অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া aswiki https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4 MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.5 first-letter মাধ্যম বিশেষ বাৰ্তা সদস্য সদস্য বাৰ্তা ৱিকিপিডিয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া বাৰ্তা চিত্ৰ চিত্ৰ বাৰ্তা মিডিয়াৱিকি মিডিয়াৱিকি আলোচনা সাঁচ সাঁচ বাৰ্তা সহায় সহায় বাৰ্তা শ্ৰেণী শ্ৰেণী বাৰ্তা ৱিকিচ'ৰা ৱিকিচ'ৰা আলোচনা MOS MOS talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 10 3527 518537 428450 2025-06-16T14:08:27Z CommonsDelinker 118 Replacing Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg with [[File:Naval_ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR6|Criterion 6]]). 518537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = ভাৰত | flag alias = Flag of India.svg | flag alias-British = British Raj Red Ensign.svg | flag alias-1931 = 1931 Flag of India.svg | flag alias-civil = Civil Ensign of India.svg | flag alias-army = Flag of Indian Army.png | link alias-army = ভাৰতীয় সেনা | flag alias-naval = Naval Ensign of India.svg | flag alias-naval-1879 = Flag of Imperial India.svg | flag alias-naval-1928 = Naval ensign of the United Kingdom.svg | flag alias-air force = Ensign of the Indian Air Force.svg | flag alias-navy = Naval Ensign of India.svg | link alias-navy = ভাৰতীয় নৌসেনা | link alias-naval = Indian Navy | link alias-air force = Indian Air Force | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = British | var2 = 1931 | var3 = civil | var4 = naval-1879 | var5 = naval-1928 | redir1 = IND </noinclude> }} 5bsl00x5pe7q9ds82edqzftnf7ao63q 0 4075 518598 518004 2025-06-16T17:52:59Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* বংশলতা আৰু জন্ম */ (edited with [[User:ProveIt_GT|ProveIt]]) 518598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = মাধৱদেৱ | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = ১৪৮৯ চন | birth_place = [[নাৰায়ণপুৰ]], [[লখিমপুৰ জিলা|লখিমপুৰ]], [[অসম]] | death_date = ১৫৯৬ চন | death_place = [[কোচবিহাৰ]] | nationality = | other_names = বঢ়াৰ পো | religion = [[মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম]] | notable_works = [[বৰগীত]], [[ভক্তি ৰত্নাৱলী]], [[নামঘোষা]] | occupation = }} '''মাধৱদেৱ''' (১৪৮৯-১৫৯৬) [[অসম]]ৰ মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম বা [[এক শৰণ নাম ধৰ্ম]] প্ৰৱৰ্তনৰ এজন মূল হোতা আছিল। তেওঁ মহাপুৰুষ [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান শিষ্য আছিল।<ref name="assaminfo1">{{cite web|url=http://www.assaminfo.com/famous-people/52/mahapurush-srimanta-madhabdeva.htm |title=Mahapurush Srimanta Madhabdeva &#124; Srimanta Madhabdeva &#124; Mahapurush Madhabdeva &#124; Madhabdeva &#124; Sri Sri Madhabdeva &#124; History of Madhabdeva |publisher=Assaminfo.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16}}</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ গুৰু ভক্তিৰ বাবে তেওঁক বিশেষভাৱে জনা যায় আৰু তেওঁক শংকৰদেৱৰ প্ৰকৃত উত্তৰাধিকৰী হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱ বৈৰাগী আছিল কিন্তু জীৱন বিমুখী নাছিল। জীৱনৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আস্থা আছিল আৰু গোটেই জীৱনটো গভীৰ জ্ঞানান্বেষণেৰে উপভোগ কৰিব বিচাৰিছিল। মাধৱদেৱে বিষয়-বাসনাৰ প্ৰতি উৎসাহ নেদেখুৱাইছিল যদিও নিজৰ প্ৰতিজন শিষ্যকে খেতি-বাতি বা ব্যৱসায়-বাণিজ্যৰে স্বাৱলম্বী হবলৈ কৈছিল। পাছলৈ নিজেও কোচ ৰজাৰ অনুগ্ৰহত থাকি সাহিত্য আৰু ধৰ্ম চৰ্চা কৰিছিল। [[নামঘোষা]] আৰু ভক্তিৰত্নাৱলী মাধৱদেৱৰ অনুপম সৃষ্টি।<ref name="assaminfo1" /> ==বংশলতা আৰু জন্ম== [[File:মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্মস্থান ভৱনৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ২.jpg|thumb|মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্মস্থান ]] মাধবদেৱৰ আদিপুৰুষ হিচাপে চৰিত পুথি মতে কৃষ্ণ ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ বিষ্ণু ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গোপাল ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ কৃপাল ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাম ভূঞা, ৰাম ভূঞাৰ পুত্ৰ জনাৰ্দ্দন ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ চিৰাম ভূঞা, চিৰাম ভূঞাৰ পুত্ৰ মুকুন্দ ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গোবিন্দ্ৰ ভূঞা,<ref name="ম">{{cite book | title=সত্ৰীয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ স্বৰ্ণৰেখা | publisher=লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল | author=দেৱগোস্বামী, নাৰায়ণ চন্দ্ৰ | authorlink=মাধবদেৱ | year=১৯৮৪ | pages=৮০৫ | isbn=81-7331-103-X}}</ref> গোবিন্দৰ পিতৃভূমি আছিল বাণ্ডুকা(বৰ্তমান বাংলাদেশৰ ৰংপুৰ জিলাৰ অন্তৰ্গত)।<ref name="ম"/> গোবিন্দৰ কাণ দীঘল চানেকীয়া আছিল বাবে তেওঁক “বৰকণা’’ নাম দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name=":০:">{{cite book | title=মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশঙ্কৰদেৱ আৰু শ্ৰীমাধৱদেৱ চৰিত্ৰ | publisher=দত্তবৰুৱা পাব্লিছিং কোম্পানী প্ৰা: লি: | author=ঠাকুৰ, দৈত্যাৰী | authorlink=মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশ্ৰীমাধৱদেৱৰ আবিৰ্ভাৱ | year=২০০৪ তৃতীয় প্ৰকাশ | pages=২২}}</ref> গোবিন্দ্ৰৰ দুই পুত্ৰ আৰু এককন্যা ক্ৰমে, জ্যেষ্ঠ পুত্ৰ দামোদৰ, সৰু পুত্ৰ মাধবদেৱ কন্যা উৰ্বশী। দামোদৰৰ পত্নী সচী। তেওঁলোকৰ পুত্ৰ অনিৰুদ্ধ। তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ পৰশুৰাম, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ ৰামদেৱ আৰু ৰামদেৱৰ পুত্ৰ পৰমানন্দ।<ref name="মা">{{cite book | title=গুৰু চৰিত কথা | publisher=লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল | author=নেওগ, মহেশ্বৰ (সম্পাদিত) | authorlink=ছোট আতা বংশাৱলী চৰিত্ৰ (পৃ:৩৯,৪৩) | year=১৯৯৯ | pages=৩৯}}</ref> গোবিন্দৰ প্ৰথমা পত্নী অনুচিতাই দামোদৰক জন্ম দি ঢুকায়। পিছত দামোদৰলৈ বিয়া কৰাই গোবিন্দই বংশ-মিত্ৰ বিচাৰি বিচাৰি বাণ্ডুকাৰ পৰা আলিপুখুৰী পালেগৈ। তাতে কুসুম্বৰে চিনাকি পাই একে বংশৰে মনোহৰী নামৰ এক কন্যাক গোবিন্দত বিয়া দিলে<ref name="ম"/> আৰু ৰৌতাৰ পাৰত বৰা বিষয় বাব দিলে।<ref name="মা"/> কিছুদিন পিছতে ভোটৰ উৎপাতত গৰ্ভৱতী পত্নীসহ গোবিন্দই সেই ঠাইৰ পৰা পলায়ন কৰে। তেওঁলোকক আহোম ৰাজবিষয়া হৰিসিংহ বৰাই পাই আশ্ৰয় দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ ঘৰ আছিল, লক্ষিমপুৰৰ নাৰায়ণপুৰ অঞ্চলৰ লেতেকুপুখুৰী গাঁৱত।<ref name="ম"/> এই হৰিসিংহ বা হৰিশিঙা বৰাৰ ঘৰতে মনোহৰী আয়ে ১৪১১ শকত(১৪৮৯ চন) জেঠ মাহৰ ৰবিবাৰ, অমাৱস্যা তিথিত ভৰণী নক্ষত্ৰত ৰাতি দুই প্ৰহৰ যাওঁতে মাধবদেৱক জন্ম দিয়ে।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/><ref name="মাধৱদেৱ">{{cite book | title=আমাৰ মাধৱদেৱ | publisher=বনলতা | author=পাৰ্থপ্ৰতীম শৰ্মা| year=২০০৮ | pages=২১}}</ref><ref>Maheshwar Neog (1980). Early History of the Vaishnava Faith and Movement in Assam. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.</ref> গোবিন্দৰ আশ্ৰয়দাতা বৰা-বৰানীয়ে নিজ সন্তান নথকা বাবে মাধবদেৱক নিজা পুত্ৰজ্ঞান কৰিছিল।<ref name="মা"/> সেই সময়তে ঘোৰ দুৰ্ভিক্ষ হোৱাত মাধবদেৱ পিতৃ-মাতৃৰে সৈতে সেই ঠাইৰে ঘাঘৰি মাজিৰ ঘৰত আশ্ৰয় লয়। তাতেই মাধবদেৱৰ ভনীয়েক উৰ্বশীৰ জন্ম হয় আৰু বিবহযোগ্য হোৱাত ৰাম দাসৰ হাতত কন্যটি সঁপি দি পুত্ৰ সমন্বিতে পুনৰ বাণ্ডুকালৈ যায়।<ref name="ম"/> বাণ্ডুকাতেই গোবিন্দ ভূঞাৰ পৰলোকগমন হয়। মাধবদেৱৰ পিতৃ গোবিন্দগিৰি ভূঞাই বাণ্ডুকাবেহাৰৰ মজিন্দাৰ আছিল<ref name="+০+">{{cite journal | title=অসমৰ ভূঞাসকলৰ আঁতিগুৰি বিচাৰি | author=ভূঞা, অপূৰ্ব | journal=প্ৰান্তিক | year=২০১১ | month=১-১৫ জুলাই | issue=১৫শ সংখ্যা | pages=৩৫}}</ref> আৰু পিতৃৰ পিছত দামোদৰেও খেতি-বাতি আৰু বণিজ কৰাৰ উপৰি ৰজাঘৰীয়া মজিন্দাৰী কাম কৰিছিল। মাধবদেৱে ককায়েকক সহায় কৰিছিল। কিছুকালৰ পিছত তেওঁ তাৰ পৰা মাতৃৰ কাষলৈ প্ৰত্যবৰ্তন কৰিছিল।<ref name="ম"/> ১৪৮৯ চনত [[নাৰায়ণপুৰ]] নামে ঠাইৰ ৰঙাজান আৰু কাঁচিকটা নদীৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত [[লেতেকুপুখুৰী]] নামৰ ঠাইৰ হৰিশিঙা বৰা উজীৰৰ ঘৰত মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্ম হয়।<ref name="assaminfo1"/> প্ৰবাদ আছে যে মাধৱদেৱৰ নাইকটা কাঁচিখন পেলোৱাৰ বাবে ওচৰৰ নদীখনৰ নাম কাঁচিকটা আৰু প্ৰসূতিৰ তেজলগা কাপোৰ ধোৱাৰ বাবে ওচৰৰ জানটোৰ পানীৰ বৰণ ৰঙা হৈ পৰাত পৰৱৰ্তী কালত ইয়াৰ নাম ৰঙাজান হয়।{{cn}} ===শিক্ষা=== বাণ্ডুকাৰ ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ অধ্যাপকৰ ছাত্ৰশালাত মাধবদেৱৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক শিক্ষা লাভ হয়। এক বছৰ শিক্ষা লাভ কৰিয়েই তেওঁ ব্যাকৰণ, পুৰাণ, ভাগৱত আদি নানা শাস্ত্ৰ আয়ত্ব কৰিছিল।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/> ===শিশুকালৰ লগৰীয়া=== মাধবদেৱৰ শিশুকালৰ লগৰীয়াসকলৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰধান নজনা বন্ধু আছিল-হৰি, হৰিবৰ, হৰাই,নিৰাই, নিৰঞ্জন, নিৰামই, নৰহৰি, নাৰায়ণ আৰু নৰোত্তম।<ref name="মা"/> অন্য সাধাৰণ শিশুৰ দৰেই ল’ৰালি কালছোৱা মাধবদেৱ উমলি-জামলি ডাঙৰ হৈছিল। চৰিত-পুথিসমুহত তেওঁৰ বাল্যকালৰ ক্ৰিয়া-কাণ্ডত যথেষ্ট অলৌকিকতা বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। ==মণি-কাঞ্চণ সংযোগ== বাণ্ডুকাৰ পৰা উভতি আহোঁতে বাটতে মাকৰ টান নৰীয়া হোৱাৰ খবৰ পাই মাতৃৰ সুস্বাস্থ্য কামনা কৰি দুৰ্গা গোঁসানীলৈ এযোৰ বগা পঠা আগ কৰে।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/> শংকৰদেৱক লগ পোৱাৰ আগতে মাধৱদেৱ ঘোৰ শাক্ত ধৰ্মী লোক আছিল। এবাৰ মাকৰ অসুখ হোৱাত তেওঁ দেৱীৰ আগত দুটা ছাগলী বলি দিম বুলি প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰিলে যদিহে মাকৰ অসুখ ভাল হয়। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ছাগলী দুটা আনিবলৈ নিজৰ ভনীজোঁৱায়েক ৰামদাসক পাচিলে ভনীজোঁৱায়েকে তেওঁৰ কথা নুশুনি ক’লে যে বলি বিধান অপ্ৰয়োজনীয় প্ৰথা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰা কোনেও সুফল নাপায়। তেওঁ আৰু ক'লে যে তেওঁ ইতিমধ্যে শংকৰদেৱক গুৰু মানি এক শৰণ হৰি নাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছে আৰু মাধৱেও তাকে কৰিব লাগে। এই কথা শুনি মাধৱদেৱ ক্ৰোধিত হয় আৰু শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ ওচৰলৈ গৈ তেওঁৰ যুক্তি তৰ্ক আৰম্ভ কৰিলে। মাধৱে আগমৰ যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় আৰু গুৰুজনাই নিগমৰ যুক্তিৰে খন্দন কৰে। এনেদৰে তিনি প্ৰহৰ তৰ্ক যুদ্ধ হ'ল। শেষত গুৰু জনাই শ্ৰীমদ্ভাগৱতৰ চতুৰ্থ স্কন্ধৰ '''"যথা তৰুৰ মূল -------"''' শ্লোকটিৰে মাধৱক পৰাস্ত কৰে। শ্লোকটিৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল গছৰ গুৰিত পানী দিলে দাল পাত সকলোৱে পায়। দাল পাতত দিলে কোনেও নাপায়। একেদৰে ভগৱন্ত কৃষ্ণদেৱক পূজিলে সকলোৰে পূজা হয়। আন দেৱ-দেৱীক পৃথকে পূজাৰ কোনো প্ৰয়োজন নাই। শ্ৰীমন্ত শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ যুক্তিৰ ওচৰত হাৰ মানি মাধৱে তাৰাক গুৰু ভজি তেওঁ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা একশৰণ হৰি নাম ধৰ্মত শৰণ ললে। মাধৱ হৈ পৰিল গুৰুজনাৰ প্ৰপন্ন শিষ্য অভেদ আত্মা মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশ্ৰী মাধৱদেৱ। দুয়োজনা মহাপুৰুষৰ এই মহা মিলনক সাহিত্য ৰথী [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]দেৱে '''"মণি-কাঞ্চণ সংযোগ"''' বুলি অভিহিত কৰি গৈছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srimanta.net/contents_l3.php?q=3&ID=1&ID3=41&link_caption=Madhavadeva |title=Welcome to The Site |publisher=Srimanta.net |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16 |archivedate=2015-03-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319204909/http://srimanta.net/contents_l3.php?q=3&ID=1&ID3=41&link_caption=Madhavadeva |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==গুৰু শিষ্য সম্পৰ্ক== শ্ৰীশ্ৰী মাধৱদেৱ আৰু শ্ৰীমন্ত [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ মাজৰ গুৰু-শিষ্য সম্পৰ্ক মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ ইতিহাসত এক পবিত্ৰ আৰু গভীৰ সম্পৰ্ক হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। শংকৰদেৱৰ আধ্যাত্মিক দৃষ্টিভংগী, সাহিত্যিক প্ৰতিভা আৰু ধৰ্মীয় ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰ প্ৰতি মাধৱদেৱ দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি আকৃষ্ট হৈ আছিল। যদিও মাধৱদেৱ প্ৰথমতে শাক্ত ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাসী আছিল, কিন্তু বৈনায়েক ৰাম দাসৰ (গোপাল আতা<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 78–80.</ref>হৰিসৰণ)ৰ সৈতে বলি-বিতৰ্কৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ মনত প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন হয়, আৰু এই সময়তেই তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ সৈতে সাক্ষাৎ কৰে। ১৫৫১ চনত শ্ৰীশ্ৰী শংকৰদেৱৰ ওচৰত মাধৱদেৱে বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই সময়তেই তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ অন্যতম সৰ্বাধিক ঘনিষ্ঠ শিষ্য হৈ পৰে। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ নিৰ্দেশত বহু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ধৰ্মীয় গ্ৰন্থ, নাম-ঘোষা আৰু নাটন নাট প্ৰকাশ কৰে। মাধৱদেৱে শংকৰদেৱৰ অনুগামী হিচাপে কেবল ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষাৰ প্ৰসাৰেই কৰা নাই, তেওঁ তেওঁৰ গুৰুৰ আদৰ্শক জীৱনৰ শেষ পৰ্যন্ত পালন কৰি গৈছিল। শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে ধৰ্ম আন্দোলনৰ দায়িত্ব স্বীকাৰ কৰি সত্ৰ স্থাপন আৰু ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কৃতি সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে বিশাল ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ দৰ্শনক আগবঢ়াই সত্ৰ প্ৰথাৰ বিকাশ ঘটায়। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ আদৰ্শৰ পৰা কেতিয়াও বিচ্যুত নহ’ল, আৰু গুৰুৰ প্ৰতি অকুণ্ঠ বিশ্বাস, আস্থা আৰু শ্ৰদ্ধা দেখুৱাই চিৰস্মৰণীয় হ’ল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 250–253.</ref> ===গুৰু পত্নী [[কালিন্দী আই]] আৰু মাধৱদেৱ=== ==সত্ৰ স্থাপন== শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ সাংগঠনিক দিশ অধিক সুদৃঢ় কৰাৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন ঠাইত সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। সত্ৰসমূহ আছিল ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষা, নাম-প্ৰচাৰ আৰু শৃংখলিত ভক্তিসাধনাৰ কেন্দ্ৰ। ই একেলগে ধৰ্ম আৰু সমাজ গঠনৰে মূল আধাৰ ৰূপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 102–105.</ref> ===বৰপেটা সত্ৰ=== {{মূল|বৰপেটা সত্ৰ}} মাধৱদেৱে ১৫০৫ শকত (১৫৮৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰপেটা সত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল আৰু তাত তেওঁ ৮ বছৰ ধৰি আছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/tourism/barpeta-satra.php |title=Barpeta Satra (Xatra), Barpeta Kirtan Ghar - Barpeta, Assam, Religious and Cultural Centre |publisher=Onlinesivasagar.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-15}}</ref> তেওঁ [[মথুৰা দাস বুঢ়া আতা|শ্ৰীমথুৰা দাস বুঢ়া আতা]]ক সত্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সত্ৰাধিকাৰ হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিছিল। ===গণককুছি সত্ৰ=== গণককুছি সত্ৰ মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱে স্থাপন কৰা এখন ঐতিহ্যমণ্ডিত সত্ৰ। বৰপেটা চহৰৰ কাষতে থকা গণককুছি সত্ৰ এক ঐতিহাসিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান। এই সত্ৰত মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱে ১৮ বছৰ ৬ মাহ বসবাস কৰিছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ লগত ৰাম আতৈ, শ্ৰীৰাম আতৈকে আদি কৰি বহুকেইগৰাকী ভকত একেলগে বসবাস কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganakkuchi Satra: A Satra Established by Mahapurush Madhavdev|url=https://assam.news18.com/news/assam/ganakkuchi-satra-a-satra-established-by-mahapurush-madhavdev-skd-local18-411945.html |website=News18 Assam |language=as |access-date=12 June 2025 |publisher=News18 Network }}</ref> ===সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ=== {{মূল|সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ}} মাধৱদেৱে ১৫৭০ চনত সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল৷ বৰপেটা সত্ৰৰ উত্তৰ পূব কোণত প্ৰায় ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত বৰপেটা ভবানীপুৰ পথত এই সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ অৱস্থিত আৰু ইয়াতে মাধবদেৱে ১৪ বছৰ ছমাহ কাল বাস কৰি নানা পদ-পুথি ৰচনা কৰিছিল৷<ref name="সুন্দৰী">{{cite book | title=সচিত্ৰ সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ | publisher=সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ পৰিচালনা সমিতি | author=পাঠক, ৰাতুল (সম্পাদক) | year=২০০৮}}</ref> ===বাৰাদি সত্ৰ=== মাধৱদেৱে নিজে বাৰাদি সত্ৰত অৱস্থান কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক আধ্যাত্মিক সাধনা, ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ আৰু সাহিত্য সৃষ্টি (বিশেষকৈ নামঘোষা ৰচনা)ৰ বাবে এটা কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। বাৰাদি সত্ৰত মাধৱদেৱে শেষ জীৱনকাল অতিবাহিত কৰিছিল। এই সত্ৰ মাধৱদেৱৰ শেষ বাসস্থান হিচাপেও পৰিগণিত।<ref>Neog, Maheswar, pp. 296–297.</ref> === অন্যান্য সত্ৰ স্থাপন === মাধৱদেৱে নিজে কিছুমান সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ শিষ্যসকলে বহু সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ সত্ৰসমূহৰ মাধ্যমে মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম বিস্তাৰ কৰিবলৈ সংগঠিত প্ৰচেষ্টা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। নিচেই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কিছুমান সত্ৰ হ’ল— * '''আহতগুৰি সত্ৰ''' - ধৰ্মীয় চৰ্চা আৰু সংগঠনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এই সত্ৰ অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আছিল। * '''বেলগুৰি সত্ৰ''' - এই সত্ৰত মাধৱদেৱে বহুদিন ধৰি বাস কৰিছিল আৰু বহু শিষ্যক দীক্ষা দিছিল। * '''ধাইহাট সত্ৰ''' - মাধৱদেৱে জীবনৰ অন্তিম সময়চোৱাত এই সত্ৰত অৱস্থান কৰিছিল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 295–296.</ref> এই সত্ৰসমূহত মাধৱদেৱে শিষ্যৰ শিক্ষাদান, ধৰ্মীয় বিধিবিধান প্ৰৱৰ্তন আৰু কীৰ্তন আদি কাৰ্য চলাইছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N., pp. 111–113.</ref> সেয়ে এই সত্ৰসমূহ মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্মীয় দৃষ্টিভংগী, সংগঠন দক্ষতা আৰু শিষ্যনিৰ্ভৰ নেতৃত্বৰ পৰিচয় বহন কৰে। মাধৱদেৱে সত্ৰসমূহৰ মাধ্যমে ধৰ্মীয় আচাৰ-বিধি, নাম-কীৰ্তন আৰু আখণ্ড ভক্তিসাধনাৰ এক সাংগঠনিক সাঁচ গঢ়ি তোলে, যি বৰ্তমানো মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মৰ মূল আধাৰ ৰূপে চলি আহিছে। ==ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ== শ্ৰীমন্ত [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ দীক্ষিত শিষ্য হিচাপে মাধৱদেৱে অসমৰ মহাপুৰুষীয়া [[বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] বিস্তাৰত এক বিশিষ্ট ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে ধৰ্মীয় নেতৃত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰি ধৰ্মটোক অধিক সুসংগঠিত ৰূপ দিছিল। তেওঁৰ নেতৃত্বত সত্ৰ, নামঘৰ আৰু কীৰ্তনঘোষাৰ প্ৰচলন বৃদ্ধি পায়। মাধৱদেৱে শংকৰদেৱৰ দেখুৱোৱা ধৰ্মপথ অনুসৰি ঈশ্বৰৰ নাম গ্ৰহণ, শুদ্ধ ভক্তিৰ মাধ্যমে মুক্তিলাভ আৰু সামাজিক সমতা প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চললৈ গৈ ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু বহু লোকক দীক্ষা দিছিল। তেওঁৰ দীক্ষিত শিষ্যসকলৰ মাজত [[দামোদৰ দেৱ]], হৰিদাস ঠাকুৰ, অনন্ত দেৱ আদিৰ নাম উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 79–82.</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য দিশ আছিল নামঘোষাৰ মাধ্যমে ধৰ্মৰ বাণী জনসাধাৰণলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰা। তেওঁ ৰচনাৰ জৰিয়তে ধৰ্মক হৃদয়ঙ্গম কৰা সহজ কৰি তোলে। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ ৰচিত [[নামঘোষা]] কাব্যগ্ৰন্থখন মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মত অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান দখল কৰি আছে।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 290–292.</ref> তেওঁ [[সত্ৰ]] সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৱদান আগবঢ়াইছিল। তিনিআটি সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰা কথাও বিভিন্ন কৃতিত উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়। সত্ৰসমূহে ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষাদান, নৈতিক উন্নয়ন আৰু সাংগঠনিক দৃঢ়তা আগবঢ়াইছিল। এই ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ ফলস্বৰূপ, মাধৱদেৱৰ জীৱনকালতেই মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম অসমৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চললৈ বিস্তৃত হৈছিল। ===ধৰ্মৰ চাৰি বস্তু=== মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত "ধৰ্মৰ চাৰি বস্তু" বা "চাৰিখন বস্তু" বুলিলে নাম, দেৱ, গুৰু আৰু ভকতক বুজোৱা হয়। এই চাৰিটা বস্তুকে ধৰ্মীয় জীৱনৰ মূল আধাৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱে এই বস্তুসমূহৰ গুৰুত্ব ব্যাখ্যা কৰি ধৰ্মীয় অনুশাসনৰ ৰূপ দিছিল। * '''নাম''': ভগৱানৰ নাম লোৱাক (কীৰ্তন, নাম-ঘোষা) ধৰ্মৰ আটাইতকৈ মৌলিক আচাৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। নাম-স্মৰণেৰে ভক্ত ভগৱানৰ সৈতে আত্মিক সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰে। বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত নাম-ঘোষাৰ মাধ্যৰে আত্মশুদ্ধি আৰু মুক্তিৰ পথ দেখুওৱা হয়।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 220–221.</ref> * '''দেৱ''': দেৱ বুলিলে ভগৱানক বুজোৱা হয়। বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত ভগৱান (বিশেষকৈ কৃষ্ণ) একমাত্ৰ উপাস্য, আৰু তেওঁৰ ওপৰত একনিষ্ঠ ভক্তিৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। দেৱৰ উপাসনা সাধাৰণতে নামঘোষা, কীৰ্তন, আৰু একান্ত ভক্তিৰে কৰা হয়।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, p. 95.</ref> * '''গুৰু''': ধৰ্মপথৰ সঠিক দিশ দৰ্শোৱা জনক গুৰু বোলা হয়। গুৰুজনক ভগৱানৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্ধাৰিত পথত ভক্তক নিৰ্দেশনা দিয়া এজন আধ্যাত্মিক শিক্ষক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱে গুৰুৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য আৰু শ্ৰদ্ধাৰ ওপৰত বিশেষ গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিছিল।<ref>Barua, B.K. ''A Cultural History of Assam'', Lawyer’s Book Stall, 1951, pp. 273–275.</ref> * '''ভকত''': ভকত বুলিলে ভগৱানৰ ভক্তসকলক বুজোৱা হয়। মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মত ভকতসকলৰ সৈতে সম্প্ৰীতি, সহানুভূতি আৰু সমতা ৰাখিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হয়। সমাজত ধৰ্মীয় একতাৰ এক প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ভকতৰ স্থান বৰগম্ভীৰ।<ref>Neog, Maheswar, p. 222.</ref> এই চাৰি বস্তু — নাম, দেৱ, গুৰু আৰু ভকত — বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ ভিত্তি, যাৰ ওপৰত সৎ জীৱন, আধ্যাত্মিক সাধনা আৰু সামাজিক সদভাৱ স্থাপিত হয়। ===মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মৰ নৱৰত্ন লাভ=== ==কোচ ৰজাৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ== মাধৱদেৱে তেওঁৰ ধৰ্মীয় জীৱনৰ অন্তিম পৰ্যায়ত কোচ ৰাজ্যৰ ৰজা [[নৰনাৰায়ণ]] আৰু সেনাপতি [[চিলাৰায়]]ৰ পৰা বিশেষ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰিছিল। [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ দেহাৱসানৰ পাছত মাধৱদেৱ [[বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]]ৰ নেতৃত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰি ইয়াৰ বিস্তাৰ আৰু সুসংগঠনত মনোনিৱেশ কৰিছিল। এই সময়তে সেনাপতি চিলাৰায়ে তেওঁক [[কোচবিহাৰ]]লৈ নিমন্ত্ৰণ জনাইছিল, যিটো তেওঁ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, p. 302.</ref> চিলাৰায় মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্মীয় নিষ্ঠা আৰু ব্যতিক্ৰমী সাহিত্যিক প্ৰতিভাৰ প্ৰতি গভীৰ ভাবে আকৰ্ষিত হৈছিল। তেওঁ মাধৱদেৱক পূৰ্ণ স্বাধীনতা আৰু আশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰিছিল যাতে তেওঁ বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ শিক্ষা আৰু কীৰ্তন প্ৰথাৰ বিস্তাৰ অব্যাহত ৰাখিব পাৰে।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, p. 89.</ref> মাধৱদেৱে এই সময়তে কোচ ৰাজ্যত কেইবাটাও [[সত্ৰ]] স্থাপন কৰে, বিশেষকৈ সোণাৰী অঞ্চলত স্থাপিত সত্ৰটোৱে গুৰুত্ব লাভ কৰে। চিলাৰায়ে মাধৱদেৱক "মহাপুৰুষ" হিচাপে সম্বোধন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁৰ সাহিত্য আৰু ধৰ্মীয় কৰ্মকাণ্ডলৈ ৰাজআশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলস্বৰূপে [[বৰগীত]], নাট, নামপ্ৰসঙ্গ আদিৰ ব্যাপক বিস্তাৰ সাধন হৈছিল।<ref>Maheswar Neog, 1980, pp. 308–309.</ref> [[সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা]]ই মত দিছে যে, মাধৱদেৱে পোৱা এই ৰাজপৃষ্ঠপোষকতাই কেৱল বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানিক বিস্তাৰ নহয়, অসমীয়া সাহিত্য তথা সংস্কৃতিৰো বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N., 1966, p. 95.