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ বা অধিক গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কৰি তোলাৰ বাবে পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যেনে মূল ভাষা ভালদৰে নজনা লোকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে। তলত দিয়া প্ৰকল্পসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজীৰ উদাহৰণ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| বেছিক ইংলিছ (Basic English)
| ১৯২৫
| চাৰ্লছ কে. ওগ্ডেন
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ভাষাটোক নিৰ্দিষ্টসংখ্যক সাধাৰণ শব্দ আৰু পদসমূহলৈ সীমিত কৰি বিদেশী শিক্ষাৰ্থী বা অন্যান্য অসুবিধা হোৱা লোকসকলৰ বাবে সহজ কৰি তোলাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা। 
|-
| স্পেচিয়েল (লাৰ্নিং) ইংলিছ
| ১৯৫৯
| ভয়চ অৱ আমেৰিকা
|-
| গ্ল’বিচ (Globish)
| ২০০৪
| জঁ-পল নেৰিয়েৰ
|-
| ই-প্ৰাইম (E-Prime)
| ১৯৪০ দশক
| ডি. ডেভিড বুৰলেণ্ড জুনিয়ৰ
| ''to be'' ক্ৰিয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বাদ দিয়া হৈছে যাতে লিখনি অধিক স্পষ্ট আৰু সঠিক হয়। 
|-
| ছিম্প্লিফাইড টেকনিকেল ইংলিছ
| ১৯৮৩
| ইউৰোপীয় মহাকাশ উদ্যোগ সমিতি
| কাৰিকৰী পাঠ্য, যেনে ম্যানুৱেল আদিৰ জটিলতা আৰু অনিশ্চয়তা কমাবলৈ উদ্দিষ্ট। 
|-
| পেৰালেল ইংলিছ (Globish – Gogate)
| ১৯৯৮
| মধুকৰ গোগাটে
| ইংলিছৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হলেও স্বতন্ত্ৰ ৰূপে নিৰ্মিত এখন কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|-
| প্লেইন ইংলিছ
| 
| বিভিন্ন
| বহু ইডিয়ম, জাৰ্গন আৰু বিদেশী শব্দ এৰাই অধিক সোজাসাপটা, সংক্ষিপ্ত আৰু স্পষ্ট ভাষা প্ৰয়োগৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে। 
|}

===দৃশ্যমান ভাষা===
দৃশ্যমান ভাষাত কথিত শব্দৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতীক বা গতিবিধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিৰ্মিত সাংকেতিক ভাষাও এই শ্ৰেণীত পৰে। 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| ব্লিচচিম্ব'লচ (Blissymbols)
| zbl
| ১৯৪৯
| চাৰ্লছ কে. ব্লিচ
| নিজৰ ব্যাকৰণ আৰু বাক্য গঠন থকা এখন আইডিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক লিখনি পদ্ধতি। 
|-
| ইণ্টাৰনেছনেল চাইন (International Sign)
| ils
| ১৯৭০ দশক
| জাছিন মালোকু
| এখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক চাইন ভাষা। গেছ্তু'নো (Gestuno) নামেও জনাজাত। 
|-
| আই'চ’টাইপ (Isotype)
| 
| ১৯২৫–১৯৩৪
| অ'ট্টো ন্যুৰাথ আদি
| এখন পিক্টগ্ৰাফিক ভাষা। 
|-
|}

== ধৰ্মীয় ভাষাসমূহ ==
এইসকল ভাষা নিজ নিজ সম্প্ৰদায় বা ধৰ্মীয় সংঘৰ দ্বাৰা ধৰ্মীয় ব্যৱহাৰত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| আয়াৰিক (Iyaric)
| 
| প্ৰায় ১৯৩০ দশক
| ৰাস্তাফাৰীসকল
| &quot;ৰাস্তাৰ টক&quot; বা &quot;ড্ৰেড টক&quot; বুলি জনাজাত; ৰাস্তাফাৰী আন্দোলনৰ কিছুমানে নিজৰ হেৰুৱা আফ্ৰিকান ভাষাসমূহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপন স্বৰূপে গঢ়ি তোলে। 
|-
| এছ্কায়ান (Eskayan)
| esy
| প্ৰায় ১৯২০–১৯৪০
| মাৰিয়ানো দাতাহান
| ছেবুৱানোৰ বোহোলানো উপভাষাৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। 
|-
| মেডেফাইড্ৰিন (Medefaidrin)
| dmf
| ১৯৩০ দশক
| ওবেৰী অ'কাইমে গীৰ্জা
| নাইজেৰিয়াৰ এই খ্ৰীষ্টান গীৰ্জাৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত; পবিত্ৰ উৎসৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
|-
| দামিন (Damin)
| 
| অজ্ঞাত
| লাৰ্ডিল জনগোষ্ঠী
| লাৰ্ডিল ভাষাৰ স্থানীয় বক্তাসকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা; আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাহিৰত একমাত্ৰ ক্লিক-ধ্বনি ভাষা। 
|-
|}

== অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ (Engineered languages) কোনো বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ বাবে বা নতুন ভাষাগত বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ সৈতে পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। এইসকল ভাষা দাৰ্শনিক (philosophical), পৰীক্ষামূলক (experimental), অথবা যুক্তিপূৰ্ণ (logical) ভাষাৰ বিভাগসমূহত পৰি যাব পাৰে। 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লোগোপানডেক্টেইছন (Logopandecteision)
| 
| ১৬৫৩
| ছাৰ থমাছ আৰ্কুহাৰ্ট
| জটিল বৰ্গীকৰণমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ। 
|-
| নামবিহীন ভাষা (John Wilkins)
| 
| ১৬৬৮
|জন উইলকিনছ
| দাৰ্শনিক স্পষ্টতা যোগাব পৰা এক প্ৰতীকমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ। 
|-
| ল'গলান (Loglan)
| 
| ১৯৫৫
| জেমছ কুক ব্ৰাউন
| ছাপিৰ–ৱৰ্ফ অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত; ল'জবানৰ অনুপ্ৰেৰণা। 
|-
| আ-ই-উ-আই (aUI)
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ডব্লিউ.জন ৱেইলগাৰ্ট
| প্ৰতিটো ধ্বনিই একেটা অৰ্থ বহন কৰে; শব্দসমূহে জটিল ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰে। 
|-
| ইথকুৱিল (Ithkuil)
| 
| ১৯৭৮–২০২৩
|জন কুইজাডা
| দীঘল অৰ্থ ক্ষিপ্ৰ আৰু স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পৰা এক জটিল ভাষা। 
|-
| লাডান (Láadan)
| ldn
| ১৯৮২
| ছুজেট হেডেন এলজিন
| মহিলাসকলৰ প্ৰতি অভিযোজিত এক ধ্বনিগত ভাষা; প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাসমূহ পুৰুষক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি আছে নে নাই সেয়া পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ গঢ়ি তোলা। 
|-
| ল'জবান (Lojban)
| jbo
| ১৯৮৭
| Logical Language Group
| যুক্তিসংগত আৰু ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে অনিৰ্বচনীয় ভাষা; ল'গলানৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী। 
|-
| টোকি পোনা (Toki Pona)
| tok
| ২০০১
| ছঞ্জা লাং
| মাত্ৰ ১২০-১৩৭+ শব্দযুক্ত এক ক্ষুদ্ৰতম ভাষা; ১৬০০ৰো অধিক বক্তা আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=2022 toki pona census. |url=https://tokiponacensus.github.io/results2022/ |access-date= |website=Toki Pona census |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Sonja |title=Toki Pona: the Language of Good |date=2014 |publisher=Sonja Lang |isbn=9780978292300}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| কেইলেন (Kēlen)
| 
| ২০০৯
| চিলভিয়া চোটোমায়ৰ
| এক &quot;এলিয়েন&quot; ভাষা যিয়ে ক্ৰিয়া (verb) বিলোপ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে, যি প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাৰ এক বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ উলংঘন। 
|-
| ভিঅ’ছা (Viossa)
| 
| ২০১৪
| 
| কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যাকৰণ বা ধ্বনি নিয়ম নথকা কৃত্ৰিম পিড্জিন ভাষা; যদি বক্তাসকলে একে-অন্যক বুজিব পাৰে, তেন্তে সঠিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। 
|}

=== অন্যান্য ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লিংকচ (Lincos)
| ১৯৬০
| হান্স ফ্ৰয়ডেনথাল
| যিকোনো সম্ভাব্য বৌদ্ধিক ভিনগ্ৰহীয় জীৱই বুজিব পৰা এক ভাষা; আন্তৰিক্ষীয় বেতাৰ-সংযোগৰ বাবে গঢ়ি তোলা। 
|-
| এটেম্পটো কণ্ট্ৰ'ল্ড ইংলিছ (Attempto Controlled English)
| ১৯৯৫
| জুৰিখ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা, যি জ্ঞান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব ভাষা হিচাপেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Schwitter, Rolf. &quot;[https://aclanthology.org/C10-2128.pdf Controlled natural languages for knowledge representation].&quot; Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| মেণ্টি (Mänti)
| ২০০৬
| ডেনিয়েল টামেট
| কিছুমান ফিননিক শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰ্মিত এক কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|}

== কল্পনাৰ/সাহিত্যিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
&lt;!--
সোঁৱৰণী: ইয়াত সন্নিৱিষ্ট সকলো ভাষাৰ নিজৰ পৃথকে ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধ, নাইবা অন্ততঃ কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত সেৱা কৰা এক উপ-অংশ থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক। 
মাত্ৰ যিকোনো কল্পনা-আধাৰিত ভাষা যুক্ত নকৰিব, যদিও তাত উৎস বা উদ্ধৃতি দিয়া থাকে। 
--&gt;

=== কল্পনাত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা ভাষাসমূহ ===

==== জে. আৰ. আৰ. ট'লকিনৰ দ্বাৰা গঢ়া ভাষাসমূহ ====

ট'লকিনে গঢ়া মুখ্য ভাষাসমূহ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! ভাষা!! ISO কোড!! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[সিণ্ডাৰিন]] || sjn || [[এল্ফ (মিডল-আৰ্থ)|এল্‌ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, প্ৰধানকৈ [[ৱেল্‌চ ভাষা|ৱেল্‌চ]] ভাষাৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|-
| [[কুৱেন্যা]] || qya || এল্‌ফজাতিৰ ভাষা, [[ফিনিচ ভাষা|ফিনিচ]], [[লেটিন ভাষা]] আৰু [[প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|-
| [[খুজ্দুল]] || || [[ডোৱাৰ্ফ (মিডল-আৰ্থ)|ডোৱাৰ্ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, [[চেমিটিক ভাষাসমূহ|চেমিটিক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|}

==== চলচ্চিত্ৰ ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ক্লিংন ভাষা|ক্লিংন]] || ''[[Star Trek]]'' || 1979–বৰ্তমান || [[Marc Okrand]] || ক্লিংন নামৰ এলিয়েন জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[চুড ভাষা]] || ''[[Pathfinder (1987 film)|Pathfinder]]'' || 1987 || Esben Kr. Aamot&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/en/item/?type=film&amp;itemid=18458#crew Veiviseren (1987)], The Swedish Film Database&lt;/ref&gt; || Tchudes নামৰ খলনায়ক গোটৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[এট্লাণ্টিয়ান ভাষা|এট্লাণ্টিয়ান]] || ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]'' || 2001 || [[Marc Okrand]] || কাল্পনিক এট্লাণ্টিছ নগৰৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[কু (ভাষা)|কু]] || ''[[The Interpreter (2005 film)|The Interpreter]]'' || 2005 || Said el-Gheithy || কাল্পনিক আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা। 
|-
| [[নাভি ভাষা|নাভি]] || ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' || 2009 || [[Paul Frommer]] || [[Pandora]]ৰ নাভি জাতিৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা। 
|-
| [[বৰছুমিয়ান ভাষা|বৰছুমিয়ান]] || ''[[John Carter (film)|John Carter]]'' || 2012 || [[Paul Frommer]], [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]] || মাৰ্ছৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[কিলিকি ভাষা|কিলিকি]] || ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|বাহুবলী]]'' || 2015 || [[Madhan Karky]] || [[কালাকেয়া গোট|কালাকেয়া]] জাতিৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.saddahaq.com/welcome-to-new-language-kilikili-from-baahubali|title=Welcome to new language 'Kilikili' from Baahubali|last=Cinema|first=Telugu|work=SaddaHaq|access-date=2017-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| [[বীমা ভাষা|বীমা]] || ''[[Alpha (2018 film)|Alpha]]'' || 2016 || [[Christine Schreyer]] || [[উচ্চ প্যালিওলিথিক যুগ]]ৰ ভাষা (২০,০০০ বছৰ আগৰ)। 
|}

==== ভিডিঅ' গেম ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[চোলিয়ানি ভাষা|চোলিয়ানি]] || ''[[Empire of the Petal Throne]]'' || ১৯৪০ৰ দশক || [[M. A. R. Barker]] || [[Tékumel]] নামৰ কাল্পনিক জগতৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[গাৰ্গিশ]] || ''[[Ultima (series)|Ultima]]'' শৃংখলা || 1981–2013 || — || গাৰ্গয়েল জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[ড'নি ভাষা|ড’নি]] || ''[[Myst (series)|Myst]]'' শৃংখলা || 1993–2005 || [[Cyan Worlds]] || ভূগৰ্ভৰ [[D'ni]] লোকসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[আৰ টোনেলিকো#হিম্নোছ|হিম্নোছ]] || ''[[Ar Tonelico]]'' || 2006–2010 || [[Akira Tsuchiya]] || ''Ar Ciel'' নামৰ জগতৰ ভাষা; সংগীত আৰু সজ্জাত ব্যৱহৃত।&lt;ref&gt;[http://game.salburg.com/hymmnoserver/ game.salburg.com]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৱেঞ্জা ভাষা|ৱেঞ্জা]] || ''[[Far Cry Primal]]'' || 2016 || Andrew Byrd, Brenna Byrd || PIE (প্ৰট'-ইনড'-ইউৰোপীয়)ৰ পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ৰূপ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি; তিনিটা উপভাষা — ৱেঞ্জা, উদাম, ইজিলা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Zorine Te|title=Far Cry Primal Developers Talk About Uncovering History|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/far-cry-primal-developers-talk-about-uncovering-hi/1100-6434103/|website=GameSpot|access-date=February 8, 2016|date=January 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== ইণ্টাৰনেট-ভিত্তিক ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[টিঅ'নাথ]] || 1962 || [[Sally Caves]] || [[Teonim]] নামৰ পলিডেক্টাইল মানুহজাতিৰ ভাষা, যিসকল বিড়ালসদৃশ দেৱতাসকলক পূজা কৰে। 
|-
| [[ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান ভাষা|ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান]] আদিৰ ভাষাসমূহ || 1995 || [[Mark Rosenfelder]] || আল্মিয়া গ্ৰহৰ ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়া দেশত ব্যৱহৃত ভাষাসমূহ। 
|-
| [[ড্ৰিটক]] || 2007 || Don Boozer || কণ্ঠৰ জায়গাত অঙ্গ-ভিত্তিক যোগাযোগ ব্যৱস্থা থকা Drushek জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|}

==== সংগীত ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[কোবাইয়ান]] || 1970s || [[Christian Vander (musician)|Christian Vander]] || [[Magma (band)|Magma]] নামৰ ফৰাচী ৰক ব্যাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত। 
|-
| [[লক্সিয়ান]] || 2005 || [[Roma Ryan]] || [[Enya]]ৰ ২০০৫ৰ ''[[Amarantine (album)|Amarantine]]'' আৰু ২০১৫ৰ ''[[Dark Sky Island]]'' এলবামত ব্যৱহৃত। 
|-
| [[মচ ভাষা|মচ]] || 2009 || [[Jackson Moore]] || সুৰভিত্তিক ধ্বনিগত বৈশিষ্ট্য থকা সংগীতমূলক পিজিন ভাষা। 
|}

==== টেলিভিছন ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ভালকান (ভাষা)|ভালকান]] || ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' || 1966–1969 || অনুৰাগীসকলে Golic Vulcan ৰূপত উন্নয়ন কৰে। 
|-
| [[এনচান্তা]] || ''[[Encantadia]]'' আৰু ''[[Etheria: Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia|Etheria]]'' || 2005 || [[Suzette Doctolero]] || [[Encantadia]] নামৰ জগতৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[ভালিৰিয়ান ভাষাসমূহ]] আৰু [[ড'থ্ৰাকি ভাষা|ড'থ্ৰাকি]] || ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' || 2011–2019 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[ট্ৰিগেডাস্লেং]] || ''[[The 100 (TV series)|The 100]]'' || 2014–2020 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[বেল্টাৰ ক্ৰিঅ'ল]] || ''[[The Expanse (TV series)|The Expanse]]'' || 2014 || [[Nick Farmer]] || [[অষ্টেৰয়েড বেল্ট]] আৰু [[সৌৰজগত]]ৰ বাহ্যিক অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2019/12/nick-farmer-knows-dozens-of-languages-so-he-invented-one-for-the-expanse/|title = Nick Farmer knows dozens of languages, so he invented one for the Expanse|date = 22 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৰ'মুলান ভাষা]] || ''[[Star Trek: Picard]]'' || 2019 || [[Trent Pehrson]] || —
|}

====অন্যান্য সাহিত্য====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! ভাষাৰ নাম
! উৎস গ্ৰন্থ
! সৃষ্টি-বছৰ
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[Utopian language|ইউটোপিয়ান]]
| ''[[Utopia (book)|Utopia]]''
| ১৫১৬
| [[থমাছ ম’ৰ]], [[পিটাৰ গিলিছ]]
| ম’ৰৰ কল্পিত ৰাষ্ট্ৰ ইউটোপিয়াৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ বাবে সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা; নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ আটাইতকৈ আগৰ প্ৰয়াসসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটি। 
|-
| [[Zaum|জাউম]]
| 
| ১৯১৩
| [[ভেলিমিৰ খ্লেবনিকোভ]], [[আলেক্সেই ক্ৰুচোনিখ]] আদি
| এই [[ৰাছিয়ান ফিউচাৰিষ্ট]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট &quot;গীত, মন্ত্ৰ আৰু অভিশাপ&quot;ৰ &quot;সৰ্বাধিক সৰ্বজনীন&quot; আৰু &quot;অতাৰ্কিক&quot; ভাষা ৰূপে এটা কবিতামূলক ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Syldavian|চিলডেভিয়ান]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]''-ত
| ১৯৩৮–৩৯
| [[আৰ্জে]]
| [[চিলডেভিয়া]] নামৰ এটা কাল্পনিক [[বাল্কান]] ৰাজ্যৰ কাল্পনিক [[পশ্চিম জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা]]। 
|-
| [[Newspeak|নিউজস্পীক]]
| ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''
| ১৯৪৯
| [[জৰ্জ অ’ৰৱেল]]
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজী ভাষা, যাক এক স্বৈৰাচাৰী চৰকাৰে মানুহৰ চিন্তাশক্তি সীমিত কৰি বিদ্ৰোহ প্ৰতিবন্ধ কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰে। 
|-
| [[Borduria#Language|বৰডুৰিয়ান]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[The Calculus Affair]]''-ত
| ১৯৫৪–৫৬
| আৰ্জে
| [[চিলডেভিয়া]]ৰ সীমান্তৰ দেশ [[বৰডুৰিয়া]]ৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Spocanian|স্পোকেনিয়ান]]
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ৰ'লাণ্ট টুৱেহুইছেন
| স্পোকেনিয়াৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Chakobsa (Dune)|চাকবছা]]
| ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]''
| ১৯৬৫
| [[ফ্ৰেংক হাৰ্বাৰ্ট]], [[ডেভিড জে. পিটাৰছন]], জেচি পিটাৰছন
| [[Fremen|ফ্ৰেমেন]]সকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Lapine language|ল্যাপন]]
| ''[[Watership Down]]''
| ১৯৭২
| [[ৰিচাৰ্ড এডামছ]]
| খৰগোশসকলৰ দ্বাৰা কোৱা ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Láadan]] (ldn)
| ''[[Native Tongue (Elgin novel)|Native Tongue]]'' আৰু তাৰ উত্তৰ-উপন্যাসসমূহত
| ১৯৮৪
| [[চুজেট হেডেন এলজিন]]
| [[মহিলা]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Baronh|বাৰোনহ]]
| ''Seikai no Monshō'' (''[[Crest of the Stars]]'') আৰু আন বহুতোত
| ১৯৯৬
| [[হিৰোয়ুকি মৰিঅ'কা]]
| [[Abh]] জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|}

== ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহ ==
তলত উল্লিখিত নটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষাত ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। এই ভাষাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আঠটা ভাষাই আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা আৰু ল'জবান এটা অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষা। ২০০৫ চনলৈকে [[টোকি পোনা]] আৰু ক্লিঙন ভাষাতো ৱিকিপিডিয়া আছিল, কিন্তু এই সংস্কৰণসমূহ পাছত মচি পেলোৱা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[[:Meta:List of Wikipedias]]&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+
|-
! ভাষাৰ নাম
! ISO/সংযোগ
! আৰম্ভণি
! বিশ্বজুৰি ব্যৱহাৰকাৰী
! সক্ৰিয় সম্পাদক
! প্ৰবন্ধসংখ্যা
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | এস্পেৰান্তো
| ''[[:eo:|eo]]'' || ১৮৮৭ || ১,০০,০০০ – ২০,০০,০০০ || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|eo|N}} || [[Esperanto Wikipedia|{{NUMBEROF|articles|eo|N}}]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ভ’লাপুক
| ''[[:vo:|vo]]'' || ১৮৮০ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|vo|N}} || [[Volapük Wikipedia|{{NUMBEROF|articles|vo|N}}]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ইদো
| ''[[:io:|io]]'' || ১৯০৭ || প্ৰায় ১০০০জন || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|io|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|io|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা
| ''[[:ia:|ia]]'' || ১৯৫১ || প্ৰায় ১০০০জন || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|ia|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|ia|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | কটাভা
| ''[[:avk:|avk]]'' || ১৯৭৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|avk|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|avk|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | '''ইণ্টাৰলিং'''
| ''[[:ie:|ie]]'' || ১৯২২ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|ie|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|ie|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাংকা নোভা
| ''[[:lfn:|lfn]]'' || ১৯৯৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|lfn|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|lfn|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | নোভিয়েল
| ''[[:nov:|nov]]'' || ১৯২৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|nov|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|nov|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ল'জবান
| ''[[:jbo:|jbo]]'' || ১৯৮৭ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|jbo|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|jbo|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | লাডান
| ''[[:incubator:Wp/ldn|ldn]]'' || ১৯৮২ ||? || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ইণ্টাৰ্স্লেভিক
| ''[[:incubator:Wp/isv|isv]]'' || ২০১১–২০১৭ || ৭০০০ – ২০,০০০ || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>jwv1hrxggm25hctgcxf0r1vnle5mipn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>516794</id>
      <parentid>516793</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-06-09T20:24:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
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      <origin>516794</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="55086" sha1="0jpobagsahxx5x17vre55fmak2cwolj" xml:space="preserve">তলৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য '''নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহৰ তালিকা'''খন সহায়ক, আচাৰ-ব্যৱহাৰ, অভিযন্তা, আৰু কলাত্মক (কাল্পনিককে ধৰি) [[ভাষা]] আৰু নিজ নিজ উপশৈলীত বিভক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকাৰ সকলো প্ৰৱেশতে পৃথক পৃথক [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য আছে।

==সহায়ক ভাষা==
===আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা===
'''আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা''' (IAL) হৈছে সকলো মানুহৰ মাজত সহজ, দ্ৰুত আৰু/বা উন্নত যোগাযোগ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, বা এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য অংশ, থলুৱা ভাষাৰ ঠাই লোৱাটো বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়। 

#'''ছলৰেছল''' হ'ল ১৮১৭ চনৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হোৱা ফ্ৰান্সোৱা ছুড্ৰেৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিকল্পিত এটা সংগীত নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯০২ চনত বলেছলাছ গাজেভস্কিৰ প্ৰকাশন Grammaire du Solresol-ৰ দ্বাৰা সোলৰেছলে জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে সিঁচৰতি হৈ থকা ছ’লৰেছলৰ অনুৰাগীৰ সৰু সৰু সম্প্ৰদায় আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; এই ভাষাৰ উদাহৰণ: • আপোনাৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল নে? – ৰেডোফাফা? • মোৰ স্বাস্থ্য ভাল। – ৰেডোফাফা ডোৰে। • এই বছৰ আপুনি গাঁৱলৈ যাবনে? – ফাডোৰেমি? • এই বছৰ মই গাঁৱলৈ যাম। – ফাডোৰেমি ডোৰে। • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাব নেকি? – ছলডৰেমি? • আজি ৰাতি থিয়েটাৰলৈ যাম। – ছলডৰেমি ড’ৰে। 
#'''Communicationssprache''' হৈছে ১৮৩৬ চনত জোচেফ শ্বিপফাৰৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে এই ভাষাৰ সংখ্যা (১-ৰ পৰা ১০-লৈ): উনা, দুৱা,	ত্ৰিয়া, কোৱাত্ৰা, কুয়িনা, ছেচ্টা, ছেট্টা, অ'ট্টা, ন'নো, দিয়া। 
#'''ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লট''' হৈছে [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]]বিদ জিন পিৰ'ই ১৮৬৮ চনত টেণ্টেটিভ ডিউন লেংগুৱে ইউনিভাৰ্চেল, এনচেইনমেণ্ট, গ্ৰেমায়াৰ, ভোকেবুলেৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰা এটা পষ্টেৰিয়ৰি আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ভোলাপুক আৰু এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ২০ বছৰ পূৰ্বে ইউনিভাৰ্চেলগ্লটক প্ৰথম &quot;জাতীয় ভাষাৰ সাধাৰণ উপাদানসমূহৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সম্পূৰ্ণ সহায়ক-ভাষা ব্যৱস্থা&quot; বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হৈছে।&lt;ref name=&quot;bray&quot;&gt;Bray, Mary Connell. &quot;Introduction&quot; in Alexander Gode et al. ''[[Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: a dictionary of the international language]].'' Storm Publishers, New York, 1951. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090121/http://www.bowks.net/worldlang/aux/b_IED-foreword.html read online])&lt;/ref&gt; পিৰ'ই ইয়াক ৭,০০০ তকৈ অধিক মৌলিক শব্দ আৰু অসংখ্য উপসৰ্গ দিছিল, যাৰ ফলত অতি সম্প্ৰসাৰিত শব্দভাণ্ডাৰৰ বিকাশ সম্ভৱ হৈছিল। 
#'''ভোলাপুক''' হৈছে ১৮৭৯ আৰু ১৮৮০ চনত জাৰ্মানীৰ বাডেনৰ এজন ৰোমান কেথলিক পুৰোহিত Johann Martin Schleyer দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''এস্পেৰেণ্টো''' হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰচলিত নিৰ্মিত আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় যোগাযোগৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলাৰ উদ্দেশ্যেৰে ১৮৮৭ চনত এল এল জামেনহফে ‘আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা’ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল এই ভাষাটো। তেওঁ ডক্টৰ এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ ছদ্মনামেৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰা ড° এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ আন্তৰ্জাতিক ভাষা (Unua Libro)-ত এই ভাষাৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। 
#'''মুণ্ডোলিংকো''' হৈছে ১৮৮৮ চনত ডাচ লেখক জে ব্ৰেকমেনে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''বোলাক''' হৈছে লিঅ'ন বলাকে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইডিয়ম নিউট্ৰেল''' হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা, ১৯০২ চনত চেণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছবাৰ্গৰ অভিযন্তা ৱাল্ডেমাৰ ৰ'জেনবাৰ্গাৰৰ নেতৃত্বত আন্তৰ্জাতিক একাডেমী অৱ দ্য ইউনিভাৰ্চেল লেংগুৱেজ (একাডেমি ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ডি লিংগু ইউনিভাৰ্চেল)ৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''লেটিন চাইন ফ্লেক্সন''' এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াক ইটালীয় গণিতজ্ঞ Giuseppe Peano (১৮৫৮–১৯৩২)ৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত Academia pro Interlingua দ্বাৰা ১৮৮৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯১৪ চনলৈকে সংকলিত কৰা হৈছে। ই লেটিন ভাষাৰ এটা সৰলীকৃত সংস্কৰণ। 
#'''ৰো''' হৈছে ১৯০৪ চনৰ পৰা ৰেভাৰেণ্ড এডৱাৰ্ড পাৱেল ফষ্টাৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। 
#'''ইদো'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite OED|Ido|access-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; হৈছে এস্পেৰেণ্টোৰ সংস্কাৰিত সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, আৰু বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ লোকৰ বাবে এক সৰ্বজনীন দ্বিতীয় ভাষা হোৱাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে একেদৰেই ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছে। ইদোক বিশেষভাৱে ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে, অৰ্থগ্ৰাফিকভাৱে আৰু অভিধানৰ ফালৰ পৰা নিয়মীয়া (আৰু, সৰ্বোপৰি, শিকিবলৈ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ) হ'বলৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হৈছিল। ই বহুতো এস্পেৰেণ্টো ডেৰাইভেটিভৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ সফল, যাক এস্পেৰেণ্টিড'জ বুলি জনা যায়। 
#'''এডজুভিলো''' হৈছে ১৯১০ চনত ক্লাউডিয়াছ ক'লাছে &quot;Profesoro V. Esperema&quot; ছদ্মনামেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। যদিও সেয়া সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাষা আছিল, তথাপিও হয়তো ক’ব পৰাকৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা নাছিল। বহুতে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে এজন এস্পেৰেণ্টিষ্ট হিচাপে কোলাছে তেতিয়াৰ বৃদ্ধি পোৱা ইদো আন্দোলনত মতানৈক্য সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এডজুভিলোৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। কোলাছে নিজেই তেওঁৰ ভাষাক সৰলীকৃত ইদো বুলি কয় আৰু ইদোক কেইবাটাও সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়। 
#'''টাইমেৰিয়া''' হৈছে সংখ্যাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ১৯২১ চনত বাৰ্লিনৰ স্থপতিবিদ টিমাৰে ইয়াক বিশুদ্ধ সাহিত্যিক ভাষা হিচাপে ৰাজহুৱাভাৱে উপস্থাপন কৰিছিল। 
#'''Interlingue'''/'''আন্তঃভাষা''' হ'ল ১৯২২ চনত সৃষ্টি হোৱা আৰু ১৯৪৯ চনত পুনৰ নামকৰণ কৰা এটা আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা। ইয়াৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা এডগাৰ ডি ৱাহলে ব্যাকৰণগত নিয়মিততা আৰু স্বাভাৱিক চৰিত্ৰলাভ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিছিল। শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ পূৰ্বতে থকা শব্দ আৰু স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত উপসৰ্গ আৰু প্ৰত্যয় ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ব্যুৎপত্তি ব্যৱস্থাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই ভাষা তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে। 
#'''ন’ভিয়েল''' হৈছে এটা উন্নত প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা (IAL), যাক বিখ্যাত ডেনিচ ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ অটো জেছপাৰছেনে ১৯২৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। এই ভাষাটোৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য আছিল ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত গঠিত হোৱাটো, যাতে ইয়াক শিকিব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব সহজ হয়। 
#'''সোণা''' হৈছে কেনেথ চিয়াৰাইটে ১৯৩৫ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এটা আগ্লুটিনেটিভ ধৰণৰ ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ &quot;বিশ্বজনীন&quot;, অৰ্থাৎ বহু ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা, আৰু ইয়াৰ ৩৬০টা মৌলিক শব্দ মিলাই অসংখ্য নতুন শব্দ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰি। 
#'''এস্পেৰান্তো ২''' হৈছে ৰেনে দে ছছুৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটি এস্পেৰান্তিদো (এস্পেৰান্তোৰ পৰিবৰ্তিত ৰূপ)। ১৯৩৭ চনত উদ্ভৱ হোৱা এই ভাষাটো ছছুৰে আগবঢ়োৱা শেষটো সংস্কাৰ আছিল। 
#'''মণ্ডিয়েল''' হৈছে ১৯৪০ দশকৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভত ড° হেল্গে হেইমাৰৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ইউৰোপীয় ধৰণৰ নিৰ্মিত ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত সাজি তুলা হৈছিল যাতে সহজে বুজিব পৰা যায়। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছা''' হৈছে লেন্সেলট হগবেনে ১৯৪৩ চনত গঢ়ি তোলা এটা বিজ্ঞানকেন্দ্ৰিক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ মূল শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ গ্ৰীক-লেটিন উৎসৰ। ই মূলত বিজ্ঞানৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সহায়ক ভাষা হিচাপে প্ৰস্তাৱিত হৈছিল। 
#'''ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা''' হৈছে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষা সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫১ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈজ্ঞানিক শব্দভাণ্ডাৰক মান্যতা দিয়া আৰু ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা (যেনে স্পেনী, ফ্ৰেঞ্চ) আৰু আংশিকভাৱে ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ বক্তাসকলৰ বাবে সহজে বুজিব পৰা হোৱাটো। 
#'''ইণ্টাল''' হৈছে এৰিখ ভেফাৰলিঙে ১৯৫৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যাৰ লক্ষ্য আছিল বেলেগ বেলেগ নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ ব্যৱস্থাবোৰক একত্ৰিত কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা চিষ্টেমফ্ৰাটাৰ''' হৈছে Pham Xuan Thai-ৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৫৭ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যিটো গ্ৰীক-লেটিন শব্দৰ সৈতে দক্ষিণ-পূৰ্ব এচিয়ান ব্যাকৰণৰ সংমিশ্ৰণত গঠিত। 
#'''নিঅ’''' হৈছে আৰ্টুৰো আলফাণ্ডাৰিয়ে ১৯৬১ চনত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা এটা অতি সংক্ষিপ্ত এস্পেৰান্তিদো ভাষা। ইয়াত ব্যাকৰণ আৰু শব্দচয়ন অধিক নিয়মীয়াকৈ সাজি তোলা হৈছে। 
#'''বাবম''' হৈছে ৰিকিচি ওকামোতোৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষা, যি লেটিন আখৰসমূহক এটা স্বৰবৰ্ণমালা ৰূপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে জনপ্ৰিয়। 
#'''উনিলিঙুৱা (বৰ্তমান মিৰাড)''' হৈছে নৌবাৰ আগপোফৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৬৬ চনত আৰম্ভ কৰা আৰু ১৯৬৭ আৰু ২০২২ চনত সংশোধিত এটা ভাষা। ইয়াৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' ধৰণৰ আৰু প্ৰতিটো আখৰে অৰ্থনৈতিক বা কাৰ্যত্মক অৰ্থ বহন কৰে। 
#'''আৰ্কেইকাম এস্পেৰান্তম''' হৈছে মানুৱেল হালভেলিকে ১৯৬৯ চনত বিকাশ কৰা 'আৰ্চেইক এস্পেৰান্তো', যি এস্পেৰান্তো সাহিত্যত প্ৰাচীন ৰূপ প্ৰদান কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছিল। 
#'''ইউৰোলেঙো''' হৈছে লেছলি জনছে ১৯৭২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি ইংৰাজী আৰু স্পেনিছৰ উপাদানবোৰ একত্ৰিত কৰে। 
#'''গ্ল'ছা''' হৈছে ৰনাল্ড ক্লাৰ্ক আৰু ৱেণ্ডী এছবিৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৭৫ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এক ভাষা, যি ইণ্টাৰগ্ল’ছাৰ পৰিবৰ্তন। 
#'''কোটাভা''' হৈছে ষ্টাৰেন ফেটচীয়ে ১৯৭৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা উচ্চস্তৰৰ ''এপ্ৰিঅৰি'' আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা, যাৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য সাংস্কৃতিক নিৰপেক্ষতা। 
#'''উৰোপি''' হৈছে জোয়েল লেনডেইছৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৮৬ চনত বিকাশ হোৱা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণিক বিন্যাসৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। 
#'''পলিস্পো''' হৈছে বিলী ৰে ৱাল্ডনে ১৯৯০ চনৰ আশে-পাশে সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি এস্পেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ লগত ডাঙৰ পৰিমাণে চেৰ’কি ভাষাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। 
#'''ৰোমানিচো''' হৈছে ১৯৯১ চনত অজ্ঞাত এজন দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ সাধাৰণ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ মূল শব্দৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''ইউৰোপান্তো''' হৈছে ডিয়েগো মাৰানিয়ে ১৯৯৬ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এক &quot;ভাষাগত ঠাট্টা&quot;, যি ইউৰোপীয় কূটনীতিজনৰ দ্বাৰা উদ্ভাৱিত। 
#'''ইউনিছ''' হৈছে ছেজং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাষা গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে ১৯৯৬ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ পন্ধৰটা প্ৰতিনিধি ভাষাৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা। 
#'''লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাঙ্কা নোভা''' হৈছে চি. জৰ্জ ব’ৰীয়ে আৰু আন লোকৰ দ্বাৰা ১৯৯৮ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা এটা ভাষা, যাৰ শব্দভাণ্ডাৰ ৰোমান্স ভাষাৰ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ক্ৰী’ল ধৰণৰ। 
#'''সম্বহছা-মুণ্ডভাষা (Sambahsa-Mundialect)''' হৈছে অলিভিয়ে চাইমনে ২০০৭ চনত বিকাশ কৰা এটা ভাষা, যি সাধাৰণ প্ৰ'টো-ইন্দো-ইউৰোপীয় আৰু আন ভাষাবোৰৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ। 
#'''লিংগৱা দে প্লেনেটা''' হৈছে ডমিত্ৰি ইভানোভে ২০১০ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰা বিশ্বভাষা, যি [[আৰবী]], [[চীনা ভাষা|চীনা]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা|জাৰ্মান]], [[হিন্দী]], [[পাৰ্চী ভাষা|পাৰ্চী]], [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা|পৰ্তুগীজ]], [[ৰাছিয়ান ভাষা|ৰাছিয়ান]] আৰু [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা|স্পেনীছ]] ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। 

===মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা===
মণ্ডল সহায়ক ভাষা হ’ল আনুষংগিক ভাষাৰ এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট গোটৰ বক্তাসকলৰ মাজত যোগাযোগৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদানৰ উদ্দেশ্যে সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা। বিশ্বব্যাপী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক ভাষাৰ দৰে নহয়, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সীমিত ভাষিক বা ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলত সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱা। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে প্যান-স্লাভিক ভাষা, প্যান-ৰোমাঞ্চ ভাষা আৰু প্যান-জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা। 
{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable sticky-header&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| ৰুছকি ভাষা (Ruski jezik)
| 
| ১৬৬৬
| {{sort|Križanić|জুৰাজ ক্ৰিঝানিচ}} 
| কৃত্ৰিমভাৱে সৃষ্টি কৰা প্ৰথমটো পেন-স্লেভিক ভাষা। 
|-
| Tutonish
|
| ১৯০১
| {{sort|Molee|ইলিয়াচ মোলী}}
| প্ৰথমটো পেন-জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা, পাছলৈ ''nu teutonish'', ''alteutonik'' আদি নামেৰে পৰিৱৰ্তিত হৈছিল। 
|-
| Romanid
| 
| ১৯৫৬ 
| {{sort|Magyar|জোলটান মজিয়াৰ (ভাষাবিদ)}} 
| ৰোমেন্স ভাষাসমূহৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Guosa
| 
| ১৯৬৫
| {{sort|Igbinéwéká|আলেকজাণ্ডাৰ ইগবিনেভেকা}} 
| পশ্চিম আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাবে হাউছা, ইয়োৰুবা আৰু ইগ্বো ভাষাৰ পৰা মূলত সংগৃহীত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Afrihili
| afh 
| ১৯৭০
| {{sort|Attobrah|কে. এ. কুমি এটোব্ৰাহ}} 
| এটা পেন-আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা। 
|-
| ৰুন্যাকিতাৰা
|
| {{sort|1990|১৯৯০ দশকৰ আৰম্ভণি}}
|
| পশ্চিম উগাণ্ডাৰ চাৰিখন নিকট-সম্পৰ্কীয় ভাষাৰ আধাৰত মানকীকৃত এখন ভাষা। 
|-
| Palawa kani
|
| ১৯৯২
| তাছমানিয়ান আদিবাসী কেন্দ্ৰ
| পূৰ্ব তাছমানিয়াৰ আদিবাসীয়ে কোৱা বিভিন্ন তাছমানিয়ান ভাষাৰ সীমিত তথ্যৰ আধাৰত পুনৰ্নিমাণ কৰা শব্দৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত ভাষা। 
|-
| Slovio 
|
| ১৯৯৯ 
| {{sort|Hučko|মাৰ্ক হুচ্কো}}
| স্লেভিক ভাষাবোৰ আৰু এছপেৰান্তোৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ আধাৰত নিৰ্মিত এটা কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|-
| ৰোমেন্স নিয়’লাটিনো
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Cassany|জোৰ্ডি কাসানী বেটছ}} আৰু অন্যসকল
| এটা পেন-ৰোমেন্স ভাষা। 
|-
| Slovianski
|
| ২০০৬
| {{sort|Rečnik|অন্দ্ৰেই ৰেচনিক, গাব্ৰিয়েল স্বোবোডা, Jan van Steenbergen, ইগৰ পলিয়াকভ}} 
| স্লেভিক ভাষাৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক ধৰণৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| Neoslavonic
|
| ২০০৯ 
| {{sort|Merunka|ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| পুৰণি চাৰ্চ স্লেভনিক ভাষাৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ। 
|-
| Budinos
|
| ২০০৯
| {{sort|Arzamazov|আলেক্সেই আন্দ্ৰেৱিচ আৰ্জামাজোভ}}
| ফিন্‌নো-উগ্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত এখন অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|-
| Interslavic
| isv
| ২০১১–২০১৭
| {{sort|Steenbergen|Jan van Steenbergen, ভোইচেখ মেৰুঙ্কা}}
| এটা পেন-স্লেভিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা, যি Slovianski আৰু Neoslavonic ভাষাৰ সমন্বয়ে গঠিত। 
|-
| Ortatürk / Öztürkçe
|
| ১৯৯২, ২০০৮
| বাখ্তিয়াৰ কাৰিমোভ, চোৱাহমাদ মুটালোভ
| পৰিসংখ্যানেৰে নিৰূপিত শব্দসম্ভাৰসহ এটা পেন-তুৰ্কিক অঞ্চলিক সহায়ক ভাষা। 
|}

===নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ভাষা===
নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা হৈছে এনে প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা যিবোৰক কিছুমান বিশেষ পৰিস্থিতিত সহজ, ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাত সহজ বা অধিক গ্ৰহণযোগ্য কৰি তোলাৰ বাবে পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছে, যেনে মূল ভাষা ভালদৰে নজনা লোকৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে। তলত দিয়া প্ৰকল্পসমূহ নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজীৰ উদাহৰণ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| বেছিক ইংলিছ (Basic English)
| ১৯২৫
| চাৰ্লছ কে. ওগ্ডেন
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | ভাষাটোক নিৰ্দিষ্টসংখ্যক সাধাৰণ শব্দ আৰু পদসমূহলৈ সীমিত কৰি বিদেশী শিক্ষাৰ্থী বা অন্যান্য অসুবিধা হোৱা লোকসকলৰ বাবে সহজ কৰি তোলাৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা। 
|-
| স্পেচিয়েল (লাৰ্নিং) ইংলিছ
| ১৯৫৯
| ভয়চ অৱ আমেৰিকা
|-
| গ্ল’বিচ (Globish)
| ২০০৪
| জঁ-পল নেৰিয়েৰ
|-
| ই-প্ৰাইম (E-Prime)
| ১৯৪০ দশক
| ডি. ডেভিড বুৰলেণ্ড জুনিয়ৰ
| ''to be'' ক্ৰিয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বাদ দিয়া হৈছে যাতে লিখনি অধিক স্পষ্ট আৰু সঠিক হয়। 
|-
| ছিম্প্লিফাইড টেকনিকেল ইংলিছ
| ১৯৮৩
| ইউৰোপীয় মহাকাশ উদ্যোগ সমিতি
| কাৰিকৰী পাঠ্য, যেনে ম্যানুৱেল আদিৰ জটিলতা আৰু অনিশ্চয়তা কমাবলৈ উদ্দিষ্ট। 
|-
| পেৰালেল ইংলিছ (Globish – Gogate)
| ১৯৯৮
| মধুকৰ গোগাটে
| ইংলিছৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত হলেও স্বতন্ত্ৰ ৰূপে নিৰ্মিত এখন কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|-
| প্লেইন ইংলিছ
| 
| বিভিন্ন
| বহু ইডিয়ম, জাৰ্গন আৰু বিদেশী শব্দ এৰাই অধিক সোজাসাপটা, সংক্ষিপ্ত আৰু স্পষ্ট ভাষা প্ৰয়োগৰ পৰামৰ্শ দিয়ে। 
|}

===দৃশ্যমান ভাষা===
দৃশ্যমান ভাষাত কথিত শব্দৰ ঠাইত প্ৰতীক বা গতিবিধি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। নিৰ্মিত সাংকেতিক ভাষাও এই শ্ৰেণীত পৰে। 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| ব্লিচচিম্ব'লচ (Blissymbols)
| zbl
| ১৯৪৯
| চাৰ্লছ কে. ব্লিচ
| নিজৰ ব্যাকৰণ আৰু বাক্য গঠন থকা এখন আইডিঅ’গ্ৰাফিক লিখনি পদ্ধতি। 
|-
| ইণ্টাৰনেছনেল চাইন (International Sign)
| ils
| ১৯৭০ দশক
| জাছিন মালোকু
| এখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহায়ক চাইন ভাষা। গেছ্তু'নো (Gestuno) নামেও জনাজাত। 
|-
| আই'চ’টাইপ (Isotype)
| 
| ১৯২৫–১৯৩৪
| অ'ট্টো ন্যুৰাথ আদি
| এখন পিক্টগ্ৰাফিক ভাষা। 
|-
|}

== ধৰ্মীয় ভাষাসমূহ ==
এইসকল ভাষা নিজ নিজ সম্প্ৰদায় বা ধৰ্মীয় সংঘৰ দ্বাৰা ধৰ্মীয় ব্যৱহাৰত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! টিপ্পনী
|-
| আয়াৰিক (Iyaric)
| 
| প্ৰায় ১৯৩০ দশক
| ৰাস্তাফাৰীসকল
| &quot;ৰাস্তাৰ টক&quot; বা &quot;ড্ৰেড টক&quot; বুলি জনাজাত; ৰাস্তাফাৰী আন্দোলনৰ কিছুমানে নিজৰ হেৰুৱা আফ্ৰিকান ভাষাসমূহৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপন স্বৰূপে গঢ়ি তোলে। 
|-
| এছ্কায়ান (Eskayan)
| esy
| প্ৰায় ১৯২০–১৯৪০
| মাৰিয়ানো দাতাহান
| ছেবুৱানোৰ বোহোলানো উপভাষাৰ ব্যাকৰণৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। 
|-
| মেডেফাইড্ৰিন (Medefaidrin)
| dmf
| ১৯৩০ দশক
| ওবেৰী অ'কাইমে গীৰ্জা
| নাইজেৰিয়াৰ এই খ্ৰীষ্টান গীৰ্জাৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত; পবিত্ৰ উৎসৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়। 
|-
| দামিন (Damin)
| 
| অজ্ঞাত
| লাৰ্ডিল জনগোষ্ঠী
| লাৰ্ডিল ভাষাৰ স্থানীয় বক্তাসকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি কৰা ভাষা; আফ্ৰিকাৰ বাহিৰত একমাত্ৰ ক্লিক-ধ্বনি ভাষা। 
|-
|}

== অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষাসমূহ (Engineered languages) কোনো বৈজ্ঞানিক অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ বাবে বা নতুন ভাষাগত বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ সৈতে পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষা কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে গঢ়ি তোলা হয়। এইসকল ভাষা দাৰ্শনিক (philosophical), পৰীক্ষামূলক (experimental), অথবা যুক্তিপূৰ্ণ (logical) ভাষাৰ বিভাগসমূহত পৰি যাব পাৰে। 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! ISO
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লোগোপানডেক্টেইছন (Logopandecteision)
| 
| ১৬৫৩
| ছাৰ থমাছ আৰ্কুহাৰ্ট
| জটিল বৰ্গীকৰণমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ। 
|-
| নামবিহীন ভাষা (John Wilkins)
| 
| ১৬৬৮
|জন উইলকিনছ
| দাৰ্শনিক স্পষ্টতা যোগাব পৰা এক প্ৰতীকমূলক ভাষাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ। 
|-
| ল'গলান (Loglan)
| 
| ১৯৫৫
| জেমছ কুক ব্ৰাউন
| ছাপিৰ–ৱৰ্ফ অনুমান পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্মিত; ল'জবানৰ অনুপ্ৰেৰণা। 
|-
| আ-ই-উ-আই (aUI)
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ডব্লিউ.জন ৱেইলগাৰ্ট
| প্ৰতিটো ধ্বনিই একেটা অৰ্থ বহন কৰে; শব্দসমূহে জটিল ধাৰণা প্ৰকাশ কৰে। 
|-
| ইথকুৱিল (Ithkuil)
| 
| ১৯৭৮–২০২৩
|জন কুইজাডা
| দীঘল অৰ্থ ক্ষিপ্ৰ আৰু স্পষ্টভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পৰা এক জটিল ভাষা। 
|-
| লাডান (Láadan)
| ldn
| ১৯৮২
| ছুজেট হেডেন এলজিন
| মহিলাসকলৰ প্ৰতি অভিযোজিত এক ধ্বনিগত ভাষা; প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাসমূহ পুৰুষক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি আছে নে নাই সেয়া পৰীক্ষা কৰিবলৈ গঢ়ি তোলা। 
|-
| ল'জবান (Lojban)
| jbo
| ১৯৮৭
| Logical Language Group
| যুক্তিসংগত আৰু ব্যাকৰণগতভাৱে অনিৰ্বচনীয় ভাষা; ল'গলানৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী। 
|-
| টোকি পোনা (Toki Pona)
| tok
| ২০০১
| ছঞ্জা লাং
| মাত্ৰ ১২০-১৩৭+ শব্দযুক্ত এক ক্ষুদ্ৰতম ভাষা; ১৬০০ৰো অধিক বক্তা আছে।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=2022 toki pona census. |url=https://tokiponacensus.github.io/results2022/ |access-date= |website=Toki Pona census |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Sonja |title=Toki Pona: the Language of Good |date=2014 |publisher=Sonja Lang |isbn=9780978292300}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| কেইলেন (Kēlen)
| 
| ২০০৯
| চিলভিয়া চোটোমায়ৰ
| এক &quot;এলিয়েন&quot; ভাষা যিয়ে ক্ৰিয়া (verb) বিলোপ কৰাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে, যি প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষাৰ এক বৈশিষ্ট্যৰ উলংঘন। 
|-
| ভিঅ’ছা (Viossa)
| 
| ২০১৪
| 
| কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যাকৰণ বা ধ্বনি নিয়ম নথকা কৃত্ৰিম পিড্জিন ভাষা; যদি বক্তাসকলে একে-অন্যক বুজিব পাৰে, তেন্তে সঠিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। 
|}

=== অন্যান্য ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! নাম
! উৎপত্তি 
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা 
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| লিংকচ (Lincos)
| ১৯৬০
| হান্স ফ্ৰয়ডেনথাল
| যিকোনো সম্ভাব্য বৌদ্ধিক ভিনগ্ৰহীয় জীৱই বুজিব পৰা এক ভাষা; আন্তৰিক্ষীয় বেতাৰ-সংযোগৰ বাবে গঢ়ি তোলা। 
|-
| এটেম্পটো কণ্ট্ৰ'ল্ড ইংলিছ (Attempto Controlled English)
| ১৯৯৫
| জুৰিখ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাষা, যি জ্ঞান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব ভাষা হিচাপেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;Schwitter, Rolf. &quot;[https://aclanthology.org/C10-2128.pdf Controlled natural languages for knowledge representation].&quot; Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| মেণ্টি (Mänti)
| ২০০৬
| ডেনিয়েল টামেট
| কিছুমান ফিননিক শব্দ আৰু ব্যাকৰণ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নিৰ্মিত এক কৃত্ৰিম ভাষা। 
|}

== কল্পনাৰ/সাহিত্যিক ভাষাসমূহ ==
&lt;!--
সোঁৱৰণী: ইয়াত সন্নিৱিষ্ট সকলো ভাষাৰ নিজৰ পৃথকে ৱিকিপিডিয়া প্ৰবন্ধ, নাইবা অন্ততঃ কোনো প্ৰবন্ধত সেৱা কৰা এক উপ-অংশ থকাটো বাধ্যতামূলক। 
মাত্ৰ যিকোনো কল্পনা-আধাৰিত ভাষা যুক্ত নকৰিব, যদিও তাত উৎস বা উদ্ধৃতি দিয়া থাকে। 
--&gt;

=== কল্পনাত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা ভাষাসমূহ ===

==== জে. আৰ. আৰ. ট'লকিনৰ দ্বাৰা গঢ়া ভাষাসমূহ ====

ট'লকিনে গঢ়া মুখ্য ভাষাসমূহ:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! ভাষা!! ISO কোড!! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[সিণ্ডাৰিন]] || sjn || [[এল্ফ (মিডল-আৰ্থ)|এল্‌ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, প্ৰধানকৈ [[ৱেল্‌চ ভাষা|ৱেল্‌চ]] ভাষাৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|-
| [[কুৱেন্যা]] || qya || এল্‌ফজাতিৰ ভাষা, [[ফিনিচ ভাষা|ফিনিচ]], [[লেটিন ভাষা]] আৰু [[প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|-
| [[খুজ্দুল]] || || [[ডোৱাৰ্ফ (মিডল-আৰ্থ)|ডোৱাৰ্ফজাতি]]ৰ ভাষা, [[চেমিটিক ভাষাসমূহ|চেমিটিক ভাষা]]ৰ পৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। 
|}

==== চলচ্চিত্ৰ ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ক্লিংন ভাষা|ক্লিংন]] || ''[[Star Trek]]'' || 1979–বৰ্তমান || [[Marc Okrand]] || ক্লিংন নামৰ এলিয়েন জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[চুড ভাষা]] || ''[[Pathfinder (1987 film)|Pathfinder]]'' || 1987 || Esben Kr. Aamot&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/en/item/?type=film&amp;itemid=18458#crew Veiviseren (1987)], The Swedish Film Database&lt;/ref&gt; || Tchudes নামৰ খলনায়ক গোটৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[এট্লাণ্টিয়ান ভাষা|এট্লাণ্টিয়ান]] || ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]'' || 2001 || [[Marc Okrand]] || কাল্পনিক এট্লাণ্টিছ নগৰৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[কু (ভাষা)|কু]] || ''[[The Interpreter (2005 film)|The Interpreter]]'' || 2005 || Said el-Gheithy || কাল্পনিক আফ্ৰিকান ভাষা। 
|-
| [[নাভি ভাষা|নাভি]] || ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' || 2009 || [[Paul Frommer]] || [[Pandora]]ৰ নাভি জাতিৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা। 
|-
| [[বৰছুমিয়ান ভাষা|বৰছুমিয়ান]] || ''[[John Carter (film)|John Carter]]'' || 2012 || [[Paul Frommer]], [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]] || মাৰ্ছৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[কিলিকি ভাষা|কিলিকি]] || ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|বাহুবলী]]'' || 2015 || [[Madhan Karky]] || [[কালাকেয়া গোট|কালাকেয়া]] জাতিৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.saddahaq.com/welcome-to-new-language-kilikili-from-baahubali|title=Welcome to new language 'Kilikili' from Baahubali|last=Cinema|first=Telugu|work=SaddaHaq|access-date=2017-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
| [[বীমা ভাষা|বীমা]] || ''[[Alpha (2018 film)|Alpha]]'' || 2016 || [[Christine Schreyer]] || [[উচ্চ প্যালিওলিথিক যুগ]]ৰ ভাষা (২০,০০০ বছৰ আগৰ)। 
|}