</ref> ==সাহিত্যকৃতি== ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ লগতে সাহিত্য সংস্কৃতিৰো পূজাৰী এইজনা মহান গুৰুৰ সাহিত্যিক জীৱনৰ কীৰ্তিস্তম্ভ হ’ল [[নামঘোষা]]। এহেজাৰটা ঘোষা থকা বাবে এইখনক হেজাৰী ঘোষা বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ একাধিক [[বৰগীত]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA387&lpg=PA387&dq=Madhavdeva&source=bl&ots=mVFY0yGOt5&sig=sTGlQ0j6_roY1CDvIGphD70yUiY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0LtEUbClB8LprQeIw4DQAg&ved=0CGoQ6AEwCTgU#v=onepage&q=Madhavdeva&f=false |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16}}</ref>, [[ভটিমা]], [[নাট]] ([[ভূমি লেটোৱা (ঝুমুৰা)|ঝুমুৰা]]) আদি ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মাধৱদেৱে বাৰকুৰি (দুশ চল্লিশ) বৰগীত ৰচনা কৰিছিল বুলি প্ৰবাদ আছে যদিও বৰ্তমান সৰ্বমুঠ নকুৰি এঘাৰটা (এশ একান্নবৈটা) মান গীতহে উপলব্ধ। অৱশ্যে ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কিছু সংখ্যক [[অংকীয়া নাট]]ৰ গীতো সন্নিৱিস্ত হৈ আছে। তেওঁ সৰ্বমুঠ ১৫৭টা [[বৰগীত]] ৰচনা কৰে জীৱন কালত, তাৰ ভিতৰত এটি উল্লেখনীয় বৰগীত হ’ল – ''তেজৰে কমলাপতি''। ===আখ্যানমূলক ৰচনা=== *ৰাজসূয় কাব্য *[https://as.m.wikisource.org/wiki/আদিকাণ্ড আদিকাণ্ড ৰামায়ণ] (অনুবাদ) ===তত্ত্বমূলক ৰচন=== *জন্মৰহস্য *[[ভক্তি ৰত্নাৱলী]] *নামমালিকা *[[নামঘোষা]]<ref name="মাধৱদেৱ"/> ===নাট=== *[[অৰ্জুন ভঞ্জন]] *দধিমথন ===ঝুমুৰা=== *[[চোৰধৰা]] *[[পিম্পৰা গুচোৱা]] *[[ভোজন বিহাৰ (ঝুমুৰা)]] *[[ভূমি লেটোৱা (ঝুমুৰা)]] *কোটোৰা খেলা ===অন্যান্য ৰচনা=== বৰ্তমানলৈকে পোৱা মাধৱদেৱৰ নামত প্ৰচলিত ঝুমুৰা ভূষণ হৰণ, ৰাস ঝুমুৰা, কোটোৰা খেলা, ব্ৰহ্মামোহন আদি তেখেতৰ স্বৰচিত হয়নে নহয় তাক সঠিককৈ জনা নাযায়। চৰিত পুথিত উল্লিখিত দুখনমান নাট, যেনে— ৰাম যাত্ৰা, নৃসিংহ যাত্ৰা, গোবৰ্দ্ধন যাত্ৰা আদি মাধৱদেৱৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত বুলি জনা যায় যদিও পাবলৈ নাই। ==তিৰোভাৱ== মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱৰ ১৫৯৬ চনত কোচবিহাৰৰ [[ভেলা সত্ৰ]]ত দেহাৱসান ঘটে<ref name="assaminfo1"/>। ==আৰু চাওক== {{wikisourcelang|as|লিখক: মাধৱদেৱ}} * [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ]] * [[নৱবৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] * [[সত্ৰ]] * [[বৰগীত]] * [[ভাওনা]] *[[পিম্পৰা গুচোৱা]] ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} {{অসমৰ প্ৰসিদ্ধ ব্যক্তি}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া কবি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ধৰ্মীয় গুৰু]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নৱবৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ পাব্লিক ডমেইনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত লিখক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভক্তি আন্দোলন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু সন্ত]] bil8f4kx3ugti422h5ohz2gsw106rue 518600 518598 2025-06-16T17:54:07Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* বংশলতা আৰু জন্ম */ 518600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = মাধৱদেৱ | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = ১৪৮৯ চন | birth_place = [[নাৰায়ণপুৰ]], [[লখিমপুৰ জিলা|লখিমপুৰ]], [[অসম]] | death_date = ১৫৯৬ চন | death_place = [[কোচবিহাৰ]] | nationality = | other_names = বঢ়াৰ পো | religion = [[মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম]] | notable_works = [[বৰগীত]], [[ভক্তি ৰত্নাৱলী]], [[নামঘোষা]] | occupation = }} '''মাধৱদেৱ''' (১৪৮৯-১৫৯৬) [[অসম]]ৰ মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম বা [[এক শৰণ নাম ধৰ্ম]] প্ৰৱৰ্তনৰ এজন মূল হোতা আছিল। তেওঁ মহাপুৰুষ [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান শিষ্য আছিল।<ref name="assaminfo1">{{cite web|url=http://www.assaminfo.com/famous-people/52/mahapurush-srimanta-madhabdeva.htm |title=Mahapurush Srimanta Madhabdeva &#124; Srimanta Madhabdeva &#124; Mahapurush Madhabdeva &#124; Madhabdeva &#124; Sri Sri Madhabdeva &#124; History of Madhabdeva |publisher=Assaminfo.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16}}</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ গুৰু ভক্তিৰ বাবে তেওঁক বিশেষভাৱে জনা যায় আৰু তেওঁক শংকৰদেৱৰ প্ৰকৃত উত্তৰাধিকৰী হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱ বৈৰাগী আছিল কিন্তু জীৱন বিমুখী নাছিল। জীৱনৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আস্থা আছিল আৰু গোটেই জীৱনটো গভীৰ জ্ঞানান্বেষণেৰে উপভোগ কৰিব বিচাৰিছিল। মাধৱদেৱে বিষয়-বাসনাৰ প্ৰতি উৎসাহ নেদেখুৱাইছিল যদিও নিজৰ প্ৰতিজন শিষ্যকে খেতি-বাতি বা ব্যৱসায়-বাণিজ্যৰে স্বাৱলম্বী হবলৈ কৈছিল। পাছলৈ নিজেও কোচ ৰজাৰ অনুগ্ৰহত থাকি সাহিত্য আৰু ধৰ্ম চৰ্চা কৰিছিল। [[নামঘোষা]] আৰু ভক্তিৰত্নাৱলী মাধৱদেৱৰ অনুপম সৃষ্টি।<ref name="assaminfo1" /> ==বংশলতা আৰু জন্ম== [[File:মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্মস্থান ভৱনৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ২.jpg|thumb|মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্মস্থান ]] মাধবদেৱৰ আদিপুৰুষ হিচাপে চৰিত পুথি মতে কৃষ্ণ ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ বিষ্ণু ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গোপাল ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ কৃপাল ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাম ভূঞা, ৰাম ভূঞাৰ পুত্ৰ জনাৰ্দ্দন ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ চিৰাম ভূঞা, চিৰাম ভূঞাৰ পুত্ৰ মুকুন্দ ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গোবিন্দ্ৰ ভূঞা,<ref name="ম">{{cite book | title=সত্ৰীয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ স্বৰ্ণৰেখা | publisher=লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল | author=দেৱগোস্বামী, নাৰায়ণ চন্দ্ৰ | authorlink=মাধবদেৱ | year=১৯৮৪ | pages=৮০৫ | isbn=81-7331-103-X}}</ref> গোবিন্দৰ পিতৃভূমি আছিল বাণ্ডুকা(বৰ্তমান বাংলাদেশৰ ৰংপুৰ জিলাৰ অন্তৰ্গত)।<ref name="ম"/> গোবিন্দৰ কাণ দীঘল চানেকীয়া আছিল বাবে তেওঁক “বৰকণা’’ নাম দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name=":০:">{{cite book | title=মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশঙ্কৰদেৱ আৰু শ্ৰীমাধৱদেৱ চৰিত্ৰ | publisher=দত্তবৰুৱা পাব্লিছিং কোম্পানী প্ৰা: লি: | author=ঠাকুৰ, দৈত্যাৰী | authorlink=মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশ্ৰীমাধৱদেৱৰ আবিৰ্ভাৱ | year=২০০৪ তৃতীয় প্ৰকাশ | pages=২২}}</ref> গোবিন্দ্ৰৰ দুই পুত্ৰ আৰু এককন্যা ক্ৰমে, জ্যেষ্ঠ পুত্ৰ দামোদৰ, সৰু পুত্ৰ মাধবদেৱ কন্যা উৰ্বশী। দামোদৰৰ পত্নী সচী। তেওঁলোকৰ পুত্ৰ অনিৰুদ্ধ। তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ পৰশুৰাম, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ ৰামদেৱ আৰু ৰামদেৱৰ পুত্ৰ পৰমানন্দ।<ref name="মা">{{cite book | title=গুৰু চৰিত কথা | publisher=লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল | author=নেওগ, মহেশ্বৰ (সম্পাদিত) | authorlink=ছোট আতা বংশাৱলী চৰিত্ৰ (পৃ:৩৯,৪৩) | year=১৯৯৯ | pages=৩৯}}</ref> গোবিন্দৰ প্ৰথমা পত্নী অনুচিতাই দামোদৰক জন্ম দি ঢুকায়। পিছত দামোদৰলৈ বিয়া কৰাই গোবিন্দই বংশ-মিত্ৰ বিচাৰি বিচাৰি বাণ্ডুকাৰ পৰা আলিপুখুৰী পালেগৈ। তাতে কুসুম্বৰে চিনাকি পাই একে বংশৰে মনোহৰী নামৰ এক কন্যাক গোবিন্দত বিয়া দিলে<ref name="ম"/> আৰু ৰৌতাৰ পাৰত বৰা বিষয় বাব দিলে।<ref name="মা"/> কিছুদিন পিছতে ভোটৰ উৎপাতত গৰ্ভৱতী পত্নীসহ গোবিন্দই সেই ঠাইৰ পৰা পলায়ন কৰে।<ref name=":০:"/> তেওঁলোকক আহোম ৰাজবিষয়া হৰিসিংহ বৰাই পাই আশ্ৰয় দিয়ে। তেওঁৰ ঘৰ আছিল, লক্ষিমপুৰৰ নাৰায়ণপুৰ অঞ্চলৰ লেতেকুপুখুৰী গাঁৱত।<ref name="ম"/> এই হৰিসিংহ বা হৰিশিঙা বৰাৰ ঘৰতে মনোহৰী আয়ে ১৪১১ শকত(১৪৮৯ চন) জেঠ মাহৰ ৰবিবাৰ, অমাৱস্যা তিথিত ভৰণী নক্ষত্ৰত ৰাতি দুই প্ৰহৰ যাওঁতে মাধবদেৱক জন্ম দিয়ে।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/><ref name="মাধৱদেৱ">{{cite book | title=আমাৰ মাধৱদেৱ | publisher=বনলতা | author=পাৰ্থপ্ৰতীম শৰ্মা| year=২০০৮ | pages=২১}}</ref><ref>Maheshwar Neog (1980). Early History of the Vaishnava Faith and Movement in Assam. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.</ref> গোবিন্দৰ আশ্ৰয়দাতা বৰা-বৰানীয়ে নিজ সন্তান নথকা বাবে মাধবদেৱক নিজা পুত্ৰজ্ঞান কৰিছিল।<ref name="মা"/> সেই সময়তে ঘোৰ দুৰ্ভিক্ষ হোৱাত মাধবদেৱ পিতৃ-মাতৃৰে সৈতে সেই ঠাইৰে ঘাঘৰি মাজিৰ ঘৰত আশ্ৰয় লয়। তাতেই মাধবদেৱৰ ভনীয়েক উৰ্বশীৰ জন্ম হয় আৰু বিবহযোগ্য হোৱাত ৰাম দাসৰ হাতত কন্যটি সঁপি দি পুত্ৰ সমন্বিতে পুনৰ বাণ্ডুকালৈ যায়।<ref name="ম"/> বাণ্ডুকাতেই গোবিন্দ ভূঞাৰ পৰলোকগমন হয়। মাধবদেৱৰ পিতৃ গোবিন্দগিৰি ভূঞাই বাণ্ডুকাবেহাৰৰ মজিন্দাৰ আছিল<ref name="+০+">{{cite journal | title=অসমৰ ভূঞাসকলৰ আঁতিগুৰি বিচাৰি | author=ভূঞা, অপূৰ্ব | journal=প্ৰান্তিক | year=২০১১ | month=১-১৫ জুলাই | issue=১৫শ সংখ্যা | pages=৩৫}}</ref> আৰু পিতৃৰ পিছত দামোদৰেও খেতি-বাতি আৰু বণিজ কৰাৰ উপৰি ৰজাঘৰীয়া মজিন্দাৰী কাম কৰিছিল। মাধবদেৱে ককায়েকক সহায় কৰিছিল। কিছুকালৰ পিছত তেওঁ তাৰ পৰা মাতৃৰ কাষলৈ প্ৰত্যবৰ্তন কৰিছিল।<ref name="ম"/> ১৪৮৯ চনত [[নাৰায়ণপুৰ]] নামে ঠাইৰ ৰঙাজান আৰু কাঁচিকটা নদীৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত [[লেতেকুপুখুৰী]] নামৰ ঠাইৰ হৰিশিঙা বৰা উজীৰৰ ঘৰত মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্ম হয়।<ref name="assaminfo1"/> প্ৰবাদ আছে যে মাধৱদেৱৰ নাইকটা কাঁচিখন পেলোৱাৰ বাবে ওচৰৰ নদীখনৰ নাম কাঁচিকটা আৰু প্ৰসূতিৰ তেজলগা কাপোৰ ধোৱাৰ বাবে ওচৰৰ জানটোৰ পানীৰ বৰণ ৰঙা হৈ পৰাত পৰৱৰ্তী কালত ইয়াৰ নাম ৰঙাজান হয়।{{cn}} ===শিক্ষা=== বাণ্ডুকাৰ ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ অধ্যাপকৰ ছাত্ৰশালাত মাধবদেৱৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক শিক্ষা লাভ হয়। এক বছৰ শিক্ষা লাভ কৰিয়েই তেওঁ ব্যাকৰণ, পুৰাণ, ভাগৱত আদি নানা শাস্ত্ৰ আয়ত্ব কৰিছিল।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/> ===শিশুকালৰ লগৰীয়া=== মাধবদেৱৰ শিশুকালৰ লগৰীয়াসকলৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰধান নজনা বন্ধু আছিল-হৰি, হৰিবৰ, হৰাই,নিৰাই, নিৰঞ্জন, নিৰামই, নৰহৰি, নাৰায়ণ আৰু নৰোত্তম।<ref name="মা"/> অন্য সাধাৰণ শিশুৰ দৰেই ল’ৰালি কালছোৱা মাধবদেৱ উমলি-জামলি ডাঙৰ হৈছিল। চৰিত-পুথিসমুহত তেওঁৰ বাল্যকালৰ ক্ৰিয়া-কাণ্ডত যথেষ্ট অলৌকিকতা বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। ==মণি-কাঞ্চণ সংযোগ== বাণ্ডুকাৰ পৰা উভতি আহোঁতে বাটতে মাকৰ টান নৰীয়া হোৱাৰ খবৰ পাই মাতৃৰ সুস্বাস্থ্য কামনা কৰি দুৰ্গা গোঁসানীলৈ এযোৰ বগা পঠা আগ কৰে।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/> শংকৰদেৱক লগ পোৱাৰ আগতে মাধৱদেৱ ঘোৰ শাক্ত ধৰ্মী লোক আছিল। এবাৰ মাকৰ অসুখ হোৱাত তেওঁ দেৱীৰ আগত দুটা ছাগলী বলি দিম বুলি প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰিলে যদিহে মাকৰ অসুখ ভাল হয়। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ছাগলী দুটা আনিবলৈ নিজৰ ভনীজোঁৱায়েক ৰামদাসক পাচিলে ভনীজোঁৱায়েকে তেওঁৰ কথা নুশুনি ক’লে যে বলি বিধান অপ্ৰয়োজনীয় প্ৰথা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰা কোনেও সুফল নাপায়। তেওঁ আৰু ক'লে যে তেওঁ ইতিমধ্যে শংকৰদেৱক গুৰু মানি এক শৰণ হৰি নাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছে আৰু মাধৱেও তাকে কৰিব লাগে। এই কথা শুনি মাধৱদেৱ ক্ৰোধিত হয় আৰু শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ ওচৰলৈ গৈ তেওঁৰ যুক্তি তৰ্ক আৰম্ভ কৰিলে। মাধৱে আগমৰ যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় আৰু গুৰুজনাই নিগমৰ যুক্তিৰে খন্দন কৰে। এনেদৰে তিনি প্ৰহৰ তৰ্ক যুদ্ধ হ'ল। শেষত গুৰু জনাই শ্ৰীমদ্ভাগৱতৰ চতুৰ্থ স্কন্ধৰ '''"যথা তৰুৰ মূল -------"''' শ্লোকটিৰে মাধৱক পৰাস্ত কৰে। শ্লোকটিৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল গছৰ গুৰিত পানী দিলে দাল পাত সকলোৱে পায়। দাল পাতত দিলে কোনেও নাপায়। একেদৰে ভগৱন্ত কৃষ্ণদেৱক পূজিলে সকলোৰে পূজা হয়। আন দেৱ-দেৱীক পৃথকে পূজাৰ কোনো প্ৰয়োজন নাই। শ্ৰীমন্ত শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ যুক্তিৰ ওচৰত হাৰ মানি মাধৱে তাৰাক গুৰু ভজি তেওঁ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা একশৰণ হৰি নাম ধৰ্মত শৰণ ললে। মাধৱ হৈ পৰিল গুৰুজনাৰ প্ৰপন্ন শিষ্য অভেদ আত্মা মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশ্ৰী মাধৱদেৱ। দুয়োজনা মহাপুৰুষৰ এই মহা মিলনক সাহিত্য ৰথী [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]দেৱে '''"মণি-কাঞ্চণ সংযোগ"''' বুলি অভিহিত কৰি গৈছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srimanta.net/contents_l3.php?q=3&ID=1&ID3=41&link_caption=Madhavadeva |title=Welcome to The Site |publisher=Srimanta.net |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16 |archivedate=2015-03-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319204909/http://srimanta.net/contents_l3.php?q=3&ID=1&ID3=41&link_caption=Madhavadeva |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==গুৰু শিষ্য সম্পৰ্ক== শ্ৰীশ্ৰী মাধৱদেৱ আৰু শ্ৰীমন্ত [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ মাজৰ গুৰু-শিষ্য সম্পৰ্ক মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ ইতিহাসত এক পবিত্ৰ আৰু গভীৰ সম্পৰ্ক হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। শংকৰদেৱৰ আধ্যাত্মিক দৃষ্টিভংগী, সাহিত্যিক প্ৰতিভা আৰু ধৰ্মীয় ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰ প্ৰতি মাধৱদেৱ দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি আকৃষ্ট হৈ আছিল। যদিও মাধৱদেৱ প্ৰথমতে শাক্ত ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাসী আছিল, কিন্তু বৈনায়েক ৰাম দাসৰ (গোপাল আতা<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 78–80.</ref>হৰিসৰণ)ৰ সৈতে বলি-বিতৰ্কৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ মনত প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন হয়, আৰু এই সময়তেই তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ সৈতে সাক্ষাৎ কৰে। ১৫৫১ চনত শ্ৰীশ্ৰী শংকৰদেৱৰ ওচৰত মাধৱদেৱে বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই সময়তেই তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ অন্যতম সৰ্বাধিক ঘনিষ্ঠ শিষ্য হৈ পৰে। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ নিৰ্দেশত বহু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ধৰ্মীয় গ্ৰন্থ, নাম-ঘোষা আৰু নাটন নাট প্ৰকাশ কৰে। মাধৱদেৱে শংকৰদেৱৰ অনুগামী হিচাপে কেবল ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষাৰ প্ৰসাৰেই কৰা নাই, তেওঁ তেওঁৰ গুৰুৰ আদৰ্শক জীৱনৰ শেষ পৰ্যন্ত পালন কৰি গৈছিল। শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে ধৰ্ম আন্দোলনৰ দায়িত্ব স্বীকাৰ কৰি সত্ৰ স্থাপন আৰু ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কৃতি সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে বিশাল ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ দৰ্শনক আগবঢ়াই সত্ৰ প্ৰথাৰ বিকাশ ঘটায়। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ আদৰ্শৰ পৰা কেতিয়াও বিচ্যুত নহ’ল, আৰু গুৰুৰ প্ৰতি অকুণ্ঠ বিশ্বাস, আস্থা আৰু শ্ৰদ্ধা দেখুৱাই চিৰস্মৰণীয় হ’ল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 250–253.</ref> ===গুৰু পত্নী [[কালিন্দী আই]] আৰু মাধৱদেৱ=== ==সত্ৰ স্থাপন== শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ সাংগঠনিক দিশ অধিক সুদৃঢ় কৰাৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন ঠাইত সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। সত্ৰসমূহ আছিল ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষা, নাম-প্ৰচাৰ আৰু শৃংখলিত ভক্তিসাধনাৰ কেন্দ্ৰ। ই একেলগে ধৰ্ম আৰু সমাজ গঠনৰে মূল আধাৰ ৰূপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 102–105.</ref> ===বৰপেটা সত্ৰ=== {{মূল|বৰপেটা সত্ৰ}} মাধৱদেৱে ১৫০৫ শকত (১৫৮৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰপেটা সত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল আৰু তাত তেওঁ ৮ বছৰ ধৰি আছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/tourism/barpeta-satra.php |title=Barpeta Satra (Xatra), Barpeta Kirtan Ghar - Barpeta, Assam, Religious and Cultural Centre |publisher=Onlinesivasagar.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-15}}</ref> তেওঁ [[মথুৰা দাস বুঢ়া আতা|শ্ৰীমথুৰা দাস বুঢ়া আতা]]ক সত্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সত্ৰাধিকাৰ হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিছিল। ===গণককুছি সত্ৰ=== গণককুছি সত্ৰ মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱে স্থাপন কৰা এখন ঐতিহ্যমণ্ডিত সত্ৰ। বৰপেটা চহৰৰ কাষতে থকা গণককুছি সত্ৰ এক ঐতিহাসিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান। এই সত্ৰত মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱে ১৮ বছৰ ৬ মাহ বসবাস কৰিছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ লগত ৰাম আতৈ, শ্ৰীৰাম আতৈকে আদি কৰি বহুকেইগৰাকী ভকত একেলগে বসবাস কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganakkuchi Satra: A Satra Established by Mahapurush Madhavdev|url=https://assam.news18.com/news/assam/ganakkuchi-satra-a-satra-established-by-mahapurush-madhavdev-skd-local18-411945.html |website=News18 Assam |language=as |access-date=12 June 2025 |publisher=News18 Network }}</ref> ===সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ=== {{মূল|সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ}} মাধৱদেৱে ১৫৭০ চনত সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল৷ বৰপেটা সত্ৰৰ উত্তৰ পূব কোণত প্ৰায় ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত বৰপেটা ভবানীপুৰ পথত এই সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ অৱস্থিত আৰু ইয়াতে মাধবদেৱে ১৪ বছৰ ছমাহ কাল বাস কৰি নানা পদ-পুথি ৰচনা কৰিছিল৷<ref name="সুন্দৰী">{{cite book | title=সচিত্ৰ সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ | publisher=সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ পৰিচালনা সমিতি | author=পাঠক, ৰাতুল (সম্পাদক) | year=২০০৮}}</ref> ===বাৰাদি সত্ৰ=== মাধৱদেৱে নিজে বাৰাদি সত্ৰত অৱস্থান কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক আধ্যাত্মিক সাধনা, ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ আৰু সাহিত্য সৃষ্টি (বিশেষকৈ নামঘোষা ৰচনা)ৰ বাবে এটা কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। বাৰাদি সত্ৰত মাধৱদেৱে শেষ জীৱনকাল অতিবাহিত কৰিছিল। এই সত্ৰ মাধৱদেৱৰ শেষ বাসস্থান হিচাপেও পৰিগণিত।<ref>Neog, Maheswar, pp. 296–297.</ref> === অন্যান্য সত্ৰ স্থাপন === মাধৱদেৱে নিজে কিছুমান সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ শিষ্যসকলে বহু সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ সত্ৰসমূহৰ মাধ্যমে মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম বিস্তাৰ কৰিবলৈ সংগঠিত প্ৰচেষ্টা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। নিচেই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কিছুমান সত্ৰ হ’ল— * '''আহতগুৰি সত্ৰ''' - ধৰ্মীয় চৰ্চা আৰু সংগঠনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এই সত্ৰ অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আছিল। * '''বেলগুৰি সত্ৰ''' - এই সত্ৰত মাধৱদেৱে বহুদিন ধৰি বাস কৰিছিল আৰু বহু শিষ্যক দীক্ষা দিছিল। * '''ধাইহাট সত্ৰ''' - মাধৱদেৱে জীবনৰ অন্তিম সময়চোৱাত এই সত্ৰত অৱস্থান কৰিছিল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 295–296.</ref> এই সত্ৰসমূহত মাধৱদেৱে শিষ্যৰ শিক্ষাদান, ধৰ্মীয় বিধিবিধান প্ৰৱৰ্তন আৰু কীৰ্তন আদি কাৰ্য চলাইছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N., pp. 111–113.</ref> সেয়ে এই সত্ৰসমূহ মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্মীয় দৃষ্টিভংগী, সংগঠন দক্ষতা আৰু শিষ্যনিৰ্ভৰ নেতৃত্বৰ পৰিচয় বহন কৰে। মাধৱদেৱে সত্ৰসমূহৰ মাধ্যমে ধৰ্মীয় আচাৰ-বিধি, নাম-কীৰ্তন আৰু আখণ্ড ভক্তিসাধনাৰ এক সাংগঠনিক সাঁচ গঢ়ি তোলে, যি বৰ্তমানো মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মৰ মূল আধাৰ ৰূপে চলি আহিছে। ==ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ== শ্ৰীমন্ত [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ দীক্ষিত শিষ্য হিচাপে মাধৱদেৱে অসমৰ মহাপুৰুষীয়া [[বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] বিস্তাৰত এক বিশিষ্ট ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে ধৰ্মীয় নেতৃত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰি ধৰ্মটোক অধিক সুসংগঠিত ৰূপ দিছিল। তেওঁৰ নেতৃত্বত সত্ৰ, নামঘৰ আৰু কীৰ্তনঘোষাৰ প্ৰচলন বৃদ্ধি পায়। মাধৱদেৱে শংকৰদেৱৰ দেখুৱোৱা ধৰ্মপথ অনুসৰি ঈশ্বৰৰ নাম গ্ৰহণ, শুদ্ধ ভক্তিৰ মাধ্যমে মুক্তিলাভ আৰু সামাজিক সমতা প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চললৈ গৈ ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু বহু লোকক দীক্ষা দিছিল। তেওঁৰ দীক্ষিত শিষ্যসকলৰ মাজত [[দামোদৰ দেৱ]], হৰিদাস ঠাকুৰ, অনন্ত দেৱ আদিৰ নাম উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 79–82.</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য দিশ আছিল নামঘোষাৰ মাধ্যমে ধৰ্মৰ বাণী জনসাধাৰণলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰা। তেওঁ ৰচনাৰ জৰিয়তে ধৰ্মক হৃদয়ঙ্গম কৰা সহজ কৰি তোলে। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ ৰচিত [[নামঘোষা]] কাব্যগ্ৰন্থখন মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মত অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান দখল কৰি আছে।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 290–292.</ref> তেওঁ [[সত্ৰ]] সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৱদান আগবঢ়াইছিল। তিনিআটি সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰা কথাও বিভিন্ন কৃতিত উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়। সত্ৰসমূহে ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষাদান, নৈতিক উন্নয়ন আৰু সাংগঠনিক দৃঢ়তা আগবঢ়াইছিল। এই ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ ফলস্বৰূপ, মাধৱদেৱৰ জীৱনকালতেই মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম অসমৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চললৈ বিস্তৃত হৈছিল। ===ধৰ্মৰ চাৰি বস্তু=== মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত "ধৰ্মৰ চাৰি বস্তু" বা "চাৰিখন বস্তু" বুলিলে নাম, দেৱ, গুৰু আৰু ভকতক বুজোৱা হয়। এই চাৰিটা বস্তুকে ধৰ্মীয় জীৱনৰ মূল আধাৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱে এই বস্তুসমূহৰ গুৰুত্ব ব্যাখ্যা কৰি ধৰ্মীয় অনুশাসনৰ ৰূপ দিছিল। * '''নাম''': ভগৱানৰ নাম লোৱাক (কীৰ্তন, নাম-ঘোষা) ধৰ্মৰ আটাইতকৈ মৌলিক আচাৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। নাম-স্মৰণেৰে ভক্ত ভগৱানৰ সৈতে আত্মিক সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰে। বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত নাম-ঘোষাৰ মাধ্যৰে আত্মশুদ্ধি আৰু মুক্তিৰ পথ দেখুওৱা হয়।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 220–221.</ref> * '''দেৱ''': দেৱ বুলিলে ভগৱানক বুজোৱা হয়। বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত ভগৱান (বিশেষকৈ কৃষ্ণ) একমাত্ৰ উপাস্য, আৰু তেওঁৰ ওপৰত একনিষ্ঠ ভক্তিৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। দেৱৰ উপাসনা সাধাৰণতে নামঘোষা, কীৰ্তন, আৰু একান্ত ভক্তিৰে কৰা হয়।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, p. 95.</ref> * '''গুৰু''': ধৰ্মপথৰ সঠিক দিশ দৰ্শোৱা জনক গুৰু বোলা হয়। গুৰুজনক ভগৱানৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্ধাৰিত পথত ভক্তক নিৰ্দেশনা দিয়া এজন আধ্যাত্মিক শিক্ষক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱে গুৰুৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য আৰু শ্ৰদ্ধাৰ ওপৰত বিশেষ গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিছিল।<ref>Barua, B.K. ''A Cultural History of Assam'', Lawyer’s Book Stall, 1951, pp. 273–275.</ref> * '''ভকত''': ভকত বুলিলে ভগৱানৰ ভক্তসকলক বুজোৱা হয়। মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মত ভকতসকলৰ সৈতে সম্প্ৰীতি, সহানুভূতি আৰু সমতা ৰাখিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হয়। সমাজত ধৰ্মীয় একতাৰ এক প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ভকতৰ স্থান বৰগম্ভীৰ।<ref>Neog, Maheswar, p. 222.</ref> এই চাৰি বস্তু — নাম, দেৱ, গুৰু আৰু ভকত — বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ ভিত্তি, যাৰ ওপৰত সৎ জীৱন, আধ্যাত্মিক সাধনা আৰু সামাজিক সদভাৱ স্থাপিত হয়। ===মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মৰ নৱৰত্ন লাভ=== ==কোচ ৰজাৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ== মাধৱদেৱে তেওঁৰ ধৰ্মীয় জীৱনৰ অন্তিম পৰ্যায়ত কোচ ৰাজ্যৰ ৰজা [[নৰনাৰায়ণ]] আৰু সেনাপতি [[চিলাৰায়]]ৰ পৰা বিশেষ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰিছিল। [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ দেহাৱসানৰ পাছত মাধৱদেৱ [[বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]]ৰ নেতৃত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰি ইয়াৰ বিস্তাৰ আৰু সুসংগঠনত মনোনিৱেশ কৰিছিল। এই সময়তে সেনাপতি চিলাৰায়ে তেওঁক [[কোচবিহাৰ]]লৈ নিমন্ত্ৰণ জনাইছিল, যিটো তেওঁ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, p. 302.</ref> চিলাৰায় মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্মীয় নিষ্ঠা আৰু ব্যতিক্ৰমী সাহিত্যিক প্ৰতিভাৰ প্ৰতি গভীৰ ভাবে আকৰ্ষিত হৈছিল। তেওঁ মাধৱদেৱক পূৰ্ণ স্বাধীনতা আৰু আশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰিছিল যাতে তেওঁ বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ শিক্ষা আৰু কীৰ্তন প্ৰথাৰ বিস্তাৰ অব্যাহত ৰাখিব পাৰে।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, p. 89.</ref> মাধৱদেৱে এই সময়তে কোচ ৰাজ্যত কেইবাটাও [[সত্ৰ]] স্থাপন কৰে, বিশেষকৈ সোণাৰী অঞ্চলত স্থাপিত সত্ৰটোৱে গুৰুত্ব লাভ কৰে। চিলাৰায়ে মাধৱদেৱক "মহাপুৰুষ" হিচাপে সম্বোধন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁৰ সাহিত্য আৰু ধৰ্মীয় কৰ্মকাণ্ডলৈ ৰাজআশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলস্বৰূপে [[বৰগীত]], নাট, নামপ্ৰসঙ্গ আদিৰ ব্যাপক বিস্তাৰ সাধন হৈছিল।<ref>Maheswar Neog, 1980, pp. 308–309.</ref> [[সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা]]ই মত দিছে যে, মাধৱদেৱে পোৱা এই ৰাজপৃষ্ঠপোষকতাই কেৱল বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানিক বিস্তাৰ নহয়, অসমীয়া সাহিত্য তথা সংস্কৃতিৰো বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N., 1966, p. 95.</ref> ==সাহিত্যকৃতি== ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ লগতে সাহিত্য সংস্কৃতিৰো পূজাৰী এইজনা মহান গুৰুৰ সাহিত্যিক জীৱনৰ কীৰ্তিস্তম্ভ হ’ল [[নামঘোষা]]। এহেজাৰটা ঘোষা থকা বাবে এইখনক হেজাৰী ঘোষা বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ একাধিক [[বৰগীত]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA387&lpg=PA387&dq=Madhavdeva&source=bl&ots=mVFY0yGOt5&sig=sTGlQ0j6_roY1CDvIGphD70yUiY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0LtEUbClB8LprQeIw4DQAg&ved=0CGoQ6AEwCTgU#v=onepage&q=Madhavdeva&f=false |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16}}</ref>, [[ভটিমা]], [[নাট]] ([[ভূমি লেটোৱা (ঝুমুৰা)|ঝুমুৰা]]) আদি ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মাধৱদেৱে বাৰকুৰি (দুশ চল্লিশ) বৰগীত ৰচনা কৰিছিল বুলি প্ৰবাদ আছে যদিও বৰ্তমান সৰ্বমুঠ নকুৰি এঘাৰটা (এশ একান্নবৈটা) মান গীতহে উপলব্ধ। অৱশ্যে ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কিছু সংখ্যক [[অংকীয়া নাট]]ৰ গীতো সন্নিৱিস্ত হৈ আছে। তেওঁ সৰ্বমুঠ ১৫৭টা [[বৰগীত]] ৰচনা কৰে জীৱন কালত, তাৰ ভিতৰত এটি উল্লেখনীয় বৰগীত হ’ল – ''তেজৰে কমলাপতি''। ===আখ্যানমূলক ৰচনা=== *ৰাজসূয় কাব্য *[https://as.m.wikisource.org/wiki/আদিকাণ্ড আদিকাণ্ড ৰামায়ণ] (অনুবাদ) ===তত্ত্বমূলক ৰচন=== *জন্মৰহস্য *[[ভক্তি ৰত্নাৱলী]] *নামমালিকা *[[নামঘোষা]]<ref name="মাধৱদেৱ"/> ===নাট=== *[[অৰ্জুন ভঞ্জন]] *দধিমথন ===ঝুমুৰা=== *[[চোৰধৰা]] *[[পিম্পৰা গুচোৱা]] *[[ভোজন বিহাৰ (ঝুমুৰা)]] *[[ভূমি লেটোৱা (ঝুমুৰা)]] *কোটোৰা খেলা ===অন্যান্য ৰচনা=== বৰ্তমানলৈকে পোৱা মাধৱদেৱৰ নামত প্ৰচলিত ঝুমুৰা ভূষণ হৰণ, ৰাস ঝুমুৰা, কোটোৰা খেলা, ব্ৰহ্মামোহন আদি তেখেতৰ স্বৰচিত হয়নে নহয় তাক সঠিককৈ জনা নাযায়। চৰিত পুথিত উল্লিখিত দুখনমান নাট, যেনে— ৰাম যাত্ৰা, নৃসিংহ যাত্ৰা, গোবৰ্দ্ধন যাত্ৰা আদি মাধৱদেৱৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত বুলি জনা যায় যদিও পাবলৈ নাই। ==তিৰোভাৱ== মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱৰ ১৫৯৬ চনত কোচবিহাৰৰ [[ভেলা সত্ৰ]]ত দেহাৱসান ঘটে<ref name="assaminfo1"/>। ==আৰু চাওক== {{wikisourcelang|as|লিখক: মাধৱদেৱ}} * [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ]] * [[নৱবৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] * [[সত্ৰ]] * [[বৰগীত]] * [[ভাওনা]] *[[পিম্পৰা গুচোৱা]] ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} {{অসমৰ প্ৰসিদ্ধ ব্যক্তি}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া কবি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ধৰ্মীয় গুৰু]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নৱবৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ পাব্লিক ডমেইনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত লিখক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভক্তি আন্দোলন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু সন্ত]] gvjlva4v5t2gebh04lg5c0yuyl0m1m8 518606 518600 2025-06-16T18:04:28Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* বংশলতা আৰু জন্ম */ 518606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = মাধৱদেৱ | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = ১৪৮৯ চন | birth_place = [[নাৰায়ণপুৰ]], [[লখিমপুৰ জিলা|লখিমপুৰ]], [[অসম]] | death_date = ১৫৯৬ চন | death_place = [[কোচবিহাৰ]] | nationality = | other_names = বঢ়াৰ পো | religion = [[মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম]] | notable_works = [[বৰগীত]], [[ভক্তি ৰত্নাৱলী]], [[নামঘোষা]] | occupation = }} '''মাধৱদেৱ''' (১৪৮৯-১৫৯৬) [[অসম]]ৰ মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম বা [[এক শৰণ নাম ধৰ্ম]] প্ৰৱৰ্তনৰ এজন মূল হোতা আছিল। তেওঁ মহাপুৰুষ [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান শিষ্য আছিল।<ref name="assaminfo1">{{cite web|url=http://www.assaminfo.com/famous-people/52/mahapurush-srimanta-madhabdeva.htm |title=Mahapurush Srimanta Madhabdeva &#124; Srimanta Madhabdeva &#124; Mahapurush Madhabdeva &#124; Madhabdeva &#124; Sri Sri Madhabdeva &#124; History of Madhabdeva |publisher=Assaminfo.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16}}</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ গুৰু ভক্তিৰ বাবে তেওঁক বিশেষভাৱে জনা যায় আৰু তেওঁক শংকৰদেৱৰ প্ৰকৃত উত্তৰাধিকৰী হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱ বৈৰাগী আছিল কিন্তু জীৱন বিমুখী নাছিল। জীৱনৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আস্থা আছিল আৰু গোটেই জীৱনটো গভীৰ জ্ঞানান্বেষণেৰে উপভোগ কৰিব বিচাৰিছিল। মাধৱদেৱে বিষয়-বাসনাৰ প্ৰতি উৎসাহ নেদেখুৱাইছিল যদিও নিজৰ প্ৰতিজন শিষ্যকে খেতি-বাতি বা ব্যৱসায়-বাণিজ্যৰে স্বাৱলম্বী হবলৈ কৈছিল। পাছলৈ নিজেও কোচ ৰজাৰ অনুগ্ৰহত থাকি সাহিত্য আৰু ধৰ্ম চৰ্চা কৰিছিল। [[নামঘোষা]] আৰু ভক্তিৰত্নাৱলী মাধৱদেৱৰ অনুপম সৃষ্টি।<ref name="assaminfo1" /> ==বংশলতা আৰু জন্ম== [[File:মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্মস্থান ভৱনৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ২.jpg|thumb|মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্মস্থান ]] মাধবদেৱৰ আদিপুৰুষ হিচাপে চৰিত পুথি মতে কৃষ্ণ ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ বিষ্ণু ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গোপাল ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ কৃপাল ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাম ভূঞা, ৰাম ভূঞাৰ পুত্ৰ জনাৰ্দ্দন ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ চিৰাম ভূঞা, চিৰাম ভূঞাৰ পুত্ৰ মুকুন্দ ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গোবিন্দ্ৰ ভূঞা,<ref name="ম">{{cite book | title=সত্ৰীয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ স্বৰ্ণৰেখা | publisher=লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল | author=দেৱগোস্বামী, নাৰায়ণ চন্দ্ৰ | authorlink=মাধবদেৱ | year=১৯৮৪ | pages=৮০৫ | isbn=81-7331-103-X}}</ref> গোবিন্দৰ পিতৃভূমি আছিল বাণ্ডুকা(বৰ্তমান বাংলাদেশৰ ৰংপুৰ জিলাৰ অন্তৰ্গত)।<ref name="ম"/> গোবিন্দৰ কাণ দীঘল চানেকীয়া আছিল বাবে তেওঁক “বৰকণা’’ নাম দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name=":০:">{{cite book | title=মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশঙ্কৰদেৱ আৰু শ্ৰীমাধৱদেৱ চৰিত্ৰ | publisher=দত্তবৰুৱা পাব্লিছিং কোম্পানী প্ৰা: লি: | author=ঠাকুৰ, দৈত্যাৰী | authorlink=মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশ্ৰীমাধৱদেৱৰ আবিৰ্ভাৱ | year=২০০৪ তৃতীয় প্ৰকাশ | pages=২২,২৬}}</ref> গোবিন্দ্ৰৰ দুই পুত্ৰ আৰু এককন্যা ক্ৰমে, জ্যেষ্ঠ পুত্ৰ দামোদৰ, সৰু পুত্ৰ মাধবদেৱ কন্যা উৰ্বশী। দামোদৰৰ পত্নী সচী। তেওঁলোকৰ পুত্ৰ অনিৰুদ্ধ। তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ পৰশুৰাম, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ ৰামদেৱ আৰু ৰামদেৱৰ পুত্ৰ পৰমানন্দ।<ref name="মা">{{cite book | title=গুৰু চৰিত কথা | publisher=লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল | author=নেওগ, মহেশ্বৰ (সম্পাদিত) | authorlink=ছোট আতা বংশাৱলী চৰিত্ৰ (পৃ:৩৯,৪৩) | year=১৯৯৯ | pages=৩৯}}</ref> গোবিন্দৰ প্ৰথমা পত্নী অনুচিতাই দামোদৰক জন্ম দি ঢুকায়। পিছত দামোদৰলৈ বিয়া কৰাই গোবিন্দই বংশ-মিত্ৰ বিচাৰি বিচাৰি বাণ্ডুকাৰ পৰা আলিপুখুৰী পালেগৈ। তাতে কুসুম্বৰে চিনাকি পাই একে বংশৰে মনোহৰী নামৰ এক কন্যাক গোবিন্দত বিয়া দিলে<ref name="ম"/> আৰু ৰৌতাৰ পাৰত বৰা বিষয় বাব দিলে।<ref name="মা"/> কিছুদিন পিছতে ভোটৰ উৎপাতত গৰ্ভৱতী পত্নীসহ গোবিন্দই সেই ঠাইৰ পৰা পলায়ন কৰে।<ref name=":০:"/> তেওঁলোকক আহোম ৰাজবিষয়া হৰিসিংহ বৰাই পাই আশ্ৰয় দিয়ে।<ref name=":০:"/> তেওঁৰ ঘৰ আছিল, লক্ষিমপুৰৰ নাৰায়ণপুৰ অঞ্চলৰ লেতেকুপুখুৰী গাঁৱত।<ref name="ম"/> এই হৰিসিংহ বা হৰিশিঙা বৰাৰ ঘৰতে মনোহৰী আয়ে ১৪১১ শকত(১৪৮৯ চন) জেঠ মাহৰ ৰবিবাৰ, অমাৱস্যা তিথিত ভৰণী নক্ষত্ৰত ৰাতি দুই প্ৰহৰ যাওঁতে মাধবদেৱক জন্ম দিয়ে।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/><ref name="মাধৱদেৱ">{{cite book | title=আমাৰ মাধৱদেৱ | publisher=বনলতা | author=পাৰ্থপ্ৰতীম শৰ্মা| year=২০০৮ | pages=২১}}</ref><ref>Maheshwar Neog (1980). Early History of the Vaishnava Faith and Movement in Assam. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ গুপ্ত নাম আছিল, ৰত্নাকৰ।<ref name=":০:"/> গোবিন্দৰ আশ্ৰয়দাতা বৰা-বৰানীয়ে নিজ সন্তান নথকা বাবে মাধবদেৱক নিজা পুত্ৰজ্ঞান কৰিছিল।<ref name="মা"/> সেই সময়তে ঘোৰ দুৰ্ভিক্ষ হোৱাত মাধবদেৱ পিতৃ-মাতৃৰে সৈতে সেই ঠাইৰে ঘাঘৰি মাজিৰ ঘৰত আশ্ৰয় লয়।<ref name=":০:"/> তাতেই মাধবদেৱৰ ভনীয়েক উৰ্বশীৰ জন্ম হয়<ref name=":০:"/> আৰু বিবহযোগ্য হোৱাত তেওঁলোক হোকৰাকুছিলৈ যায়।<ref name=":০:"/> তাতে গয়াপাণি বা ৰাম দাসৰ হাতত কন্যটি সঁপি দি পুত্ৰ সমন্বিতে পুনৰ বাণ্ডুকালৈ যায়।<ref name="ম"/> বাণ্ডুকাতেই গোবিন্দ ভূঞাৰ পৰলোকগমন হয়। মাধবদেৱৰ পিতৃ গোবিন্দগিৰি ভূঞাই বাণ্ডুকাবেহাৰৰ মজিন্দাৰ আছিল<ref name="+০+">{{cite journal | title=অসমৰ ভূঞাসকলৰ আঁতিগুৰি বিচাৰি | author=ভূঞা, অপূৰ্ব | journal=প্ৰান্তিক | year=২০১১ | month=১-১৫ জুলাই | issue=১৫শ সংখ্যা | pages=৩৫}}</ref> আৰু পিতৃৰ পিছত দামোদৰেও খেতি-বাতি আৰু বণিজ কৰাৰ উপৰি ৰজাঘৰীয়া মজিন্দাৰী কাম কৰিছিল। মাধবদেৱে ককায়েকক সহায় কৰিছিল। কিছুকালৰ পিছত তেওঁ তাৰ পৰা মাতৃৰ কাষলৈ প্ৰত্যবৰ্তন কৰিছিল।<ref name="ম"/> ১৪৮৯ চনত [[নাৰায়ণপুৰ]] নামে ঠাইৰ ৰঙাজান আৰু কাঁচিকটা নদীৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত [[লেতেকুপুখুৰী]] নামৰ ঠাইৰ হৰিশিঙা বৰা উজীৰৰ ঘৰত মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্ম হয়।<ref name="assaminfo1"/> প্ৰবাদ আছে যে মাধৱদেৱৰ নাইকটা কাঁচিখন পেলোৱাৰ বাবে ওচৰৰ নদীখনৰ নাম কাঁচিকটা আৰু প্ৰসূতিৰ তেজলগা কাপোৰ ধোৱাৰ বাবে ওচৰৰ জানটোৰ পানীৰ বৰণ ৰঙা হৈ পৰাত পৰৱৰ্তী কালত ইয়াৰ নাম ৰঙাজান হয়।{{cn}} ===শিক্ষা=== বাণ্ডুকাৰ ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ অধ্যাপকৰ ছাত্ৰশালাত মাধবদেৱৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক শিক্ষা লাভ হয়। এক বছৰ শিক্ষা লাভ কৰিয়েই তেওঁ ব্যাকৰণ, পুৰাণ, ভাগৱত আদি নানা শাস্ত্ৰ আয়ত্ব কৰিছিল।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/> ===শিশুকালৰ লগৰীয়া=== মাধবদেৱৰ শিশুকালৰ লগৰীয়াসকলৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰধান নজনা বন্ধু আছিল-হৰি, হৰিবৰ, হৰাই,নিৰাই, নিৰঞ্জন, নিৰামই, নৰহৰি, নাৰায়ণ আৰু নৰোত্তম।<ref name="মা"/> অন্য সাধাৰণ শিশুৰ দৰেই ল’ৰালি কালছোৱা মাধবদেৱ উমলি-জামলি ডাঙৰ হৈছিল। চৰিত-পুথিসমুহত তেওঁৰ বাল্যকালৰ ক্ৰিয়া-কাণ্ডত যথেষ্ট অলৌকিকতা বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। ==মণি-কাঞ্চণ সংযোগ== বাণ্ডুকাৰ পৰা উভতি আহোঁতে বাটতে মাকৰ টান নৰীয়া হোৱাৰ খবৰ পাই মাতৃৰ সুস্বাস্থ্য কামনা কৰি দুৰ্গা গোঁসানীলৈ এযোৰ বগা পঠা আগ কৰে।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/> শংকৰদেৱক লগ পোৱাৰ আগতে মাধৱদেৱ ঘোৰ শাক্ত ধৰ্মী লোক আছিল। এবাৰ মাকৰ অসুখ হোৱাত তেওঁ দেৱীৰ আগত দুটা ছাগলী বলি দিম বুলি প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰিলে যদিহে মাকৰ অসুখ ভাল হয়। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ছাগলী দুটা আনিবলৈ নিজৰ ভনীজোঁৱায়েক ৰামদাসক পাচিলে ভনীজোঁৱায়েকে তেওঁৰ কথা নুশুনি ক’লে যে বলি বিধান অপ্ৰয়োজনীয় প্ৰথা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰা কোনেও সুফল নাপায়। তেওঁ আৰু ক'লে যে তেওঁ ইতিমধ্যে শংকৰদেৱক গুৰু মানি এক শৰণ হৰি নাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছে আৰু মাধৱেও তাকে কৰিব লাগে। এই কথা শুনি মাধৱদেৱ ক্ৰোধিত হয় আৰু শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ ওচৰলৈ গৈ তেওঁৰ যুক্তি তৰ্ক আৰম্ভ কৰিলে। মাধৱে আগমৰ যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় আৰু গুৰুজনাই নিগমৰ যুক্তিৰে খন্দন কৰে। এনেদৰে তিনি প্ৰহৰ তৰ্ক যুদ্ধ হ'ল। শেষত গুৰু জনাই শ্ৰীমদ্ভাগৱতৰ চতুৰ্থ স্কন্ধৰ '''"যথা তৰুৰ মূল -------"''' শ্লোকটিৰে মাধৱক পৰাস্ত কৰে। শ্লোকটিৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল গছৰ গুৰিত পানী দিলে দাল পাত সকলোৱে পায়। দাল পাতত দিলে কোনেও নাপায়। একেদৰে ভগৱন্ত কৃষ্ণদেৱক পূজিলে সকলোৰে পূজা হয়। আন দেৱ-দেৱীক পৃথকে পূজাৰ কোনো প্ৰয়োজন নাই। শ্ৰীমন্ত শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ যুক্তিৰ ওচৰত হাৰ মানি মাধৱে তাৰাক গুৰু ভজি তেওঁ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা একশৰণ হৰি নাম ধৰ্মত শৰণ ললে। মাধৱ হৈ পৰিল গুৰুজনাৰ প্ৰপন্ন শিষ্য অভেদ আত্মা মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশ্ৰী মাধৱদেৱ। দুয়োজনা মহাপুৰুষৰ এই মহা মিলনক সাহিত্য ৰথী [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]দেৱে '''"মণি-কাঞ্চণ সংযোগ"''' বুলি অভিহিত কৰি গৈছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srimanta.net/contents_l3.php?q=3&ID=1&ID3=41&link_caption=Madhavadeva |title=Welcome to The Site |publisher=Srimanta.net |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16 |archivedate=2015-03-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319204909/http://srimanta.net/contents_l3.php?q=3&ID=1&ID3=41&link_caption=Madhavadeva |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==গুৰু শিষ্য সম্পৰ্ক== শ্ৰীশ্ৰী মাধৱদেৱ আৰু শ্ৰীমন্ত [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ মাজৰ গুৰু-শিষ্য সম্পৰ্ক মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ ইতিহাসত এক পবিত্ৰ আৰু গভীৰ সম্পৰ্ক হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। শংকৰদেৱৰ আধ্যাত্মিক দৃষ্টিভংগী, সাহিত্যিক প্ৰতিভা আৰু ধৰ্মীয় ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰ প্ৰতি মাধৱদেৱ দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি আকৃষ্ট হৈ আছিল। যদিও মাধৱদেৱ প্ৰথমতে শাক্ত ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাসী আছিল, কিন্তু বৈনায়েক ৰাম দাসৰ (গোপাল আতা<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 78–80.</ref>হৰিসৰণ)ৰ সৈতে বলি-বিতৰ্কৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ মনত প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন হয়, আৰু এই সময়তেই তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ সৈতে সাক্ষাৎ কৰে। ১৫৫১ চনত শ্ৰীশ্ৰী শংকৰদেৱৰ ওচৰত মাধৱদেৱে বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই সময়তেই তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ অন্যতম সৰ্বাধিক ঘনিষ্ঠ শিষ্য হৈ পৰে। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ নিৰ্দেশত বহু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ধৰ্মীয় গ্ৰন্থ, নাম-ঘোষা আৰু নাটন নাট প্ৰকাশ কৰে। মাধৱদেৱে শংকৰদেৱৰ অনুগামী হিচাপে কেবল ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষাৰ প্ৰসাৰেই কৰা নাই, তেওঁ তেওঁৰ গুৰুৰ আদৰ্শক জীৱনৰ শেষ পৰ্যন্ত পালন কৰি গৈছিল। শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে ধৰ্ম আন্দোলনৰ দায়িত্ব স্বীকাৰ কৰি সত্ৰ স্থাপন আৰু ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কৃতি সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে বিশাল ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ দৰ্শনক আগবঢ়াই সত্ৰ প্ৰথাৰ বিকাশ ঘটায়। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ আদৰ্শৰ পৰা কেতিয়াও বিচ্যুত নহ’ল, আৰু গুৰুৰ প্ৰতি অকুণ্ঠ বিশ্বাস, আস্থা আৰু শ্ৰদ্ধা দেখুৱাই চিৰস্মৰণীয় হ’ল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 250–253.</ref> ===গুৰু পত্নী [[কালিন্দী আই]] আৰু মাধৱদেৱ=== ==সত্ৰ স্থাপন== শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ সাংগঠনিক দিশ অধিক সুদৃঢ় কৰাৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন ঠাইত সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। সত্ৰসমূহ আছিল ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষা, নাম-প্ৰচাৰ আৰু শৃংখলিত ভক্তিসাধনাৰ কেন্দ্ৰ। ই একেলগে ধৰ্ম আৰু সমাজ গঠনৰে মূল আধাৰ ৰূপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 102–105.</ref> ===বৰপেটা সত্ৰ=== {{মূল|বৰপেটা সত্ৰ}} মাধৱদেৱে ১৫০৫ শকত (১৫৮৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰপেটা সত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল আৰু তাত তেওঁ ৮ বছৰ ধৰি আছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/tourism/barpeta-satra.php |title=Barpeta Satra (Xatra), Barpeta Kirtan Ghar - Barpeta, Assam, Religious and Cultural Centre |publisher=Onlinesivasagar.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-15}}</ref> তেওঁ [[মথুৰা দাস বুঢ়া আতা|শ্ৰীমথুৰা দাস বুঢ়া আতা]]ক সত্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সত্ৰাধিকাৰ হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিছিল। ===গণককুছি সত্ৰ=== গণককুছি সত্ৰ মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱে স্থাপন কৰা এখন ঐতিহ্যমণ্ডিত সত্ৰ। বৰপেটা চহৰৰ কাষতে থকা গণককুছি সত্ৰ এক ঐতিহাসিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান। এই সত্ৰত মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱে ১৮ বছৰ ৬ মাহ বসবাস কৰিছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ লগত ৰাম আতৈ, শ্ৰীৰাম আতৈকে আদি কৰি বহুকেইগৰাকী ভকত একেলগে বসবাস কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganakkuchi Satra: A Satra Established by Mahapurush Madhavdev|url=https://assam.news18.com/news/assam/ganakkuchi-satra-a-satra-established-by-mahapurush-madhavdev-skd-local18-411945.html |website=News18 Assam |language=as |access-date=12 June 2025 |publisher=News18 Network }}</ref> ===সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ=== {{মূল|সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ}} মাধৱদেৱে ১৫৭০ চনত সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল৷ বৰপেটা সত্ৰৰ উত্তৰ পূব কোণত প্ৰায় ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত বৰপেটা ভবানীপুৰ পথত এই সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ অৱস্থিত আৰু ইয়াতে মাধবদেৱে ১৪ বছৰ ছমাহ কাল বাস কৰি নানা পদ-পুথি ৰচনা কৰিছিল৷<ref name="সুন্দৰী">{{cite book | title=সচিত্ৰ সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ | publisher=সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ পৰিচালনা সমিতি | author=পাঠক, ৰাতুল (সম্পাদক) | year=২০০৮}}</ref> ===বাৰাদি সত্ৰ=== মাধৱদেৱে নিজে বাৰাদি সত্ৰত অৱস্থান কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক আধ্যাত্মিক সাধনা, ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ আৰু সাহিত্য সৃষ্টি (বিশেষকৈ নামঘোষা ৰচনা)ৰ বাবে এটা কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। বাৰাদি সত্ৰত মাধৱদেৱে শেষ জীৱনকাল অতিবাহিত কৰিছিল। এই সত্ৰ মাধৱদেৱৰ শেষ বাসস্থান হিচাপেও পৰিগণিত।<ref>Neog, Maheswar, pp. 296–297.</ref> === অন্যান্য সত্ৰ স্থাপন === মাধৱদেৱে নিজে কিছুমান সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ শিষ্যসকলে বহু সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ সত্ৰসমূহৰ মাধ্যমে মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম বিস্তাৰ কৰিবলৈ সংগঠিত প্ৰচেষ্টা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। নিচেই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কিছুমান সত্ৰ হ’ল— * '''আহতগুৰি সত্ৰ''' - ধৰ্মীয় চৰ্চা আৰু সংগঠনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এই সত্ৰ অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আছিল। * '''বেলগুৰি সত্ৰ''' - এই সত্ৰত মাধৱদেৱে বহুদিন ধৰি বাস কৰিছিল আৰু বহু শিষ্যক দীক্ষা দিছিল। * '''ধাইহাট সত্ৰ''' - মাধৱদেৱে জীবনৰ অন্তিম সময়চোৱাত এই সত্ৰত অৱস্থান কৰিছিল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 295–296.</ref> এই সত্ৰসমূহত মাধৱদেৱে শিষ্যৰ শিক্ষাদান, ধৰ্মীয় বিধিবিধান প্ৰৱৰ্তন আৰু কীৰ্তন আদি কাৰ্য চলাইছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N., pp. 111–113.</ref> সেয়ে এই সত্ৰসমূহ মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্মীয় দৃষ্টিভংগী, সংগঠন দক্ষতা আৰু শিষ্যনিৰ্ভৰ নেতৃত্বৰ পৰিচয় বহন কৰে। মাধৱদেৱে সত্ৰসমূহৰ মাধ্যমে ধৰ্মীয় আচাৰ-বিধি, নাম-কীৰ্তন আৰু আখণ্ড ভক্তিসাধনাৰ এক সাংগঠনিক সাঁচ গঢ়ি তোলে, যি বৰ্তমানো মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মৰ মূল আধাৰ ৰূপে চলি আহিছে। ==ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ== শ্ৰীমন্ত [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ দীক্ষিত শিষ্য হিচাপে মাধৱদেৱে অসমৰ মহাপুৰুষীয়া [[বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] বিস্তাৰত এক বিশিষ্ট ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে ধৰ্মীয় নেতৃত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰি ধৰ্মটোক অধিক সুসংগঠিত ৰূপ দিছিল। তেওঁৰ নেতৃত্বত সত্ৰ, নামঘৰ আৰু কীৰ্তনঘোষাৰ প্ৰচলন বৃদ্ধি পায়। মাধৱদেৱে শংকৰদেৱৰ দেখুৱোৱা ধৰ্মপথ অনুসৰি ঈশ্বৰৰ নাম গ্ৰহণ, শুদ্ধ ভক্তিৰ মাধ্যমে মুক্তিলাভ আৰু সামাজিক সমতা প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চললৈ গৈ ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু বহু লোকক দীক্ষা দিছিল। তেওঁৰ দীক্ষিত শিষ্যসকলৰ মাজত [[দামোদৰ দেৱ]], হৰিদাস ঠাকুৰ, অনন্ত দেৱ আদিৰ নাম উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 79–82.</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য দিশ আছিল নামঘোষাৰ মাধ্যমে ধৰ্মৰ বাণী জনসাধাৰণলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰা। তেওঁ ৰচনাৰ জৰিয়তে ধৰ্মক হৃদয়ঙ্গম কৰা সহজ কৰি তোলে। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ ৰচিত [[নামঘোষা]] কাব্যগ্ৰন্থখন মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মত অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান দখল কৰি আছে।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 290–292.</ref> তেওঁ [[সত্ৰ]] সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৱদান আগবঢ়াইছিল। তিনিআটি সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰা কথাও বিভিন্ন কৃতিত উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়। সত্ৰসমূহে ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষাদান, নৈতিক উন্নয়ন আৰু সাংগঠনিক দৃঢ়তা আগবঢ়াইছিল। এই ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ ফলস্বৰূপ, মাধৱদেৱৰ জীৱনকালতেই মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম অসমৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চললৈ বিস্তৃত হৈছিল। ===ধৰ্মৰ চাৰি বস্তু=== মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত "ধৰ্মৰ চাৰি বস্তু" বা "চাৰিখন বস্তু" বুলিলে নাম, দেৱ, গুৰু আৰু ভকতক বুজোৱা হয়। এই চাৰিটা বস্তুকে ধৰ্মীয় জীৱনৰ মূল আধাৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱে এই বস্তুসমূহৰ গুৰুত্ব ব্যাখ্যা কৰি ধৰ্মীয় অনুশাসনৰ ৰূপ দিছিল। * '''নাম''': ভগৱানৰ নাম লোৱাক (কীৰ্তন, নাম-ঘোষা) ধৰ্মৰ আটাইতকৈ মৌলিক আচাৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। নাম-স্মৰণেৰে ভক্ত ভগৱানৰ সৈতে আত্মিক সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰে। বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত নাম-ঘোষাৰ মাধ্যৰে আত্মশুদ্ধি আৰু মুক্তিৰ পথ দেখুওৱা হয়।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 220–221.</ref> * '''দেৱ''': দেৱ বুলিলে ভগৱানক বুজোৱা হয়। বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত ভগৱান (বিশেষকৈ কৃষ্ণ) একমাত্ৰ উপাস্য, আৰু তেওঁৰ ওপৰত একনিষ্ঠ ভক্তিৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। দেৱৰ উপাসনা সাধাৰণতে নামঘোষা, কীৰ্তন, আৰু একান্ত ভক্তিৰে কৰা হয়।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, p. 95.</ref> * '''গুৰু''': ধৰ্মপথৰ সঠিক দিশ দৰ্শোৱা জনক গুৰু বোলা হয়। গুৰুজনক ভগৱানৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্ধাৰিত পথত ভক্তক নিৰ্দেশনা দিয়া এজন আধ্যাত্মিক শিক্ষক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱে গুৰুৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য আৰু শ্ৰদ্ধাৰ ওপৰত বিশেষ গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিছিল।<ref>Barua, B.K. ''A Cultural History of Assam'', Lawyer’s Book Stall, 1951, pp. 273–275.</ref> * '''ভকত''': ভকত বুলিলে ভগৱানৰ ভক্তসকলক বুজোৱা হয়। মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মত ভকতসকলৰ সৈতে সম্প্ৰীতি, সহানুভূতি আৰু সমতা ৰাখিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হয়। সমাজত ধৰ্মীয় একতাৰ এক প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ভকতৰ স্থান বৰগম্ভীৰ।<ref>Neog, Maheswar, p. 222.</ref> এই চাৰি বস্তু — নাম, দেৱ, গুৰু আৰু ভকত — বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ ভিত্তি, যাৰ ওপৰত সৎ জীৱন, আধ্যাত্মিক সাধনা আৰু সামাজিক সদভাৱ স্থাপিত হয়। ===মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মৰ নৱৰত্ন লাভ=== ==কোচ ৰজাৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ== মাধৱদেৱে তেওঁৰ ধৰ্মীয় জীৱনৰ অন্তিম পৰ্যায়ত কোচ ৰাজ্যৰ ৰজা [[নৰনাৰায়ণ]] আৰু সেনাপতি [[চিলাৰায়]]ৰ পৰা বিশেষ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰিছিল। [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ দেহাৱসানৰ পাছত মাধৱদেৱ [[বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]]ৰ নেতৃত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰি ইয়াৰ বিস্তাৰ আৰু সুসংগঠনত মনোনিৱেশ কৰিছিল। এই সময়তে সেনাপতি চিলাৰায়ে তেওঁক [[কোচবিহাৰ]]লৈ নিমন্ত্ৰণ জনাইছিল, যিটো তেওঁ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, p. 302.</ref> চিলাৰায় মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্মীয় নিষ্ঠা আৰু ব্যতিক্ৰমী সাহিত্যিক প্ৰতিভাৰ প্ৰতি গভীৰ ভাবে আকৰ্ষিত হৈছিল। তেওঁ মাধৱদেৱক পূৰ্ণ স্বাধীনতা আৰু আশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰিছিল যাতে তেওঁ বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ শিক্ষা আৰু কীৰ্তন প্ৰথাৰ বিস্তাৰ অব্যাহত ৰাখিব পাৰে।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, p. 89.</ref> মাধৱদেৱে এই সময়তে কোচ ৰাজ্যত কেইবাটাও [[সত্ৰ]] স্থাপন কৰে, বিশেষকৈ সোণাৰী অঞ্চলত স্থাপিত সত্ৰটোৱে গুৰুত্ব লাভ কৰে। চিলাৰায়ে মাধৱদেৱক "মহাপুৰুষ" হিচাপে সম্বোধন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁৰ সাহিত্য আৰু ধৰ্মীয় কৰ্মকাণ্ডলৈ ৰাজআশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলস্বৰূপে [[বৰগীত]], নাট, নামপ্ৰসঙ্গ আদিৰ ব্যাপক বিস্তাৰ সাধন হৈছিল।<ref>Maheswar Neog, 1980, pp. 308–309.</ref> [[সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা]]ই মত দিছে যে, মাধৱদেৱে পোৱা এই ৰাজপৃষ্ঠপোষকতাই কেৱল বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানিক বিস্তাৰ নহয়, অসমীয়া সাহিত্য তথা সংস্কৃতিৰো বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N., 1966, p. 95.