==== ভিডিঅ' গেম ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[চোলিয়ানি ভাষা|চোলিয়ানি]] || ''[[Empire of the Petal Throne]]'' || ১৯৪০ৰ দশক || [[M. A. R. Barker]] || [[Tékumel]] নামৰ কাল্পনিক জগতৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[গাৰ্গিশ]] || ''[[Ultima (series)|Ultima]]'' শৃংখলা || 1981–2013 || — || গাৰ্গয়েল জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[ড'নি ভাষা|ড’নি]] || ''[[Myst (series)|Myst]]'' শৃংখলা || 1993–2005 || [[Cyan Worlds]] || ভূগৰ্ভৰ [[D'ni]] লোকসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[আৰ টোনেলিকো#হিম্নোছ|হিম্নোছ]] || ''[[Ar Tonelico]]'' || 2006–2010 || [[Akira Tsuchiya]] || ''Ar Ciel'' নামৰ জগতৰ ভাষা; সংগীত আৰু সজ্জাত ব্যৱহৃত।&lt;ref&gt;[http://game.salburg.com/hymmnoserver/ game.salburg.com]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৱেঞ্জা ভাষা|ৱেঞ্জা]] || ''[[Far Cry Primal]]'' || 2016 || Andrew Byrd, Brenna Byrd || PIE (প্ৰট'-ইনড'-ইউৰোপীয়)ৰ পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী ৰূপ হিচাপে সৃষ্টি; তিনিটা উপভাষা — ৱেঞ্জা, উদাম, ইজিলা।&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Zorine Te|title=Far Cry Primal Developers Talk About Uncovering History|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/far-cry-primal-developers-talk-about-uncovering-hi/1100-6434103/|website=GameSpot|access-date=February 8, 2016|date=January 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== ইণ্টাৰনেট-ভিত্তিক ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[টিঅ'নাথ]] || 1962 || [[Sally Caves]] || [[Teonim]] নামৰ পলিডেক্টাইল মানুহজাতিৰ ভাষা, যিসকল বিড়ালসদৃশ দেৱতাসকলক পূজা কৰে। 
|-
| [[ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান ভাষা|ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়ান]] আদিৰ ভাষাসমূহ || 1995 || [[Mark Rosenfelder]] || আল্মিয়া গ্ৰহৰ ভাৰ্ডুৰিয়া দেশত ব্যৱহৃত ভাষাসমূহ। 
|-
| [[ড্ৰিটক]] || 2007 || Don Boozer || কণ্ঠৰ জায়গাত অঙ্গ-ভিত্তিক যোগাযোগ ব্যৱস্থা থকা Drushek জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|}

==== সংগীত ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[কোবাইয়ান]] || 1970s || [[Christian Vander (musician)|Christian Vander]] || [[Magma (band)|Magma]] নামৰ ফৰাচী ৰক ব্যাণ্ডৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত। 
|-
| [[লক্সিয়ান]] || 2005 || [[Roma Ryan]] || [[Enya]]ৰ ২০০৫ৰ ''[[Amarantine (album)|Amarantine]]'' আৰু ২০১৫ৰ ''[[Dark Sky Island]]'' এলবামত ব্যৱহৃত। 
|-
| [[মচ ভাষা|মচ]] || 2009 || [[Jackson Moore]] || সুৰভিত্তিক ধ্বনিগত বৈশিষ্ট্য থকা সংগীতমূলক পিজিন ভাষা। 
|}

==== টেলিভিছন ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! নাম || কৃতিত্ত্ব || উৎপত্তি || সৃষ্টিকাৰ || বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[ভালকান (ভাষা)|ভালকান]] || ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' || 1966–1969 || অনুৰাগীসকলে Golic Vulcan ৰূপত উন্নয়ন কৰে। 
|-
| [[এনচান্তা]] || ''[[Encantadia]]'' আৰু ''[[Etheria: Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia|Etheria]]'' || 2005 || [[Suzette Doctolero]] || [[Encantadia]] নামৰ জগতৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[ভালিৰিয়ান ভাষাসমূহ]] আৰু [[ড'থ্ৰাকি ভাষা|ড'থ্ৰাকি]] || ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' || 2011–2019 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[ট্ৰিগেডাস্লেং]] || ''[[The 100 (TV series)|The 100]]'' || 2014–2020 || [[David J. Peterson]] || —
|-
| [[বেল্টাৰ ক্ৰিঅ'ল]] || ''[[The Expanse (TV series)|The Expanse]]'' || 2014 || [[Nick Farmer]] || [[অষ্টেৰয়েড বেল্ট]] আৰু [[সৌৰজগত]]ৰ বাহ্যিক অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ ভাষা।&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2019/12/nick-farmer-knows-dozens-of-languages-so-he-invented-one-for-the-expanse/|title = Nick Farmer knows dozens of languages, so he invented one for the Expanse|date = 22 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[ৰ'মুলান ভাষা]] || ''[[Star Trek: Picard]]'' || 2019 || [[Trent Pehrson]] || —
|}

====অন্যান্য সাহিত্য====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! ভাষাৰ নাম
! উৎস গ্ৰন্থ
! সৃষ্টি-বছৰ
! সৃষ্টিকৰ্তা
! বিৱৰণ
|-
| [[Utopian language|ইউটোপিয়ান]]
| ''[[Utopia (book)|Utopia]]''
| ১৫১৬
| [[থমাছ ম’ৰ]], [[পিটাৰ গিলিছ]]
| ম’ৰৰ কল্পিত ৰাষ্ট্ৰ ইউটোপিয়াৰ বাসিন্দাসকলৰ বাবে সৃষ্টি কৰা এক নিৰ্মিত ভাষা; নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ আটাইতকৈ আগৰ প্ৰয়াসসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটি। 
|-
| [[Zaum|জাউম]]
| 
| ১৯১৩
| [[ভেলিমিৰ খ্লেবনিকোভ]], [[আলেক্সেই ক্ৰুচোনিখ]] আদি
| এই [[ৰাছিয়ান ফিউচাৰিষ্ট]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্ট &quot;গীত, মন্ত্ৰ আৰু অভিশাপ&quot;ৰ &quot;সৰ্বাধিক সৰ্বজনীন&quot; আৰু &quot;অতাৰ্কিক&quot; ভাষা ৰূপে এটা কবিতামূলক ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Syldavian|চিলডেভিয়ান]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[King Ottokar's Sceptre]]''-ত
| ১৯৩৮–৩৯
| [[আৰ্জে]]
| [[চিলডেভিয়া]] নামৰ এটা কাল্পনিক [[বাল্কান]] ৰাজ্যৰ কাল্পনিক [[পশ্চিম জাৰ্মাণিক ভাষা]]। 
|-
| [[Newspeak|নিউজস্পীক]]
| ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''
| ১৯৪৯
| [[জৰ্জ অ’ৰৱেল]]
| এটা নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত ইংৰাজী ভাষা, যাক এক স্বৈৰাচাৰী চৰকাৰে মানুহৰ চিন্তাশক্তি সীমিত কৰি বিদ্ৰোহ প্ৰতিবন্ধ কৰিবলৈ সৃষ্টি কৰে। 
|-
| [[Borduria#Language|বৰডুৰিয়ান]]
| ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'', বিশেষকৈ ''[[The Calculus Affair]]''-ত
| ১৯৫৪–৫৬
| আৰ্জে
| [[চিলডেভিয়া]]ৰ সীমান্তৰ দেশ [[বৰডুৰিয়া]]ৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Spocanian|স্পোকেনিয়ান]]
| 
| ১৯৬২
| ৰ'লাণ্ট টুৱেহুইছেন
| স্পোকেনিয়াৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Chakobsa (Dune)|চাকবছা]]
| ''[[Dune (novel)|Dune]]''
| ১৯৬৫
| [[ফ্ৰেংক হাৰ্বাৰ্ট]], [[ডেভিড জে. পিটাৰছন]], জেচি পিটাৰছন
| [[Fremen|ফ্ৰেমেন]]সকলৰ ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Lapine language|ল্যাপন]]
| ''[[Watership Down]]''
| ১৯৭২
| [[ৰিচাৰ্ড এডামছ]]
| খৰগোশসকলৰ দ্বাৰা কোৱা ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Láadan]] (ldn)
| ''[[Native Tongue (Elgin novel)|Native Tongue]]'' আৰু তাৰ উত্তৰ-উপন্যাসসমূহত
| ১৯৮৪
| [[চুজেট হেডেন এলজিন]]
| [[মহিলা]]সকলৰ দ্বাৰা ব্যৱহৃত ভাষা। 
|-
| [[Baronh|বাৰোনহ]]
| ''Seikai no Monshō'' (''[[Crest of the Stars]]'') আৰু আন বহুতোত
| ১৯৯৬
| [[হিৰোয়ুকি মৰিঅ'কা]]
| [[Abh]] জাতিৰ ভাষা। 
|}

== ৱিকিপিডিয়াত নিৰ্মিত ভাষাসমূহ ==
তলত উল্লিখিত নটা নিৰ্মিত ভাষাত ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। এই ভাষাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আঠটা ভাষাই আন্তৰ্জাতিক সহায়ক ভাষা আৰু ল'জবান এটা অভিযান্ত্ৰিক ভাষা। ২০০৫ চনলৈকে [[টোকি পোনা]] আৰু ক্লিঙন ভাষাতো ৱিকিপিডিয়া আছিল, কিন্তু এই সংস্কৰণসমূহ পাছত মচি পেলোৱা হয়।&lt;ref&gt;[[:Meta:List of Wikipedias]]&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+
|-
! ভাষাৰ নাম
! ISO/সংযোগ
! আৰম্ভণি
! বিশ্বজুৰি ব্যৱহাৰকাৰী
! সক্ৰিয় সম্পাদক
! প্ৰবন্ধসংখ্যা
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | এস্পেৰান্তো
| ''[[:eo:|eo]]'' || ১৮৮৭ || ১,০০,০০০ – ২০,০০,০০০ || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|eo|N}} || [[Esperanto Wikipedia|{{NUMBEROF|articles|eo|N}}]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ভ’লাপুক
| ''[[:vo:|vo]]'' || ১৮৮০ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|vo|N}} || [[Volapük Wikipedia|{{NUMBEROF|articles|vo|N}}]]
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ইদো
| ''[[:io:|io]]'' || ১৯০৭ || প্ৰায় ১০০০জন || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|io|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|io|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা
| ''[[:ia:|ia]]'' || ১৯৫১ || প্ৰায় ১০০০জন || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|ia|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|ia|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | কটাভা
| ''[[:avk:|avk]]'' || ১৯৭৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|avk|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|avk|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | '''ইণ্টাৰলিং'''
| ''[[:ie:|ie]]'' || ১৯২২ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|ie|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|ie|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | লিংগুৱা ফ্ৰাংকা নোভা
| ''[[:lfn:|lfn]]'' || ১৯৯৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|lfn|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|lfn|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | নোভিয়েল
| ''[[:nov:|nov]]'' || ১৯২৮ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|nov|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|nov|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ল'জবান
| ''[[:jbo:|jbo]]'' || ১৯৮৭ ||? || {{NUMBEROF|activeusers|jbo|N}} || {{NUMBEROF|articles|jbo|N}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | লাডান
| ''[[:incubator:Wp/ldn|ldn]]'' || ১৯৮২ ||? || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ইণ্টাৰ্স্লেভিক
| ''[[:incubator:Wp/isv|isv]]'' || ২০১১–২০১৭ || ৭০০০ – ২০,০০০ || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]]</text>
      <sha1>0jpobagsahxx5x17vre55fmak2cwolj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>122613</id>
    <revision>
      <id>516837</id>
      <timestamp>2025-06-10T09:38:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Human Anubhav</username>
        <id>45073</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: '''অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম''' ('''OS''') হৈছে [[সিস্টেম চফটৱেৰ]] যি [[কম্পিউটাৰ হাৰ্ডৱেৰ]] আৰু [[চফটৱেৰ]] সম্পদসমূহ পৰিচালনা কৰে, আৰু [[কম্পিউটাৰ প্ৰগ্ৰাম]]সমূহৰ বাবে সাধাৰণ ডেমন (কম্পিউটিং)|সেৱাসম...</comment>
      <origin>516837</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6243" sha1="8p2sd3dm0llblusuf9cepx3z7rfd4ls" xml:space="preserve">'''অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম''' ('''OS''') হৈছে [[সিস্টেম চফটৱেৰ]] যি [[কম্পিউটাৰ হাৰ্ডৱেৰ]] আৰু [[চফটৱেৰ]] সম্পদসমূহ পৰিচালনা কৰে, আৰু [[কম্পিউটাৰ প্ৰগ্ৰাম]]সমূহৰ বাবে সাধাৰণ [[ডেমন (কম্পিউটিং)|সেৱাসমূহ]] প্ৰদান কৰে।

[[টাইম-শ্বেয়াৰিং]] অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমসমূহ [[স্কেডিউলাৰ (কম্পিউটিং)|টাস্কসমূহ]] পৰিকল্পনা কৰে চিষ্টেমৰ কার্যকৰী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আৰু কেতিয়াবা [[প্ৰসেছৰ সময়]], [[মাছ ষ্ট'ৰেজ]], পৰিফেৰেল আৰু অন্যান্য সম্পদৰ খৰচ বিতৰণৰ বাবে হিসাবৰ বাবে চফটৱেৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰে।

হাৰ্ডৱেৰৰ কাৰ্যসমূহ যেনে [[ইনপুট আৰু আউটপুট]] আৰু [[মেম'ৰি বিতৰণ]], অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমে প্ৰগ্ৰামসমূহ আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ হাৰ্ডৱেৰৰ মাজত এক মধ্যস্থকাৰীৰ ৰূপত কাৰ্য কৰে,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Stallings | title = Operating Systems, Internals and Design Principles | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 2005 | location = Pearson |page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Dhotre| first = I.A.| title = Operating Systems. | publisher = Technical Publications | year = 2009 |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও আৱেদন কোড সাধাৰণতে সোজা হাৰ্ডৱেৰে কাৰ্যকৰী হয় আৰু প্ৰায়েই [[সিস্টেম কল]] কৰে অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ এক ফাংকচনলৈ বা ই দ্বারা [[ইণ্টাৰপ্ট]] কৰা হয়। অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমবোৰ বহুতো যন্ত্ৰত পোৱা যায় য'ত কম্পিউটাৰ থাকে{{snd}}যেনে ম'বাইল ফোন আৰু ভিডিঅ' গেম কনচ'লৰ পৰা [[ৱেব চাৰ্ভাৰ]] আৰু [[সুপাৰকম্পিউটাৰ]]লৈ।

{{as of|2024|09|}}, [[Android (অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম)|Android]] হৈছে আটাইতকৈ জনপ্রিয় অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম, ৪৬% বজাৰ অংশীদাৰিতাৰ সৈতে, তাৰ পিছত [[Microsoft Windows]] ২৬%, [[iOS]] আৰু [[iPadOS]] ১৮%, [[macOS]] ৫%, আৰু [[Linux]] ১%। Android, iOS, আৰু iPadOS ম'বাইল অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম, আৰু Windows, macOS, আৰু Linux ডেক্সটপ অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম।&lt;ref name=&quot;gs.statcounter.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Operating System Market Share Worldwide |url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=StatCounter Global Stats |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Linux distribution]]সমূহ চাৰ্ভাৰ আৰু সুপাৰকম্পিউটিং খণ্ডত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰিছে। অন্যান্য বিশেষীকৃত অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ শ্ৰেণীসমূহ (বিশেষ উদ্দেশ্যৰ অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম),&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/operating-system-concepts/9780471694663/pt07.html|title=VII. Special-Purpose Systems - Operating System Concepts, Seventh Edition [Book]|website=www.oreilly.com|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613190049/https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/operating-system-concepts/9780471694663/pt07.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de/cms/E-ON-ERC-ACS/Studium/Lehrveranstaltungen/~lrhs/Spezial-Betriebssysteme/?lidx=1|title=Special-Purpose Operating Systems - RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY Institute for Automation of Complex Power Systems - English|website=www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614034001/https://www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de/cms/E-ON-ERC-ACS/Studium/Lehrveranstaltungen/~lrhs/Spezial-Betriebssysteme/?lidx=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; যেনে [[এম্বেডেড সিস্টেম|এম্বেডেড]] আৰু ৰিয়েল-টাইম চিষ্টেমসমূহ, বহুতো আৱেদনৰ বাবে অস্তিত্ব ৰাখে। [[Security-focused operating system]]সমূহো আছে। কিছুমান অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ কম সিষ্টেম আৱশ্যকতা থাকে (যেনে [[লাইট-ৱেট লিনাক্স ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউশ্যন]]), আনহাতে কিছুমানে উচ্চ সিষ্টেম আৱশ্যকতা থাকে।

কিছুমান অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ ইনষ্টলেচনৰ আৱশ্যক হয় বা সিহঁত [[OEM]]-ইনষ্টলেচনৰ সৈতে প্ৰাপ্ত কম্পিউটাৰত পূৰ্বৰ পৰা ইনষ্টল হৈ থাকে, আনহাতে কিছুমানে ম'ডিয়া (অথবা [[লাইভ CD]]) বা ফ্লাছ মেম'ৰী (অথবা [[LiveUSB]] [[USB ফ্লাশ ড্ৰাইভ|USB]] ষ্টিকৰ পৰা)ৰ পৰা সোজাকৈ চলিব পাৰে।</text>
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        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
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      <comment>[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল।</comment>
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      <text bytes="6247" sha1="mlfux3j1hv9zyjqf177v2pxeam4jrrf" xml:space="preserve">'''অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম''' ('''OS''') হৈছে [[সিষ্টেম চফটৱেৰ]] যি [[কম্পিউটাৰ হাৰ্ডৱেৰ]] আৰু [[চফটৱেৰ]] সম্পদসমূহ পৰিচালনা কৰে, আৰু [[কম্পিউটাৰ প্ৰগ্ৰাম]]সমূহৰ বাবে সাধাৰণ [[ডেমন (কম্পিউটিং)|সেৱাসমূহ]] প্ৰদান কৰে। 

[[টাইম-শ্বেয়াৰিং]] অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমসমূহ [[স্কেডিউলাৰ (কম্পিউটিং)|টাস্কসমূহ]] পৰিকল্পনা কৰে চিষ্টেমৰ কাৰ্যকৰী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আৰু কেতিয়াবা [[প্ৰসেছৰ সময়]], [[মাছ ষ্ট'ৰেজ]], পৰিফেৰেল আৰু অন্যান্য সম্পদৰ খৰচ বিতৰণৰ বাবে হিসাবৰ বাবে চফটৱেৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰে। 

হাৰ্ডৱেৰৰ কাৰ্যসমূহ যেনে [[ইনপুট আৰু আউটপুট]] আৰু [[মেম'ৰি বিতৰণ]], অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমে প্ৰগ্ৰামসমূহ আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ হাৰ্ডৱেৰৰ মাজত এক মধ্যস্থকাৰীৰ ৰূপত কাৰ্য কৰে,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Stallings | title = Operating Systems, Internals and Design Principles | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 2005 | location = Pearson |page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Dhotre| first = I.A.| title = Operating Systems. | publisher = Technical Publications | year = 2009 |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও আৱেদন কোড সাধাৰণতে সোজা হাৰ্ডৱেৰে কাৰ্যকৰী হয় আৰু প্ৰায়েই [[সিষ্টেম কল]] কৰে অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ এক ফাংকচনলৈ বা ই দ্বাৰা [[ইণ্টাৰপ্ট]] কৰা হয়। অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমবোৰ বহুতো যন্ত্ৰত পোৱা যায় য'ত কম্পিউটাৰ থাকে{{snd}}যেনে ম'বাইল ফোন আৰু ভিডিঅ' গেম কনচ'লৰ পৰা [[ৱেব চাৰ্ভাৰ]] আৰু [[সুপাৰকম্পিউটাৰ]]লৈ। 

{{as of|2024|09|}}, [[Android (অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম)|Android]] হৈছে আটাইতকৈ জনপ্ৰিয় অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম, ৪৬% বজাৰ অংশীদাৰিতাৰ সৈতে, তাৰ পিছত [[Microsoft Windows]] ২৬%, [[iOS]] আৰু [[iPadOS]] ১৮%, [[macOS]] ৫%, আৰু [[Linux]] ১%। Android, iOS, আৰু iPadOS ম'বাইল অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম, আৰু Windows, macOS, আৰু Linux ডেস্কটপ অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম।&lt;ref name=&quot;gs.statcounter.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Operating System Market Share Worldwide |url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=StatCounter Global Stats |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Linux distribution]]সমূহ চাৰ্ভাৰ আৰু সুপাৰকম্পিউটিং খণ্ডত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰিছে। অন্যান্য বিশেষীকৃত অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ শ্ৰেণীসমূহ (বিশেষ উদ্দেশ্যৰ অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম),&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/operating-system-concepts/9780471694663/pt07.html|title=VII. Special-Purpose Systems - Operating System Concepts, Seventh Edition [Book]|website=www.oreilly.com|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613190049/https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/operating-system-concepts/9780471694663/pt07.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de/cms/E-ON-ERC-ACS/Studium/Lehrveranstaltungen/~lrhs/Spezial-Betriebssysteme/?lidx=1|title=Special-Purpose Operating Systems - RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY Institute for Automation of Complex Power Systems - English|website=www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614034001/https://www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de/cms/E-ON-ERC-ACS/Studium/Lehrveranstaltungen/~lrhs/Spezial-Betriebssysteme/?lidx=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; যেনে [[এম্বেডেড সিষ্টেম|এম্বেডেড]] আৰু ৰিয়েল-টাইম চিষ্টেমসমূহ, বহুতো আৱেদনৰ বাবে অস্তিত্ব ৰাখে। [[Security-focused operating system]]সমূহো আছে। কিছুমান অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ কম সিষ্টেম আৱশ্যকতা থাকে (যেনে [[লাইট-ৱেট লিনাক্স ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউশ্যন]]), আনহাতে কিছুমানে উচ্চ সিষ্টেম আৱশ্যকতা থাকে। 

কিছুমান অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ ইনষ্টলেচনৰ আৱশ্যক হয় বা সিহঁত [[OEM]]-ইনষ্টলেচনৰ সৈতে প্ৰাপ্ত কম্পিউটাৰত পূৰ্বৰ পৰা ইনষ্টল হৈ থাকে, আনহাতে কিছুমানে ম'ডিয়া (অথবা [[লাইভ CD]]) বা ফ্লাছ মেম'ৰী (অথবা [[LiveUSB]] [[USB ফ্লাশ ড্ৰাইভ|USB]] ষ্টিকৰ পৰা)ৰ পৰা সোজাকৈ চলিব পাৰে।</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="5921" sha1="q5locrp74bbtmg6nl8dev1y9fdo1sis" xml:space="preserve">'''অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম''' ('''OS''') হৈছে চিষ্টেম চফটৱেৰ যি [[কম্পিউটাৰ হাৰ্ডৱেৰ]] আৰু চফটৱেৰ সম্পদসমূহ পৰিচালনা কৰে, আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ প্ৰগ্ৰামসমূহৰ বাবে সাধাৰণ সেৱাসমূহ প্ৰদান কৰে।

টাইম-শ্বেয়াৰিং অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমসমূহ টাস্কসমূহ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে চিষ্টেমৰ কাৰ্যকৰী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আৰু কেতিয়াবা প্রসেছৰ সময়, মাছ ষ্ট'ৰেজ, পৰিফেৰেল আৰু অন্যান্য সম্পদৰ খৰচ বিতৰণৰ বাবে হিসাবৰ বাবে চফটৱেৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰে।

হাৰ্ডৱেৰৰ কাৰ্যসমূহ যেনে ইনপুট আৰু আউটপুট আৰু মেম'ৰি বিতৰণ, অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমে প্ৰগ্ৰামসমূহ আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ হাৰ্ডৱেৰৰ মাজত এক মধ্যস্থকাৰীৰ ৰূপত কাৰ্য কৰে,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Stallings | title = Operating Systems, Internals and Design Principles | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 2005 | location = Pearson |page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Dhotre| first = I.A.| title = Operating Systems. | publisher = Technical Publications | year = 2009 |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও আৱেদন কোড সাধাৰণতে সোজা হাৰ্ডৱেৰে কাৰ্যকৰী হয় আৰু প্ৰায়েই সিষ্টেম কল কৰে অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ এক ফাংকচনলৈ বা ই দ্বাৰা ইণ্টাৰপ্ট কৰা হয়। অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমবোৰ বহুতো যন্ত্ৰত পোৱা যায় য'ত কম্পিউটাৰ থাকে—যেনে ম'বাইল ফোন আৰু ভিডিঅ' গেম কনচ'লৰ পৰা [[ৱেব চাৰ্ভাৰ]] আৰু সুপাৰকম্পিউটাৰলৈ।

{{as of|2024|09|}}, Android হৈছে আটাইতকৈ জনপ্ৰিয় অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম, ৪৬% বজাৰ অংশীদাৰিতাৰ সৈতে, তাৰ পিছত Microsoft Windows ২৬%, iOS আৰু iPadOS ১৮%, macOS ৫%, আৰু [[Linux]] ১%। Android, iOS, আৰু iPadOS ম'বাইল অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম, আৰু Windows, macOS, আৰু Linux ডেস্কটপ অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম।&lt;ref name=&quot;gs.statcounter.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Operating System Market Share Worldwide |url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=StatCounter Global Stats |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Linux distributionসমূহ চাৰ্ভাৰ আৰু সুপাৰকম্পিউটিং খণ্ডত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰিছে। অন্যান্য বিশেষীকৃত অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ শ্ৰেণীসমূহ (বিশেষ উদ্দেশ্যৰ অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম),&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/operating-system-concepts/9780471694663/pt07.html|title=VII. Special-Purpose Systems - Operating System Concepts, Seventh Edition [Book]|website=www.oreilly.com|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613190049/https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/operating-system-concepts/9780471694663/pt07.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de/cms/E-ON-ERC-ACS/Studium/Lehrveranstaltungen/~lrhs/Spezial-Betriebssysteme/?lidx=1|title=Special-Purpose Operating Systems - RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY Institute for Automation of Complex Power Systems - English|website=www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614034001/https://www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de/cms/E-ON-ERC-ACS/Studium/Lehrveranstaltungen/~lrhs/Spezial-Betriebssysteme/?lidx=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; যেনে এম্বেডেড আৰু ৰিয়েল-টাইম চিষ্টেমসমূহ, বহুতো আৱেদনৰ বাবে অস্তিত্ব ৰাখে। Security-focused operating systemসমূহো আছে। কিছুমান অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ কম সিষ্টেম আৱশ্যকতা থাকে (যেনে লাইট-ৱেট লিনাক্স ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউশ্যন), আনহাতে কিছুমানে উচ্চ সিষ্টেম আৱশ্যকতা থাকে।

কিছুমান অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ ইনষ্টলেচনৰ আৱশ্যক হয় বা সিহঁত OEM-ইনষ্টলেচনৰ সৈতে প্ৰাপ্ত কম্পিউটাৰত পূৰ্বৰ পৰা ইনষ্টল হৈ থাকে, আনহাতে কিছুমানে ম'ডিয়া (অথবা লাইভ CD) বা ফ্লাছ মেম'ৰী (অথবা LiveUSB USB ষ্টিকৰ পৰা)ৰ পৰা সোজাকৈ চলিব পাৰে।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==</text>
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      <comment>[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল।</comment>
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      <text bytes="6029" sha1="ktq5w8r8g02ohvz1uv6t8mu0jclka2w" xml:space="preserve">'''অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম''' ('''OS''') হৈছে চিষ্টেম চফটৱেৰ যি [[কম্পিউটাৰ হাৰ্ডৱেৰ]] আৰু চফটৱেৰ সম্পদসমূহ পৰিচালনা কৰে, আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ প্ৰগ্ৰামসমূহৰ বাবে সাধাৰণ সেৱাসমূহ প্ৰদান কৰে। 

টাইম-শ্বেয়াৰিং অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমসমূহ টাস্কসমূহ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে চিষ্টেমৰ কাৰ্যকৰী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আৰু কেতিয়াবা প্ৰসেছৰ সময়, মাছ ষ্ট'ৰেজ, পৰিফেৰেল আৰু অন্যান্য সম্পদৰ খৰচ বিতৰণৰ বাবে হিসাবৰ বাবে চফটৱেৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰে। 

হাৰ্ডৱেৰৰ কাৰ্যসমূহ যেনে ইনপুট আৰু আউটপুট আৰু মেম'ৰি বিতৰণ, অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমে প্ৰগ্ৰামসমূহ আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ হাৰ্ডৱেৰৰ মাজত এক মধ্যস্থকাৰীৰ ৰূপত কাৰ্য কৰে,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Stallings | title = Operating Systems, Internals and Design Principles | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 2005 | location = Pearson |page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Dhotre| first = I.A.| title = Operating Systems. | publisher = Technical Publications | year = 2009 |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও আৱেদন কোড সাধাৰণতে সোজা হাৰ্ডৱেৰে কাৰ্যকৰী হয় আৰু প্ৰায়েই সিষ্টেম কল কৰে অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ এক ফাংকচনলৈ বা ই দ্বাৰা ইণ্টাৰপ্ট কৰা হয়। অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমবোৰ বহুতো যন্ত্ৰত পোৱা যায় য'ত কম্পিউটাৰ থাকে—যেনে ম'বাইল ফোন আৰু ভিডিঅ' গেম কনচ'লৰ পৰা [[ৱেব চাৰ্ভাৰ]] আৰু সুপাৰকম্পিউটাৰলৈ। 

{{as of|2024|09|}}, Android হৈছে আটাইতকৈ জনপ্ৰিয় অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম, ৪৬% বজাৰ অংশীদাৰিতাৰ সৈতে, তাৰ পিছত Microsoft Windows ২৬%, iOS আৰু iPadOS ১৮%, macOS ৫%, আৰু [[Linux]] ১%। Android, iOS, আৰু iPadOS ম'বাইল অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম, আৰু Windows, macOS, আৰু Linux ডেস্কটপ অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম।&lt;ref name=&quot;gs.statcounter.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Operating System Market Share Worldwide |url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=StatCounter Global Stats |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Linux distributionসমূহ চাৰ্ভাৰ আৰু সুপাৰকম্পিউটিং খণ্ডত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰিছে। অন্যান্য বিশেষীকৃত অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ শ্ৰেণীসমূহ (বিশেষ উদ্দেশ্যৰ অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম),&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/operating-system-concepts/9780471694663/pt07.html|title=VII. Special-Purpose Systems - Operating System Concepts, Seventh Edition [Book]|website=www.oreilly.com|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613190049/https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/operating-system-concepts/9780471694663/pt07.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de/cms/E-ON-ERC-ACS/Studium/Lehrveranstaltungen/~lrhs/Spezial-Betriebssysteme/?lidx=1|title=Special-Purpose Operating Systems - RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY Institute for Automation of Complex Power Systems - English|website=www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614034001/https://www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de/cms/E-ON-ERC-ACS/Studium/Lehrveranstaltungen/~lrhs/Spezial-Betriebssysteme/?lidx=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; যেনে এম্বেডেড আৰু ৰিয়েল-টাইম চিষ্টেমসমূহ, বহুতো আৱেদনৰ বাবে অস্তিত্ব ৰাখে। Security-focused operating systemসমূহো আছে। কিছুমান অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ কম সিষ্টেম আৱশ্যকতা থাকে (যেনে লাইট-ৱেট লিনাক্স ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউশ্যন), আনহাতে কিছুমানে উচ্চ সিষ্টেম আৱশ্যকতা থাকে। 

কিছুমান অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ ইনষ্টলেচনৰ আৱশ্যক হয় বা সিহঁত OEM-ইনষ্টলেচনৰ সৈতে প্ৰাপ্ত কম্পিউটাৰত পূৰ্বৰ পৰা ইনষ্টল হৈ থাকে, আনহাতে কিছুমানে ম'ডিয়া (অথবা লাইভ CD) বা ফ্লাছ মেম'ৰী (অথবা LiveUSB USB ষ্টিকৰ পৰা)ৰ পৰা সোজাকৈ চলিব পাৰে। 

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:প্ৰযুক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:কম্পিউটাৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6104" sha1="dj4dkn3xqd7w4ml6qunxonof2jnpxr8" xml:space="preserve">'''অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম''' ('''OS''') হৈছে চিষ্টেম চফটৱেৰ যি [[কম্পিউটাৰ হাৰ্ডৱেৰ]] আৰু চফটৱেৰ সম্পদসমূহ পৰিচালনা কৰে, আৰু [[কম্পিউটাৰ]]ৰ প্ৰগ্ৰামসমূহৰ বাবে সাধাৰণ সেৱাসমূহ প্ৰদান কৰে। 

টাইম-শ্বেয়াৰিং অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমসমূহ টাস্কসমূহ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে চিষ্টেমৰ কাৰ্যকৰী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আৰু কেতিয়াবা প্ৰচেছৰ সময়, মাছ ষ্ট'ৰেজ, পৰিফেৰেল আৰু অন্যান্য সম্পদৰ খৰচ বিতৰণৰ বাবে হিসাবৰ বাবে চফটৱেৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰে। 

হাৰ্ডৱেৰৰ কাৰ্যসমূহ যেনে ইনপুট আৰু আউটপুট আৰু মেম'ৰি বিতৰণ, অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমে প্ৰগ্ৰামসমূহ আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ হাৰ্ডৱেৰৰ মাজত এক মধ্যস্থকাৰীৰ ৰূপত কাৰ্য কৰে,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Stallings | title = Operating Systems, Internals and Design Principles | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 2005 | location = Pearson |page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Dhotre| first = I.A.| title = Operating Systems. | publisher = Technical Publications | year = 2009 |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও আৱেদন কোড সাধাৰণতে পোনপটীয়াকৈ হাৰ্ডৱেৰত কাৰ্যকৰী হয় আৰু প্ৰায়েই চিষ্টেম কল কৰে অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ এক ফাংকচনলৈ বা ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ইণ্টাৰপ্ট কৰা হয়। অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমবোৰ বহুতো যন্ত্ৰত পোৱা যায় য'ত কম্পিউটাৰ থাকে—যেনে [[ম'বাইল]] ফোন আৰু ভিডিঅ' গেম কনচ'লৰ পৰা [[ৱেব চাৰ্ভাৰ]] আৰু চুপাৰকম্পিউটাৰলৈ। 

{{as of|2024|09|}}, Android হৈছে আটাইতকৈ জনপ্ৰিয় অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম, ৪৬% বজাৰ অংশীদাৰিতাৰ সৈতে, তাৰ পিছত Microsoft Windows ২৬%, iOS আৰু iPadOS ১৮%, macOS ৫%, আৰু [[লীনাক্স]] ১%। Android, iOS, আৰু iPadOS ম'বাইল অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম, আৰু Windows, macOS, আৰু Linux ডেস্কটপ অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম।&lt;ref name=&quot;gs.statcounter.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Operating System Market Share Worldwide |url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=StatCounter Global Stats |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Linux distributionসমূহ চাৰ্ভাৰ আৰু চুপাৰকম্পিউটিং খণ্ডত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰিছে। অন্যান্য বিশেষীকৃত অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ শ্ৰেণীসমূহ (বিশেষ উদ্দেশ্যৰ অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম),&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/operating-system-concepts/9780471694663/pt07.html|title=VII. Special-Purpose Systems - Operating System Concepts, Seventh Edition [Book]|website=www.oreilly.com|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613190049/https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/operating-system-concepts/9780471694663/pt07.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de/cms/E-ON-ERC-ACS/Studium/Lehrveranstaltungen/~lrhs/Spezial-Betriebssysteme/?lidx=1|title=Special-Purpose Operating Systems - RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY Institute for Automation of Complex Power Systems - English|website=www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614034001/https://www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de/cms/E-ON-ERC-ACS/Studium/Lehrveranstaltungen/~lrhs/Spezial-Betriebssysteme/?lidx=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; যেনে এম্বেডেড আৰু ৰিয়েল-টাইম চিষ্টেমসমূহ, বহুতো আৱেদনৰ বাবে অস্তিত্ব ৰাখে। Security-focused operating system-সমূহো আছে। কিছুমান অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ কম চিষ্টেম আৱশ্যকতা থাকে (যেনে লাইট-ৱেট লিনাক্স ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউশ্যন), আনহাতে কিছুমানে উচ্চ চিষ্টেম আৱশ্যকতা থাকে। 