</ref> ==সাহিত্যকৃতি== ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ লগতে সাহিত্য সংস্কৃতিৰো পূজাৰী এইজনা মহান গুৰুৰ সাহিত্যিক জীৱনৰ কীৰ্তিস্তম্ভ হ’ল [[নামঘোষা]]। এহেজাৰটা ঘোষা থকা বাবে এইখনক হেজাৰী ঘোষা বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ একাধিক [[বৰগীত]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA387&lpg=PA387&dq=Madhavdeva&source=bl&ots=mVFY0yGOt5&sig=sTGlQ0j6_roY1CDvIGphD70yUiY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0LtEUbClB8LprQeIw4DQAg&ved=0CGoQ6AEwCTgU#v=onepage&q=Madhavdeva&f=false |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16}}</ref>, [[ভটিমা]], [[নাট]] ([[ভূমি লেটোৱা (ঝুমুৰা)|ঝুমুৰা]]) আদি ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মাধৱদেৱে বাৰকুৰি (দুশ চল্লিশ) বৰগীত ৰচনা কৰিছিল বুলি প্ৰবাদ আছে যদিও বৰ্তমান সৰ্বমুঠ নকুৰি এঘাৰটা (এশ একান্নবৈটা) মান গীতহে উপলব্ধ। অৱশ্যে ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কিছু সংখ্যক [[অংকীয়া নাট]]ৰ গীতো সন্নিৱিস্ত হৈ আছে। তেওঁ সৰ্বমুঠ ১৫৭টা [[বৰগীত]] ৰচনা কৰে জীৱন কালত, তাৰ ভিতৰত এটি উল্লেখনীয় বৰগীত হ’ল – ''তেজৰে কমলাপতি''। ===আখ্যানমূলক ৰচনা=== *ৰাজসূয় কাব্য *[https://as.m.wikisource.org/wiki/আদিকাণ্ড আদিকাণ্ড ৰামায়ণ] (অনুবাদ) ===তত্ত্বমূলক ৰচন=== *জন্মৰহস্য *[[ভক্তি ৰত্নাৱলী]] *নামমালিকা *[[নামঘোষা]]<ref name="মাধৱদেৱ"/> ===নাট=== *[[অৰ্জুন ভঞ্জন]] *দধিমথন ===ঝুমুৰা=== *[[চোৰধৰা]] *[[পিম্পৰা গুচোৱা]] *[[ভোজন বিহাৰ (ঝুমুৰা)]] *[[ভূমি লেটোৱা (ঝুমুৰা)]] *কোটোৰা খেলা ===অন্যান্য ৰচনা=== বৰ্তমানলৈকে পোৱা মাধৱদেৱৰ নামত প্ৰচলিত ঝুমুৰা ভূষণ হৰণ, ৰাস ঝুমুৰা, কোটোৰা খেলা, ব্ৰহ্মামোহন আদি তেখেতৰ স্বৰচিত হয়নে নহয় তাক সঠিককৈ জনা নাযায়। চৰিত পুথিত উল্লিখিত দুখনমান নাট, যেনে— ৰাম যাত্ৰা, নৃসিংহ যাত্ৰা, গোবৰ্দ্ধন যাত্ৰা আদি মাধৱদেৱৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত বুলি জনা যায় যদিও পাবলৈ নাই। ==তিৰোভাৱ== মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱৰ ১৫৯৬ চনত কোচবিহাৰৰ [[ভেলা সত্ৰ]]ত দেহাৱসান ঘটে<ref name="assaminfo1"/>। ==আৰু চাওক== {{wikisourcelang|as|লিখক: মাধৱদেৱ}} * [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ]] * [[নৱবৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] * [[সত্ৰ]] * [[বৰগীত]] * [[ভাওনা]] *[[পিম্পৰা গুচোৱা]] ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} {{অসমৰ প্ৰসিদ্ধ ব্যক্তি}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া কবি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ধৰ্মীয় গুৰু]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নৱবৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ পাব্লিক ডমেইনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত লিখক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভক্তি আন্দোলন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু সন্ত]] 28duo5jsbeu5i1l1w3z8fz1jx1t4laz 518608 518606 2025-06-16T18:06:59Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* বংশলতা আৰু জন্ম */ 518608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = মাধৱদেৱ | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = ১৪৮৯ চন | birth_place = [[নাৰায়ণপুৰ]], [[লখিমপুৰ জিলা|লখিমপুৰ]], [[অসম]] | death_date = ১৫৯৬ চন | death_place = [[কোচবিহাৰ]] | nationality = | other_names = বঢ়াৰ পো | religion = [[মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম]] | notable_works = [[বৰগীত]], [[ভক্তি ৰত্নাৱলী]], [[নামঘোষা]] | occupation = }} '''মাধৱদেৱ''' (১৪৮৯-১৫৯৬) [[অসম]]ৰ মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম বা [[এক শৰণ নাম ধৰ্ম]] প্ৰৱৰ্তনৰ এজন মূল হোতা আছিল। তেওঁ মহাপুৰুষ [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান শিষ্য আছিল।<ref name="assaminfo1">{{cite web|url=http://www.assaminfo.com/famous-people/52/mahapurush-srimanta-madhabdeva.htm |title=Mahapurush Srimanta Madhabdeva &#124; Srimanta Madhabdeva &#124; Mahapurush Madhabdeva &#124; Madhabdeva &#124; Sri Sri Madhabdeva &#124; History of Madhabdeva |publisher=Assaminfo.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16}}</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ গুৰু ভক্তিৰ বাবে তেওঁক বিশেষভাৱে জনা যায় আৰু তেওঁক শংকৰদেৱৰ প্ৰকৃত উত্তৰাধিকৰী হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱ বৈৰাগী আছিল কিন্তু জীৱন বিমুখী নাছিল। জীৱনৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আস্থা আছিল আৰু গোটেই জীৱনটো গভীৰ জ্ঞানান্বেষণেৰে উপভোগ কৰিব বিচাৰিছিল। মাধৱদেৱে বিষয়-বাসনাৰ প্ৰতি উৎসাহ নেদেখুৱাইছিল যদিও নিজৰ প্ৰতিজন শিষ্যকে খেতি-বাতি বা ব্যৱসায়-বাণিজ্যৰে স্বাৱলম্বী হবলৈ কৈছিল। পাছলৈ নিজেও কোচ ৰজাৰ অনুগ্ৰহত থাকি সাহিত্য আৰু ধৰ্ম চৰ্চা কৰিছিল। [[নামঘোষা]] আৰু ভক্তিৰত্নাৱলী মাধৱদেৱৰ অনুপম সৃষ্টি।<ref name="assaminfo1" /> ==বংশলতা আৰু জন্ম== [[File:মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্মস্থান ভৱনৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ২.jpg|thumb|মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্মস্থান ]] মাধবদেৱৰ আদিপুৰুষ হিচাপে চৰিত পুথি মতে কৃষ্ণ ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ বিষ্ণু ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গোপাল ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ কৃপাল ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাম ভূঞা, ৰাম ভূঞাৰ পুত্ৰ জনাৰ্দ্দন ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ চিৰাম ভূঞা, চিৰাম ভূঞাৰ পুত্ৰ মুকুন্দ ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গোবিন্দ্ৰ ভূঞা,<ref name="ম">{{cite book | title=সত্ৰীয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ স্বৰ্ণৰেখা | publisher=লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল | author=দেৱগোস্বামী, নাৰায়ণ চন্দ্ৰ | authorlink=মাধবদেৱ | year=১৯৮৪ | pages=৮০৫ | isbn=81-7331-103-X}}</ref> গোবিন্দৰ পিতৃভূমি আছিল বাণ্ডুকা(বৰ্তমান বাংলাদেশৰ ৰংপুৰ জিলাৰ অন্তৰ্গত)।<ref name="ম"/> গোবিন্দৰ কাণ দীঘল চানেকীয়া আছিল বাবে তেওঁক “বৰকণা’’ নাম দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name=":০:">{{cite book | title=মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশঙ্কৰদেৱ আৰু শ্ৰীমাধৱদেৱ চৰিত্ৰ | publisher=দত্তবৰুৱা পাব্লিছিং কোম্পানী প্ৰা: লি: | author=ঠাকুৰ, দৈত্যাৰী | authorlink=মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশ্ৰীমাধৱদেৱৰ আবিৰ্ভাৱ | year=২০০৪ তৃতীয় প্ৰকাশ | pages=২২,২৬}}</ref> গোবিন্দ্ৰৰ দুই পুত্ৰ আৰু এককন্যা ক্ৰমে, জ্যেষ্ঠ পুত্ৰ দামোদৰ, সৰু পুত্ৰ মাধবদেৱ কন্যা উৰ্বশী। দামোদৰৰ পত্নী সচী। তেওঁলোকৰ পুত্ৰ অনিৰুদ্ধ। তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ পৰশুৰাম, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ ৰামদেৱ আৰু ৰামদেৱৰ পুত্ৰ পৰমানন্দ।<ref name="মা">{{cite book | title=গুৰু চৰিত কথা | publisher=লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল | author=নেওগ, মহেশ্বৰ (সম্পাদিত) | authorlink=ছোট আতা বংশাৱলী চৰিত্ৰ (পৃ:৩৯,৪৩) | year=১৯৯৯ | pages=৩৯}}</ref> গোবিন্দৰ প্ৰথমা পত্নী অনুচিতাই দামোদৰক জন্ম দি ঢুকায়। পিছত দামোদৰলৈ বিয়া কৰাই গোবিন্দই বংশ-মিত্ৰ বিচাৰি বিচাৰি বাণ্ডুকাৰ পৰা আলিপুখুৰী পালেগৈ। তাতে কুসুম্বৰে চিনাকি পাই একে বংশৰে মনোহৰী নামৰ এক কন্যাক গোবিন্দত বিয়া দিলে<ref name="ম"/> আৰু ৰৌতাৰ পাৰত বৰা বিষয় বাব দিলে।<ref name="মা"/> কিছুদিন পিছতে ভোটৰ উৎপাতত গৰ্ভৱতী পত্নীসহ গোবিন্দই সেই ঠাইৰ পৰা পলায়ন কৰে।<ref name=":০:"/> তেওঁলোকক আহোম ৰাজবিষয়া হৰিসিংহ বৰাই পাই আশ্ৰয় দিয়ে।<ref name=":০:"/> তেওঁৰ ঘৰ আছিল, লক্ষিমপুৰৰ নাৰায়ণপুৰ অঞ্চলৰ লেতেকুপুখুৰী গাঁৱত।<ref name="ম"/> এই হৰিসিংহ বা হৰিশিঙা বৰাৰ ঘৰতে মনোহৰী আয়ে ১৪১১ শকত(১৪৮৯ চন) জেঠ মাহৰ ৰবিবাৰ, অমাৱস্যা তিথিত ভৰণী নক্ষত্ৰত ৰাতি দুই প্ৰহৰ যাওঁতে মাধবদেৱক জন্ম দিয়ে।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/><ref name="মাধৱদেৱ">{{cite book | title=আমাৰ মাধৱদেৱ | publisher=বনলতা | author=পাৰ্থপ্ৰতীম শৰ্মা| year=২০০৮ | pages=২১}}</ref><ref>Maheshwar Neog (1980). Early History of the Vaishnava Faith and Movement in Assam. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ গুপ্ত নাম আছিল, ৰত্নাকৰ।<ref name=":০:"/> গোবিন্দৰ আশ্ৰয়দাতা বৰা-বৰানীয়ে নিজ সন্তান নথকা বাবে মাধবদেৱক নিজা পুত্ৰজ্ঞান কৰিছিল।<ref name="মা"/> সেই সময়তে ঘোৰ দুৰ্ভিক্ষ হোৱাত মাধবদেৱ পিতৃ-মাতৃৰে সৈতে সেই ঠাইৰে ঘাঘৰি মাজিৰ ঘৰত আশ্ৰয় লয়।<ref name=":০:"/> তাতেই মাধবদেৱৰ ভনীয়েক উৰ্বশীৰ জন্ম হয়<ref name=":০:"/> আৰু বিবহযোগ্য হোৱাত তেওঁলোক হোকৰাকুছিলৈ যায়।<ref name=":০:"/> তাতে গয়াপাণি বা ৰাম দাসৰ হাতত কন্যটি সঁপি দি পুত্ৰ সমন্বিতে পুনৰ বাণ্ডুকালৈ যায়।<ref name="ম"/> বাণ্ডুকাতেই গোবিন্দ ভূঞাৰ পৰলোকগমন হয়। মাধবদেৱৰ পিতৃ গোবিন্দগিৰি ভূঞাই বাণ্ডুকাবেহাৰৰ মজিন্দাৰ আছিল<ref name="+০+">{{cite journal | title=অসমৰ ভূঞাসকলৰ আঁতিগুৰি বিচাৰি | author=ভূঞা, অপূৰ্ব | journal=প্ৰান্তিক | year=২০১১ | month=১-১৫ জুলাই | issue=১৫শ সংখ্যা | pages=৩৫}}</ref> আৰু পিতৃৰ পিছত দামোদৰেও খেতি-বাতি আৰু বণিজ কৰাৰ উপৰি ৰজাঘৰীয়া মজিন্দাৰী কাম কৰিছিল। মাধবদেৱে ককায়েকক সহায় কৰিছিল। কিছুকালৰ পিছত তেওঁ তাৰ পৰা টেম্বুৱানীত থকা মাতৃৰ কাষলৈ প্ৰত্যবৰ্তন কৰিছিল।<ref name="ম"/><ref name=":০:"/> ১৪৮৯ চনত [[নাৰায়ণপুৰ]] নামে ঠাইৰ ৰঙাজান আৰু কাঁচিকটা নদীৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত [[লেতেকুপুখুৰী]] নামৰ ঠাইৰ হৰিশিঙা বৰা উজীৰৰ ঘৰত মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্ম হয়।<ref name="assaminfo1"/> প্ৰবাদ আছে যে মাধৱদেৱৰ নাইকটা কাঁচিখন পেলোৱাৰ বাবে ওচৰৰ নদীখনৰ নাম কাঁচিকটা আৰু প্ৰসূতিৰ তেজলগা কাপোৰ ধোৱাৰ বাবে ওচৰৰ জানটোৰ পানীৰ বৰণ ৰঙা হৈ পৰাত পৰৱৰ্তী কালত ইয়াৰ নাম ৰঙাজান হয়।{{cn}} ===শিক্ষা=== বাণ্ডুকাৰ ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ অধ্যাপকৰ ছাত্ৰশালাত মাধবদেৱৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক শিক্ষা লাভ হয়। এক বছৰ শিক্ষা লাভ কৰিয়েই তেওঁ ব্যাকৰণ, পুৰাণ, ভাগৱত আদি নানা শাস্ত্ৰ আয়ত্ব কৰিছিল।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/> ===শিশুকালৰ লগৰীয়া=== মাধবদেৱৰ শিশুকালৰ লগৰীয়াসকলৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰধান নজনা বন্ধু আছিল-হৰি, হৰিবৰ, হৰাই,নিৰাই, নিৰঞ্জন, নিৰামই, নৰহৰি, নাৰায়ণ আৰু নৰোত্তম।<ref name="মা"/> অন্য সাধাৰণ শিশুৰ দৰেই ল’ৰালি কালছোৱা মাধবদেৱ উমলি-জামলি ডাঙৰ হৈছিল। চৰিত-পুথিসমুহত তেওঁৰ বাল্যকালৰ ক্ৰিয়া-কাণ্ডত যথেষ্ট অলৌকিকতা বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। ==মণি-কাঞ্চণ সংযোগ== বাণ্ডুকাৰ পৰা উভতি আহোঁতে বাটতে মাকৰ টান নৰীয়া হোৱাৰ খবৰ পাই মাতৃৰ সুস্বাস্থ্য কামনা কৰি দুৰ্গা গোঁসানীলৈ এযোৰ বগা পঠা আগ কৰে।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/> শংকৰদেৱক লগ পোৱাৰ আগতে মাধৱদেৱ ঘোৰ শাক্ত ধৰ্মী লোক আছিল। এবাৰ মাকৰ অসুখ হোৱাত তেওঁ দেৱীৰ আগত দুটা ছাগলী বলি দিম বুলি প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰিলে যদিহে মাকৰ অসুখ ভাল হয়। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ছাগলী দুটা আনিবলৈ নিজৰ ভনীজোঁৱায়েক ৰামদাসক পাচিলে ভনীজোঁৱায়েকে তেওঁৰ কথা নুশুনি ক’লে যে বলি বিধান অপ্ৰয়োজনীয় প্ৰথা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰা কোনেও সুফল নাপায়। তেওঁ আৰু ক'লে যে তেওঁ ইতিমধ্যে শংকৰদেৱক গুৰু মানি এক শৰণ হৰি নাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছে আৰু মাধৱেও তাকে কৰিব লাগে। এই কথা শুনি মাধৱদেৱ ক্ৰোধিত হয় আৰু শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ ওচৰলৈ গৈ তেওঁৰ যুক্তি তৰ্ক আৰম্ভ কৰিলে। মাধৱে আগমৰ যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় আৰু গুৰুজনাই নিগমৰ যুক্তিৰে খন্দন কৰে। এনেদৰে তিনি প্ৰহৰ তৰ্ক যুদ্ধ হ'ল। শেষত গুৰু জনাই শ্ৰীমদ্ভাগৱতৰ চতুৰ্থ স্কন্ধৰ '''"যথা তৰুৰ মূল -------"''' শ্লোকটিৰে মাধৱক পৰাস্ত কৰে। শ্লোকটিৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল গছৰ গুৰিত পানী দিলে দাল পাত সকলোৱে পায়। দাল পাতত দিলে কোনেও নাপায়। একেদৰে ভগৱন্ত কৃষ্ণদেৱক পূজিলে সকলোৰে পূজা হয়। আন দেৱ-দেৱীক পৃথকে পূজাৰ কোনো প্ৰয়োজন নাই। শ্ৰীমন্ত শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ যুক্তিৰ ওচৰত হাৰ মানি মাধৱে তাৰাক গুৰু ভজি তেওঁ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা একশৰণ হৰি নাম ধৰ্মত শৰণ ললে। মাধৱ হৈ পৰিল গুৰুজনাৰ প্ৰপন্ন শিষ্য অভেদ আত্মা মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশ্ৰী মাধৱদেৱ। দুয়োজনা মহাপুৰুষৰ এই মহা মিলনক সাহিত্য ৰথী [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]দেৱে '''"মণি-কাঞ্চণ সংযোগ"''' বুলি অভিহিত কৰি গৈছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srimanta.net/contents_l3.php?q=3&ID=1&ID3=41&link_caption=Madhavadeva |title=Welcome to The Site |publisher=Srimanta.net |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16 |archivedate=2015-03-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319204909/http://srimanta.net/contents_l3.php?q=3&ID=1&ID3=41&link_caption=Madhavadeva |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==গুৰু শিষ্য সম্পৰ্ক== শ্ৰীশ্ৰী মাধৱদেৱ আৰু শ্ৰীমন্ত [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ মাজৰ গুৰু-শিষ্য সম্পৰ্ক মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ ইতিহাসত এক পবিত্ৰ আৰু গভীৰ সম্পৰ্ক হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। শংকৰদেৱৰ আধ্যাত্মিক দৃষ্টিভংগী, সাহিত্যিক প্ৰতিভা আৰু ধৰ্মীয় ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰ প্ৰতি মাধৱদেৱ দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি আকৃষ্ট হৈ আছিল। যদিও মাধৱদেৱ প্ৰথমতে শাক্ত ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাসী আছিল, কিন্তু বৈনায়েক ৰাম দাসৰ (গোপাল আতা<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 78–80.</ref>হৰিসৰণ)ৰ সৈতে বলি-বিতৰ্কৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ মনত প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন হয়, আৰু এই সময়তেই তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ সৈতে সাক্ষাৎ কৰে। ১৫৫১ চনত শ্ৰীশ্ৰী শংকৰদেৱৰ ওচৰত মাধৱদেৱে বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই সময়তেই তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ অন্যতম সৰ্বাধিক ঘনিষ্ঠ শিষ্য হৈ পৰে। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ নিৰ্দেশত বহু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ধৰ্মীয় গ্ৰন্থ, নাম-ঘোষা আৰু নাটন নাট প্ৰকাশ কৰে। মাধৱদেৱে শংকৰদেৱৰ অনুগামী হিচাপে কেবল ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষাৰ প্ৰসাৰেই কৰা নাই, তেওঁ তেওঁৰ গুৰুৰ আদৰ্শক জীৱনৰ শেষ পৰ্যন্ত পালন কৰি গৈছিল। শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে ধৰ্ম আন্দোলনৰ দায়িত্ব স্বীকাৰ কৰি সত্ৰ স্থাপন আৰু ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কৃতি সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে বিশাল ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ দৰ্শনক আগবঢ়াই সত্ৰ প্ৰথাৰ বিকাশ ঘটায়। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ আদৰ্শৰ পৰা কেতিয়াও বিচ্যুত নহ’ল, আৰু গুৰুৰ প্ৰতি অকুণ্ঠ বিশ্বাস, আস্থা আৰু শ্ৰদ্ধা দেখুৱাই চিৰস্মৰণীয় হ’ল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 250–253.</ref> ===গুৰু পত্নী [[কালিন্দী আই]] আৰু মাধৱদেৱ=== ==সত্ৰ স্থাপন== শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ সাংগঠনিক দিশ অধিক সুদৃঢ় কৰাৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন ঠাইত সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। সত্ৰসমূহ আছিল ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষা, নাম-প্ৰচাৰ আৰু শৃংখলিত ভক্তিসাধনাৰ কেন্দ্ৰ। ই একেলগে ধৰ্ম আৰু সমাজ গঠনৰে মূল আধাৰ ৰূপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 102–105.</ref> ===বৰপেটা সত্ৰ=== {{মূল|বৰপেটা সত্ৰ}} মাধৱদেৱে ১৫০৫ শকত (১৫৮৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰপেটা সত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল আৰু তাত তেওঁ ৮ বছৰ ধৰি আছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/tourism/barpeta-satra.php |title=Barpeta Satra (Xatra), Barpeta Kirtan Ghar - Barpeta, Assam, Religious and Cultural Centre |publisher=Onlinesivasagar.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-15}}</ref> তেওঁ [[মথুৰা দাস বুঢ়া আতা|শ্ৰীমথুৰা দাস বুঢ়া আতা]]ক সত্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সত্ৰাধিকাৰ হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিছিল। ===গণককুছি সত্ৰ=== গণককুছি সত্ৰ মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱে স্থাপন কৰা এখন ঐতিহ্যমণ্ডিত সত্ৰ। বৰপেটা চহৰৰ কাষতে থকা গণককুছি সত্ৰ এক ঐতিহাসিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান। এই সত্ৰত মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱে ১৮ বছৰ ৬ মাহ বসবাস কৰিছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ লগত ৰাম আতৈ, শ্ৰীৰাম আতৈকে আদি কৰি বহুকেইগৰাকী ভকত একেলগে বসবাস কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganakkuchi Satra: A Satra Established by Mahapurush Madhavdev|url=https://assam.news18.com/news/assam/ganakkuchi-satra-a-satra-established-by-mahapurush-madhavdev-skd-local18-411945.html |website=News18 Assam |language=as |access-date=12 June 2025 |publisher=News18 Network }}</ref> ===সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ=== {{মূল|সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ}} মাধৱদেৱে ১৫৭০ চনত সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল৷ বৰপেটা সত্ৰৰ উত্তৰ পূব কোণত প্ৰায় ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত বৰপেটা ভবানীপুৰ পথত এই সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ অৱস্থিত আৰু ইয়াতে মাধবদেৱে ১৪ বছৰ ছমাহ কাল বাস কৰি নানা পদ-পুথি ৰচনা কৰিছিল৷<ref name="সুন্দৰী">{{cite book | title=সচিত্ৰ সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ | publisher=সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ পৰিচালনা সমিতি | author=পাঠক, ৰাতুল (সম্পাদক) | year=২০০৮}}</ref> ===বাৰাদি সত্ৰ=== মাধৱদেৱে নিজে বাৰাদি সত্ৰত অৱস্থান কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক আধ্যাত্মিক সাধনা, ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ আৰু সাহিত্য সৃষ্টি (বিশেষকৈ নামঘোষা ৰচনা)ৰ বাবে এটা কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। বাৰাদি সত্ৰত মাধৱদেৱে শেষ জীৱনকাল অতিবাহিত কৰিছিল। এই সত্ৰ মাধৱদেৱৰ শেষ বাসস্থান হিচাপেও পৰিগণিত।<ref>Neog, Maheswar, pp. 296–297.</ref> === অন্যান্য সত্ৰ স্থাপন === মাধৱদেৱে নিজে কিছুমান সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ শিষ্যসকলে বহু সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ সত্ৰসমূহৰ মাধ্যমে মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম বিস্তাৰ কৰিবলৈ সংগঠিত প্ৰচেষ্টা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। নিচেই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কিছুমান সত্ৰ হ’ল— * '''আহতগুৰি সত্ৰ''' - ধৰ্মীয় চৰ্চা আৰু সংগঠনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এই সত্ৰ অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আছিল। * '''বেলগুৰি সত্ৰ''' - এই সত্ৰত মাধৱদেৱে বহুদিন ধৰি বাস কৰিছিল আৰু বহু শিষ্যক দীক্ষা দিছিল। * '''ধাইহাট সত্ৰ''' - মাধৱদেৱে জীবনৰ অন্তিম সময়চোৱাত এই সত্ৰত অৱস্থান কৰিছিল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 295–296.</ref> এই সত্ৰসমূহত মাধৱদেৱে শিষ্যৰ শিক্ষাদান, ধৰ্মীয় বিধিবিধান প্ৰৱৰ্তন আৰু কীৰ্তন আদি কাৰ্য চলাইছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N., pp. 111–113.</ref> সেয়ে এই সত্ৰসমূহ মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্মীয় দৃষ্টিভংগী, সংগঠন দক্ষতা আৰু শিষ্যনিৰ্ভৰ নেতৃত্বৰ পৰিচয় বহন কৰে। মাধৱদেৱে সত্ৰসমূহৰ মাধ্যমে ধৰ্মীয় আচাৰ-বিধি, নাম-কীৰ্তন আৰু আখণ্ড ভক্তিসাধনাৰ এক সাংগঠনিক সাঁচ গঢ়ি তোলে, যি বৰ্তমানো মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মৰ মূল আধাৰ ৰূপে চলি আহিছে। ==ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ== শ্ৰীমন্ত [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ দীক্ষিত শিষ্য হিচাপে মাধৱদেৱে অসমৰ মহাপুৰুষীয়া [[বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] বিস্তাৰত এক বিশিষ্ট ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে ধৰ্মীয় নেতৃত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰি ধৰ্মটোক অধিক সুসংগঠিত ৰূপ দিছিল। তেওঁৰ নেতৃত্বত সত্ৰ, নামঘৰ আৰু কীৰ্তনঘোষাৰ প্ৰচলন বৃদ্ধি পায়। মাধৱদেৱে শংকৰদেৱৰ দেখুৱোৱা ধৰ্মপথ অনুসৰি ঈশ্বৰৰ নাম গ্ৰহণ, শুদ্ধ ভক্তিৰ মাধ্যমে মুক্তিলাভ আৰু সামাজিক সমতা প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চললৈ গৈ ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু বহু লোকক দীক্ষা দিছিল। তেওঁৰ দীক্ষিত শিষ্যসকলৰ মাজত [[দামোদৰ দেৱ]], হৰিদাস ঠাকুৰ, অনন্ত দেৱ আদিৰ নাম উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 79–82.</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য দিশ আছিল নামঘোষাৰ মাধ্যমে ধৰ্মৰ বাণী জনসাধাৰণলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰা। তেওঁ ৰচনাৰ জৰিয়তে ধৰ্মক হৃদয়ঙ্গম কৰা সহজ কৰি তোলে। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ ৰচিত [[নামঘোষা]] কাব্যগ্ৰন্থখন মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মত অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান দখল কৰি আছে।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 290–292.</ref> তেওঁ [[সত্ৰ]] সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৱদান আগবঢ়াইছিল। তিনিআটি সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰা কথাও বিভিন্ন কৃতিত উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়। সত্ৰসমূহে ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষাদান, নৈতিক উন্নয়ন আৰু সাংগঠনিক দৃঢ়তা আগবঢ়াইছিল। এই ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ ফলস্বৰূপ, মাধৱদেৱৰ জীৱনকালতেই মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম অসমৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চললৈ বিস্তৃত হৈছিল। ===ধৰ্মৰ চাৰি বস্তু=== মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত "ধৰ্মৰ চাৰি বস্তু" বা "চাৰিখন বস্তু" বুলিলে নাম, দেৱ, গুৰু আৰু ভকতক বুজোৱা হয়। এই চাৰিটা বস্তুকে ধৰ্মীয় জীৱনৰ মূল আধাৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱে এই বস্তুসমূহৰ গুৰুত্ব ব্যাখ্যা কৰি ধৰ্মীয় অনুশাসনৰ ৰূপ দিছিল। * '''নাম''': ভগৱানৰ নাম লোৱাক (কীৰ্তন, নাম-ঘোষা) ধৰ্মৰ আটাইতকৈ মৌলিক আচাৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। নাম-স্মৰণেৰে ভক্ত ভগৱানৰ সৈতে আত্মিক সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰে। বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত নাম-ঘোষাৰ মাধ্যৰে আত্মশুদ্ধি আৰু মুক্তিৰ পথ দেখুওৱা হয়।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 220–221.</ref> * '''দেৱ''': দেৱ বুলিলে ভগৱানক বুজোৱা হয়। বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত ভগৱান (বিশেষকৈ কৃষ্ণ) একমাত্ৰ উপাস্য, আৰু তেওঁৰ ওপৰত একনিষ্ঠ ভক্তিৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। দেৱৰ উপাসনা সাধাৰণতে নামঘোষা, কীৰ্তন, আৰু একান্ত ভক্তিৰে কৰা হয়।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, p. 95.</ref> * '''গুৰু''': ধৰ্মপথৰ সঠিক দিশ দৰ্শোৱা জনক গুৰু বোলা হয়। গুৰুজনক ভগৱানৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্ধাৰিত পথত ভক্তক নিৰ্দেশনা দিয়া এজন আধ্যাত্মিক শিক্ষক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱে গুৰুৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য আৰু শ্ৰদ্ধাৰ ওপৰত বিশেষ গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিছিল।<ref>Barua, B.K. ''A Cultural History of Assam'', Lawyer’s Book Stall, 1951, pp. 273–275.</ref> * '''ভকত''': ভকত বুলিলে ভগৱানৰ ভক্তসকলক বুজোৱা হয়। মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মত ভকতসকলৰ সৈতে সম্প্ৰীতি, সহানুভূতি আৰু সমতা ৰাখিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হয়। সমাজত ধৰ্মীয় একতাৰ এক প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ভকতৰ স্থান বৰগম্ভীৰ।<ref>Neog, Maheswar, p. 222.</ref> এই চাৰি বস্তু — নাম, দেৱ, গুৰু আৰু ভকত — বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ ভিত্তি, যাৰ ওপৰত সৎ জীৱন, আধ্যাত্মিক সাধনা আৰু সামাজিক সদভাৱ স্থাপিত হয়। ===মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মৰ নৱৰত্ন লাভ=== ==কোচ ৰজাৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ== মাধৱদেৱে তেওঁৰ ধৰ্মীয় জীৱনৰ অন্তিম পৰ্যায়ত কোচ ৰাজ্যৰ ৰজা [[নৰনাৰায়ণ]] আৰু সেনাপতি [[চিলাৰায়]]ৰ পৰা বিশেষ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰিছিল। [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ দেহাৱসানৰ পাছত মাধৱদেৱ [[বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]]ৰ নেতৃত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰি ইয়াৰ বিস্তাৰ আৰু সুসংগঠনত মনোনিৱেশ কৰিছিল। এই সময়তে সেনাপতি চিলাৰায়ে তেওঁক [[কোচবিহাৰ]]লৈ নিমন্ত্ৰণ জনাইছিল, যিটো তেওঁ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, p. 302.</ref> চিলাৰায় মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্মীয় নিষ্ঠা আৰু ব্যতিক্ৰমী সাহিত্যিক প্ৰতিভাৰ প্ৰতি গভীৰ ভাবে আকৰ্ষিত হৈছিল। তেওঁ মাধৱদেৱক পূৰ্ণ স্বাধীনতা আৰু আশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰিছিল যাতে তেওঁ বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ শিক্ষা আৰু কীৰ্তন প্ৰথাৰ বিস্তাৰ অব্যাহত ৰাখিব পাৰে।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, p. 89.</ref> মাধৱদেৱে এই সময়তে কোচ ৰাজ্যত কেইবাটাও [[সত্ৰ]] স্থাপন কৰে, বিশেষকৈ সোণাৰী অঞ্চলত স্থাপিত সত্ৰটোৱে গুৰুত্ব লাভ কৰে। চিলাৰায়ে মাধৱদেৱক "মহাপুৰুষ" হিচাপে সম্বোধন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁৰ সাহিত্য আৰু ধৰ্মীয় কৰ্মকাণ্ডলৈ ৰাজআশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলস্বৰূপে [[বৰগীত]], নাট, নামপ্ৰসঙ্গ আদিৰ ব্যাপক বিস্তাৰ সাধন হৈছিল।<ref>Maheswar Neog, 1980, pp. 308–309.</ref> [[সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা]]ই মত দিছে যে, মাধৱদেৱে পোৱা এই ৰাজপৃষ্ঠপোষকতাই কেৱল বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানিক বিস্তাৰ নহয়, অসমীয়া সাহিত্য তথা সংস্কৃতিৰো বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N., 1966, p. 95.</ref> ==সাহিত্যকৃতি== ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ লগতে সাহিত্য সংস্কৃতিৰো পূজাৰী এইজনা মহান গুৰুৰ সাহিত্যিক জীৱনৰ কীৰ্তিস্তম্ভ হ’ল [[নামঘোষা]]। এহেজাৰটা ঘোষা থকা বাবে এইখনক হেজাৰী ঘোষা বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ একাধিক [[বৰগীত]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA387&lpg=PA387&dq=Madhavdeva&source=bl&ots=mVFY0yGOt5&sig=sTGlQ0j6_roY1CDvIGphD70yUiY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0LtEUbClB8LprQeIw4DQAg&ved=0CGoQ6AEwCTgU#v=onepage&q=Madhavdeva&f=false |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16}}</ref>, [[ভটিমা]], [[নাট]] ([[ভূমি লেটোৱা (ঝুমুৰা)|ঝুমুৰা]]) আদি ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মাধৱদেৱে বাৰকুৰি (দুশ চল্লিশ) বৰগীত ৰচনা কৰিছিল বুলি প্ৰবাদ আছে যদিও বৰ্তমান সৰ্বমুঠ নকুৰি এঘাৰটা (এশ একান্নবৈটা) মান গীতহে উপলব্ধ। অৱশ্যে ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কিছু সংখ্যক [[অংকীয়া নাট]]ৰ গীতো সন্নিৱিস্ত হৈ আছে। তেওঁ সৰ্বমুঠ ১৫৭টা [[বৰগীত]] ৰচনা কৰে জীৱন কালত, তাৰ ভিতৰত এটি উল্লেখনীয় বৰগীত হ’ল – ''তেজৰে কমলাপতি''। ===আখ্যানমূলক ৰচনা=== *ৰাজসূয় কাব্য *[https://as.m.wikisource.org/wiki/আদিকাণ্ড আদিকাণ্ড ৰামায়ণ] (অনুবাদ) ===তত্ত্বমূলক ৰচন=== *জন্মৰহস্য *[[ভক্তি ৰত্নাৱলী]] *নামমালিকা *[[নামঘোষা]]<ref name="মাধৱদেৱ"/> ===নাট=== *[[অৰ্জুন ভঞ্জন]] *দধিমথন ===ঝুমুৰা=== *[[চোৰধৰা]] *[[পিম্পৰা গুচোৱা]] *[[ভোজন বিহাৰ (ঝুমুৰা)]] *[[ভূমি লেটোৱা (ঝুমুৰা)]] *কোটোৰা খেলা ===অন্যান্য ৰচনা=== বৰ্তমানলৈকে পোৱা মাধৱদেৱৰ নামত প্ৰচলিত ঝুমুৰা ভূষণ হৰণ, ৰাস ঝুমুৰা, কোটোৰা খেলা, ব্ৰহ্মামোহন আদি তেখেতৰ স্বৰচিত হয়নে নহয় তাক সঠিককৈ জনা নাযায়। চৰিত পুথিত উল্লিখিত দুখনমান নাট, যেনে— ৰাম যাত্ৰা, নৃসিংহ যাত্ৰা, গোবৰ্দ্ধন যাত্ৰা আদি মাধৱদেৱৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত বুলি জনা যায় যদিও পাবলৈ নাই। ==তিৰোভাৱ== মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱৰ ১৫৯৬ চনত কোচবিহাৰৰ [[ভেলা সত্ৰ]]ত দেহাৱসান ঘটে<ref name="assaminfo1"/>। ==আৰু চাওক== {{wikisourcelang|as|লিখক: মাধৱদেৱ}} * [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ]] * [[নৱবৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] * [[সত্ৰ]] * [[বৰগীত]] * [[ভাওনা]] *[[পিম্পৰা গুচোৱা]] ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} {{অসমৰ প্ৰসিদ্ধ ব্যক্তি}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া কবি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ধৰ্মীয় গুৰু]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নৱবৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ পাব্লিক ডমেইনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত লিখক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভক্তি আন্দোলন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু সন্ত]] hb7zk0n5xi7mg2g28w9onpq9a7kphm7 518609 518608 2025-06-16T18:10:25Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* বংশলতা আৰু জন্ম */ 518609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = মাধৱদেৱ | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = ১৪৮৯ চন | birth_place = [[নাৰায়ণপুৰ]], [[লখিমপুৰ জিলা|লখিমপুৰ]], [[অসম]] | death_date = ১৫৯৬ চন | death_place = [[কোচবিহাৰ]] | nationality = | other_names = বঢ়াৰ পো | religion = [[মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম]] | notable_works = [[বৰগীত]], [[ভক্তি ৰত্নাৱলী]], [[নামঘোষা]] | occupation = }} '''মাধৱদেৱ''' (১৪৮৯-১৫৯৬) [[অসম]]ৰ মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম বা [[এক শৰণ নাম ধৰ্ম]] প্ৰৱৰ্তনৰ এজন মূল হোতা আছিল। তেওঁ মহাপুৰুষ [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান শিষ্য আছিল।<ref name="assaminfo1">{{cite web|url=http://www.assaminfo.com/famous-people/52/mahapurush-srimanta-madhabdeva.htm |title=Mahapurush Srimanta Madhabdeva &#124; Srimanta Madhabdeva &#124; Mahapurush Madhabdeva &#124; Madhabdeva &#124; Sri Sri Madhabdeva &#124; History of Madhabdeva |publisher=Assaminfo.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16}}</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ গুৰু ভক্তিৰ বাবে তেওঁক বিশেষভাৱে জনা যায় আৰু তেওঁক শংকৰদেৱৰ প্ৰকৃত উত্তৰাধিকৰী হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱ বৈৰাগী আছিল কিন্তু জীৱন বিমুখী নাছিল। জীৱনৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আস্থা আছিল আৰু গোটেই জীৱনটো গভীৰ জ্ঞানান্বেষণেৰে উপভোগ কৰিব বিচাৰিছিল। মাধৱদেৱে বিষয়-বাসনাৰ প্ৰতি উৎসাহ নেদেখুৱাইছিল যদিও নিজৰ প্ৰতিজন শিষ্যকে খেতি-বাতি বা ব্যৱসায়-বাণিজ্যৰে স্বাৱলম্বী হবলৈ কৈছিল। পাছলৈ নিজেও কোচ ৰজাৰ অনুগ্ৰহত থাকি সাহিত্য আৰু ধৰ্ম চৰ্চা কৰিছিল। [[নামঘোষা]] আৰু ভক্তিৰত্নাৱলী মাধৱদেৱৰ অনুপম সৃষ্টি।<ref name="assaminfo1" /> ==বংশলতা আৰু জন্ম== [[File:মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্মস্থান ভৱনৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ২.jpg|thumb|মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্মস্থান ]] মাধবদেৱৰ আদিপুৰুষ হিচাপে চৰিত পুথি মতে কৃষ্ণ ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ বিষ্ণু ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গোপাল ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ কৃপাল ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাম ভূঞা, ৰাম ভূঞাৰ পুত্ৰ জনাৰ্দ্দন ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ চিৰাম ভূঞা, চিৰাম ভূঞাৰ পুত্ৰ মুকুন্দ ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গোবিন্দ্ৰ ভূঞা,<ref name="ম">{{cite book | title=সত্ৰীয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ স্বৰ্ণৰেখা | publisher=লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল | author=দেৱগোস্বামী, নাৰায়ণ চন্দ্ৰ | authorlink=মাধবদেৱ | year=১৯৮৪ | pages=৮০৫ | isbn=81-7331-103-X}}</ref> গোবিন্দৰ পিতৃভূমি আছিল বাণ্ডুকা(বৰ্তমান বাংলাদেশৰ ৰংপুৰ জিলাৰ অন্তৰ্গত)।<ref name="ম"/> গোবিন্দৰ কাণ দীঘল চানেকীয়া আছিল বাবে তেওঁক “বৰকণা’’ নাম দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name=":০:">{{cite book | title=মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশঙ্কৰদেৱ আৰু শ্ৰীমাধৱদেৱ চৰিত্ৰ | publisher=দত্তবৰুৱা পাব্লিছিং কোম্পানী প্ৰা: লি: | author=ঠাকুৰ, দৈত্যাৰী | authorlink=মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশ্ৰীমাধৱদেৱৰ আবিৰ্ভাৱ | year=২০০৪ তৃতীয় প্ৰকাশ | pages=২২,২৬, ৪৬,}}</ref> গোবিন্দ্ৰৰ দুই পুত্ৰ আৰু এককন্যা ক্ৰমে, জ্যেষ্ঠ পুত্ৰ দামোদৰ, সৰু পুত্ৰ মাধবদেৱ কন্যা উৰ্বশী। দামোদৰৰ পত্নী সচী। তেওঁলোকৰ পুত্ৰ অনিৰুদ্ধ। তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ পৰশুৰাম, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ ৰামদেৱ আৰু ৰামদেৱৰ পুত্ৰ পৰমানন্দ।<ref name="মা">{{cite book | title=গুৰু চৰিত কথা | publisher=লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল | author=নেওগ, মহেশ্বৰ (সম্পাদিত) | authorlink=ছোট আতা বংশাৱলী চৰিত্ৰ (পৃ:৩৯,৪৩) | year=১৯৯৯ | pages=৩৯}}</ref> গোবিন্দৰ প্ৰথমা পত্নী অনুচিতাই দামোদৰক জন্ম দি ঢুকায়। পিছত দামোদৰলৈ বিয়া কৰাই গোবিন্দই বংশ-মিত্ৰ বিচাৰি বিচাৰি বাণ্ডুকাৰ পৰা আলিপুখুৰী পালেগৈ। তাতে কুসুম্বৰে চিনাকি পাই একে বংশৰে মনোহৰী নামৰ এক কন্যাক গোবিন্দত বিয়া দিলে<ref name="ম"/> আৰু ৰৌতাৰ পাৰত বৰা বিষয় বাব দিলে।<ref name="মা"/> কিছুদিন পিছতে ভোটৰ উৎপাতত গৰ্ভৱতী পত্নীসহ গোবিন্দই সেই ঠাইৰ পৰা পলায়ন কৰে।<ref name=":০:"/> তেওঁলোকক আহোম ৰাজবিষয়া হৰিসিংহ বৰাই পাই আশ্ৰয় দিয়ে।<ref name=":০:"/> তেওঁৰ ঘৰ আছিল, লক্ষিমপুৰৰ নাৰায়ণপুৰ অঞ্চলৰ লেতেকুপুখুৰী গাঁৱত।<ref name="ম"/> এই হৰিসিংহ বা হৰিশিঙা বৰাৰ ঘৰতে মনোহৰী আয়ে ১৪১১ শকত(১৪৮৯ চন) জেঠ মাহৰ ৰবিবাৰ, অমাৱস্যা তিথিত ভৰণী নক্ষত্ৰত ৰাতি দুই প্ৰহৰ যাওঁতে মাধবদেৱক জন্ম দিয়ে।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/><ref name="মাধৱদেৱ">{{cite book | title=আমাৰ মাধৱদেৱ | publisher=বনলতা | author=পাৰ্থপ্ৰতীম শৰ্মা| year=২০০৮ | pages=২১}}</ref><ref>Maheshwar Neog (1980). Early History of the Vaishnava Faith and Movement in Assam. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ গুপ্ত নাম আছিল, ৰত্নাকৰ।<ref name=":০:"/> গোবিন্দৰ আশ্ৰয়দাতা বৰা-বৰানীয়ে নিজ সন্তান নথকা বাবে মাধবদেৱক নিজা পুত্ৰজ্ঞান কৰিছিল।<ref name="মা"/> সেই সময়তে ঘোৰ দুৰ্ভিক্ষ হোৱাত মাধবদেৱ পিতৃ-মাতৃৰে সৈতে সেই ঠাইৰে ঘাঘৰি মাজিৰ ঘৰত আশ্ৰয় লয়।<ref name=":০:"/> তাতেই মাধবদেৱৰ ভনীয়েক উৰ্বশীৰ জন্ম হয়<ref name=":০:"/> আৰু বিবহযোগ্য হোৱাত তেওঁলোক হোকৰাকুছিলৈ যায়।<ref name=":০:"/> তাতে গয়াপাণি বা ৰাম দাসৰ হাতত কন্যটি সঁপি দি পুত্ৰ সমন্বিতে পুনৰ বাণ্ডুকালৈ যায়।<ref name="ম"/> বাণ্ডুকাতেই গোবিন্দ ভূঞাৰ পৰলোকগমন হয়। মাধবদেৱৰ পিতৃ গোবিন্দগিৰি ভূঞাই বাণ্ডুকাবেহাৰৰ মজিন্দাৰ আছিল<ref name="+০+">{{cite journal | title=অসমৰ ভূঞাসকলৰ আঁতিগুৰি বিচাৰি | author=ভূঞা, অপূৰ্ব | journal=প্ৰান্তিক | year=২০১১ | month=১-১৫ জুলাই | issue=১৫শ সংখ্যা | pages=৩৫}}</ref> আৰু পিতৃৰ পিছত দামোদৰেও খেতি-বাতি আৰু বণিজ কৰাৰ উপৰি ৰজাঘৰীয়া মজিন্দাৰী কাম কৰিছিল। মাধবদেৱে ককায়েকক সহায় কৰিছিল। কিছুকালৰ পিছত তেওঁ তাৰ পৰা টেম্বুৱানীত থকা মাতৃৰ কাষলৈ প্ৰত্যবৰ্তন কৰিছিল<ref name="ম"/><ref name=":০:"/> আৰু কিছুদিন মাতৃ, ভগ্নী আৰু বৈনায়েকৰ সৈতে থাকি বিয়া কৰাৰ মনেৰে এগৰাকী কন্যাক জোৰোণ দি আহিল।<ref name=":০:"/> ১৪৮৯ চনত [[নাৰায়ণপুৰ]] নামে ঠাইৰ ৰঙাজান আৰু কাঁচিকটা নদীৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত [[লেতেকুপুখুৰী]] নামৰ ঠাইৰ হৰিশিঙা বৰা উজীৰৰ ঘৰত মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্ম হয়।<ref name="assaminfo1"/> প্ৰবাদ আছে যে মাধৱদেৱৰ নাইকটা কাঁচিখন পেলোৱাৰ বাবে ওচৰৰ নদীখনৰ নাম কাঁচিকটা আৰু প্ৰসূতিৰ তেজলগা কাপোৰ ধোৱাৰ বাবে ওচৰৰ জানটোৰ পানীৰ বৰণ ৰঙা হৈ পৰাত পৰৱৰ্তী কালত ইয়াৰ নাম ৰঙাজান হয়।{{cn}} ===শিক্ষা=== বাণ্ডুকাৰ ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ অধ্যাপকৰ ছাত্ৰশালাত মাধবদেৱৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক শিক্ষা লাভ হয়। এক বছৰ শিক্ষা লাভ কৰিয়েই তেওঁ ব্যাকৰণ, পুৰাণ, ভাগৱত আদি নানা শাস্ত্ৰ আয়ত্ব কৰিছিল।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/> ===শিশুকালৰ লগৰীয়া=== মাধবদেৱৰ শিশুকালৰ লগৰীয়াসকলৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰধান নজনা বন্ধু আছিল-হৰি, হৰিবৰ, হৰাই,নিৰাই, নিৰঞ্জন, নিৰামই, নৰহৰি, নাৰায়ণ আৰু নৰোত্তম।<ref name="মা"/> অন্য সাধাৰণ শিশুৰ দৰেই ল’ৰালি কালছোৱা মাধবদেৱ উমলি-জামলি ডাঙৰ হৈছিল। চৰিত-পুথিসমুহত তেওঁৰ বাল্যকালৰ ক্ৰিয়া-কাণ্ডত যথেষ্ট অলৌকিকতা বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। ==মণি-কাঞ্চণ সংযোগ== বাণ্ডুকাৰ পৰা উভতি আহোঁতে বাটতে মাকৰ টান নৰীয়া হোৱাৰ খবৰ পাই মাতৃৰ সুস্বাস্থ্য কামনা কৰি দুৰ্গা গোঁসানীলৈ এযোৰ বগা পঠা আগ কৰে।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/> শংকৰদেৱক লগ পোৱাৰ আগতে মাধৱদেৱ ঘোৰ শাক্ত ধৰ্মী লোক আছিল। এবাৰ মাকৰ অসুখ হোৱাত তেওঁ দেৱীৰ আগত দুটা ছাগলী বলি দিম বুলি প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰিলে যদিহে মাকৰ অসুখ ভাল হয়। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ছাগলী দুটা আনিবলৈ নিজৰ ভনীজোঁৱায়েক ৰামদাসক পাচিলে ভনীজোঁৱায়েকে তেওঁৰ কথা নুশুনি ক’লে যে বলি বিধান অপ্ৰয়োজনীয় প্ৰথা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰা কোনেও সুফল নাপায়। তেওঁ আৰু ক'লে যে তেওঁ ইতিমধ্যে শংকৰদেৱক গুৰু মানি এক শৰণ হৰি নাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছে আৰু মাধৱেও তাকে কৰিব লাগে। এই কথা শুনি মাধৱদেৱ ক্ৰোধিত হয় আৰু শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ ওচৰলৈ গৈ তেওঁৰ যুক্তি তৰ্ক আৰম্ভ কৰিলে। মাধৱে আগমৰ যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় আৰু গুৰুজনাই নিগমৰ যুক্তিৰে খন্দন কৰে। এনেদৰে তিনি প্ৰহৰ তৰ্ক যুদ্ধ হ'ল। শেষত গুৰু জনাই শ্ৰীমদ্ভাগৱতৰ চতুৰ্থ স্কন্ধৰ '''"যথা তৰুৰ মূল -------"''' শ্লোকটিৰে মাধৱক পৰাস্ত কৰে। শ্লোকটিৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল গছৰ গুৰিত পানী দিলে দাল পাত সকলোৱে পায়। দাল পাতত দিলে কোনেও নাপায়। একেদৰে ভগৱন্ত কৃষ্ণদেৱক পূজিলে সকলোৰে পূজা হয়। আন দেৱ-দেৱীক পৃথকে পূজাৰ কোনো প্ৰয়োজন নাই। শ্ৰীমন্ত শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ যুক্তিৰ ওচৰত হাৰ মানি মাধৱে তাৰাক গুৰু ভজি তেওঁ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা একশৰণ হৰি নাম ধৰ্মত শৰণ ললে। মাধৱ হৈ পৰিল গুৰুজনাৰ প্ৰপন্ন শিষ্য অভেদ আত্মা মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশ্ৰী মাধৱদেৱ। দুয়োজনা মহাপুৰুষৰ এই মহা মিলনক সাহিত্য ৰথী [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]দেৱে '''"মণি-কাঞ্চণ সংযোগ"''' বুলি অভিহিত কৰি গৈছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srimanta.net/contents_l3.php?q=3&ID=1&ID3=41&link_caption=Madhavadeva |title=Welcome to The Site |publisher=Srimanta.net |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16 |archivedate=2015-03-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319204909/http://srimanta.net/contents_l3.php?q=3&ID=1&ID3=41&link_caption=Madhavadeva |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==গুৰু শিষ্য সম্পৰ্ক== শ্ৰীশ্ৰী মাধৱদেৱ আৰু শ্ৰীমন্ত [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ মাজৰ গুৰু-শিষ্য সম্পৰ্ক মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ ইতিহাসত এক পবিত্ৰ আৰু গভীৰ সম্পৰ্ক হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। শংকৰদেৱৰ আধ্যাত্মিক দৃষ্টিভংগী, সাহিত্যিক প্ৰতিভা আৰু ধৰ্মীয় ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰ প্ৰতি মাধৱদেৱ দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি আকৃষ্ট হৈ আছিল। যদিও মাধৱদেৱ প্ৰথমতে শাক্ত ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাসী আছিল, কিন্তু বৈনায়েক ৰাম দাসৰ (গোপাল আতা<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 78–80.</ref>হৰিসৰণ)ৰ সৈতে বলি-বিতৰ্কৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ মনত প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন হয়, আৰু এই সময়তেই তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ সৈতে সাক্ষাৎ কৰে। ১৫৫১ চনত শ্ৰীশ্ৰী শংকৰদেৱৰ ওচৰত মাধৱদেৱে বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই সময়তেই তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ অন্যতম সৰ্বাধিক ঘনিষ্ঠ শিষ্য হৈ পৰে। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ নিৰ্দেশত বহু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ধৰ্মীয় গ্ৰন্থ, নাম-ঘোষা আৰু নাটন নাট প্ৰকাশ কৰে। মাধৱদেৱে শংকৰদেৱৰ অনুগামী হিচাপে কেবল ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষাৰ প্ৰসাৰেই কৰা নাই, তেওঁ তেওঁৰ গুৰুৰ আদৰ্শক জীৱনৰ শেষ পৰ্যন্ত পালন কৰি গৈছিল। শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে ধৰ্ম আন্দোলনৰ দায়িত্ব স্বীকাৰ কৰি সত্ৰ স্থাপন আৰু ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কৃতি সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে বিশাল ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ দৰ্শনক আগবঢ়াই সত্ৰ প্ৰথাৰ বিকাশ ঘটায়। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ আদৰ্শৰ পৰা কেতিয়াও বিচ্যুত নহ’ল, আৰু গুৰুৰ প্ৰতি অকুণ্ঠ বিশ্বাস, আস্থা আৰু শ্ৰদ্ধা দেখুৱাই চিৰস্মৰণীয় হ’ল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 250–253.</ref> ===গুৰু পত্নী [[কালিন্দী আই]] আৰু মাধৱদেৱ=== ==সত্ৰ স্থাপন== শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ সাংগঠনিক দিশ অধিক সুদৃঢ় কৰাৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন ঠাইত সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। সত্ৰসমূহ আছিল ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষা, নাম-প্ৰচাৰ আৰু শৃংখলিত ভক্তিসাধনাৰ কেন্দ্ৰ। ই একেলগে ধৰ্ম আৰু সমাজ গঠনৰে মূল আধাৰ ৰূপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 102–105.</ref> ===বৰপেটা সত্ৰ=== {{মূল|বৰপেটা সত্ৰ}} মাধৱদেৱে ১৫০৫ শকত (১৫৮৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰপেটা সত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল আৰু তাত তেওঁ ৮ বছৰ ধৰি আছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/tourism/barpeta-satra.php |title=Barpeta Satra (Xatra), Barpeta Kirtan Ghar - Barpeta, Assam, Religious and Cultural Centre |publisher=Onlinesivasagar.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-15}}</ref> তেওঁ [[মথুৰা দাস বুঢ়া আতা|শ্ৰীমথুৰা দাস বুঢ়া আতা]]ক সত্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সত্ৰাধিকাৰ হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিছিল। ===গণককুছি সত্ৰ=== গণককুছি সত্ৰ মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱে স্থাপন কৰা এখন ঐতিহ্যমণ্ডিত সত্ৰ। বৰপেটা চহৰৰ কাষতে থকা গণককুছি সত্ৰ এক ঐতিহাসিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান। এই সত্ৰত মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱে ১৮ বছৰ ৬ মাহ বসবাস কৰিছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ লগত ৰাম আতৈ, শ্ৰীৰাম আতৈকে আদি কৰি বহুকেইগৰাকী ভকত একেলগে বসবাস কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganakkuchi Satra: A Satra Established by Mahapurush Madhavdev|url=https://assam.news18.com/news/assam/ganakkuchi-satra-a-satra-established-by-mahapurush-madhavdev-skd-local18-411945.html |website=News18 Assam |language=as |access-date=12 June 2025 |publisher=News18 Network }}</ref> ===সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ=== {{মূল|সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ}} মাধৱদেৱে ১৫৭০ চনত সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল৷ বৰপেটা সত্ৰৰ উত্তৰ পূব কোণত প্ৰায় ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত বৰপেটা ভবানীপুৰ পথত এই সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ অৱস্থিত আৰু ইয়াতে মাধবদেৱে ১৪ বছৰ ছমাহ কাল বাস কৰি নানা পদ-পুথি ৰচনা কৰিছিল৷<ref name="সুন্দৰী">{{cite book | title=সচিত্ৰ সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ | publisher=সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ পৰিচালনা সমিতি | author=পাঠক, ৰাতুল (সম্পাদক) | year=২০০৮}}</ref> ===বাৰাদি সত্ৰ=== মাধৱদেৱে নিজে বাৰাদি সত্ৰত অৱস্থান কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক আধ্যাত্মিক সাধনা, ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ আৰু সাহিত্য সৃষ্টি (বিশেষকৈ নামঘোষা ৰচনা)ৰ বাবে এটা কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। বাৰাদি সত্ৰত মাধৱদেৱে শেষ জীৱনকাল অতিবাহিত কৰিছিল। এই সত্ৰ মাধৱদেৱৰ শেষ বাসস্থান হিচাপেও পৰিগণিত।<ref>Neog, Maheswar, pp. 296–297.</ref> === অন্যান্য সত্ৰ স্থাপন === মাধৱদেৱে নিজে কিছুমান সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ শিষ্যসকলে বহু সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ সত্ৰসমূহৰ মাধ্যমে মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম বিস্তাৰ কৰিবলৈ সংগঠিত প্ৰচেষ্টা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। নিচেই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কিছুমান সত্ৰ হ’ল— * '''আহতগুৰি সত্ৰ''' - ধৰ্মীয় চৰ্চা আৰু সংগঠনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এই সত্ৰ অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আছিল। * '''বেলগুৰি সত্ৰ''' - এই সত্ৰত মাধৱদেৱে বহুদিন ধৰি বাস কৰিছিল আৰু বহু শিষ্যক দীক্ষা দিছিল। * '''ধাইহাট সত্ৰ''' - মাধৱদেৱে জীবনৰ অন্তিম সময়চোৱাত এই সত্ৰত অৱস্থান কৰিছিল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 295–296.</ref> এই সত্ৰসমূহত মাধৱদেৱে শিষ্যৰ শিক্ষাদান, ধৰ্মীয় বিধিবিধান প্ৰৱৰ্তন আৰু কীৰ্তন আদি কাৰ্য চলাইছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N., pp. 111–113.</ref> সেয়ে এই সত্ৰসমূহ মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্মীয় দৃষ্টিভংগী, সংগঠন দক্ষতা আৰু শিষ্যনিৰ্ভৰ নেতৃত্বৰ পৰিচয় বহন কৰে। মাধৱদেৱে সত্ৰসমূহৰ মাধ্যমে ধৰ্মীয় আচাৰ-বিধি, নাম-কীৰ্তন আৰু আখণ্ড ভক্তিসাধনাৰ এক সাংগঠনিক সাঁচ গঢ়ি তোলে, যি বৰ্তমানো মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মৰ মূল আধাৰ ৰূপে চলি আহিছে। ==ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ== শ্ৰীমন্ত [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ দীক্ষিত শিষ্য হিচাপে মাধৱদেৱে অসমৰ মহাপুৰুষীয়া [[বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] বিস্তাৰত এক বিশিষ্ট ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে ধৰ্মীয় নেতৃত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰি ধৰ্মটোক অধিক সুসংগঠিত ৰূপ দিছিল। তেওঁৰ নেতৃত্বত সত্ৰ, নামঘৰ আৰু কীৰ্তনঘোষাৰ প্ৰচলন বৃদ্ধি পায়। মাধৱদেৱে শংকৰদেৱৰ দেখুৱোৱা ধৰ্মপথ অনুসৰি ঈশ্বৰৰ নাম গ্ৰহণ, শুদ্ধ ভক্তিৰ মাধ্যমে মুক্তিলাভ আৰু সামাজিক সমতা প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চললৈ গৈ ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু বহু লোকক দীক্ষা দিছিল। তেওঁৰ দীক্ষিত শিষ্যসকলৰ মাজত [[দামোদৰ দেৱ]], হৰিদাস ঠাকুৰ, অনন্ত দেৱ আদিৰ নাম উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 79–82.</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য দিশ আছিল নামঘোষাৰ মাধ্যমে ধৰ্মৰ বাণী জনসাধাৰণলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰা। তেওঁ ৰচনাৰ জৰিয়তে ধৰ্মক হৃদয়ঙ্গম কৰা সহজ কৰি তোলে। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ ৰচিত [[নামঘোষা]] কাব্যগ্ৰন্থখন মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মত অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান দখল কৰি আছে।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 290–292.</ref> তেওঁ [[সত্ৰ]] সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৱদান আগবঢ়াইছিল। তিনিআটি সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰা কথাও বিভিন্ন কৃতিত উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়। সত্ৰসমূহে ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষাদান, নৈতিক উন্নয়ন আৰু সাংগঠনিক দৃঢ়তা আগবঢ়াইছিল। এই ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ ফলস্বৰূপ, মাধৱদেৱৰ জীৱনকালতেই মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম অসমৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চললৈ বিস্তৃত হৈছিল। ===ধৰ্মৰ চাৰি বস্তু=== মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত "ধৰ্মৰ চাৰি বস্তু" বা "চাৰিখন বস্তু" বুলিলে নাম, দেৱ, গুৰু আৰু ভকতক বুজোৱা হয়। এই চাৰিটা বস্তুকে ধৰ্মীয় জীৱনৰ মূল আধাৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱে এই বস্তুসমূহৰ গুৰুত্ব ব্যাখ্যা কৰি ধৰ্মীয় অনুশাসনৰ ৰূপ দিছিল। * '''নাম''': ভগৱানৰ নাম লোৱাক (কীৰ্তন, নাম-ঘোষা) ধৰ্মৰ আটাইতকৈ মৌলিক আচাৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। নাম-স্মৰণেৰে ভক্ত ভগৱানৰ সৈতে আত্মিক সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰে। বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত নাম-ঘোষাৰ মাধ্যৰে আত্মশুদ্ধি আৰু মুক্তিৰ পথ দেখুওৱা হয়।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 220–221.</ref> * '''দেৱ''': দেৱ বুলিলে ভগৱানক বুজোৱা হয়। বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত ভগৱান (বিশেষকৈ কৃষ্ণ) একমাত্ৰ উপাস্য, আৰু তেওঁৰ ওপৰত একনিষ্ঠ ভক্তিৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। দেৱৰ উপাসনা সাধাৰণতে নামঘোষা, কীৰ্তন, আৰু একান্ত ভক্তিৰে কৰা হয়।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, p. 95.</ref> * '''গুৰু''': ধৰ্মপথৰ সঠিক দিশ দৰ্শোৱা জনক গুৰু বোলা হয়। গুৰুজনক ভগৱানৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্ধাৰিত পথত ভক্তক নিৰ্দেশনা দিয়া এজন আধ্যাত্মিক শিক্ষক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱে গুৰুৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য আৰু শ্ৰদ্ধাৰ ওপৰত বিশেষ গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিছিল।<ref>Barua, B.K. ''A Cultural History of Assam'', Lawyer’s Book Stall, 1951, pp. 273–275.</ref> * '''ভকত''': ভকত বুলিলে ভগৱানৰ ভক্তসকলক বুজোৱা হয়। মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মত ভকতসকলৰ সৈতে সম্প্ৰীতি, সহানুভূতি আৰু সমতা ৰাখিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হয়। সমাজত ধৰ্মীয় একতাৰ এক প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ভকতৰ স্থান বৰগম্ভীৰ।<ref>Neog, Maheswar, p. 222.</ref> এই চাৰি বস্তু — নাম, দেৱ, গুৰু আৰু ভকত — বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ ভিত্তি, যাৰ ওপৰত সৎ জীৱন, আধ্যাত্মিক সাধনা আৰু সামাজিক সদভাৱ স্থাপিত হয়। ===মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মৰ নৱৰত্ন লাভ=== ==কোচ ৰজাৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ== মাধৱদেৱে তেওঁৰ ধৰ্মীয় জীৱনৰ অন্তিম পৰ্যায়ত কোচ ৰাজ্যৰ ৰজা [[নৰনাৰায়ণ]] আৰু সেনাপতি [[চিলাৰায়]]ৰ পৰা বিশেষ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰিছিল। [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ দেহাৱসানৰ পাছত মাধৱদেৱ [[বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]]ৰ নেতৃত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰি ইয়াৰ বিস্তাৰ আৰু সুসংগঠনত মনোনিৱেশ কৰিছিল। এই সময়তে সেনাপতি চিলাৰায়ে তেওঁক [[কোচবিহাৰ]]লৈ নিমন্ত্ৰণ জনাইছিল, যিটো তেওঁ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, p. 302.</ref> চিলাৰায় মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্মীয় নিষ্ঠা আৰু ব্যতিক্ৰমী সাহিত্যিক প্ৰতিভাৰ প্ৰতি গভীৰ ভাবে আকৰ্ষিত হৈছিল। তেওঁ মাধৱদেৱক পূৰ্ণ স্বাধীনতা আৰু আশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰিছিল যাতে তেওঁ বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ শিক্ষা আৰু কীৰ্তন প্ৰথাৰ বিস্তাৰ অব্যাহত ৰাখিব পাৰে।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, p. 89.</ref> মাধৱদেৱে এই সময়তে কোচ ৰাজ্যত কেইবাটাও [[সত্ৰ]] স্থাপন কৰে, বিশেষকৈ সোণাৰী অঞ্চলত স্থাপিত সত্ৰটোৱে গুৰুত্ব লাভ কৰে। চিলাৰায়ে মাধৱদেৱক "মহাপুৰুষ" হিচাপে সম্বোধন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁৰ সাহিত্য আৰু ধৰ্মীয় কৰ্মকাণ্ডলৈ ৰাজআশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলস্বৰূপে [[বৰগীত]], নাট, নামপ্ৰসঙ্গ আদিৰ ব্যাপক বিস্তাৰ সাধন হৈছিল।<ref>Maheswar Neog, 1980, pp. 308–309.</ref> [[সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা]]ই মত দিছে যে, মাধৱদেৱে পোৱা এই ৰাজপৃষ্ঠপোষকতাই কেৱল বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানিক বিস্তাৰ নহয়, অসমীয়া সাহিত্য তথা সংস্কৃতিৰো বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N., 1966, p. 95.