কিছুমান অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ ইনষ্টলেচনৰ আৱশ্যক হয় বা সিহঁত OEM-ইনষ্টলেচনৰ সৈতে প্ৰাপ্ত কম্পিউটাৰত পূৰ্বৰ পৰা ইনষ্টল হৈ থাকে, আনহাতে কিছুমানে ম'ডিয়া (অথবা লাইভ CD) বা ফ্লাছ মেম'ৰী (অথবা LiveUSB USB ষ্টিকৰ পৰা)ৰ পৰা পোনপটীয়াকৈ চলিব পাৰে।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:প্ৰযুক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:কম্পিউটাৰ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6126" sha1="smfv8ffmcfu9sk7wa74544bs0qlq5id" xml:space="preserve">{{পোখালি}}'''অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম''' ('''OS''') হৈছে চিষ্টেম চফটৱেৰ যি [[কম্পিউটাৰ হাৰ্ডৱেৰ]] আৰু চফটৱেৰ সম্পদসমূহ পৰিচালনা কৰে, আৰু [[কম্পিউটাৰ]]ৰ প্ৰগ্ৰামসমূহৰ বাবে সাধাৰণ সেৱাসমূহ প্ৰদান কৰে। 

টাইম-শ্বেয়াৰিং অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমসমূহ টাস্কসমূহ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে চিষ্টেমৰ কাৰ্যকৰী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে আৰু কেতিয়াবা প্ৰচেছৰ সময়, মাছ ষ্ট'ৰেজ, পৰিফেৰেল আৰু অন্যান্য সম্পদৰ খৰচ বিতৰণৰ বাবে হিসাবৰ বাবে চফটৱেৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিব পাৰে। 

হাৰ্ডৱেৰৰ কাৰ্যসমূহ যেনে ইনপুট আৰু আউটপুট আৰু মেম'ৰি বিতৰণ, অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমে প্ৰগ্ৰামসমূহ আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ হাৰ্ডৱেৰৰ মাজত এক মধ্যস্থকাৰীৰ ৰূপত কাৰ্য কৰে,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Stallings | title = Operating Systems, Internals and Design Principles | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 2005 | location = Pearson |page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Dhotre| first = I.A.| title = Operating Systems. | publisher = Technical Publications | year = 2009 |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; যদিও আৱেদন কোড সাধাৰণতে পোনপটীয়াকৈ হাৰ্ডৱেৰত কাৰ্যকৰী হয় আৰু প্ৰায়েই চিষ্টেম কল কৰে অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ এক ফাংকচনলৈ বা ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ইণ্টাৰপ্ট কৰা হয়। অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমবোৰ বহুতো যন্ত্ৰত পোৱা যায় য'ত কম্পিউটাৰ থাকে—যেনে [[ম'বাইল]] ফোন আৰু ভিডিঅ' গেম কনচ'লৰ পৰা [[ৱেব চাৰ্ভাৰ]] আৰু চুপাৰকম্পিউটাৰলৈ। 

{{as of|2024|09|}}, Android হৈছে আটাইতকৈ জনপ্ৰিয় অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম, ৪৬% বজাৰ অংশীদাৰিতাৰ সৈতে, তাৰ পিছত Microsoft Windows ২৬%, iOS আৰু iPadOS ১৮%, macOS ৫%, আৰু [[লীনাক্স]] ১%। Android, iOS, আৰু iPadOS ম'বাইল অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম, আৰু Windows, macOS, আৰু Linux ডেস্কটপ অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম।&lt;ref name=&quot;gs.statcounter.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Operating System Market Share Worldwide |url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=StatCounter Global Stats |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Linux distributionসমূহ চাৰ্ভাৰ আৰু চুপাৰকম্পিউটিং খণ্ডত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰিছে। অন্যান্য বিশেষীকৃত অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ শ্ৰেণীসমূহ (বিশেষ উদ্দেশ্যৰ অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম),&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/operating-system-concepts/9780471694663/pt07.html|title=VII. Special-Purpose Systems - Operating System Concepts, Seventh Edition [Book]|website=www.oreilly.com|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613190049/https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/operating-system-concepts/9780471694663/pt07.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de/cms/E-ON-ERC-ACS/Studium/Lehrveranstaltungen/~lrhs/Spezial-Betriebssysteme/?lidx=1|title=Special-Purpose Operating Systems - RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY Institute for Automation of Complex Power Systems - English|website=www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de|access-date=8 February 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614034001/https://www.acs.eonerc.rwth-aachen.de/cms/E-ON-ERC-ACS/Studium/Lehrveranstaltungen/~lrhs/Spezial-Betriebssysteme/?lidx=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; যেনে এম্বেডেড আৰু ৰিয়েল-টাইম চিষ্টেমসমূহ, বহুতো আৱেদনৰ বাবে অস্তিত্ব ৰাখে। Security-focused operating system-সমূহো আছে। কিছুমান অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ কম চিষ্টেম আৱশ্যকতা থাকে (যেনে লাইট-ৱেট লিনাক্স ডিষ্ট্ৰিবিউশ্যন), আনহাতে কিছুমানে উচ্চ চিষ্টেম আৱশ্যকতা থাকে। 

কিছুমান অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেমৰ ইনষ্টলেচনৰ আৱশ্যক হয় বা সিহঁত OEM-ইনষ্টলেচনৰ সৈতে প্ৰাপ্ত কম্পিউটাৰত পূৰ্বৰ পৰা ইনষ্টল হৈ থাকে, আনহাতে কিছুমানে ম'ডিয়া (অথবা লাইভ CD) বা ফ্লাছ মেম'ৰী (অথবা LiveUSB USB ষ্টিকৰ পৰা)ৰ পৰা পোনপটীয়াকৈ চলিব পাৰে।

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==

[[শ্ৰেণী:প্ৰযুক্তি]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:কম্পিউটাৰ]]</text>
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      <comment>নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: [[File:Collage of printing.png|upright=1.5|thumb|ওপৰৰ পৰা তললৈ, বাওঁফালে পৰা সোঁফাললৈ: এখন [[চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল|চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল]]ৰ দৃশ্য, [[কাঠৰ ছাপ]]ত ব্যৱহৃত ব্লক, [[মুভেবল টাইপ]], [[মুদ্রণ যন্ত্ৰ]], লিথোগ্ৰাফি|লিথোগ্ৰা...</comment>
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      <text bytes="6049" sha1="q6567ltzyh0oexfz9fmvucwgoc3l89g" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Collage of printing.png|upright=1.5|thumb|ওপৰৰ পৰা তললৈ, বাওঁফালে পৰা সোঁফাললৈ: এখন [[চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল|চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল]]ৰ দৃশ্য, [[কাঠৰ ছাপ]]ত ব্যৱহৃত ব্লক, [[মুভেবল টাইপ]], [[মুদ্রণ যন্ত্ৰ]], [[লিথোগ্ৰাফি|লিথোগ্ৰাফি]] প্ৰেছ, আধুনিক লিথোগ্ৰাফিক ছপাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত [[অফচেট প্ৰেছ]], [[হট মেটেল টাইপচেটিং]]ৰ বাবে [[লাইনোটাইপ মেচিন]], [[ডিজিটেল ছপা]] মেচিন, কাৰ্যৰত [[থ্ৰিডি প্ৰিন্টাৰ|থ্ৰিডি প্ৰিন্টাৰ]]।]]

{{Printing}}
{{Marketing}}

'''ছপা''' (বা '''মুদ্ৰণ''') হৈছে লিখনি আৰু [[চিত্ৰ]] সমূহক এক প্ৰকাৰৰ মূল ৰূপ বা টেমপ্লেটৰ সহায়ত বৃহৎ পৰিমাণত পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰাৰ এক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। কাগজৰ বাহিৰৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি ছপাৰ সামগ্ৰীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত [[চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল]] আৰু [[চাইৰাছ চিলিণ্ডাৰ]] আৰু [[নাবোনিদাছৰ চিলিণ্ডাৰ]] আদি বস্তু অন্তর্ভুক্ত। ছপাৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি সজ্ঞাত ৰূপটো [[শিলৰ ফলক]]ত খোদিত লিখা বা চিত্ৰৰ ওপৰত কাগজ বা কাপোৰেৰে [[কালি ঘঁহি]] তোলা ৰূপত বিকশিত হৈছিল, যাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ছষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=8}}{{efn|দ্বিতীয় শতিকালৈকে পঠিওৱা এটা পুৰণি প্ৰতিলিপি প্ৰণালীৰ উদাহৰণ হ'ল [[পাউঞ্চিং]] নামৰ পদ্ধতি, য'ত এখন ছাঁচৰ ওপৰত সূঁজেৰে ফুটাই লক্ষ্য কাগজ, কাপোৰ বা চূণ-মাটিত বিন্দু হিচাপে নিদৰ্শন তোলা হৈছিল:{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=146}} এইটো যুক্তিপূৰ্ণভাৱে ছপা বুলি কোৱা নহয়।}} তাৰ পিছত এই শতিকাতেই [[কাঠৰ ব্লকৰ ছপা]]ৰ দ্বাৰা কাগজত কালি লগাই আকাৰ স্থানান্তৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰকৃত ছপা প্ৰচলিত হ'ল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Suarez &amp; Woudhuysen&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor-last1=Suarez |editor-first1=Michael F. |editor-last2= Woudhuysen |editor-first2= H. R. |title= The Book: A Global History |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sbacAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA574 574–576] |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2013 |isbn=9780191668746}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পাছত ছপাৰ প্রযুক্তিৰ উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত [[১০৪০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ]]ৰ চাৰিওফালে [[পি চেং]] নামৰ এজন চীনীয়া ব্যক্তিয়ে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা [[মুভেবল টাইপ]] (স্বতন্ত্ৰ আখৰৰ ব্যৱস্থা)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC |title=Science and civilisation in China: Paper and printing |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-08690-5 |editor-last=Needham |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Needham |edition=Reprint |volume=V:1 |location=Cambridge |pages=159,201–205 |orig-date=1985 |editor-last2=Tsien |editor-first2=Tsuen-hsuin |editor-link2=Tsien Tsuen-hsuin|quote=At the present time, the only known authoritative account of the invention of movable type by a commoner named Pi Sheng (c. 990–1051) is the contemporary record of Shen Kua (1031–[1095]) [...] Although the process went into eclipse after its inception, it was a complete invention and fully four hundred years ahead of Gutenberg.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Great Chinese Inventions&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.minnesota-china.com/Education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |title=Great Chinese Inventions |publisher=Minnesota-china.com |access-date=July 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203213025/http://www.minnesota-china.com/education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ১৫শ শতিকাত [[জোহান গুটেনবাৰ্গ]]ৰ দ্বাৰা আবিষ্কৃত [[মুদ্ৰণ যন্ত্ৰ]] বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য। ছপাৰ এই প্ৰযুক্তিবোৰে [[পুনৰুজ্জীৱন যুগ]], [[বৈজ্ঞানিক বিপ্লৱ]] আদিৰ বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল আৰু আধুনিক জ্ঞান-ভিত্তিক অৰ্থনীতি আৰু গণশিক্ষাৰ বিস্তাৰৰ ভৌতিক আধাৰ প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rees, Fran. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the Printing Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406001322/https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press |date=April 6, 2023 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
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      <text bytes="6021" sha1="140z0hm8ndzxzfxleuzunlkaehuh3gd" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Collage of printing.png|upright=1.5|thumb|ওপৰৰ পৰা তললৈ, বাওঁফালে পৰা সোঁফাললৈ: এখন [[চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল|চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল]]ৰ দৃশ্য, [[কাঠৰ ছাপ]]ত ব্যৱহৃত ব্লক, [[মুভেবল টাইপ]], [[মুদ্রণ যন্ত্ৰ]], [[লিথোগ্ৰাফি|লিথোগ্ৰাফি]] প্ৰেছ, আধুনিক লিথোগ্ৰাফিক ছপাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত [[অফচেট প্ৰেছ]], [[হট মেটেল টাইপচেটিং]]ৰ বাবে [[লাইনোটাইপ মেচিন]], [[ডিজিটেল ছপা]] মেচিন, কাৰ্যৰত [[থ্ৰিডি প্ৰিন্টাৰ|থ্ৰিডি প্ৰিন্টাৰ]]।]]

'''ছপা''' (বা '''মুদ্ৰণ''') হৈছে লিখনি আৰু [[চিত্ৰ]] সমূহক এক প্ৰকাৰৰ মূল ৰূপ বা টেমপ্লেটৰ সহায়ত বৃহৎ পৰিমাণত পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰাৰ এক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। কাগজৰ বাহিৰৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি ছপাৰ সামগ্ৰীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত [[চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল]] আৰু [[চাইৰাছ চিলিণ্ডাৰ]] আৰু [[নাবোনিদাছৰ চিলিণ্ডাৰ]] আদি বস্তু অন্তর্ভুক্ত। ছপাৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি সজ্ঞাত ৰূপটো [[শিলৰ ফলক]]ত খোদিত লিখা বা চিত্ৰৰ ওপৰত কাগজ বা কাপোৰেৰে [[কালি ঘঁহি]] তোলা ৰূপত বিকশিত হৈছিল, যাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ছষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=8}}{{efn|দ্বিতীয় শতিকালৈকে পঠিওৱা এটা পুৰণি প্ৰতিলিপি প্ৰণালীৰ উদাহৰণ হ'ল [[পাউঞ্চিং]] নামৰ পদ্ধতি, য'ত এখন ছাঁচৰ ওপৰত সূঁজেৰে ফুটাই লক্ষ্য কাগজ, কাপোৰ বা চূণ-মাটিত বিন্দু হিচাপে নিদৰ্শন তোলা হৈছিল:{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=146}} এইটো যুক্তিপূৰ্ণভাৱে ছপা বুলি কোৱা নহয়।}} তাৰ পিছত এই শতিকাতেই [[কাঠৰ ব্লকৰ ছপা]]ৰ দ্বাৰা কাগজত কালি লগাই আকাৰ স্থানান্তৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰকৃত ছপা প্ৰচলিত হ'ল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Suarez &amp; Woudhuysen&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor-last1=Suarez |editor-first1=Michael F. |editor-last2= Woudhuysen |editor-first2= H. R. |title= The Book: A Global History |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sbacAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA574 574–576] |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2013 |isbn=9780191668746}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পাছত ছপাৰ প্রযুক্তিৰ উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত [[১০৪০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ]]ৰ চাৰিওফালে [[পি চেং]] নামৰ এজন চীনীয়া ব্যক্তিয়ে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা [[মুভেবল টাইপ]] (স্বতন্ত্ৰ আখৰৰ ব্যৱস্থা)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC |title=Science and civilisation in China: Paper and printing |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-08690-5 |editor-last=Needham |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Needham |edition=Reprint |volume=V:1 |location=Cambridge |pages=159,201–205 |orig-date=1985 |editor-last2=Tsien |editor-first2=Tsuen-hsuin |editor-link2=Tsien Tsuen-hsuin|quote=At the present time, the only known authoritative account of the invention of movable type by a commoner named Pi Sheng (c. 990–1051) is the contemporary record of Shen Kua (1031–[1095]) [...] Although the process went into eclipse after its inception, it was a complete invention and fully four hundred years ahead of Gutenberg.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Great Chinese Inventions&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.minnesota-china.com/Education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |title=Great Chinese Inventions |publisher=Minnesota-china.com |access-date=July 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203213025/http://www.minnesota-china.com/education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ১৫শ শতিকাত [[জোহান গুটেনবাৰ্গ]]ৰ দ্বাৰা আবিষ্কৃত [[মুদ্ৰণ যন্ত্ৰ]] বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য। ছপাৰ এই প্ৰযুক্তিবোৰে [[পুনৰুজ্জীৱন যুগ]], [[বৈজ্ঞানিক বিপ্লৱ]] আদিৰ বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল আৰু আধুনিক জ্ঞান-ভিত্তিক অৰ্থনীতি আৰু গণশিক্ষাৰ বিস্তাৰৰ ভৌতিক আধাৰ প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rees, Fran. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the Printing Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406001322/https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press |date=April 6, 2023 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2025-06-10T10:21:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
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      <text bytes="6072" sha1="ob0fjn5ugoyjncy03pkk234wzhuwkit" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Collage of printing.png|upright=1.5|thumb|ওপৰৰ পৰা তললৈ, বাওঁফালে পৰা সোঁফাললৈ: এখন [[চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল|চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল]]ৰ দৃশ্য, [[কাঠৰ ছাপ]]ত ব্যৱহৃত ব্লক, [[মুভেবল টাইপ]], [[মুদ্রণ যন্ত্ৰ]], [[লিথোগ্ৰাফি|লিথোগ্ৰাফি]] প্ৰেছ, আধুনিক লিথোগ্ৰাফিক ছপাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত [[অফচেট প্ৰেছ]], [[হট মেটেল টাইপচেটিং]]ৰ বাবে [[লাইনোটাইপ মেচিন]], [[ডিজিটেল ছপা]] মেচিন, কাৰ্যৰত [[থ্ৰিডি প্ৰিন্টাৰ|থ্ৰিডি প্ৰিন্টাৰ]]।]]