</ref> ==সাহিত্যকৃতি== ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ লগতে সাহিত্য সংস্কৃতিৰো পূজাৰী এইজনা মহান গুৰুৰ সাহিত্যিক জীৱনৰ কীৰ্তিস্তম্ভ হ’ল [[নামঘোষা]]। এহেজাৰটা ঘোষা থকা বাবে এইখনক হেজাৰী ঘোষা বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ একাধিক [[বৰগীত]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA387&lpg=PA387&dq=Madhavdeva&source=bl&ots=mVFY0yGOt5&sig=sTGlQ0j6_roY1CDvIGphD70yUiY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0LtEUbClB8LprQeIw4DQAg&ved=0CGoQ6AEwCTgU#v=onepage&q=Madhavdeva&f=false |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16}}</ref>, [[ভটিমা]], [[নাট]] ([[ভূমি লেটোৱা (ঝুমুৰা)|ঝুমুৰা]]) আদি ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মাধৱদেৱে বাৰকুৰি (দুশ চল্লিশ) বৰগীত ৰচনা কৰিছিল বুলি প্ৰবাদ আছে যদিও বৰ্তমান সৰ্বমুঠ নকুৰি এঘাৰটা (এশ একান্নবৈটা) মান গীতহে উপলব্ধ। অৱশ্যে ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কিছু সংখ্যক [[অংকীয়া নাট]]ৰ গীতো সন্নিৱিস্ত হৈ আছে। তেওঁ সৰ্বমুঠ ১৫৭টা [[বৰগীত]] ৰচনা কৰে জীৱন কালত, তাৰ ভিতৰত এটি উল্লেখনীয় বৰগীত হ’ল – ''তেজৰে কমলাপতি''। ===আখ্যানমূলক ৰচনা=== *ৰাজসূয় কাব্য *[https://as.m.wikisource.org/wiki/আদিকাণ্ড আদিকাণ্ড ৰামায়ণ] (অনুবাদ) ===তত্ত্বমূলক ৰচন=== *জন্মৰহস্য *[[ভক্তি ৰত্নাৱলী]] *নামমালিকা *[[নামঘোষা]]<ref name="মাধৱদেৱ"/> ===নাট=== *[[অৰ্জুন ভঞ্জন]] *দধিমথন ===ঝুমুৰা=== *[[চোৰধৰা]] *[[পিম্পৰা গুচোৱা]] *[[ভোজন বিহাৰ (ঝুমুৰা)]] *[[ভূমি লেটোৱা (ঝুমুৰা)]] *কোটোৰা খেলা ===অন্যান্য ৰচনা=== বৰ্তমানলৈকে পোৱা মাধৱদেৱৰ নামত প্ৰচলিত ঝুমুৰা ভূষণ হৰণ, ৰাস ঝুমুৰা, কোটোৰা খেলা, ব্ৰহ্মামোহন আদি তেখেতৰ স্বৰচিত হয়নে নহয় তাক সঠিককৈ জনা নাযায়। চৰিত পুথিত উল্লিখিত দুখনমান নাট, যেনে— ৰাম যাত্ৰা, নৃসিংহ যাত্ৰা, গোবৰ্দ্ধন যাত্ৰা আদি মাধৱদেৱৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত বুলি জনা যায় যদিও পাবলৈ নাই। ==তিৰোভাৱ== মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱৰ ১৫৯৬ চনত কোচবিহাৰৰ [[ভেলা সত্ৰ]]ত দেহাৱসান ঘটে<ref name="assaminfo1"/>। ==আৰু চাওক== {{wikisourcelang|as|লিখক: মাধৱদেৱ}} * [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ]] * [[নৱবৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] * [[সত্ৰ]] * [[বৰগীত]] * [[ভাওনা]] *[[পিম্পৰা গুচোৱা]] ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} {{অসমৰ প্ৰসিদ্ধ ব্যক্তি}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া কবি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ধৰ্মীয় গুৰু]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নৱবৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ পাব্লিক ডমেইনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত লিখক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভক্তি আন্দোলন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু সন্ত]] s5zrr0vr9qp4w0owx686y4dggwx2rzh 518611 518609 2025-06-16T18:16:25Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* বংশলতা আৰু জন্ম */ 518611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = মাধৱদেৱ | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = ১৪৮৯ চন | birth_place = [[নাৰায়ণপুৰ]], [[লখিমপুৰ জিলা|লখিমপুৰ]], [[অসম]] | death_date = ১৫৯৬ চন | death_place = [[কোচবিহাৰ]] | nationality = | other_names = বঢ়াৰ পো | religion = [[মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম]] | notable_works = [[বৰগীত]], [[ভক্তি ৰত্নাৱলী]], [[নামঘোষা]] | occupation = }} '''মাধৱদেৱ''' (১৪৮৯-১৫৯৬) [[অসম]]ৰ মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম বা [[এক শৰণ নাম ধৰ্ম]] প্ৰৱৰ্তনৰ এজন মূল হোতা আছিল। তেওঁ মহাপুৰুষ [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান শিষ্য আছিল।<ref name="assaminfo1">{{cite web|url=http://www.assaminfo.com/famous-people/52/mahapurush-srimanta-madhabdeva.htm |title=Mahapurush Srimanta Madhabdeva &#124; Srimanta Madhabdeva &#124; Mahapurush Madhabdeva &#124; Madhabdeva &#124; Sri Sri Madhabdeva &#124; History of Madhabdeva |publisher=Assaminfo.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16}}</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ গুৰু ভক্তিৰ বাবে তেওঁক বিশেষভাৱে জনা যায় আৰু তেওঁক শংকৰদেৱৰ প্ৰকৃত উত্তৰাধিকৰী হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱ বৈৰাগী আছিল কিন্তু জীৱন বিমুখী নাছিল। জীৱনৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আস্থা আছিল আৰু গোটেই জীৱনটো গভীৰ জ্ঞানান্বেষণেৰে উপভোগ কৰিব বিচাৰিছিল। মাধৱদেৱে বিষয়-বাসনাৰ প্ৰতি উৎসাহ নেদেখুৱাইছিল যদিও নিজৰ প্ৰতিজন শিষ্যকে খেতি-বাতি বা ব্যৱসায়-বাণিজ্যৰে স্বাৱলম্বী হবলৈ কৈছিল। পাছলৈ নিজেও কোচ ৰজাৰ অনুগ্ৰহত থাকি সাহিত্য আৰু ধৰ্ম চৰ্চা কৰিছিল। [[নামঘোষা]] আৰু ভক্তিৰত্নাৱলী মাধৱদেৱৰ অনুপম সৃষ্টি।<ref name="assaminfo1" /> ==বংশলতা আৰু জন্ম== [[File:মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্মস্থান ভৱনৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ২.jpg|thumb|মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্মস্থান ]] মাধবদেৱৰ আদিপুৰুষ হিচাপে চৰিত পুথি মতে কৃষ্ণ ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ বিষ্ণু ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গোপাল ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ কৃপাল ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাম ভূঞা, ৰাম ভূঞাৰ পুত্ৰ জনাৰ্দ্দন ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ চিৰাম ভূঞা, চিৰাম ভূঞাৰ পুত্ৰ মুকুন্দ ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গোবিন্দ্ৰ ভূঞা,<ref name="ম">{{cite book | title=সত্ৰীয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ স্বৰ্ণৰেখা | publisher=লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল | author=দেৱগোস্বামী, নাৰায়ণ চন্দ্ৰ | authorlink=মাধবদেৱ | year=১৯৮৪ | pages=৮০৫ | isbn=81-7331-103-X}}</ref> গোবিন্দৰ পিতৃভূমি আছিল বাণ্ডুকা(বৰ্তমান বাংলাদেশৰ ৰংপুৰ জিলাৰ অন্তৰ্গত)।<ref name="ম"/> গোবিন্দৰ কাণ দীঘল চানেকীয়া আছিল বাবে তেওঁক “বৰকণা’’ নাম দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name=":০:">{{cite book | title=মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশঙ্কৰদেৱ আৰু শ্ৰীমাধৱদেৱ চৰিত্ৰ | publisher=দত্তবৰুৱা পাব্লিছিং কোম্পানী প্ৰা: লি: | author=ঠাকুৰ, দৈত্যাৰী | authorlink=মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশ্ৰীমাধৱদেৱৰ আবিৰ্ভাৱ | year=২০০৪ তৃতীয় প্ৰকাশ | pages=২২,২৬, ৪৬, ৫০}}</ref> গোবিন্দ্ৰৰ দুই পুত্ৰ আৰু এককন্যা ক্ৰমে, জ্যেষ্ঠ পুত্ৰ দামোদৰ, সৰু পুত্ৰ মাধবদেৱ কন্যা উৰ্বশী। দামোদৰৰ পত্নী সচী। তেওঁলোকৰ পুত্ৰ অনিৰুদ্ধ। তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ পৰশুৰাম, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ ৰামদেৱ আৰু ৰামদেৱৰ পুত্ৰ পৰমানন্দ।<ref name="মা">{{cite book | title=গুৰু চৰিত কথা | publisher=লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল | author=নেওগ, মহেশ্বৰ (সম্পাদিত) | authorlink=ছোট আতা বংশাৱলী চৰিত্ৰ (পৃ:৩৯,৪৩) | year=১৯৯৯ | pages=৩৯}}</ref> গোবিন্দৰ প্ৰথমা পত্নী অনুচিতাই দামোদৰক জন্ম দি ঢুকায়। পিছত দামোদৰলৈ বিয়া কৰাই গোবিন্দই বংশ-মিত্ৰ বিচাৰি বিচাৰি বাণ্ডুকাৰ পৰা আলিপুখুৰী পালেগৈ। তাতে কুসুম্বৰে চিনাকি পাই একে বংশৰে মনোহৰী নামৰ এক কন্যাক গোবিন্দত বিয়া দিলে<ref name="ম"/> আৰু ৰৌতাৰ পাৰত বৰা বিষয় বাব দিলে।<ref name="মা"/> কিছুদিন পিছতে ভোটৰ উৎপাতত গৰ্ভৱতী পত্নীসহ গোবিন্দই সেই ঠাইৰ পৰা পলায়ন কৰে।<ref name=":০:"/> তেওঁলোকক আহোম ৰাজবিষয়া হৰিসিংহ বৰাই পাই আশ্ৰয় দিয়ে।<ref name=":০:"/> তেওঁৰ ঘৰ আছিল, লক্ষিমপুৰৰ নাৰায়ণপুৰ অঞ্চলৰ লেতেকুপুখুৰী গাঁৱত।<ref name="ম"/> এই হৰিসিংহ বা হৰিশিঙা বৰাৰ ঘৰতে মনোহৰী আয়ে ১৪১১ শকত(১৪৮৯ চন) জেঠ মাহৰ ৰবিবাৰ, অমাৱস্যা তিথিত ভৰণী নক্ষত্ৰত ৰাতি দুই প্ৰহৰ যাওঁতে মাধবদেৱক জন্ম দিয়ে।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/><ref name="মাধৱদেৱ">{{cite book | title=আমাৰ মাধৱদেৱ | publisher=বনলতা | author=পাৰ্থপ্ৰতীম শৰ্মা| year=২০০৮ | pages=২১}}</ref><ref>Maheshwar Neog (1980). Early History of the Vaishnava Faith and Movement in Assam. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ গুপ্ত নাম আছিল, ৰত্নাকৰ।<ref name=":০:"/> গোবিন্দৰ আশ্ৰয়দাতা বৰা-বৰানীয়ে নিজ সন্তান নথকা বাবে মাধবদেৱক নিজা পুত্ৰজ্ঞান কৰিছিল।<ref name="মা"/> সেই সময়তে ঘোৰ দুৰ্ভিক্ষ হোৱাত মাধবদেৱ পিতৃ-মাতৃৰে সৈতে সেই ঠাইৰে ঘাঘৰি মাজিৰ ঘৰত আশ্ৰয় লয়।<ref name=":০:"/> তাতেই মাধবদেৱৰ ভনীয়েক উৰ্বশীৰ জন্ম হয়<ref name=":০:"/> আৰু বিবহযোগ্য হোৱাত তেওঁলোক হোকৰাকুছিলৈ যায়।<ref name=":০:"/> তাতে গয়াপাণি বা ৰাম দাসৰ হাতত কন্যটি সঁপি দি পুত্ৰ সমন্বিতে পুনৰ বাণ্ডুকালৈ যায়।<ref name="ম"/> বাণ্ডুকাতেই গোবিন্দ ভূঞাৰ পৰলোকগমন হয়। মাধবদেৱৰ পিতৃ গোবিন্দগিৰি ভূঞাই বাণ্ডুকাবেহাৰৰ মজিন্দাৰ আছিল<ref name="+০+">{{cite journal | title=অসমৰ ভূঞাসকলৰ আঁতিগুৰি বিচাৰি | author=ভূঞা, অপূৰ্ব | journal=প্ৰান্তিক | year=২০১১ | month=১-১৫ জুলাই | issue=১৫শ সংখ্যা | pages=৩৫}}</ref> আৰু পিতৃৰ পিছত দামোদৰেও খেতি-বাতি আৰু বণিজ কৰাৰ উপৰি ৰজাঘৰীয়া মজিন্দাৰী কাম কৰিছিল। মাধবদেৱে ককায়েকক সহায় কৰিছিল। কিছুকালৰ পিছত তেওঁ তাৰ পৰা টেম্বুৱানীত থকা মাতৃৰ কাষলৈ প্ৰত্যবৰ্তন কৰিছিল<ref name="ম"/><ref name=":০:"/> আৰু কিছুদিন মাতৃ, ভগ্নী আৰু বৈনায়েকৰ সৈতে থাকি বিয়া কৰাৰ মনেৰে এগৰাকী কন্যাক জোৰোণ দি আহিল।<ref name=":০:"/> সেই সময়তে গয়াপাণি ধুঞাহাটলৈ যায় আৰু শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ সাক্ষাৎ পাই তেওঁৰ ওচৰত শৰণ লয়। শঙ্কৰদেৱেই গয়াপাণিৰ নাম ৰামদাস ৰাখিছিল।<ref name=":০:"/> ১৪৮৯ চনত [[নাৰায়ণপুৰ]] নামে ঠাইৰ ৰঙাজান আৰু কাঁচিকটা নদীৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত [[লেতেকুপুখুৰী]] নামৰ ঠাইৰ হৰিশিঙা বৰা উজীৰৰ ঘৰত মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্ম হয়।<ref name="assaminfo1"/> প্ৰবাদ আছে যে মাধৱদেৱৰ নাইকটা কাঁচিখন পেলোৱাৰ বাবে ওচৰৰ নদীখনৰ নাম কাঁচিকটা আৰু প্ৰসূতিৰ তেজলগা কাপোৰ ধোৱাৰ বাবে ওচৰৰ জানটোৰ পানীৰ বৰণ ৰঙা হৈ পৰাত পৰৱৰ্তী কালত ইয়াৰ নাম ৰঙাজান হয়।{{cn}} ===শিক্ষা=== বাণ্ডুকাৰ ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ অধ্যাপকৰ ছাত্ৰশালাত মাধবদেৱৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক শিক্ষা লাভ হয়। এক বছৰ শিক্ষা লাভ কৰিয়েই তেওঁ ব্যাকৰণ, পুৰাণ, ভাগৱত আদি নানা শাস্ত্ৰ আয়ত্ব কৰিছিল।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/> ===শিশুকালৰ লগৰীয়া=== মাধবদেৱৰ শিশুকালৰ লগৰীয়াসকলৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰধান নজনা বন্ধু আছিল-হৰি, হৰিবৰ, হৰাই,নিৰাই, নিৰঞ্জন, নিৰামই, নৰহৰি, নাৰায়ণ আৰু নৰোত্তম।<ref name="মা"/> অন্য সাধাৰণ শিশুৰ দৰেই ল’ৰালি কালছোৱা মাধবদেৱ উমলি-জামলি ডাঙৰ হৈছিল। চৰিত-পুথিসমুহত তেওঁৰ বাল্যকালৰ ক্ৰিয়া-কাণ্ডত যথেষ্ট অলৌকিকতা বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। ==মণি-কাঞ্চণ সংযোগ== বাণ্ডুকাৰ পৰা উভতি আহোঁতে বাটতে মাকৰ টান নৰীয়া হোৱাৰ খবৰ পাই মাতৃৰ সুস্বাস্থ্য কামনা কৰি দুৰ্গা গোঁসানীলৈ এযোৰ বগা পঠা আগ কৰে।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/> শংকৰদেৱক লগ পোৱাৰ আগতে মাধৱদেৱ ঘোৰ শাক্ত ধৰ্মী লোক আছিল। এবাৰ মাকৰ অসুখ হোৱাত তেওঁ দেৱীৰ আগত দুটা ছাগলী বলি দিম বুলি প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰিলে যদিহে মাকৰ অসুখ ভাল হয়। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ছাগলী দুটা আনিবলৈ নিজৰ ভনীজোঁৱায়েক ৰামদাসক পাচিলে ভনীজোঁৱায়েকে তেওঁৰ কথা নুশুনি ক’লে যে বলি বিধান অপ্ৰয়োজনীয় প্ৰথা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰা কোনেও সুফল নাপায়। তেওঁ আৰু ক'লে যে তেওঁ ইতিমধ্যে শংকৰদেৱক গুৰু মানি এক শৰণ হৰি নাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছে আৰু মাধৱেও তাকে কৰিব লাগে। এই কথা শুনি মাধৱদেৱ ক্ৰোধিত হয় আৰু শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ ওচৰলৈ গৈ তেওঁৰ যুক্তি তৰ্ক আৰম্ভ কৰিলে। মাধৱে আগমৰ যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় আৰু গুৰুজনাই নিগমৰ যুক্তিৰে খন্দন কৰে। এনেদৰে তিনি প্ৰহৰ তৰ্ক যুদ্ধ হ'ল। শেষত গুৰু জনাই শ্ৰীমদ্ভাগৱতৰ চতুৰ্থ স্কন্ধৰ '''"যথা তৰুৰ মূল -------"''' শ্লোকটিৰে মাধৱক পৰাস্ত কৰে। শ্লোকটিৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল গছৰ গুৰিত পানী দিলে দাল পাত সকলোৱে পায়। দাল পাতত দিলে কোনেও নাপায়। একেদৰে ভগৱন্ত কৃষ্ণদেৱক পূজিলে সকলোৰে পূজা হয়। আন দেৱ-দেৱীক পৃথকে পূজাৰ কোনো প্ৰয়োজন নাই। শ্ৰীমন্ত শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ যুক্তিৰ ওচৰত হাৰ মানি মাধৱে তাৰাক গুৰু ভজি তেওঁ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা একশৰণ হৰি নাম ধৰ্মত শৰণ ললে। মাধৱ হৈ পৰিল গুৰুজনাৰ প্ৰপন্ন শিষ্য অভেদ আত্মা মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশ্ৰী মাধৱদেৱ। দুয়োজনা মহাপুৰুষৰ এই মহা মিলনক সাহিত্য ৰথী [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]দেৱে '''"মণি-কাঞ্চণ সংযোগ"''' বুলি অভিহিত কৰি গৈছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srimanta.net/contents_l3.php?q=3&ID=1&ID3=41&link_caption=Madhavadeva |title=Welcome to The Site |publisher=Srimanta.net |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16 |archivedate=2015-03-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319204909/http://srimanta.net/contents_l3.php?q=3&ID=1&ID3=41&link_caption=Madhavadeva |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==গুৰু শিষ্য সম্পৰ্ক== শ্ৰীশ্ৰী মাধৱদেৱ আৰু শ্ৰীমন্ত [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ মাজৰ গুৰু-শিষ্য সম্পৰ্ক মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ ইতিহাসত এক পবিত্ৰ আৰু গভীৰ সম্পৰ্ক হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। শংকৰদেৱৰ আধ্যাত্মিক দৃষ্টিভংগী, সাহিত্যিক প্ৰতিভা আৰু ধৰ্মীয় ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰ প্ৰতি মাধৱদেৱ দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি আকৃষ্ট হৈ আছিল। যদিও মাধৱদেৱ প্ৰথমতে শাক্ত ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাসী আছিল, কিন্তু বৈনায়েক ৰাম দাসৰ (গোপাল আতা<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 78–80.</ref>হৰিসৰণ)ৰ সৈতে বলি-বিতৰ্কৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ মনত প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন হয়, আৰু এই সময়তেই তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ সৈতে সাক্ষাৎ কৰে। ১৫৫১ চনত শ্ৰীশ্ৰী শংকৰদেৱৰ ওচৰত মাধৱদেৱে বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই সময়তেই তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ অন্যতম সৰ্বাধিক ঘনিষ্ঠ শিষ্য হৈ পৰে। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ নিৰ্দেশত বহু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ধৰ্মীয় গ্ৰন্থ, নাম-ঘোষা আৰু নাটন নাট প্ৰকাশ কৰে। মাধৱদেৱে শংকৰদেৱৰ অনুগামী হিচাপে কেবল ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষাৰ প্ৰসাৰেই কৰা নাই, তেওঁ তেওঁৰ গুৰুৰ আদৰ্শক জীৱনৰ শেষ পৰ্যন্ত পালন কৰি গৈছিল। শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে ধৰ্ম আন্দোলনৰ দায়িত্ব স্বীকাৰ কৰি সত্ৰ স্থাপন আৰু ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কৃতি সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে বিশাল ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ দৰ্শনক আগবঢ়াই সত্ৰ প্ৰথাৰ বিকাশ ঘটায়। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ আদৰ্শৰ পৰা কেতিয়াও বিচ্যুত নহ’ল, আৰু গুৰুৰ প্ৰতি অকুণ্ঠ বিশ্বাস, আস্থা আৰু শ্ৰদ্ধা দেখুৱাই চিৰস্মৰণীয় হ’ল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 250–253.</ref> ===গুৰু পত্নী [[কালিন্দী আই]] আৰু মাধৱদেৱ=== ==সত্ৰ স্থাপন== শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ সাংগঠনিক দিশ অধিক সুদৃঢ় কৰাৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন ঠাইত সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। সত্ৰসমূহ আছিল ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষা, নাম-প্ৰচাৰ আৰু শৃংখলিত ভক্তিসাধনাৰ কেন্দ্ৰ। ই একেলগে ধৰ্ম আৰু সমাজ গঠনৰে মূল আধাৰ ৰূপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 102–105.</ref> ===বৰপেটা সত্ৰ=== {{মূল|বৰপেটা সত্ৰ}} মাধৱদেৱে ১৫০৫ শকত (১৫৮৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰপেটা সত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল আৰু তাত তেওঁ ৮ বছৰ ধৰি আছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/tourism/barpeta-satra.php |title=Barpeta Satra (Xatra), Barpeta Kirtan Ghar - Barpeta, Assam, Religious and Cultural Centre |publisher=Onlinesivasagar.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-15}}</ref> তেওঁ [[মথুৰা দাস বুঢ়া আতা|শ্ৰীমথুৰা দাস বুঢ়া আতা]]ক সত্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সত্ৰাধিকাৰ হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিছিল। ===গণককুছি সত্ৰ=== গণককুছি সত্ৰ মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱে স্থাপন কৰা এখন ঐতিহ্যমণ্ডিত সত্ৰ। বৰপেটা চহৰৰ কাষতে থকা গণককুছি সত্ৰ এক ঐতিহাসিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান। এই সত্ৰত মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱে ১৮ বছৰ ৬ মাহ বসবাস কৰিছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ লগত ৰাম আতৈ, শ্ৰীৰাম আতৈকে আদি কৰি বহুকেইগৰাকী ভকত একেলগে বসবাস কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganakkuchi Satra: A Satra Established by Mahapurush Madhavdev|url=https://assam.news18.com/news/assam/ganakkuchi-satra-a-satra-established-by-mahapurush-madhavdev-skd-local18-411945.html |website=News18 Assam |language=as |access-date=12 June 2025 |publisher=News18 Network }}</ref> ===সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ=== {{মূল|সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ}} মাধৱদেৱে ১৫৭০ চনত সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল৷ বৰপেটা সত্ৰৰ উত্তৰ পূব কোণত প্ৰায় ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত বৰপেটা ভবানীপুৰ পথত এই সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ অৱস্থিত আৰু ইয়াতে মাধবদেৱে ১৪ বছৰ ছমাহ কাল বাস কৰি নানা পদ-পুথি ৰচনা কৰিছিল৷<ref name="সুন্দৰী">{{cite book | title=সচিত্ৰ সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ | publisher=সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ পৰিচালনা সমিতি | author=পাঠক, ৰাতুল (সম্পাদক) | year=২০০৮}}</ref> ===বাৰাদি সত্ৰ=== মাধৱদেৱে নিজে বাৰাদি সত্ৰত অৱস্থান কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক আধ্যাত্মিক সাধনা, ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ আৰু সাহিত্য সৃষ্টি (বিশেষকৈ নামঘোষা ৰচনা)ৰ বাবে এটা কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। বাৰাদি সত্ৰত মাধৱদেৱে শেষ জীৱনকাল অতিবাহিত কৰিছিল। এই সত্ৰ মাধৱদেৱৰ শেষ বাসস্থান হিচাপেও পৰিগণিত।<ref>Neog, Maheswar, pp. 296–297.</ref> === অন্যান্য সত্ৰ স্থাপন === মাধৱদেৱে নিজে কিছুমান সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ শিষ্যসকলে বহু সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ সত্ৰসমূহৰ মাধ্যমে মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম বিস্তাৰ কৰিবলৈ সংগঠিত প্ৰচেষ্টা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। নিচেই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কিছুমান সত্ৰ হ’ল— * '''আহতগুৰি সত্ৰ''' - ধৰ্মীয় চৰ্চা আৰু সংগঠনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এই সত্ৰ অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আছিল। * '''বেলগুৰি সত্ৰ''' - এই সত্ৰত মাধৱদেৱে বহুদিন ধৰি বাস কৰিছিল আৰু বহু শিষ্যক দীক্ষা দিছিল। * '''ধাইহাট সত্ৰ''' - মাধৱদেৱে জীবনৰ অন্তিম সময়চোৱাত এই সত্ৰত অৱস্থান কৰিছিল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 295–296.</ref> এই সত্ৰসমূহত মাধৱদেৱে শিষ্যৰ শিক্ষাদান, ধৰ্মীয় বিধিবিধান প্ৰৱৰ্তন আৰু কীৰ্তন আদি কাৰ্য চলাইছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N., pp. 111–113.</ref> সেয়ে এই সত্ৰসমূহ মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্মীয় দৃষ্টিভংগী, সংগঠন দক্ষতা আৰু শিষ্যনিৰ্ভৰ নেতৃত্বৰ পৰিচয় বহন কৰে। মাধৱদেৱে সত্ৰসমূহৰ মাধ্যমে ধৰ্মীয় আচাৰ-বিধি, নাম-কীৰ্তন আৰু আখণ্ড ভক্তিসাধনাৰ এক সাংগঠনিক সাঁচ গঢ়ি তোলে, যি বৰ্তমানো মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মৰ মূল আধাৰ ৰূপে চলি আহিছে। ==ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ== শ্ৰীমন্ত [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ দীক্ষিত শিষ্য হিচাপে মাধৱদেৱে অসমৰ মহাপুৰুষীয়া [[বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] বিস্তাৰত এক বিশিষ্ট ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে ধৰ্মীয় নেতৃত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰি ধৰ্মটোক অধিক সুসংগঠিত ৰূপ দিছিল। তেওঁৰ নেতৃত্বত সত্ৰ, নামঘৰ আৰু কীৰ্তনঘোষাৰ প্ৰচলন বৃদ্ধি পায়। মাধৱদেৱে শংকৰদেৱৰ দেখুৱোৱা ধৰ্মপথ অনুসৰি ঈশ্বৰৰ নাম গ্ৰহণ, শুদ্ধ ভক্তিৰ মাধ্যমে মুক্তিলাভ আৰু সামাজিক সমতা প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চললৈ গৈ ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু বহু লোকক দীক্ষা দিছিল। তেওঁৰ দীক্ষিত শিষ্যসকলৰ মাজত [[দামোদৰ দেৱ]], হৰিদাস ঠাকুৰ, অনন্ত দেৱ আদিৰ নাম উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 79–82.</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য দিশ আছিল নামঘোষাৰ মাধ্যমে ধৰ্মৰ বাণী জনসাধাৰণলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰা। তেওঁ ৰচনাৰ জৰিয়তে ধৰ্মক হৃদয়ঙ্গম কৰা সহজ কৰি তোলে। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ ৰচিত [[নামঘোষা]] কাব্যগ্ৰন্থখন মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মত অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান দখল কৰি আছে।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 290–292.</ref> তেওঁ [[সত্ৰ]] সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৱদান আগবঢ়াইছিল। তিনিআটি সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰা কথাও বিভিন্ন কৃতিত উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়। সত্ৰসমূহে ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষাদান, নৈতিক উন্নয়ন আৰু সাংগঠনিক দৃঢ়তা আগবঢ়াইছিল। এই ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ ফলস্বৰূপ, মাধৱদেৱৰ জীৱনকালতেই মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম অসমৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চললৈ বিস্তৃত হৈছিল। ===ধৰ্মৰ চাৰি বস্তু=== মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত "ধৰ্মৰ চাৰি বস্তু" বা "চাৰিখন বস্তু" বুলিলে নাম, দেৱ, গুৰু আৰু ভকতক বুজোৱা হয়। এই চাৰিটা বস্তুকে ধৰ্মীয় জীৱনৰ মূল আধাৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱে এই বস্তুসমূহৰ গুৰুত্ব ব্যাখ্যা কৰি ধৰ্মীয় অনুশাসনৰ ৰূপ দিছিল। * '''নাম''': ভগৱানৰ নাম লোৱাক (কীৰ্তন, নাম-ঘোষা) ধৰ্মৰ আটাইতকৈ মৌলিক আচাৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। নাম-স্মৰণেৰে ভক্ত ভগৱানৰ সৈতে আত্মিক সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰে। বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত নাম-ঘোষাৰ মাধ্যৰে আত্মশুদ্ধি আৰু মুক্তিৰ পথ দেখুওৱা হয়।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 220–221.</ref> * '''দেৱ''': দেৱ বুলিলে ভগৱানক বুজোৱা হয়। বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত ভগৱান (বিশেষকৈ কৃষ্ণ) একমাত্ৰ উপাস্য, আৰু তেওঁৰ ওপৰত একনিষ্ঠ ভক্তিৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। দেৱৰ উপাসনা সাধাৰণতে নামঘোষা, কীৰ্তন, আৰু একান্ত ভক্তিৰে কৰা হয়।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, p. 95.</ref> * '''গুৰু''': ধৰ্মপথৰ সঠিক দিশ দৰ্শোৱা জনক গুৰু বোলা হয়। গুৰুজনক ভগৱানৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্ধাৰিত পথত ভক্তক নিৰ্দেশনা দিয়া এজন আধ্যাত্মিক শিক্ষক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱে গুৰুৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য আৰু শ্ৰদ্ধাৰ ওপৰত বিশেষ গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিছিল।<ref>Barua, B.K. ''A Cultural History of Assam'', Lawyer’s Book Stall, 1951, pp. 273–275.</ref> * '''ভকত''': ভকত বুলিলে ভগৱানৰ ভক্তসকলক বুজোৱা হয়। মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মত ভকতসকলৰ সৈতে সম্প্ৰীতি, সহানুভূতি আৰু সমতা ৰাখিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হয়। সমাজত ধৰ্মীয় একতাৰ এক প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ভকতৰ স্থান বৰগম্ভীৰ।<ref>Neog, Maheswar, p. 222.</ref> এই চাৰি বস্তু — নাম, দেৱ, গুৰু আৰু ভকত — বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ ভিত্তি, যাৰ ওপৰত সৎ জীৱন, আধ্যাত্মিক সাধনা আৰু সামাজিক সদভাৱ স্থাপিত হয়। ===মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মৰ নৱৰত্ন লাভ=== ==কোচ ৰজাৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ== মাধৱদেৱে তেওঁৰ ধৰ্মীয় জীৱনৰ অন্তিম পৰ্যায়ত কোচ ৰাজ্যৰ ৰজা [[নৰনাৰায়ণ]] আৰু সেনাপতি [[চিলাৰায়]]ৰ পৰা বিশেষ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰিছিল। [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ দেহাৱসানৰ পাছত মাধৱদেৱ [[বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]]ৰ নেতৃত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰি ইয়াৰ বিস্তাৰ আৰু সুসংগঠনত মনোনিৱেশ কৰিছিল। এই সময়তে সেনাপতি চিলাৰায়ে তেওঁক [[কোচবিহাৰ]]লৈ নিমন্ত্ৰণ জনাইছিল, যিটো তেওঁ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, p. 302.</ref> চিলাৰায় মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্মীয় নিষ্ঠা আৰু ব্যতিক্ৰমী সাহিত্যিক প্ৰতিভাৰ প্ৰতি গভীৰ ভাবে আকৰ্ষিত হৈছিল। তেওঁ মাধৱদেৱক পূৰ্ণ স্বাধীনতা আৰু আশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰিছিল যাতে তেওঁ বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ শিক্ষা আৰু কীৰ্তন প্ৰথাৰ বিস্তাৰ অব্যাহত ৰাখিব পাৰে।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, p. 89.</ref> মাধৱদেৱে এই সময়তে কোচ ৰাজ্যত কেইবাটাও [[সত্ৰ]] স্থাপন কৰে, বিশেষকৈ সোণাৰী অঞ্চলত স্থাপিত সত্ৰটোৱে গুৰুত্ব লাভ কৰে। চিলাৰায়ে মাধৱদেৱক "মহাপুৰুষ" হিচাপে সম্বোধন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁৰ সাহিত্য আৰু ধৰ্মীয় কৰ্মকাণ্ডলৈ ৰাজআশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলস্বৰূপে [[বৰগীত]], নাট, নামপ্ৰসঙ্গ আদিৰ ব্যাপক বিস্তাৰ সাধন হৈছিল।<ref>Maheswar Neog, 1980, pp. 308–309.</ref> [[সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা]]ই মত দিছে যে, মাধৱদেৱে পোৱা এই ৰাজপৃষ্ঠপোষকতাই কেৱল বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানিক বিস্তাৰ নহয়, অসমীয়া সাহিত্য তথা সংস্কৃতিৰো বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N., 1966, p. 95.