'''ছপা''' (বা '''মুদ্ৰণ''') হৈছে লিখনি আৰু [[চিত্ৰ]] সমূহক এক প্ৰকাৰৰ মূল ৰূপ বা টেমপ্লেটৰ সহায়ত বৃহৎ পৰিমাণত পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰাৰ এক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। কাগজৰ বাহিৰৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি ছপাৰ সামগ্ৰীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত [[চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল]] আৰু [[চাইৰাছ চিলিণ্ডাৰ]] আৰু [[নাবোনিদাছৰ চিলিণ্ডাৰ]] আদি বস্তু অন্তর্ভুক্ত। ছপাৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি সজ্ঞাত ৰূপটো [[শিলৰ ফলক]]ত খোদিত লিখা বা চিত্ৰৰ ওপৰত কাগজ বা কাপোৰেৰে [[কালি ঘঁহি]] তোলা ৰূপত বিকশিত হৈছিল, যাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ছষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=8}}{{efn|দ্বিতীয় শতিকালৈকে পঠিওৱা এটা পুৰণি প্ৰতিলিপি প্ৰণালীৰ উদাহৰণ হ'ল [[পাউঞ্চিং]] নামৰ পদ্ধতি, য'ত এখন ছাঁচৰ ওপৰত সূঁজেৰে ফুটাই লক্ষ্য কাগজ, কাপোৰ বা চূণ-মাটিত বিন্দু হিচাপে নিদৰ্শন তোলা হৈছিল:{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=146}} এইটো যুক্তিপূৰ্ণভাৱে ছপা বুলি কোৱা নহয়।}} তাৰ পিছত এই শতিকাতেই [[কাঠৰ ব্লকৰ ছপা]]ৰ দ্বাৰা কাগজত কালি লগাই আকাৰ স্থানান্তৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰকৃত ছপা প্ৰচলিত হ'ল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Suarez &amp; Woudhuysen&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor-last1=Suarez |editor-first1=Michael F. |editor-last2= Woudhuysen |editor-first2= H. R. |title= The Book: A Global History |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sbacAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA574 574–576] |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2013 |isbn=9780191668746}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পাছত ছপাৰ প্রযুক্তিৰ উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত [[১০৪০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ]]ৰ চাৰিওফালে [[পি চেং]] নামৰ এজন চীনীয়া ব্যক্তিয়ে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা [[মুভেবল টাইপ]] (স্বতন্ত্ৰ আখৰৰ ব্যৱস্থা)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC |title=Science and civilisation in China: Paper and printing |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-08690-5 |editor-last=Needham |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Needham |edition=Reprint |volume=V:1 |location=Cambridge |pages=159,201–205 |orig-date=1985 |editor-last2=Tsien |editor-first2=Tsuen-hsuin |editor-link2=Tsien Tsuen-hsuin|quote=At the present time, the only known authoritative account of the invention of movable type by a commoner named Pi Sheng (c. 990–1051) is the contemporary record of Shen Kua (1031–[1095]) [...] Although the process went into eclipse after its inception, it was a complete invention and fully four hundred years ahead of Gutenberg.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Great Chinese Inventions&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.minnesota-china.com/Education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |title=Great Chinese Inventions |publisher=Minnesota-china.com |access-date=July 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203213025/http://www.minnesota-china.com/education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ১৫শ শতিকাত [[জোহান গুটেনবাৰ্গ]]ৰ দ্বাৰা আবিষ্কৃত [[মুদ্ৰণ যন্ত্ৰ]] বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য। ছপাৰ এই প্ৰযুক্তিবোৰে [[পুনৰুজ্জীৱন যুগ]], [[বৈজ্ঞানিক বিপ্লৱ]] আদিৰ বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল আৰু আধুনিক জ্ঞান-ভিত্তিক অৰ্থনীতি আৰু গণশিক্ষাৰ বিস্তাৰৰ ভৌতিক আধাৰ প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rees, Fran. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the Printing Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406001322/https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press |date=April 6, 2023 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;

==টোকা==

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==</text>
      <sha1>ob0fjn5ugoyjncy03pkk234wzhuwkit</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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        <username>Kandarpajit Kallol</username>
        <id>6257</id>
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      <comment>[[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল।</comment>
      <origin>516847</origin>
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      <text bytes="6074" sha1="q7uatauz4pukzzsxumuu30wy3dhh639" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Collage of printing.png|upright=1.5|thumb|ওপৰৰ পৰা তললৈ, বাওঁফালে পৰা সোঁফাললৈ: এখন [[চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল|চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল]]ৰ দৃশ্য, [[কাঠৰ ছাপ]]ত ব্যৱহৃত ব্লক, [[মুভেবল টাইপ]], [[মুদ্ৰণ যন্ত্ৰ]], [[লিথোগ্ৰাফি|লিথোগ্ৰাফি]] প্ৰেছ, আধুনিক লিথোগ্ৰাফিক ছপাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত [[অফচেট প্ৰেছ]], [[হট মেটেল টাইপচেটিং]]ৰ বাবে [[লাইনোটাইপ মেচিন]], [[ডিজিটেল ছপা]] মেচিন, কাৰ্যৰত [[থ্ৰিডি প্ৰিণ্টাৰ|থ্ৰিডি প্ৰিণ্টাৰ]]। ]]

'''ছপা''' (বা '''মুদ্ৰণ''') হৈছে লিখনি আৰু [[চিত্ৰ]] সমূহক এক প্ৰকাৰৰ মূল ৰূপ বা টেমপ্লেটৰ সহায়ত বৃহৎ পৰিমাণত পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰাৰ এক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। কাগজৰ বাহিৰৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি ছপাৰ সামগ্ৰীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত [[চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল]] আৰু [[চাইৰাছ চিলিণ্ডাৰ]] আৰু [[নাবোনিদাছৰ চিলিণ্ডাৰ]] আদি বস্তু অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ছপাৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি সজ্ঞাত ৰূপটো [[শিলৰ ফলক]]ত খোদিত লিখা বা চিত্ৰৰ ওপৰত কাগজ বা কাপোৰেৰে [[কালি ঘঁহি]] তোলা ৰূপত বিকশিত হৈছিল, যাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ছষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=8}}{{efn|দ্বিতীয় শতিকালৈকে পঠিওৱা এটা পুৰণি প্ৰতিলিপি প্ৰণালীৰ উদাহৰণ হ'ল [[পাউঞ্চিং]] নামৰ পদ্ধতি, য'ত এখন ছাঁচৰ ওপৰত সূঁজেৰে ফুটাই লক্ষ্য কাগজ, কাপোৰ বা চূণ-মাটিত বিন্দু হিচাপে নিদৰ্শন তোলা হৈছিল:{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=146}} এইটো যুক্তিপূৰ্ণভাৱে ছপা বুলি কোৱা নহয়। }} তাৰ পিছত এই শতিকাতেই [[কাঠৰ ব্লকৰ ছপা]]ৰ দ্বাৰা কাগজত কালি লগাই আকাৰ স্থানান্তৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰকৃত ছপা প্ৰচলিত হ'ল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Suarez &amp; Woudhuysen&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor-last1=Suarez |editor-first1=Michael F. |editor-last2= Woudhuysen |editor-first2= H. R. |title= The Book: A Global History |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sbacAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA574 574–576] |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2013 |isbn=9780191668746}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পাছত ছপাৰ প্ৰযুক্তিৰ উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত [[১০৪০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ]]ৰ চাৰিওফালে [[পি চেং]] নামৰ এজন চীনীয়া ব্যক্তিয়ে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা [[মুভেবল টাইপ]] (স্বতন্ত্ৰ আখৰৰ ব্যৱস্থা)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC |title=Science and civilisation in China: Paper and printing |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-08690-5 |editor-last=Needham |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Needham |edition=Reprint |volume=V:1 |location=Cambridge |pages=159,201–205 |orig-date=1985 |editor-last2=Tsien |editor-first2=Tsuen-hsuin |editor-link2=Tsien Tsuen-hsuin|quote=At the present time, the only known authoritative account of the invention of movable type by a commoner named Pi Sheng (c. 990–1051) is the contemporary record of Shen Kua (1031–[1095]) [...] Although the process went into eclipse after its inception, it was a complete invention and fully four hundred years ahead of Gutenberg.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Great Chinese Inventions&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.minnesota-china.com/Education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |title=Great Chinese Inventions |publisher=Minnesota-china.com |access-date=July 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203213025/http://www.minnesota-china.com/education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ১৫শ শতিকাত [[জোহান গুটেনবাৰ্গ]]ৰ দ্বাৰা আবিষ্কৃত [[মুদ্ৰণ যন্ত্ৰ]] বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য। ছপাৰ এই প্ৰযুক্তিবোৰে [[পুনৰুজ্জীৱন যুগ]], [[বৈজ্ঞানিক বিপ্লৱ]] আদিৰ বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল আৰু আধুনিক জ্ঞান-ভিত্তিক অৰ্থনীতি আৰু গণশিক্ষাৰ বিস্তাৰৰ ভৌতিক আধাৰ প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rees, Fran. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the Printing Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406001322/https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press |date=April 6, 2023 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;

==টোকা==

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6087" sha1="c2tni1ykm1hpw4046y9ecltt4qh1s7p" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Collage of printing.png|upright=1.5|thumb|ওপৰৰ পৰা তললৈ, বাওঁফালে পৰা সোঁফাললৈ: এখন [[চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল|চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল]]ৰ দৃশ্য, [[কাঠৰ ছাপ]]ত ব্যৱহৃত ব্লক, [[মুভেবল টাইপ]], [[মুদ্ৰণ যন্ত্ৰ]], [[লিথোগ্ৰাফি|লিথোগ্ৰাফি]] প্ৰেছ, আধুনিক লিথোগ্ৰাফিক ছপাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত [[অফচেট প্ৰেছ]], [[হট মেটেল টাইপচেটিং]]ৰ বাবে [[লাইনোটাইপ মেচিন]], [[ডিজিটেল ছপা]] মেচিন, কাৰ্যৰত [[থ্ৰিডি প্ৰিণ্টাৰ|থ্ৰিডি প্ৰিণ্টাৰ]]। ]]

'''ছপা''' (বা '''মুদ্ৰণ''') হৈছে লিখনি আৰু [[চিত্ৰ]] সমূহক এক প্ৰকাৰৰ মূল ৰূপ বা টেমপ্লেটৰ সহায়ত বৃহৎ পৰিমাণত পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰাৰ এক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। কাগজৰ বাহিৰৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি ছপাৰ সামগ্ৰীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত [[চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল]] আৰু [[চাইৰাছ চিলিণ্ডাৰ]] আৰু [[নাবোনিদাছৰ চিলিণ্ডাৰ]] আদি বস্তু অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ছপাৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি সজ্ঞাত ৰূপটো [[শিলৰ ফলক]]ত খোদিত লিখা বা চিত্ৰৰ ওপৰত কাগজ বা কাপোৰেৰে [[কালি ঘঁহি]] তোলা ৰূপত বিকশিত হৈছিল, যাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ছষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=8}}{{efn|দ্বিতীয় শতিকালৈকে পঠিওৱা এটা পুৰণি প্ৰতিলিপি প্ৰণালীৰ উদাহৰণ হ'ল [[পাউঞ্চিং]] নামৰ পদ্ধতি, য'ত এখন ছাঁচৰ ওপৰত সূঁজেৰে ফুটাই লক্ষ্য কাগজ, কাপোৰ বা চূণ-মাটিত বিন্দু হিচাপে নিদৰ্শন তোলা হৈছিল:{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=146}} এইটো যুক্তিপূৰ্ণভাৱে ছপা বুলি কোৱা নহয়। }} তাৰ পিছত এই শতিকাতেই [[কাঠৰ ব্লকৰ ছপা]]ৰ দ্বাৰা কাগজত কালি লগাই আকাৰ স্থানান্তৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰকৃত ছপা প্ৰচলিত হ'ল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Suarez &amp; Woudhuysen&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor-last1=Suarez |editor-first1=Michael F. |editor-last2= Woudhuysen |editor-first2= H. R. |title= The Book: A Global History |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sbacAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA574 574–576] |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2013 |isbn=9780191668746}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পাছত ছপাৰ প্ৰযুক্তিৰ উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত [[১০৪০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ]]ৰ চাৰিওফালে [[পি চেং]] নামৰ এজন চীনীয়া ব্যক্তিয়ে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা [[মুভেবল টাইপ]] (স্বতন্ত্ৰ আখৰৰ ব্যৱস্থা)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC |title=Science and civilisation in China: Paper and printing |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-08690-5 |editor-last=Needham |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Needham |edition=Reprint |volume=V:1 |location=Cambridge |pages=159,201–205 |orig-date=1985 |editor-last2=Tsien |editor-first2=Tsuen-hsuin |editor-link2=Tsien Tsuen-hsuin|quote=At the present time, the only known authoritative account of the invention of movable type by a commoner named Pi Sheng (c. 990–1051) is the contemporary record of Shen Kua (1031–[1095]) [...] Although the process went into eclipse after its inception, it was a complete invention and fully four hundred years ahead of Gutenberg.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Great Chinese Inventions&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.minnesota-china.com/Education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |title=Great Chinese Inventions |publisher=Minnesota-china.com |access-date=July 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203213025/http://www.minnesota-china.com/education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ১৫শ শতিকাত [[জোহান গুটেনবাৰ্গ]]ৰ দ্বাৰা আবিষ্কৃত [[মুদ্ৰণ যন্ত্ৰ]] বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য। ছপাৰ এই প্ৰযুক্তিবোৰে [[পুনৰুজ্জীৱন যুগ]], [[বৈজ্ঞানিক বিপ্লৱ]] আদিৰ বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল আৰু আধুনিক জ্ঞান-ভিত্তিক অৰ্থনীতি আৰু গণশিক্ষাৰ বিস্তাৰৰ ভৌতিক আধাৰ প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rees, Fran. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the Printing Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406001322/https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press |date=April 6, 2023 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;

==টোকা==
{{notelist}}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==</text>
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      <text bytes="5913" sha1="9mfzqfvbd9b0wh1k6l3mgmix7mimmvu" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Collage of printing.png|upright=1.5|thumb|ওপৰৰ পৰা তললৈ, বাওঁফালে পৰা সোঁফাললৈ: এখন চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীলৰ দৃশ্য, কাঠৰ ছাপত ব্যৱহৃত ব্লক, মুভেবল টাইপ, মুদ্ৰণ যন্ত্ৰ, লিথোগ্ৰাফি প্ৰেছ, আধুনিক লিথোগ্ৰাফিক ছপাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত অফচেট প্ৰেছ, হট মেটেল টাইপচেটিঙৰ বাবে লাইনোটাইপ মেচিন, ডিজিটেল ছপা মেচিন, কাৰ্যৰত থ্ৰিডি প্ৰিণ্টাৰ।]]

'''ছপা''' (বা '''মুদ্ৰণ''') হৈছে লিখনি আৰু চিত্ৰসমূহক এক প্ৰকাৰৰ মূল ৰূপ বা টেমপ্লেটৰ সহায়ত বৃহৎ পৰিমাণত পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰাৰ এক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। কাগজৰ বাহিৰৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি ছপাৰ সামগ্ৰীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল আৰু চাইৰাছ চিলিণ্ডাৰ আৰু নাবোনিদাছৰ চিলিণ্ডাৰ আদি বস্তু অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ছপাৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি সজ্ঞাত ৰূপটো [[শিলৰ ফলক]]ত খোদিত লিখা বা চিত্ৰৰ ওপৰত কাগজ বা কাপোৰেৰে [[কালি ঘঁহি]] তোলা ৰূপত বিকশিত হৈছিল, যাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ছষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=8}}{{efn|দ্বিতীয় শতিকালৈকে পঠিওৱা এটা পুৰণি প্ৰতিলিপি প্ৰণালীৰ উদাহৰণ হ'ল [[পাউঞ্চিং]] নামৰ পদ্ধতি, য'ত এখন ছাঁচৰ ওপৰত সূঁজেৰে ফুটাই লক্ষ্য কাগজ, কাপোৰ বা চূণ-মাটিত বিন্দু হিচাপে নিদৰ্শন তোলা হৈছিল:{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=146}} এইটো যুক্তিপূৰ্ণভাৱে ছপা বুলি কোৱা নহয়। }} তাৰ পিছত এই শতিকাতেই [[কাঠৰ ব্লকৰ ছপা]]ৰ দ্বাৰা কাগজত কালি লগাই আকাৰ স্থানান্তৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰকৃত ছপা প্ৰচলিত হ'ল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Suarez &amp; Woudhuysen&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor-last1=Suarez |editor-first1=Michael F. |editor-last2= Woudhuysen |editor-first2= H. R. |title= The Book: A Global History |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sbacAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA574 574–576] |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2013 |isbn=9780191668746}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পাছত ছপাৰ প্ৰযুক্তিৰ উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত [[১০৪০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ]]ৰ চাৰিওফালে [[পি চেং]] নামৰ এজন চীনীয়া ব্যক্তিয়ে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা [[মুভেবল টাইপ]] (স্বতন্ত্ৰ আখৰৰ ব্যৱস্থা)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC |title=Science and civilisation in China: Paper and printing |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-08690-5 |editor-last=Needham |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Needham |edition=Reprint |volume=V:1 |location=Cambridge |pages=159,201–205 |orig-date=1985 |editor-last2=Tsien |editor-first2=Tsuen-hsuin |editor-link2=Tsien Tsuen-hsuin|quote=At the present time, the only known authoritative account of the invention of movable type by a commoner named Pi Sheng (c. 990–1051) is the contemporary record of Shen Kua (1031–[1095]) [...] Although the process went into eclipse after its inception, it was a complete invention and fully four hundred years ahead of Gutenberg.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Great Chinese Inventions&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.minnesota-china.com/Education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |title=Great Chinese Inventions |publisher=Minnesota-china.com |access-date=July 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203213025/http://www.minnesota-china.com/education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ১৫শ শতিকাত [[জোহান গুটেনবাৰ্গ]]ৰ দ্বাৰা আবিষ্কৃত [[মুদ্ৰণ যন্ত্ৰ]] বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য। ছপাৰ এই প্ৰযুক্তিবোৰে [[পুনৰুজ্জীৱন যুগ]], [[বৈজ্ঞানিক বিপ্লৱ]] আদিৰ বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল আৰু আধুনিক জ্ঞান-ভিত্তিক অৰ্থনীতি আৰু গণশিক্ষাৰ বিস্তাৰৰ ভৌতিক আধাৰ প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rees, Fran. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the Printing Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406001322/https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press |date=April 6, 2023 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;

==টোকা==
{{notelist}}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==</text>
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      <text bytes="5893" sha1="fpecgay7v8luxf9w9p5pe532n05i2b7" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Collage of printing.png|upright=1.5|thumb|ওপৰৰ পৰা তললৈ, বাওঁফালে পৰা সোঁফাললৈ: এখন চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীলৰ দৃশ্য, কাঠৰ ছাপত ব্যৱহৃত ব্লক, মুভেবল টাইপ, মুদ্ৰণ যন্ত্ৰ, লিথোগ্ৰাফি প্ৰেছ, আধুনিক লিথোগ্ৰাফিক ছপাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত অফচেট প্ৰেছ, হট মেটেল টাইপচেটিঙৰ বাবে লাইনোটাইপ মেচিন, ডিজিটেল ছপা মেচিন, কাৰ্যৰত থ্ৰিডি প্ৰিণ্টাৰ।]]