</ref> ==সাহিত্যকৃতি== ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ লগতে সাহিত্য সংস্কৃতিৰো পূজাৰী এইজনা মহান গুৰুৰ সাহিত্যিক জীৱনৰ কীৰ্তিস্তম্ভ হ’ল [[নামঘোষা]]। এহেজাৰটা ঘোষা থকা বাবে এইখনক হেজাৰী ঘোষা বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ একাধিক [[বৰগীত]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA387&lpg=PA387&dq=Madhavdeva&source=bl&ots=mVFY0yGOt5&sig=sTGlQ0j6_roY1CDvIGphD70yUiY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0LtEUbClB8LprQeIw4DQAg&ved=0CGoQ6AEwCTgU#v=onepage&q=Madhavdeva&f=false |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16}}</ref>, [[ভটিমা]], [[নাট]] ([[ভূমি লেটোৱা (ঝুমুৰা)|ঝুমুৰা]]) আদি ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মাধৱদেৱে বাৰকুৰি (দুশ চল্লিশ) বৰগীত ৰচনা কৰিছিল বুলি প্ৰবাদ আছে যদিও বৰ্তমান সৰ্বমুঠ নকুৰি এঘাৰটা (এশ একান্নবৈটা) মান গীতহে উপলব্ধ। অৱশ্যে ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কিছু সংখ্যক [[অংকীয়া নাট]]ৰ গীতো সন্নিৱিস্ত হৈ আছে। তেওঁ সৰ্বমুঠ ১৫৭টা [[বৰগীত]] ৰচনা কৰে জীৱন কালত, তাৰ ভিতৰত এটি উল্লেখনীয় বৰগীত হ’ল – ''তেজৰে কমলাপতি''। ===আখ্যানমূলক ৰচনা=== *ৰাজসূয় কাব্য *[https://as.m.wikisource.org/wiki/আদিকাণ্ড আদিকাণ্ড ৰামায়ণ] (অনুবাদ) ===তত্ত্বমূলক ৰচন=== *জন্মৰহস্য *[[ভক্তি ৰত্নাৱলী]] *নামমালিকা *[[নামঘোষা]]<ref name="মাধৱদেৱ"/> ===নাট=== *[[অৰ্জুন ভঞ্জন]] *দধিমথন ===ঝুমুৰা=== *[[চোৰধৰা]] *[[পিম্পৰা গুচোৱা]] *[[ভোজন বিহাৰ (ঝুমুৰা)]] *[[ভূমি লেটোৱা (ঝুমুৰা)]] *কোটোৰা খেলা ===অন্যান্য ৰচনা=== বৰ্তমানলৈকে পোৱা মাধৱদেৱৰ নামত প্ৰচলিত ঝুমুৰা ভূষণ হৰণ, ৰাস ঝুমুৰা, কোটোৰা খেলা, ব্ৰহ্মামোহন আদি তেখেতৰ স্বৰচিত হয়নে নহয় তাক সঠিককৈ জনা নাযায়। চৰিত পুথিত উল্লিখিত দুখনমান নাট, যেনে— ৰাম যাত্ৰা, নৃসিংহ যাত্ৰা, গোবৰ্দ্ধন যাত্ৰা আদি মাধৱদেৱৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত বুলি জনা যায় যদিও পাবলৈ নাই। ==তিৰোভাৱ== মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱৰ ১৫৯৬ চনত কোচবিহাৰৰ [[ভেলা সত্ৰ]]ত দেহাৱসান ঘটে<ref name="assaminfo1"/>। ==আৰু চাওক== {{wikisourcelang|as|লিখক: মাধৱদেৱ}} * [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ]] * [[নৱবৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] * [[সত্ৰ]] * [[বৰগীত]] * [[ভাওনা]] *[[পিম্পৰা গুচোৱা]] ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} {{অসমৰ প্ৰসিদ্ধ ব্যক্তি}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া কবি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ধৰ্মীয় গুৰু]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নৱবৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ পাব্লিক ডমেইনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত লিখক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভক্তি আন্দোলন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু সন্ত]] p1tspju76ixsgtfqlq1zonvhe9nq800 518627 518611 2025-06-16T18:41:51Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ */ 518627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = মাধৱদেৱ | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = ১৪৮৯ চন | birth_place = [[নাৰায়ণপুৰ]], [[লখিমপুৰ জিলা|লখিমপুৰ]], [[অসম]] | death_date = ১৫৯৬ চন | death_place = [[কোচবিহাৰ]] | nationality = | other_names = বঢ়াৰ পো | religion = [[মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম]] | notable_works = [[বৰগীত]], [[ভক্তি ৰত্নাৱলী]], [[নামঘোষা]] | occupation = }} '''মাধৱদেৱ''' (১৪৮৯-১৫৯৬) [[অসম]]ৰ মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম বা [[এক শৰণ নাম ধৰ্ম]] প্ৰৱৰ্তনৰ এজন মূল হোতা আছিল। তেওঁ মহাপুৰুষ [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ অন্যতম প্ৰধান শিষ্য আছিল।<ref name="assaminfo1">{{cite web|url=http://www.assaminfo.com/famous-people/52/mahapurush-srimanta-madhabdeva.htm |title=Mahapurush Srimanta Madhabdeva &#124; Srimanta Madhabdeva &#124; Mahapurush Madhabdeva &#124; Madhabdeva &#124; Sri Sri Madhabdeva &#124; History of Madhabdeva |publisher=Assaminfo.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16}}</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ গুৰু ভক্তিৰ বাবে তেওঁক বিশেষভাৱে জনা যায় আৰু তেওঁক শংকৰদেৱৰ প্ৰকৃত উত্তৰাধিকৰী হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱ বৈৰাগী আছিল কিন্তু জীৱন বিমুখী নাছিল। জীৱনৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ আস্থা আছিল আৰু গোটেই জীৱনটো গভীৰ জ্ঞানান্বেষণেৰে উপভোগ কৰিব বিচাৰিছিল। মাধৱদেৱে বিষয়-বাসনাৰ প্ৰতি উৎসাহ নেদেখুৱাইছিল যদিও নিজৰ প্ৰতিজন শিষ্যকে খেতি-বাতি বা ব্যৱসায়-বাণিজ্যৰে স্বাৱলম্বী হবলৈ কৈছিল। পাছলৈ নিজেও কোচ ৰজাৰ অনুগ্ৰহত থাকি সাহিত্য আৰু ধৰ্ম চৰ্চা কৰিছিল। [[নামঘোষা]] আৰু ভক্তিৰত্নাৱলী মাধৱদেৱৰ অনুপম সৃষ্টি।<ref name="assaminfo1" /> ==বংশলতা আৰু জন্ম== [[File:মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্মস্থান ভৱনৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ২.jpg|thumb|মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্মস্থান ]] মাধবদেৱৰ আদিপুৰুষ হিচাপে চৰিত পুথি মতে কৃষ্ণ ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ বিষ্ণু ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গোপাল ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ কৃপাল ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাম ভূঞা, ৰাম ভূঞাৰ পুত্ৰ জনাৰ্দ্দন ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ চিৰাম ভূঞা, চিৰাম ভূঞাৰ পুত্ৰ মুকুন্দ ভূঞা, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ গোবিন্দ্ৰ ভূঞা,<ref name="ম">{{cite book | title=সত্ৰীয়া সংস্কৃতিৰ স্বৰ্ণৰেখা | publisher=লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল | author=দেৱগোস্বামী, নাৰায়ণ চন্দ্ৰ | authorlink=মাধবদেৱ | year=১৯৮৪ | pages=৮০৫ | isbn=81-7331-103-X}}</ref> গোবিন্দৰ পিতৃভূমি আছিল বাণ্ডুকা(বৰ্তমান বাংলাদেশৰ ৰংপুৰ জিলাৰ অন্তৰ্গত)।<ref name="ম"/> গোবিন্দৰ কাণ দীঘল চানেকীয়া আছিল বাবে তেওঁক “বৰকণা’’ নাম দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name=":০:">{{cite book | title=মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশঙ্কৰদেৱ আৰু শ্ৰীমাধৱদেৱ চৰিত্ৰ | publisher=দত্তবৰুৱা পাব্লিছিং কোম্পানী প্ৰা: লি: | author=ঠাকুৰ, দৈত্যাৰী | authorlink=মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশ্ৰীমাধৱদেৱৰ আবিৰ্ভাৱ | year=২০০৪ তৃতীয় প্ৰকাশ | pages=২২,২৬, ৪৬, ৫০}}</ref> গোবিন্দ্ৰৰ দুই পুত্ৰ আৰু এককন্যা ক্ৰমে, জ্যেষ্ঠ পুত্ৰ দামোদৰ, সৰু পুত্ৰ মাধবদেৱ কন্যা উৰ্বশী। দামোদৰৰ পত্নী সচী। তেওঁলোকৰ পুত্ৰ অনিৰুদ্ধ। তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ পৰশুৰাম, তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰ ৰামদেৱ আৰু ৰামদেৱৰ পুত্ৰ পৰমানন্দ।<ref name="মা">{{cite book | title=গুৰু চৰিত কথা | publisher=লয়াৰ্ছ বুক ষ্টল | author=নেওগ, মহেশ্বৰ (সম্পাদিত) | authorlink=ছোট আতা বংশাৱলী চৰিত্ৰ (পৃ:৩৯,৪৩) | year=১৯৯৯ | pages=৩৯}}</ref> গোবিন্দৰ প্ৰথমা পত্নী অনুচিতাই দামোদৰক জন্ম দি ঢুকায়। পিছত দামোদৰলৈ বিয়া কৰাই গোবিন্দই বংশ-মিত্ৰ বিচাৰি বিচাৰি বাণ্ডুকাৰ পৰা আলিপুখুৰী পালেগৈ। তাতে কুসুম্বৰে চিনাকি পাই একে বংশৰে মনোহৰী নামৰ এক কন্যাক গোবিন্দত বিয়া দিলে<ref name="ম"/> আৰু ৰৌতাৰ পাৰত বৰা বিষয় বাব দিলে।<ref name="মা"/> কিছুদিন পিছতে ভোটৰ উৎপাতত গৰ্ভৱতী পত্নীসহ গোবিন্দই সেই ঠাইৰ পৰা পলায়ন কৰে।<ref name=":০:"/> তেওঁলোকক আহোম ৰাজবিষয়া হৰিসিংহ বৰাই পাই আশ্ৰয় দিয়ে।<ref name=":০:"/> তেওঁৰ ঘৰ আছিল, লক্ষিমপুৰৰ নাৰায়ণপুৰ অঞ্চলৰ লেতেকুপুখুৰী গাঁৱত।<ref name="ম"/> এই হৰিসিংহ বা হৰিশিঙা বৰাৰ ঘৰতে মনোহৰী আয়ে ১৪১১ শকত(১৪৮৯ চন) জেঠ মাহৰ ৰবিবাৰ, অমাৱস্যা তিথিত ভৰণী নক্ষত্ৰত ৰাতি দুই প্ৰহৰ যাওঁতে মাধবদেৱক জন্ম দিয়ে।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/><ref name="মাধৱদেৱ">{{cite book | title=আমাৰ মাধৱদেৱ | publisher=বনলতা | author=পাৰ্থপ্ৰতীম শৰ্মা| year=২০০৮ | pages=২১}}</ref><ref>Maheshwar Neog (1980). Early History of the Vaishnava Faith and Movement in Assam. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ গুপ্ত নাম আছিল, ৰত্নাকৰ।<ref name=":০:"/> গোবিন্দৰ আশ্ৰয়দাতা বৰা-বৰানীয়ে নিজ সন্তান নথকা বাবে মাধবদেৱক নিজা পুত্ৰজ্ঞান কৰিছিল।<ref name="মা"/> সেই সময়তে ঘোৰ দুৰ্ভিক্ষ হোৱাত মাধবদেৱ পিতৃ-মাতৃৰে সৈতে সেই ঠাইৰে ঘাঘৰি মাজিৰ ঘৰত আশ্ৰয় লয়।<ref name=":০:"/> তাতেই মাধবদেৱৰ ভনীয়েক উৰ্বশীৰ জন্ম হয়<ref name=":০:"/> আৰু বিবহযোগ্য হোৱাত তেওঁলোক হোকৰাকুছিলৈ যায়।<ref name=":০:"/> তাতে গয়াপাণি বা ৰাম দাসৰ হাতত কন্যটি সঁপি দি পুত্ৰ সমন্বিতে পুনৰ বাণ্ডুকালৈ যায়।<ref name="ম"/> বাণ্ডুকাতেই গোবিন্দ ভূঞাৰ পৰলোকগমন হয়। মাধবদেৱৰ পিতৃ গোবিন্দগিৰি ভূঞাই বাণ্ডুকাবেহাৰৰ মজিন্দাৰ আছিল<ref name="+০+">{{cite journal | title=অসমৰ ভূঞাসকলৰ আঁতিগুৰি বিচাৰি | author=ভূঞা, অপূৰ্ব | journal=প্ৰান্তিক | year=২০১১ | month=১-১৫ জুলাই | issue=১৫শ সংখ্যা | pages=৩৫}}</ref> আৰু পিতৃৰ পিছত দামোদৰেও খেতি-বাতি আৰু বণিজ কৰাৰ উপৰি ৰজাঘৰীয়া মজিন্দাৰী কাম কৰিছিল। মাধবদেৱে ককায়েকক সহায় কৰিছিল। কিছুকালৰ পিছত তেওঁ তাৰ পৰা টেম্বুৱানীত থকা মাতৃৰ কাষলৈ প্ৰত্যবৰ্তন কৰিছিল<ref name="ম"/><ref name=":০:"/> আৰু কিছুদিন মাতৃ, ভগ্নী আৰু বৈনায়েকৰ সৈতে থাকি বিয়া কৰাৰ মনেৰে এগৰাকী কন্যাক জোৰোণ দি আহিল।<ref name=":০:"/> সেই সময়তে গয়াপাণি ধুঞাহাটলৈ যায় আৰু শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ সাক্ষাৎ পাই তেওঁৰ ওচৰত শৰণ লয়। শঙ্কৰদেৱেই গয়াপাণিৰ নাম ৰামদাস ৰাখিছিল।<ref name=":০:"/> ১৪৮৯ চনত [[নাৰায়ণপুৰ]] নামে ঠাইৰ ৰঙাজান আৰু কাঁচিকটা নদীৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত [[লেতেকুপুখুৰী]] নামৰ ঠাইৰ হৰিশিঙা বৰা উজীৰৰ ঘৰত মাধৱদেৱৰ জন্ম হয়।<ref name="assaminfo1"/> প্ৰবাদ আছে যে মাধৱদেৱৰ নাইকটা কাঁচিখন পেলোৱাৰ বাবে ওচৰৰ নদীখনৰ নাম কাঁচিকটা আৰু প্ৰসূতিৰ তেজলগা কাপোৰ ধোৱাৰ বাবে ওচৰৰ জানটোৰ পানীৰ বৰণ ৰঙা হৈ পৰাত পৰৱৰ্তী কালত ইয়াৰ নাম ৰঙাজান হয়।{{cn}} ===শিক্ষা=== বাণ্ডুকাৰ ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ অধ্যাপকৰ ছাত্ৰশালাত মাধবদেৱৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক শিক্ষা লাভ হয়। এক বছৰ শিক্ষা লাভ কৰিয়েই তেওঁ ব্যাকৰণ, পুৰাণ, ভাগৱত আদি নানা শাস্ত্ৰ আয়ত্ব কৰিছিল।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/> ===শিশুকালৰ লগৰীয়া=== মাধবদেৱৰ শিশুকালৰ লগৰীয়াসকলৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰধান নজনা বন্ধু আছিল-হৰি, হৰিবৰ, হৰাই,নিৰাই, নিৰঞ্জন, নিৰামই, নৰহৰি, নাৰায়ণ আৰু নৰোত্তম।<ref name="মা"/> অন্য সাধাৰণ শিশুৰ দৰেই ল’ৰালি কালছোৱা মাধবদেৱ উমলি-জামলি ডাঙৰ হৈছিল। চৰিত-পুথিসমুহত তেওঁৰ বাল্যকালৰ ক্ৰিয়া-কাণ্ডত যথেষ্ট অলৌকিকতা বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। ==মণি-কাঞ্চণ সংযোগ== বাণ্ডুকাৰ পৰা উভতি আহোঁতে বাটতে মাকৰ টান নৰীয়া হোৱাৰ খবৰ পাই মাতৃৰ সুস্বাস্থ্য কামনা কৰি দুৰ্গা গোঁসানীলৈ এযোৰ বগা পঠা আগ কৰে।<ref name="ম"/><ref name="মা"/> শংকৰদেৱক লগ পোৱাৰ আগতে মাধৱদেৱ ঘোৰ শাক্ত ধৰ্মী লোক আছিল। এবাৰ মাকৰ অসুখ হোৱাত তেওঁ দেৱীৰ আগত দুটা ছাগলী বলি দিম বুলি প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰিলে যদিহে মাকৰ অসুখ ভাল হয়। তেওঁ যেতিয়া ছাগলী দুটা আনিবলৈ নিজৰ ভনীজোঁৱায়েক ৰামদাসক পাচিলে ভনীজোঁৱায়েকে তেওঁৰ কথা নুশুনি ক’লে যে বলি বিধান অপ্ৰয়োজনীয় প্ৰথা আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰা কোনেও সুফল নাপায়। তেওঁ আৰু ক'লে যে তেওঁ ইতিমধ্যে শংকৰদেৱক গুৰু মানি এক শৰণ হৰি নাম ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰিছে আৰু মাধৱেও তাকে কৰিব লাগে। এই কথা শুনি মাধৱদেৱ ক্ৰোধিত হয় আৰু শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ ওচৰলৈ গৈ তেওঁৰ যুক্তি তৰ্ক আৰম্ভ কৰিলে। মাধৱে আগমৰ যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় আৰু গুৰুজনাই নিগমৰ যুক্তিৰে খন্দন কৰে। এনেদৰে তিনি প্ৰহৰ তৰ্ক যুদ্ধ হ'ল। শেষত গুৰু জনাই শ্ৰীমদ্ভাগৱতৰ চতুৰ্থ স্কন্ধৰ '''"যথা তৰুৰ মূল -------"''' শ্লোকটিৰে মাধৱক পৰাস্ত কৰে। শ্লোকটিৰ অৰ্থ হ'ল গছৰ গুৰিত পানী দিলে দাল পাত সকলোৱে পায়। দাল পাতত দিলে কোনেও নাপায়। একেদৰে ভগৱন্ত কৃষ্ণদেৱক পূজিলে সকলোৰে পূজা হয়। আন দেৱ-দেৱীক পৃথকে পূজাৰ কোনো প্ৰয়োজন নাই। শ্ৰীমন্ত শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ যুক্তিৰ ওচৰত হাৰ মানি মাধৱে তাৰাক গুৰু ভজি তেওঁ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা একশৰণ হৰি নাম ধৰ্মত শৰণ ললে। মাধৱ হৈ পৰিল গুৰুজনাৰ প্ৰপন্ন শিষ্য অভেদ আত্মা মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীশ্ৰী মাধৱদেৱ। দুয়োজনা মহাপুৰুষৰ এই মহা মিলনক সাহিত্য ৰথী [[লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]দেৱে '''"মণি-কাঞ্চণ সংযোগ"''' বুলি অভিহিত কৰি গৈছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srimanta.net/contents_l3.php?q=3&ID=1&ID3=41&link_caption=Madhavadeva |title=Welcome to The Site |publisher=Srimanta.net |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16 |archivedate=2015-03-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319204909/http://srimanta.net/contents_l3.php?q=3&ID=1&ID3=41&link_caption=Madhavadeva |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==গুৰু শিষ্য সম্পৰ্ক== শ্ৰীশ্ৰী মাধৱদেৱ আৰু শ্ৰীমন্ত [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ মাজৰ গুৰু-শিষ্য সম্পৰ্ক মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ ইতিহাসত এক পবিত্ৰ আৰু গভীৰ সম্পৰ্ক হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। শংকৰদেৱৰ আধ্যাত্মিক দৃষ্টিভংগী, সাহিত্যিক প্ৰতিভা আৰু ধৰ্মীয় ধৰ্মপ্ৰচাৰ প্ৰতি মাধৱদেৱ দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি আকৃষ্ট হৈ আছিল। যদিও মাধৱদেৱ প্ৰথমতে শাক্ত ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাসী আছিল, কিন্তু বৈনায়েক ৰাম দাসৰ (গোপাল আতা<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 78–80.</ref>হৰিসৰণ)ৰ সৈতে বলি-বিতৰ্কৰ পিছত তেওঁৰ মনত প্ৰশ্ন উত্থাপন হয়, আৰু এই সময়তেই তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ সৈতে সাক্ষাৎ কৰে। ১৫৫১ চনত শ্ৰীশ্ৰী শংকৰদেৱৰ ওচৰত মাধৱদেৱে বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম গ্ৰহণ কৰে। এই সময়তেই তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ অন্যতম সৰ্বাধিক ঘনিষ্ঠ শিষ্য হৈ পৰে। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ নিৰ্দেশত বহু গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ধৰ্মীয় গ্ৰন্থ, নাম-ঘোষা আৰু নাটন নাট প্ৰকাশ কৰে। মাধৱদেৱে শংকৰদেৱৰ অনুগামী হিচাপে কেবল ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষাৰ প্ৰসাৰেই কৰা নাই, তেওঁ তেওঁৰ গুৰুৰ আদৰ্শক জীৱনৰ শেষ পৰ্যন্ত পালন কৰি গৈছিল। শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে ধৰ্ম আন্দোলনৰ দায়িত্ব স্বীকাৰ কৰি সত্ৰ স্থাপন আৰু ধৰ্মীয় সংস্কৃতি সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে বিশাল ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ দৰ্শনক আগবঢ়াই সত্ৰ প্ৰথাৰ বিকাশ ঘটায়। তেওঁ শংকৰদেৱৰ আদৰ্শৰ পৰা কেতিয়াও বিচ্যুত নহ’ল, আৰু গুৰুৰ প্ৰতি অকুণ্ঠ বিশ্বাস, আস্থা আৰু শ্ৰদ্ধা দেখুৱাই চিৰস্মৰণীয় হ’ল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 250–253.</ref> ===গুৰু পত্নী [[কালিন্দী আই]] আৰু মাধৱদেৱ=== ==সত্ৰ স্থাপন== শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ সাংগঠনিক দিশ অধিক সুদৃঢ় কৰাৰ বাবে বিভিন্ন ঠাইত সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। সত্ৰসমূহ আছিল ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষা, নাম-প্ৰচাৰ আৰু শৃংখলিত ভক্তিসাধনাৰ কেন্দ্ৰ। ই একেলগে ধৰ্ম আৰু সমাজ গঠনৰে মূল আধাৰ ৰূপে পৰিগণিত হৈছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 102–105.</ref> ===বৰপেটা সত্ৰ=== {{মূল|বৰপেটা সত্ৰ}} মাধৱদেৱে ১৫০৫ শকত (১৫৮৩ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ) বৰপেটা সত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল আৰু তাত তেওঁ ৮ বছৰ ধৰি আছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://onlinesivasagar.com/tourism/barpeta-satra.php |title=Barpeta Satra (Xatra), Barpeta Kirtan Ghar - Barpeta, Assam, Religious and Cultural Centre |publisher=Onlinesivasagar.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-15}}</ref> তেওঁ [[মথুৰা দাস বুঢ়া আতা|শ্ৰীমথুৰা দাস বুঢ়া আতা]]ক সত্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সত্ৰাধিকাৰ হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিছিল। ===গণককুছি সত্ৰ=== গণককুছি সত্ৰ মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱে স্থাপন কৰা এখন ঐতিহ্যমণ্ডিত সত্ৰ। বৰপেটা চহৰৰ কাষতে থকা গণককুছি সত্ৰ এক ঐতিহাসিক আৰু ধৰ্মীয় গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান। এই সত্ৰত মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱে ১৮ বছৰ ৬ মাহ বসবাস কৰিছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁৰ লগত ৰাম আতৈ, শ্ৰীৰাম আতৈকে আদি কৰি বহুকেইগৰাকী ভকত একেলগে বসবাস কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganakkuchi Satra: A Satra Established by Mahapurush Madhavdev|url=https://assam.news18.com/news/assam/ganakkuchi-satra-a-satra-established-by-mahapurush-madhavdev-skd-local18-411945.html |website=News18 Assam |language=as |access-date=12 June 2025 |publisher=News18 Network }}</ref> ===সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ=== {{মূল|সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ}} মাধৱদেৱে ১৫৭০ চনত সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল৷ বৰপেটা সত্ৰৰ উত্তৰ পূব কোণত প্ৰায় ৩ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত বৰপেটা ভবানীপুৰ পথত এই সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ অৱস্থিত আৰু ইয়াতে মাধবদেৱে ১৪ বছৰ ছমাহ কাল বাস কৰি নানা পদ-পুথি ৰচনা কৰিছিল৷<ref name="সুন্দৰী">{{cite book | title=সচিত্ৰ সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ | publisher=সুন্দৰীদিয়া সত্ৰ পৰিচালনা সমিতি | author=পাঠক, ৰাতুল (সম্পাদক) | year=২০০৮}}</ref> ===বাৰাদি সত্ৰ=== মাধৱদেৱে নিজে বাৰাদি সত্ৰত অৱস্থান কৰিছিল আৰু ইয়াক আধ্যাত্মিক সাধনা, ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ আৰু সাহিত্য সৃষ্টি (বিশেষকৈ নামঘোষা ৰচনা)ৰ বাবে এটা কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল। বাৰাদি সত্ৰত মাধৱদেৱে শেষ জীৱনকাল অতিবাহিত কৰিছিল। এই সত্ৰ মাধৱদেৱৰ শেষ বাসস্থান হিচাপেও পৰিগণিত।<ref>Neog, Maheswar, pp. 296–297.</ref> === অন্যান্য সত্ৰ স্থাপন === মাধৱদেৱে নিজে কিছুমান সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ শিষ্যসকলে বহু সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ সত্ৰসমূহৰ মাধ্যমে মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্ম বিস্তাৰ কৰিবলৈ সংগঠিত প্ৰচেষ্টা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। নিচেই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কিছুমান সত্ৰ হ’ল— * '''আহতগুৰি সত্ৰ''' - ধৰ্মীয় চৰ্চা আৰু সংগঠনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এই সত্ৰ অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আছিল। * '''বেলগুৰি সত্ৰ''' - এই সত্ৰত মাধৱদেৱে বহুদিন ধৰি বাস কৰিছিল আৰু বহু শিষ্যক দীক্ষা দিছিল। * '''ধাইহাট সত্ৰ''' - মাধৱদেৱে জীবনৰ অন্তিম সময়চোৱাত এই সত্ৰত অৱস্থান কৰিছিল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 295–296.</ref> এই সত্ৰসমূহত মাধৱদেৱে শিষ্যৰ শিক্ষাদান, ধৰ্মীয় বিধিবিধান প্ৰৱৰ্তন আৰু কীৰ্তন আদি কাৰ্য চলাইছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N., pp. 111–113.</ref> সেয়ে এই সত্ৰসমূহ মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্মীয় দৃষ্টিভংগী, সংগঠন দক্ষতা আৰু শিষ্যনিৰ্ভৰ নেতৃত্বৰ পৰিচয় বহন কৰে। মাধৱদেৱে সত্ৰসমূহৰ মাধ্যমে ধৰ্মীয় আচাৰ-বিধি, নাম-কীৰ্তন আৰু আখণ্ড ভক্তিসাধনাৰ এক সাংগঠনিক সাঁচ গঢ়ি তোলে, যি বৰ্তমানো মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মৰ মূল আধাৰ ৰূপে চলি আহিছে। ==ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ== শ্ৰীমন্ত [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ দীক্ষিত শিষ্য হিচাপে মাধৱদেৱে অসমৰ মহাপুৰুষীয়া [[বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] বিস্তাৰত এক বিশিষ্ট ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। শংকৰদেৱৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত মাধৱদেৱে ধৰ্মীয় নেতৃত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰি ধৰ্মটোক অধিক সুসংগঠিত ৰূপ দিছিল। তেওঁৰ নেতৃত্বত সত্ৰ, নামঘৰ আৰু কীৰ্তনঘোষাৰ প্ৰচলন বৃদ্ধি পায়। মাধৱদেৱে শংকৰদেৱৰ দেখুৱোৱা ধৰ্মপথ অনুসৰি ঈশ্বৰৰ নাম গ্ৰহণ, শুদ্ধ ভক্তিৰ মাধ্যমে মুক্তিলাভ আৰু সামাজিক সমতা প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চললৈ গৈ ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু বহু লোকক দীক্ষা দিছিল। তেওঁৰ দীক্ষিত শিষ্যসকলৰ মাজত হৰিদাস ঠাকুৰ, অনন্ত দেৱ আদিৰ নাম উল্লেখযোগ্য।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, pp. 79–82.</ref> মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য দিশ আছিল নামঘোষাৰ মাধ্যমে ধৰ্মৰ বাণী জনসাধাৰণলৈ প্ৰচাৰ কৰা। তেওঁ ৰচনাৰ জৰিয়তে ধৰ্মক হৃদয়ঙ্গম কৰা সহজ কৰি তোলে। বিশেষকৈ তেওঁৰ ৰচিত [[নামঘোষা]] কাব্যগ্ৰন্থখন মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মত অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান দখল কৰি আছে।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 290–292.</ref> তেওঁ [[সত্ৰ]] সংস্থাপন কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অৱদান আগবঢ়াইছিল। তিনিআটি সত্ৰ স্থাপন কৰা কথাও বিভিন্ন কৃতিত উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়। সত্ৰসমূহে ধৰ্মীয় শিক্ষাদান, নৈতিক উন্নয়ন আৰু সাংগঠনিক দৃঢ়তা আগবঢ়াইছিল। এই ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ ফলস্বৰূপ, মাধৱদেৱৰ জীৱনকালতেই মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম অসমৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চললৈ বিস্তৃত হৈছিল। ===ধৰ্মৰ চাৰি বস্তু=== মহাপুৰুষীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত "ধৰ্মৰ চাৰি বস্তু" বা "চাৰিখন বস্তু" বুলিলে নাম, দেৱ, গুৰু আৰু ভকতক বুজোৱা হয়। এই চাৰিটা বস্তুকে ধৰ্মীয় জীৱনৰ মূল আধাৰ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱে এই বস্তুসমূহৰ গুৰুত্ব ব্যাখ্যা কৰি ধৰ্মীয় অনুশাসনৰ ৰূপ দিছিল। * '''নাম''': ভগৱানৰ নাম লোৱাক (কীৰ্তন, নাম-ঘোষা) ধৰ্মৰ আটাইতকৈ মৌলিক আচাৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। নাম-স্মৰণেৰে ভক্ত ভগৱানৰ সৈতে আত্মিক সংযোগ স্থাপন কৰে। বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত নাম-ঘোষাৰ মাধ্যৰে আত্মশুদ্ধি আৰু মুক্তিৰ পথ দেখুওৱা হয়।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, pp. 220–221.</ref> * '''দেৱ''': দেৱ বুলিলে ভগৱানক বুজোৱা হয়। বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মত ভগৱান (বিশেষকৈ কৃষ্ণ) একমাত্ৰ উপাস্য, আৰু তেওঁৰ ওপৰত একনিষ্ঠ ভক্তিৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। দেৱৰ উপাসনা সাধাৰণতে নামঘোষা, কীৰ্তন, আৰু একান্ত ভক্তিৰে কৰা হয়।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, p. 95.</ref> * '''গুৰু''': ধৰ্মপথৰ সঠিক দিশ দৰ্শোৱা জনক গুৰু বোলা হয়। গুৰুজনক ভগৱানৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্ধাৰিত পথত ভক্তক নিৰ্দেশনা দিয়া এজন আধ্যাত্মিক শিক্ষক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। মাধৱদেৱে গুৰুৰ প্ৰতি আনুগত্য আৰু শ্ৰদ্ধাৰ ওপৰত বিশেষ গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিছিল।<ref>Barua, B.K. ''A Cultural History of Assam'', Lawyer’s Book Stall, 1951, pp. 273–275.</ref> * '''ভকত''': ভকত বুলিলে ভগৱানৰ ভক্তসকলক বুজোৱা হয়। মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মত ভকতসকলৰ সৈতে সম্প্ৰীতি, সহানুভূতি আৰু সমতা ৰাখিবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰা হয়। সমাজত ধৰ্মীয় একতাৰ এক প্ৰতীক হিচাপে ভকতৰ স্থান বৰগম্ভীৰ।<ref>Neog, Maheswar, p. 222.</ref> এই চাৰি বস্তু — নাম, দেৱ, গুৰু আৰু ভকত — বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ ভিত্তি, যাৰ ওপৰত সৎ জীৱন, আধ্যাত্মিক সাধনা আৰু সামাজিক সদভাৱ স্থাপিত হয়। ===মহাপুৰুষীয়া ধৰ্মৰ নৱৰত্ন লাভ=== ==কোচ ৰজাৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ== মাধৱদেৱে তেওঁৰ ধৰ্মীয় জীৱনৰ অন্তিম পৰ্যায়ত কোচ ৰাজ্যৰ ৰজা [[নৰনাৰায়ণ]] আৰু সেনাপতি [[চিলাৰায়]]ৰ পৰা বিশেষ পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা লাভ কৰিছিল। [[শংকৰদেৱ]]ৰ দেহাৱসানৰ পাছত মাধৱদেৱ [[বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]]ৰ নেতৃত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰি ইয়াৰ বিস্তাৰ আৰু সুসংগঠনত মনোনিৱেশ কৰিছিল। এই সময়তে সেনাপতি চিলাৰায়ে তেওঁক [[কোচবিহাৰ]]লৈ নিমন্ত্ৰণ জনাইছিল, যিটো তেওঁ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>Neog, Maheswar. ''Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1980, p. 302.</ref> চিলাৰায় মাধৱদেৱৰ ধৰ্মীয় নিষ্ঠা আৰু ব্যতিক্ৰমী সাহিত্যিক প্ৰতিভাৰ প্ৰতি গভীৰ ভাবে আকৰ্ষিত হৈছিল। তেওঁ মাধৱদেৱক পূৰ্ণ স্বাধীনতা আৰু আশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰিছিল যাতে তেওঁ বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ শিক্ষা আৰু কীৰ্তন প্ৰথাৰ বিস্তাৰ অব্যাহত ৰাখিব পাৰে।<ref>Sarma, S.N. ''The Neo-Vaishnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam'', Assam Publication Board, 1966, p. 89.</ref> মাধৱদেৱে এই সময়তে কোচ ৰাজ্যত কেইবাটাও [[সত্ৰ]] স্থাপন কৰে, বিশেষকৈ সোণাৰী অঞ্চলত স্থাপিত সত্ৰটোৱে গুৰুত্ব লাভ কৰে। চিলাৰায়ে মাধৱদেৱক "মহাপুৰুষ" হিচাপে সম্বোধন কৰিছিল, আৰু তেওঁৰ সাহিত্য আৰু ধৰ্মীয় কৰ্মকাণ্ডলৈ ৰাজআশ্ৰয় প্ৰদান কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলস্বৰূপে [[বৰগীত]], নাট, নামপ্ৰসঙ্গ আদিৰ ব্যাপক বিস্তাৰ সাধন হৈছিল।<ref>Maheswar Neog, 1980, pp. 308–309.</ref> [[সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ শৰ্মা]]ই মত দিছে যে, মাধৱদেৱে পোৱা এই ৰাজপৃষ্ঠপোষকতাই কেৱল বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানিক বিস্তাৰ নহয়, অসমীয়া সাহিত্য তথা সংস্কৃতিৰো বিকাশত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>Sarma, S.N., 1966, p. 95.