'''ছপা''' (বা '''মুদ্ৰণ''') হৈছে লিখনি আৰু চিত্ৰসমূহক এক প্ৰকাৰৰ মূল ৰূপ বা টেমপ্লেটৰ সহায়ত বৃহৎ পৰিমাণত পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰাৰ এক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। কাগজৰ বাহিৰৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি ছপাৰ সামগ্ৰীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল আৰু চাইৰাছ চিলিণ্ডাৰ আৰু নাবোনিদাছৰ চিলিণ্ডাৰ আদি বস্তু অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ছপাৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি সজ্ঞাত ৰূপটো [[শিল]]ৰ ফলকত খোদিত কৰি লিখা বা চিত্ৰৰ ওপৰত কাগজ বা কাপোৰেৰে চিয়াঁহী ঘঁহি লিখা ৰূপত বিকশিত হৈছিল, যাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=8}}{{efn|দ্বিতীয় শতিকালৈকে পঠিওৱা এটা পুৰণি প্ৰতিলিপি প্ৰণালীৰ উদাহৰণ হ'ল পাউঞ্চিং নামৰ পদ্ধতি, য'ত এখন ছাঁচৰ ওপৰত বেজীৰে ফুটাই লক্ষ্য কাগজ, কাপোৰ বা চূণ-মাটিত বিন্দু হিচাপে নিদৰ্শন তোলা হৈছিল:{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=146}} এইটো যুক্তিপূৰ্ণভাৱে ছপা বুলি কোৱা নহয়।}} তাৰ পিছত এই শতিকাতেই কাঠৰ ব্লকৰ ছপাৰ দ্বাৰা কাগজত কালি লগাই আকাৰ স্থানান্তৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰকৃত ছপা প্ৰচলিত হ'ল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Suarez &amp; Woudhuysen&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor-last1=Suarez |editor-first1=Michael F. |editor-last2= Woudhuysen |editor-first2= H. R. |title= The Book: A Global History |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sbacAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA574 574–576] |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2013 |isbn=9780191668746}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পাছত ছপাৰ প্ৰযুক্তিৰ উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত ১০৪০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আশে-পাশে পি চেং নামৰ এজন চীনা ব্যক্তিয়ে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা মুভেবল টাইপ (স্বতন্ত্ৰ আখৰৰ ব্যৱস্থা)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC |title=Science and civilisation in China: Paper and printing |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-08690-5 |editor-last=Needham |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Needham |edition=Reprint |volume=V:1 |location=Cambridge |pages=159,201–205 |orig-date=1985 |editor-last2=Tsien |editor-first2=Tsuen-hsuin |editor-link2=Tsien Tsuen-hsuin|quote=At the present time, the only known authoritative account of the invention of movable type by a commoner named Pi Sheng (c. 990–1051) is the contemporary record of Shen Kua (1031–[1095]) [...] Although the process went into eclipse after its inception, it was a complete invention and fully four hundred years ahead of Gutenberg.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Great Chinese Inventions&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.minnesota-china.com/Education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |title=Great Chinese Inventions |publisher=Minnesota-china.com |access-date=July 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203213025/http://www.minnesota-china.com/education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ১৫শ শতিকাত [[জোহান গুটেনবাৰ্গ]]ৰ দ্বাৰা আবিষ্কৃত [[মুদ্ৰণ যন্ত্ৰ]] বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য। ছপাৰ এই প্ৰযুক্তিবোৰে পুনৰুজ্জীৱন যুগ, বৈজ্ঞানিক বিপ্লৱ আদিৰ বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল আৰু আধুনিক জ্ঞান-ভিত্তিক [[অৰ্থনীতি]] আৰু গণ[[শিক্ষা]]ৰ বিস্তাৰৰ ভৌতিক আধাৰ প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rees, Fran. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the Printing Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406001322/https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press |date=April 6, 2023 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;

==টোকা==
{{notelist}}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==</text>
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      <text bytes="5922" sha1="382vv9zzty17flgdxxz4xgp8rfxwbyf" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Collage of printing.png|upright=1.5|thumb|ওপৰৰ পৰা তললৈ, বাওঁফালে পৰা সোঁফাললৈ: এখন চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীলৰ দৃশ্য, কাঠৰ ছাপত ব্যৱহৃত ব্লক, মুভেবল টাইপ, মুদ্ৰণ যন্ত্ৰ, লিথোগ্ৰাফি প্ৰেছ, আধুনিক লিথোগ্ৰাফিক ছপাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত অফচেট প্ৰেছ, হট মেটেল টাইপচেটিঙৰ বাবে লাইনোটাইপ মেচিন, ডিজিটেল ছপা মেচিন, কাৰ্যৰত থ্ৰিডি প্ৰিণ্টাৰ।]]

'''ছপা''' (বা '''মুদ্ৰণ''') হৈছে লিখনি আৰু চিত্ৰসমূহক এক প্ৰকাৰৰ মূল ৰূপ বা টেমপ্লেটৰ সহায়ত বৃহৎ পৰিমাণত পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰাৰ এক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। কাগজৰ বাহিৰৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি ছপাৰ সামগ্ৰীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল আৰু চাইৰাছ চিলিণ্ডাৰ আৰু নাবোনিদাছৰ চিলিণ্ডাৰ আদি বস্তু অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ছপাৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি সজ্ঞাত ৰূপটো [[শিল]]ৰ ফলকত খোদিত কৰি লিখা বা চিত্ৰৰ ওপৰত কাগজ বা কাপোৰেৰে চিয়াঁহী ঘঁহি লিখা ৰূপত বিকশিত হৈছিল, যাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=8}}{{efn|দ্বিতীয় শতিকালৈকে পঠিওৱা এটা পুৰণি প্ৰতিলিপি প্ৰণালীৰ উদাহৰণ হ'ল পাউঞ্চিং নামৰ পদ্ধতি, য'ত এখন ছাঁচৰ ওপৰত বেজীৰে ফুটাই লক্ষ্য কাগজ, কাপোৰ বা চূণ-মাটিত বিন্দু হিচাপে নিদৰ্শন তোলা হৈছিল:{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=146}} এইটো যুক্তিপূৰ্ণভাৱে ছপা বুলি কোৱা নহয়।}} তাৰ পিছত এই শতিকাতেই কাঠৰ ব্লকৰ ছপাৰ দ্বাৰা কাগজত কালি লগাই আকাৰ স্থানান্তৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰকৃত ছপা প্ৰচলিত হ'ল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Suarez &amp; Woudhuysen&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor-last1=Suarez |editor-first1=Michael F. |editor-last2= Woudhuysen |editor-first2= H. R. |title= The Book: A Global History |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sbacAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA574 574–576] |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2013 |isbn=9780191668746}}&lt;/ref&gt;

পাছত ছপাৰ প্ৰযুক্তিৰ উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত ১০৪০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আশে-পাশে পি চেং নামৰ এজন চীনা ব্যক্তিয়ে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা মুভেবল টাইপ (স্বতন্ত্ৰ আখৰৰ ব্যৱস্থা)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC |title=Science and civilisation in China: Paper and printing |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-08690-5 |editor-last=Needham |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Needham |edition=Reprint |volume=V:1 |location=Cambridge |pages=159,201–205 |orig-date=1985 |editor-last2=Tsien |editor-first2=Tsuen-hsuin |editor-link2=Tsien Tsuen-hsuin|quote=At the present time, the only known authoritative account of the invention of movable type by a commoner named Pi Sheng (c. 990–1051) is the contemporary record of Shen Kua (1031–[1095]) [...] Although the process went into eclipse after its inception, it was a complete invention and fully four hundred years ahead of Gutenberg.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Great Chinese Inventions&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.minnesota-china.com/Education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |title=Great Chinese Inventions |publisher=Minnesota-china.com |access-date=July 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203213025/http://www.minnesota-china.com/education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ১৫শ শতিকাত [[জ'হানেছ গুটন্‌বাৰ্গ]]ৰ দ্বাৰা আবিষ্কৃত ছপাশাল বা মুদ্ৰণ যন্ত্ৰ বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য। ছপাৰ এই প্ৰযুক্তিবোৰে পুনৰুজ্জীৱন যুগ, বৈজ্ঞানিক বিপ্লৱ আদিৰ বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল আৰু আধুনিক জ্ঞান-ভিত্তিক [[অৰ্থনীতি]] আৰু গণ[[শিক্ষা]]ৰ বিস্তাৰৰ ভৌতিক আধাৰ প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rees, Fran. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the Printing Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406001322/https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press |date=April 6, 2023 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;

==টোকা==
{{notelist}}

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      <text bytes="5921" sha1="6r4flp8b0ooourz21e6vumtk0z0tfvy" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Collage of printing.png|upright=1.5|thumb|ওপৰৰ পৰা তললৈ, বাওঁফালে পৰা সোঁফাললৈ: এখন চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীলৰ দৃশ্য, কাঠৰ ছাপত ব্যৱহৃত ব্লক, মুভেবল টাইপ, মুদ্ৰণ যন্ত্ৰ, লিথোগ্ৰাফি প্ৰেছ, আধুনিক লিথোগ্ৰাফিক ছপাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহৃত অফচেট প্ৰেছ, হট মেটেল টাইপচেটিঙৰ বাবে লাইনোটাইপ মেচিন, ডিজিটেল ছপা মেচিন, কাৰ্যৰত থ্ৰিডি প্ৰিণ্টাৰ।]]

'''ছপা''' (বা '''মুদ্ৰণ''') হৈছে লিখনি আৰু চিত্ৰসমূহক এক প্ৰকাৰৰ মূল ৰূপ বা টেমপ্লেটৰ সহায়ত বৃহৎ পৰিমাণত পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰাৰ এক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। কাগজৰ বাহিৰৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি ছপাৰ সামগ্ৰীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল আৰু চাইৰাছ চিলিণ্ডাৰ আৰু নাবোনিদাছৰ চিলিণ্ডাৰ আদি বস্তু অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ছপাৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি সজ্ঞাত ৰূপটো [[শিল]]ৰ ফলকত খোদিত কৰি লিখা বা চিত্ৰৰ ওপৰত কাগজ বা কাপোৰেৰে চিয়াঁহী ঘঁহি লিখা ৰূপত বিকশিত হৈছিল, যাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=8}}{{efn|দ্বিতীয় শতিকালৈকে পঠিওৱা এটা পুৰণি প্ৰতিলিপি প্ৰণালীৰ উদাহৰণ হ'ল পাউঞ্চিং নামৰ পদ্ধতি, য'ত এখন ছাঁচৰ ওপৰত বেজীৰে ফুটাই লক্ষ্য কাগজ, কাপোৰ বা চূণ-মাটিত বিন্দু হিচাপে নিদৰ্শন তোলা হৈছিল:{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=146}} এইটো যুক্তিপূৰ্ণভাৱে ছপা বুলি কোৱা নহয়।}} তাৰ পিছত এই শতিকাতেই কাঠৰ ব্লকৰ ছপাৰ দ্বাৰা কাগজত কালি লগাই আকাৰ স্থানান্তৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰকৃত ছপা প্ৰচলিত হ'ল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Suarez &amp; Woudhuysen&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor-last1=Suarez |editor-first1=Michael F. |editor-last2= Woudhuysen |editor-first2= H. R. |title= The Book: A Global History |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sbacAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA574 574–576] |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2013 |isbn=9780191668746}}&lt;/ref&gt; পাছত ছপাৰ প্ৰযুক্তিৰ উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত ১০৪০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আশে-পাশে পি চেং নামৰ এজন চীনা ব্যক্তিয়ে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা মুভেবল টাইপ (স্বতন্ত্ৰ আখৰৰ ব্যৱস্থা)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC |title=Science and civilisation in China: Paper and printing |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-08690-5 |editor-last=Needham |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Needham |edition=Reprint |volume=V:1 |location=Cambridge |pages=159,201–205 |orig-date=1985 |editor-last2=Tsien |editor-first2=Tsuen-hsuin |editor-link2=Tsien Tsuen-hsuin|quote=At the present time, the only known authoritative account of the invention of movable type by a commoner named Pi Sheng (c. 990–1051) is the contemporary record of Shen Kua (1031–[1095]) [...] Although the process went into eclipse after its inception, it was a complete invention and fully four hundred years ahead of Gutenberg.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Great Chinese Inventions&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.minnesota-china.com/Education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |title=Great Chinese Inventions |publisher=Minnesota-china.com |access-date=July 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203213025/http://www.minnesota-china.com/education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ১৫শ শতিকাত [[জ'হানেছ গুটন্‌বাৰ্গ]]ৰ দ্বাৰা আবিষ্কৃত ছপাশাল বা মুদ্ৰণ যন্ত্ৰ বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য। ছপাৰ এই প্ৰযুক্তিবোৰে পুনৰুজ্জীৱন যুগ, বৈজ্ঞানিক বিপ্লৱ আদিৰ বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল আৰু আধুনিক জ্ঞান-ভিত্তিক [[অৰ্থনীতি]] আৰু গণ[[শিক্ষা]]ৰ বিস্তাৰৰ ভৌতিক আধাৰ প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rees, Fran. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the Printing Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406001322/https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press |date=April 6, 2023 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;

==টোকা==
{{notelist}}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==</text>
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'''ছপা''' (বা '''মুদ্ৰণ''') হৈছে লিখনি আৰু চিত্ৰসমূহক এক প্ৰকাৰৰ মূল ৰূপ বা টেমপ্লেটৰ সহায়ত বৃহৎ পৰিমাণত পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰাৰ এক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া। কাগজৰ বাহিৰৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি ছপাৰ সামগ্ৰীসমূহৰ ভিতৰত চিলিণ্ডাৰ ছীল আৰু চাইৰাছ চিলিণ্ডাৰ আৰু নাবোনিদাছৰ চিলিণ্ডাৰ আদি বস্তু অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ছপাৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি সজ্ঞাত ৰূপটো [[শিল]]ৰ ফলকত খোদিত কৰি লিখা বা চিত্ৰৰ ওপৰত কাগজ বা কাপোৰেৰে চিয়াঁহী ঘঁহি লিখা ৰূপত বিকশিত হৈছিল, যাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ষষ্ঠ শতিকাৰ ভিতৰত দেখা যায়।{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=8}}{{efn|দ্বিতীয় শতিকালৈকে পঠিওৱা এটা পুৰণি প্ৰতিলিপি প্ৰণালীৰ উদাহৰণ হ'ল পাউঞ্চিং নামৰ পদ্ধতি, য'ত এখন ছাঁচৰ ওপৰত বেজীৰে ফুটাই লক্ষ্য কাগজ, কাপোৰ বা চূণ-মাটিত বিন্দু হিচাপে নিদৰ্শন তোলা হৈছিল:{{sfn|Tsien|1985|p=146}} এইটো যুক্তিপূৰ্ণভাৱে ছপা বুলি কোৱা নহয়।}} তাৰ পিছত এই শতিকাতেই কাঠৰ ব্লকৰ ছপাৰ দ্বাৰা কাগজত কালি লগাই আকাৰ স্থানান্তৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰকৃত ছপা প্ৰচলিত হ'ল।&lt;ref name=&quot;Suarez &amp; Woudhuysen&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor-last1=Suarez |editor-first1=Michael F. |editor-last2= Woudhuysen |editor-first2= H. R. |title= The Book: A Global History |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sbacAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA574 574–576] |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2013 |isbn=9780191668746}}&lt;/ref&gt; পাছত ছপাৰ প্ৰযুক্তিৰ উন্নয়নৰ ভিতৰত ১০৪০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ আশে-পাশে পি চেং নামৰ এজন চীনা ব্যক্তিয়ে উদ্ভাৱন কৰা মুভেবল টাইপ (স্বতন্ত্ৰ আখৰৰ ব্যৱস্থা)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC |title=Science and civilisation in China: Paper and printing |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-08690-5 |editor-last=Needham |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=Joseph Needham |edition=Reprint |volume=V:1 |location=Cambridge |pages=159,201–205 |orig-date=1985 |editor-last2=Tsien |editor-first2=Tsuen-hsuin |editor-link2=Tsien Tsuen-hsuin|quote=At the present time, the only known authoritative account of the invention of movable type by a commoner named Pi Sheng (c. 990–1051) is the contemporary record of Shen Kua (1031–[1095]) [...] Although the process went into eclipse after its inception, it was a complete invention and fully four hundred years ahead of Gutenberg.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Great Chinese Inventions&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.minnesota-china.com/Education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |title=Great Chinese Inventions |publisher=Minnesota-china.com |access-date=July 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203213025/http://www.minnesota-china.com/education/emSciTech/inventions.htm |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; আৰু ১৫শ শতিকাত [[জ'হানেছ গুটন্‌বাৰ্গ]]ৰ দ্বাৰা আবিষ্কৃত ছপাশাল বা মুদ্ৰণ যন্ত্ৰ বিশেষভাৱে উল্লেখযোগ্য। ছপাৰ এই প্ৰযুক্তিবোৰে পুনৰুজ্জীৱন যুগ, বৈজ্ঞানিক বিপ্লৱ আদিৰ বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল আৰু আধুনিক জ্ঞান-ভিত্তিক [[অৰ্থনীতি]] আৰু গণ[[শিক্ষা]]ৰ বিস্তাৰৰ ভৌতিক আধাৰ প্ৰস্তুত কৰিছিল।&lt;ref&gt;Rees, Fran. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the Printing Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406001322/https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&amp;q=gutenberg+printing+press |date=April 6, 2023 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;

== ইতিহাস ==
ছপা বা মুদ্ৰণৰ ইতিহাস বহু প্ৰাচীন। [[চীন]]দেশত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২য় শতিকা সময়তে কাঠৰ ব্লক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি ছপা কৰা হৈছিল। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tsien |first=Tsuen-Hsuin |title=Paper and Printing |work=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1 |date=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[ইউৰোপ]]ত ছপাৰ ইতিহাসত এক গুৰুত্বপূর্ণ পৰিবর্তন ঘটিছিল যেতিয়া গুটেনবাৰ্গে ১৫শ শতিকাত মেকানিকেল ছপা-যন্ত্ৰ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছিল। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eisenstein |first=Elizabeth L. |title=The Printing Press as an Agent of Change |date=1979 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ভাৰত]]ত আধুনিক ছপা প্ৰথা ১৬শ শতিকাত পুৰ্তুগীজ মিছনাৰীৰ দ্বাৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল। &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Partha |title=The Nation and Its Fragments |date=1993 |publisher=Princeton University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==টোকা==
{{notelist}}

==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==</text>
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