</ref> ==সাহিত্যকৃতি== ধৰ্ম প্ৰচাৰৰ লগতে সাহিত্য সংস্কৃতিৰো পূজাৰী এইজনা মহান গুৰুৰ সাহিত্যিক জীৱনৰ কীৰ্তিস্তম্ভ হ’ল [[নামঘোষা]]। এহেজাৰটা ঘোষা থকা বাবে এইখনক হেজাৰী ঘোষা বুলিও কোৱা হয়। তেওঁ একাধিক [[বৰগীত]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA387&lpg=PA387&dq=Madhavdeva&source=bl&ots=mVFY0yGOt5&sig=sTGlQ0j6_roY1CDvIGphD70yUiY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0LtEUbClB8LprQeIw4DQAg&ved=0CGoQ6AEwCTgU#v=onepage&q=Madhavdeva&f=false |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2013-03-16}}</ref>, [[ভটিমা]], [[নাট]] ([[ভূমি লেটোৱা (ঝুমুৰা)|ঝুমুৰা]]) আদি ৰচনা কৰিছিল। মাধৱদেৱে বাৰকুৰি (দুশ চল্লিশ) বৰগীত ৰচনা কৰিছিল বুলি প্ৰবাদ আছে যদিও বৰ্তমান সৰ্বমুঠ নকুৰি এঘাৰটা (এশ একান্নবৈটা) মান গীতহে উপলব্ধ। অৱশ্যে ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত কিছু সংখ্যক [[অংকীয়া নাট]]ৰ গীতো সন্নিৱিস্ত হৈ আছে। তেওঁ সৰ্বমুঠ ১৫৭টা [[বৰগীত]] ৰচনা কৰে জীৱন কালত, তাৰ ভিতৰত এটি উল্লেখনীয় বৰগীত হ’ল – ''তেজৰে কমলাপতি''। ===আখ্যানমূলক ৰচনা=== *ৰাজসূয় কাব্য *[https://as.m.wikisource.org/wiki/আদিকাণ্ড আদিকাণ্ড ৰামায়ণ] (অনুবাদ) ===তত্ত্বমূলক ৰচন=== *জন্মৰহস্য *[[ভক্তি ৰত্নাৱলী]] *নামমালিকা *[[নামঘোষা]]<ref name="মাধৱদেৱ"/> ===নাট=== *[[অৰ্জুন ভঞ্জন]] *দধিমথন ===ঝুমুৰা=== *[[চোৰধৰা]] *[[পিম্পৰা গুচোৱা]] *[[ভোজন বিহাৰ (ঝুমুৰা)]] *[[ভূমি লেটোৱা (ঝুমুৰা)]] *কোটোৰা খেলা ===অন্যান্য ৰচনা=== বৰ্তমানলৈকে পোৱা মাধৱদেৱৰ নামত প্ৰচলিত ঝুমুৰা ভূষণ হৰণ, ৰাস ঝুমুৰা, কোটোৰা খেলা, ব্ৰহ্মামোহন আদি তেখেতৰ স্বৰচিত হয়নে নহয় তাক সঠিককৈ জনা নাযায়। চৰিত পুথিত উল্লিখিত দুখনমান নাট, যেনে— ৰাম যাত্ৰা, নৃসিংহ যাত্ৰা, গোবৰ্দ্ধন যাত্ৰা আদি মাধৱদেৱৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত বুলি জনা যায় যদিও পাবলৈ নাই। ==তিৰোভাৱ== মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱৰ ১৫৯৬ চনত কোচবিহাৰৰ [[ভেলা সত্ৰ]]ত দেহাৱসান ঘটে<ref name="assaminfo1"/>। ==আৰু চাওক== {{wikisourcelang|as|লিখক: মাধৱদেৱ}} * [[শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱ]] * [[নৱবৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] * [[সত্ৰ]] * [[বৰগীত]] * [[ভাওনা]] *[[পিম্পৰা গুচোৱা]] ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} {{অসমৰ প্ৰসিদ্ধ ব্যক্তি}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমীয়া কবি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ধৰ্মীয় গুৰু]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নৱবৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্ম]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ পাব্লিক ডমেইনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত লিখক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভক্তি আন্দোলন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু সন্ত]] nnhwgqb8wop49fzy9qi47wztiy9r6mj 1 5509 518775 239099 2025-06-17T07:37:41Z 2409:4065:480:9B5E:0:0:1EC5:58A5 /* প্রথম ৰাভা সংগীত টোৰ নাম কি */ নতুন অনুচ্ছেদ 518775 wikitext text/x-wiki এই পৃষ্ঠাত চৈধ্যটা গীতৰ কথা সন্নিৱিষ্ট কৰা উচিত হৈছেনে? ই কোনো ফালৰ পৰাই প্ৰবন্ধৰ আকাৰ পোৱা নাই। [[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi|Gitartha.bordoloi]] 14:08, 6 অক্টোবৰ 2011 (UTC) গীত লিখিলে প্রৱন্ধ নহয়। লেখকে ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ মৰ্মাৰ্থ উপলব্ধি কৰিব পৰা নাই। [[সদস্য:Psneog|প্রভাকৰ শৰ্মা নেওগ]] 01:00, 7 অক্টোবৰ 2011 (UTC) ==ৰাভা সংগীত নে বিষ্ণুৰাভা সংগীত?== অসমীয়া সংগীত = অসমীয়া মানুহৰ গীত<br/> বড়ো সংগীত = বড়ো মানুঘৰ গীত<br/> ৰাভা সংগীত = ??<br/> [[সদস্য:Psneog|প্রভাকৰ শৰ্মা নেওগ]] 01:00, 7 অক্টোবৰ 2011 (UTC) 'বিষ্ণুৰাভা সংগীত' দিলে অধিক স্পষ্ট হ’ব,কাৰণ- 'ৰাভা সংগীত' বুলি ক’লে ৰাভাসকলোৰ (জনগোষ্ঠীৰ) গীত-মাতসমূহকো সাঙুৰি ল’ব৷ [[সদস্য:Kuldhar Rabha|কুলধৰ ৰাভা]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Kuldhar Rabha|talk]]) 02:35, 20 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) == গীতৰ কথা যোগ == অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি ইয়াত আৰু গীতৰ কথা যোগ নকৰিব। ই ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ নিয়মৰ পৰিপন্থী। এতিয়ালৈকে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হোৱা গীতৰ কথা Wikisourceলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হ'ব। [[সদস্য:Gitartha.bordoloi|Gitartha.bordoloi]] 17:31, 3 ডিচেম্বৰ 2011 (UTC) == প্রথম ৰাভা সংগীত টোৰ নাম কি == উ [[বিশেষ:বৰঙনিসমূহ/2409:4065:480:9B5E:0:0:1EC5:58A5|2409:4065:480:9B5E:0:0:1EC5:58A5]] 07:37, 17 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) 7i4bypjh012zazttqrujb94vgxzr7bj 0 7204 518558 508952 2025-06-16T15:11:37Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518558 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:30em;" |- | colspan="2" align="center" | {{অপৰিমেয় সংখ্যা}} |- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[চিত্ৰ:Pi-unrolled-720.gif|center|280px|য’ত বৃত্তৰ [[ব্যাস]] ১, তেনেহ’লে ইয়াৰ পৰিধি [[পাই|পাইৰ]] সমান হ’ব। ]] |- | colspan="2" align="center" | য’ত বৃত্তৰ [[ব্যাস]] ১, তেনেহ’লে ইয়াৰ পৰিধি পাইৰ সমান হ’ব। |- | &nbsp; | &nbsp; |- ! align="center" |সংখ্যা পদ্ধতি</center> ! align="center" |<math>\pi</math> ৰ মান নিৰ্ণয় |- |[[দ্বৈত সংখ্যা পদ্ধতি|দ্বৈত]] | {{gaps|১১.০০১০০|১০০০০|১১১১১|১০১১০…<ref> {{cite book | title = The handbook of formulas and tables for signal processing | author = Alexander D. Poularikas | publisher = CRC Press | year = 1999 | isbn = 9780849385797 | page = 9.8 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=aaStYSe6WVcC&pg=PT165&dq=11.001001+different-number-bases&ei=FBXiStjlIZKalASsgoWjDA#v=onepage&q=11.001001%20different-number-bases&f=false }}</ref>}} |- | [[দশমিক]] | {{gaps||3.14159|26535|89793|23846|26433|83279|50288…}} |- | [[ষোৰশক]] | {{gaps||3.243F6|A8885|A308D|31319…<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.super-computing.org/pi-hexa_current.html | title = Sample digits for hexa decimal digits of pi | date = Dec. 6, 2002 | access-date = 2012-03-14 | archivedate = 2010-01-09 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100109130527/http://www.super-computing.org/pi-hexa_current.html | deadurl = yes }}</ref>}} |- | [[সাংখ্যিক আসন্নমান]] | 3, ²²⁄₇, ³³³⁄₁₀₆, ³⁵⁵⁄₁₁₃, ¹⁰³⁹⁹³/₃₃₁₀₂, ...<ref>{{cite web | url =http://numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/Pi/piApprox.html | title = Collection of approximations for পাই}}</ref> <small>(শুদ্ধতাৰ উৰ্ধক্ৰমত)</small> |- | [[অবিৰত ভগ্নাংশ]] |{{nowrap|[3; 7, 15, 1, 292, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 14, 2, 1, 1, … ]}}<ref name="ReferenceA">{{OEIS2C|A001203}}: Continued fraction for Pi, [[On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences]]</ref> <small>(This continued fraction is not [[Periodic function|periodic]]. Shown in [[Continued fraction#Notations for continued fractions|linear notation]])</small> |- | [[ত্ৰিকোণমিতি]] |<math>\pi</math> [[ৰেডিয়ান]] = ১৮০ [[ডিগ্ৰি (কোণ)|ডিগ্ৰি]] |} '''পাই''' ({{lang-grc|সৰুফলা {{Pi}}, বৰফলা {{PI}}}}) হ’ল [[বৃত্ত|বৃত্তৰ]] [[পৰিধি]] আৰু [[ব্যাস|ব্যাসৰ]] অনুপাত, যি এক [[ধ্ৰূৱক]]: গণিতবিদৰ মতে পাই হ’ল বিশ্বৰ সবাতোকৈ সুন্দৰ [[সংখ্যা]]{{citation needed}}। [[গণিতৰ ইতিহাস]]ৰ বিখ্যাত সংখ্যা π(পাই)ৰ বুৰঞ্জীও অতি বৈচিত্ৰ্যপূৰ্ণ আৰু দীঘলীয়া।<ref name="গণিত চ'ৰা">{{cite web | url=http://gonitsora.com/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80/ | title=পাইৰ কাহিনী | publisher=গণিত চ'ৰা ডট কম | accessdate=জুন ০৪, ২০১১ | archivedate=2012-03-21 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321112336/http://gonitsora.com/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80/ | deadurl=yes }}</ref> পাই এটি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ গাণিতিক তথা বৈজ্ঞানিক ধ্ৰুৱক। [[ইউক্লিডীয় জ্যামিতি|ইউক্লিডীয় জ্যামিতিত]] যিকোনো [[বৃত্ত|বৃত্তৰ]] [[পৰিধি]] আৰু [[ব্যাস|ব্যাসৰ]] অনুপাতক এই ধ্ৰুৱকৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰকাশ কৰা হয়। ই এক [[অপৰিমেয় সংখ্যা]] - অৰ্থাৎ ইয়াক দুটা পূৰ্ণ সংখ্যাৰ অনুপাত হিচাবে দশমিক ভগ্নাংশত সম্পূৰ্ণৰুপে প্ৰকাশ কৰিব নোৱাৰি (অসীম): পাইৰ মান ২২ ভাগৰ ৭ (২২/৭) বা দশমিকত ৩.১৪১৫৯...(অসীম) হিচাপে ধাৰ্য্য কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ অপৰিমেয়তাৰ প্ৰমাণ ১৭৬০ জোহান লেম্বাৰ্টে আগবঢ়াই।<ref>[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Pi.html Pi, mathworld.wolfram.com]</ref> পাই এটা অবীজীয় সংখ্যাও। ১৮৮২ চনত ফাৰ্দিনাণ্ড ভন লিণ্ডেমেনে ইয়াৰ অবীজীয়তাৰ প্ৰমাণ কৰে।<ref>[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Pi.html Pi, mathworld.wolfram.com]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=π is Transcendental |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/C0110195/what/transcendental.html |access-date=2012-03-18 |archivedate=2012-10-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020144613/http://library.thinkquest.org/C0110195/what/transcendental.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=২০টা বিখ্যাত অপৰিমেয় সংখ্যা |url=http://gonitsora.com/20-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE/ |access-date=2012-03-14 |archivedate=2011-09-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908083853/http://gonitsora.com/20-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[জ্যামিতি]] আৰু [[ত্ৰিকোণমিতি]]ত কোণ জোখাৰ [[ৰেডিয়ান]] প্ৰণালীত {{Pi}}-ক ১৮০ ডিগ্ৰী বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি আথৰ হিচাবেও ইয়াক বিভিন্ন বৈজ্ঞানিক সূত্ৰ বা সমীকৰণত বীজগণিতীয় চিহ্ন হিচাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। যেনে বৰফলা পাই {{PI}}-ক একোটা শ্ৰেণীৰ সমষ্টিগত পূৰণফল বুজাবলৈ গাণিতিক আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিক সূত্ৰসমূহত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। == মৌলিক তথ্য == [[চিত্ৰ:Greek lc pi icon.svg|thumb|100px|right|"π" ধ্ৰুৱকটিৰ চিত্ৰ। ]] === বৰ্ণ π === য’ত গ্ৰীক বৰ্ণ "π" পোৱা নাযায়, তাত পাই অথবা pi ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ইংৰাজী উচ্চাৰণ পাই হ’লেও গ্ৰীক উচ্চাৰণ অলপ বেলেগ আৰু এই ধ্ৰুৱকৰ নাম π কাৰণ গ্ৰীক περιφέρεια (''পেৰিফেৰেইয়া'') আৰু περίμετρος (''পেৰিমেত্ৰোস্‌'')ৰ প্ৰথম বৰ্ণ এটি। <ref name="adm">{{cite web|url=http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.pi.html|title=About Pi|work=Ask Dr. Math FAQ|accessdate=2007-10-29|archivedate=2013-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527202708/http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.pi.html|deadurl=yes}}]</ref> ইয়াৰ ইউনিকোড অক্ষৰ U+03C0 .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/bycodes.html|title=Characters Ordered by Unicode|publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium|W3C]]|accessdate=2007-10-25}}</ref> === সংজ্ঞা === [[চিত্ৰ:Pi eq C over d as.svg|thumb|180px|right|পৰিধি = π × ব্যাস]] ইউক্লিডীয় সমতলীয় জ্যামিতিত, বৃত্তৰ পৰিধি আৰু ব্যাসৰ অনুপাতকে π হিচাপে সংজ্ঞায়িত কৰা হয়। <ref name="adm"/> :<math> \pi = \frac{c}{d} </math> লক্ষণীয় যে, পৰিধি বা ব্যাস বৃত্তৰ মাপৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ নকৰে। যদি এটা বৃত্তৰ ব্যাস অন্য এটা বৃত্তৰ ব্যাসৰ দুগুন হয়, তেনেহ’লে সেই বৃত্তৰ পৰিধি আনটো বৃত্তৰ পৰিধিৰ দুগুন হ’ব। অৰ্থাৎ পৰিধি/ব্যাস একেই থাকিব। এই ঘটনাটি সমস্ত বৃত্তৰ সদৃশতাৰ এটা ফলাফল। [[চিত্ৰ:Circle Area as.svg|right|180px|thumb|বৃত্তৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল = π × পাতল কলা ৰঙেৰে চিহ্নিত অংশৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল]] অন্যভাৱে বৃত্তৰ [[ক্ষেত্ৰফল]] এই যে বৰ্গক্ষেত্ৰৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য বৃত্তৰ ব্যাসাৰ্ধৰ সমান তাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফলৰ অনুপাত হিচাপেও প্ৰকাশ কৰা যায়। <ref name="adm"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wku.edu/~tom.richmond/Pir2.html|title=Area of a Circle|first=Bettina|last=Richmond|publisher=[[Western Kentucky University]]|date=[[1999-01-12]]|accessdate=2007-11-04|archivedate=2002-06-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020609063222/http://www.wku.edu/~tom.richmond/Pir2.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> :<math> \pi = \frac{A}{r^2} </math> <!-- === সাংখ্যিক মান === {{empty section}} --> === পাই গণনা === শেহতীয়াকৈ ফৰাচী দেশৰ এগৰাকী কম্পিউটাৰ অভিযন্তাই পাইৰ মান দশমিকৰ পিছৰ দুই দশমিক সাত ট্ৰিলিয়ন স্থান (১ ট্ৰিলিয়ন = ১,০০০,০০০,০০০,০০০ ) লৈকে গণনা কৰি উলিয়াইছে। দশমিকৰ পিচৰ ৫০টা স্থানলৈকে পাইৰ মান হ'ল ৩.১৪১৫৯২৬৫৩৫ ৮৯৭৯৩২৩৮৪৬ ২৬৪৩৩৮৩২৭৯ ৫০২৮৮৪১৯৭১ ৬৯৩৯৯৩৭৫১০। <!-- == ইতিহাস == {{empty section}} === জ্যামিতিৰ যুগ === [[চিত্ৰ:Archimedes pi.svg|300px|center|]] {{empty section}} === সনাতনী যুগ === {{empty section}} === আধুনিক ডিজিটেল যুগ === {{empty section}} --> ==অবিৰত ভগ্নাংশত== সকলো অপৰিমেয় সংখ্যাৰ দৰেই {{pi}} ক ভগ্নাংশ ৰূপত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব নোৱাৰি। কিন্তু সকলো অপৰিমেয় সংখ্যাৰ দৰেই {{pi}} -ক অসীম অবিৰত ভগ্নাংশত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰি। অসীম অবিৰত ভগ্নাংশত {{pi}} -ক এই ধৰণে প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰি : :<math> \pi=3+\textstyle \frac{1}{7+\textstyle \frac{1}{15+\textstyle \frac{1}{1+\textstyle \frac{1}{292+\textstyle \frac{1}{1+\textstyle \frac{1}{1+\textstyle \frac{1}{1+\ddots}}}}}}}</math> এই অসীম অবিৰত ভগ্নাংশটোক কোনো অংশত সমাপ্ত কৰি গণনা কৰিলে পোৱা সাধাৰণ ভগ্নাংশৰ পৰা {{pi}} ৰ মোটামুটি মান পাব পাৰি। পূৰ্বৰে পৰা ব্যৱহৃত তেনেকুৱা মোটামুটি মান দিব পৰা দুটা বিখ্যাত ভগ্নাংশ হ'ল ২২/৭ আৰু ৩৫৫/১১৩। অৱশ্যে এনেকুৱা অসীম অবিৰত ভগ্নাংশ কেৱল এটা নিৰ্দিষ্টকৈয়ে পোৱা নাযায়।<ref name="ReferenceA"> {{SloanesRef|sequencenumber=A001203|name=Continued fraction for Pi}} Retrieved 12 April 2012.</ref> গণিতজ্ঞসকলে এনেকুৱা বহুতো অবিৰত ভগ্নাংশ আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰিছে, যেনে:<ref>{{cite journal|title=An Elegant Continued Fraction for {{pi}}|first=L. J.|last=Lange|journal=[[The American Mathematical Monthly]]|volume=106|issue=5|month=May|year=1999|pages=456–458|jstor=2589152|doi=10.2307/2589152|ref=harv | issn = 0002-9890}}</ref> :<math>\pi=\textstyle \cfrac{4}{1+\textstyle \frac{1^2}{2+\textstyle \frac{3^2}{2+\textstyle \frac{5^2}{2+\textstyle \frac{7^2}{2+\textstyle \frac{9^2}{2+\ddots}}}}}} =3+\textstyle \frac{1^2}{6+\textstyle \frac{3^2}{6+\textstyle \frac{5^2}{6+\textstyle \frac{7^2}{6+\textstyle \frac{9^2}{6+\ddots}}}}} =\textstyle \cfrac{4}{1+\textstyle \frac{1^2}{3+\textstyle \frac{2^2}{5+\textstyle \frac{3^2}{7+\textstyle \frac{4^2}{9+\ddots}}}}}</math> == গণিতত আৰু বিজ্ঞানত পাইৰ ব্যৱহাৰ == [[চিত্ৰ:Euler's formula.svg|thumb|180px]] গণিতৰ বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰত π ব্যৱহৃত হয়। আনকি বিশুদ্ধ ইউক্লিডীয় জ্যামিতিৰ সীমা ভেদি "পাই"য়ে অন্য সকলো শাখাতে প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4644103.stm|title=Japanese breaks pi memory record|work=[[BBC News]]|date=[[2005-07-02]]|accessdate=2007-10-30}}</ref> <!-- === জ্যামিতি আৰু ত্ৰিকোণমিতিত পাইৰ ব্যৱহাৰ === {{empty section}} --> === উচ্চতৰ বিশ্লেষণ আৰু সংখ্যা তত্ত্ব === [[জটিল বিশ্লেষণ|জটিল বিশ্লেষণত]] পাই ধ্ৰুৱকটো বহুলভাৱে ব্যৱহৃত হয়। == পাইৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা == [[File:Pi-pjm.jpg|thumb|upright|right|180px|তেজপুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত ২০০৯ চনত উদযাপিত পাই দিৱসত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা {{pi}} চিহ্ন]] [[চিত্ৰ:Pi plate.jpg|right|thumb|180px|এটা চমকপ্ৰদ "পাই প্লেট"]] গণিতৰ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰী বা শিক্ষক-গৱেষকৰ উপৰিও আন বহুতো ব্যক্তিৰ মাজতো পাইৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা দেখা যায়। বহুতো সাহিত্যিকৰ সৃষ্টি-কৰ্মৰ বিষয়তো পাই অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ১৯৮৮ চনৰ পৰা প্ৰতি বছৰে মাৰ্চৰ ১৪ তাৰিখে (পাইৰ মান ৩.১৪... বাবে। অৰ্থাৎ তাৰিখ প্ৰকাশৰ মাহ/দিন আৰ্হিত) বিশ্বই পাই দিৱস উৎযাপন কৰে। এই দিনটোত গণিত প্ৰেমীসকলে পাইৰ মান আওৰোৱাৰ লগতে গণিতৰ বিভিন্ন বিষয় চৰ্চা কৰা, গণিতৰ ৰসাল বিষয়বোৰ আলোচনা কৰা, পাই চিহ্ন অংকিত সুন্দৰ চোলা আদি বনাই পিন্ধিবলৈ লোৱা, উচ্চ মানদণ্ডৰ সভা আদি আয়োজন কৰা আদি কামবোৰ কৰে। সাধাৰণতে ১৪ মাৰ্চৰ দুপৰীয়া ১ বাজি ৫৯ মিনিটত এই দিৱস উৎযাপন কৰা হয়। সেই দিনটোৰ দুপৰীয়া ১ বাজি ৫৯ মিনিটক '''পাই মিনিট''' বোলা হয় আৰু দুপৰীয়া ১ বাজি ৫৯ মিনিট ২৬ ছেকেণ্ডক '''পাই ছেকেণ্ড''' বোলা হয়। অসমতো প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ২০০৮ চনত [[তেজপুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ গণিত বিজ্ঞান বিভাগৰ অধ্যাপক প্ৰফেচৰ নয়নদীপ ডেকা বৰুৱাৰ উদ্যোগত পাই দিৱস উৎযাপন কৰা হৈছিল। {{Citation needed}} এই তাৰিখতে বিজ্ঞানী [[এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইন]]ৰো জন্ম হৈছিল। {{-}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} ==আৰু চাওক== * [[টাউ (সংখ্যা)]] == বহিঃ সংযোগ == * [http://www.joyofpi.com The Joy of Pi by David Blatner] * [http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/A000796 Decimal expansions of Pi and related links] at the [[On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences]] * [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/Pi_through_the_ages.html J J O'Connor and E F Robertson: ''A history of pi''. Mac Tutor project] * [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PiFormulas.html Lots of formulas for ''π''] at [[MathWorld]] * [http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/Pi.html PlanetMath: Pi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124221705/http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/Pi.html |date=2010-01-24 }} * [http://mathforum.org/isaac/problems/pi1.html Finding the value of ''π''] * [http://www.cut-the-knot.org/pythagoras/NatureOfPi.shtml Determination of ''π''] at [[cut-the-knot]] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/5numbers2.shtml BBC Radio Program about ''π''] * [http://www.super-computing.org/pi-decimal_current.html Statistical Distribution Information on PI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109122018/http://www.super-computing.org/pi-decimal_current.html |date=2010-01-09 }} based on 1.2 trillion digits of PI * [http://www.zenwerx.com/pi.php First 4 Million Digits of ''π''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309022923/http://zenwerx.com/pi.php |date=2008-03-09 }} - ''Warning'' - Roughly 2 [[Megabyte|megabytes]] will be transferred. * [http://www.piday.org/million.php One million digits of pi at piday.org] * [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/50 Project Gutenberg E-Text containing a million digits of ''π''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040701012534/http://gutenberg.net/etext/50 |date=2004-07-01 }} * [http://www.angio.net/pi/piquery Search the first 200 million digits of ''π'' for arbitrary strings of numbers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216224318/http://www.angio.net/pi/piquery |date=2011-02-16 }} * [http://www.codecodex.com/wiki/index.php?title=Digits_of_pi_calculation Source code for calculating the digits of ''π''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925044952/http://www.codecodex.com/wiki/index.php?title=Digits_of_pi_calculation |date=2007-09-25 }} * [http://www.math.utah.edu/~palais/pi.pdf π is Wrong! An opinion column on why 2π is more useful in mathematics.] * [http://ja0hxv.calico.jp/pai/estart.html 70 Billion digits of Pi(π) downloads.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818191112/http://ja0hxv.calico.jp/pai/estart.html |date=2011-08-18 }} * [http://pidifferent.pi.funpic.de/index-en.html Pi-memory] [[শ্ৰেণী:জ্যামিতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ধ্ৰুৱক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:গ্ৰীক আখৰ]] mxxqodch9rz48wbyafgszm2rnqe0vo9 0 7846 518613 507411 2025-06-16T18:20:54Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Indian jurisdiction |type = সংৰক্ষিত পক্ষী উদ্যান |native_name = বৰদৈবাম বিলমুখ পক্ষী উদ্যান |other_name = |iucn_category = |state_name = অসম |district=[[লখিমপুৰ জিলা|লখিমপুৰ]], [[ধেমাজি জিলা| ধেমাজি]] |nearest_city = [[ধেমাজি]],[[ঢকুৱাখনা]],[[উত্তৰ লখিমপুৰ]] |latd=27 |latm=4 |lats=00 |longd=94 |longm=30 |longs=00 | locator_position = left |skyline = |skyline_caption = |altitude=90-95 m | area_total= 1,127 ha | precip= | rainfall= >2000 mm | temp_summer= 35 | temp_winter= 7 |established_title = স্থাপিত |established_date = জুলাই, ১৯৯৬ |Biogeographic Zone= উত্তৰ পূৰ্বাঞ্চল |IBA criteria =A1 (Threatened) |blank_title_2 = প্ৰশাসক |blank_value_2 = [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]], [[অসম চৰকাৰ]] |inset_map_marker = yes |website= }} ঘিলামৰা গোগামুখ সংযোগী পথৰ কাষৰ [[ঢকুৱাখনা]] মহকুমা আৰু [[ধেমাজি জিলা]]ৰ সীমান্তৱৰ্তী বৰদৈবাম নামৰ অঞ্চলত '''বৰদৈবাম বিলমুখ পক্ষী উদ্যান''' ({{Lang-en|Bordoibam Bilmukh Bird Sanctuary}}) অৱস্থিত। এ‌ই উদ্যানখনত বহুতো স্থানীয় পক্ষীৰ সমাগম ঘটাৰ লগতে বসন্ত কালত বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলৰ পৰা বিভিন্ন পক্ষীৰ আগমন ঘটে। বৰদৈবাম বিলমুখ সংৰক্ষিত পক্ষী উদ্যান হ’ল দীপৰ বিলৰ পাছতে সংৰক্ষিত পক্ষী উদ্যান হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি পোৱা অসমৰ দ্বিতীয়খন পক্ষী উদ্যান। ==ভৌগোলিক বিৱৰণ== বৰদৈবাম বিলমুখ সমুদ্ৰপৃষ্ঠৰ প্ৰায় ৫০-৫৫ মি উচ্চতাত অৱস্থিত। এই বিলখন ১৯৫০ চনৰ [[বৰ ভুইকঁপ]]ৰ সময়ত সৃষ্টি হয়। বৰ ভুইকঁপ ইমান প্ৰবল আছিল যে [[সোৱণশিৰি নদী]]য়ে এই সময়তে ইয়াৰ গতিপথ সলনি কৰে, ফলস্বৰূপে বিল খনৰ সৃষ্টি হয়। সংৰক্ষিত পক্ষী উদ্যানখন বিলৰ পানী ভাগ আৰু চাৰিওফালৰ দলনি অঞ্চলেৰে আগুৰা পক্ষী আৰু জলজ প্ৰাণীৰ বাবে এক স্বৰ্গ। বিলখন ধেমাজি চহৰৰ পৰা ৫০ কিমি আৰু উত্তৰ লক্ষ্মীমপুৰৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪৫ কিমি দূৰত্বত অৱস্থিত। প্ৰকৃতি প্ৰেমী আৰু পৰ্যটকৰ বাবেও ই এক মনোৰম স্থান।<ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/assam/tourism/bordoibam-bilmukh-bird-sanctuary-lakhimpur-dhemaji.html Maps of India.com]</ref> ==জলবায়ু== এই অঞ্চলৰ জলবায়ু মূলত: সেমেকা ক্ৰান্তীয়। বাৰ্ষিক বৰষুণৰ পৰিমাণ ২০০০ মিমি। সৰ্বনিম্ন আৰু সৰ্বোচ্চ তাপমাত্ৰা ক্ৰমান্বয়ে ৭ ডিগ্ৰীৰ পৰা ৩৫ ডিগ্ৰী ছেলছিয়াছ হয়।<ref>http://north-lakhimpur.assamonline.in/About/Tourism/Bordoibam-Bilmukh-Wildlife-Sanctuary.aspx{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==উদ্ভিদ== বৰদৈবাম বিলমুখত প্ৰধানকৈ ঘাঁহনি আৰু জলজ উদ্ভিদ দেখা পোৱা যায়।<ref>http://north-lakhimpur.assamonline.in/About/Tourism/Bordoibam-Bilmukh-Wildlife-Sanctuary.aspx{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> অভয়াৰণ্যখনত পোৱা বিভিন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ উদ্ভিদৰ ভিতৰত শিমলু, চতিয়না, চোম, হিজল, জৰি, ঔটেঙা, ভেট, মেটেকা, দল, কলমৌ, পুণী, শিঙৰী, এৰালি, ইকৰা, উলুখেৰ, নল, খাগৰি, বিৰিণা, বৰতাখেৰ, কঁহুৱা, লকচা ইত্যাদিয়েই প্ৰধান। == যাতায়াত == অভয়াৰণ্যখন যিহেতু লখিমপুৰ আৰু ঢকুৱাখনা সংযোগী পথৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত, সেয়ে লখিমপুৰ চহৰলৈ বাছ বা বিমানেৰে আহি চহৰখনৰপৰা স্থলপথেৰে অহা-যোৱা কৰিব পাৰি। ঢকুৱাখনাৰপৰা অভয়াৰণ্যখনলৈ ২৫ কিলোমিটাৰ। এই অভয়াৰণ্য ভ্ৰমণকাৰীৰ বাবে থকামেলাৰ সুন্দৰ ব্যৱস্থা আছে। বিলমুখত এটা পৰিদৰ্শন বঙলা, ৯ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত্বৰ গোগামুখত এটা পৰ্যটক গৃহ, ১০ কিলোমিটাৰ দূৰত্বৰ ঘিলামৰাত গড়কাপ্তানী বিভাগৰ এটা পৰিদৰ্শন বঙলা আৰু ঢকুৱাখনাত মেগামিক্স প্ৰকৃতি সংঘৰ অতিথিকক্ষ আছে। ==প্ৰাণীকুল== ===স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী=== [[মেচেকা]],[[সুগৰী পহু ]],কেটেলা পহু,[[উদ]] আদি।<ref>http://north-lakhimpur.assamonline.in/About/Tourism/Bordoibam-Bilmukh-Wildlife-Sanctuary.aspx{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===পৰিভ্ৰমী আৰু দেশীয় পক্ষীসমূহ=== [[File:Cormorant, found at Assam.jpg|thumb|পানী কাউৰী]] প্ৰায় ২৫ বিধ মান পৰিভ্ৰমী আৰু দেশীয় পক্ষী বৰদৈবামত দেখিব পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://assamforest.in/NP_Sanctuaries/wls_bBilmukh.php |access-date=2013-08-20 |archivedate=2013-05-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516062321/http://assamforest.in/NP_Sanctuaries/wls_bBilmukh.php |deadurl=yes }}</ref> যেনে - #[[মাছোৰোকা]] #[[হাড়গিলা]] #[[পানী কাউৰী]] #[[বৰশৰালি]] #[[তিল কপৌ]] #[[ডাউক]] #[[দলমৰা]] #[[বৰটোকোলা]] #[[কলীমূৰী হাঁহ]] #[[বৰমূগী হাঁহ]] #[[কাকলি হাঁহ]] #[[পানীডাউক]] #[[দলপুঙা]] #[[ৰামপৰা]] ===জলজ প্ৰাণী=== পক্ষী কুলৰ বাহিৰেও বিলখন বিভিন্ন জলজ প্ৰাণী যেনে বিভিন্ন থলুৱা মাছ, কাছ, সাপ আদি আৰু বিভিন্ন জলজ উদ্ভিদৰ জৈৱ বৈচিত্ৰ্যৰে ভৰপুৰ। {{-}} ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== <references/> == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == *[https://assamintro.com/bordoibam-bilmukh-bird-abhayaranya-in-assamese/ বৰদৈবাম বিলমুখ পক্ষী অভয়াৰণ্যৰ ইতিহাস] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222063002/https://assamintro.com/bordoibam-bilmukh-bird-abhayaranya-in-assamese/ |date=2022-02-22 }} {{অসমৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু অভয়াৰণ্যসমূহ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ঢকুৱাখনা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ পক্ষী উদ্যান]] 2cf7xvlf17fnpbk4jnxqahi32662t8t 0 8074 518696 477071 2025-06-16T22:04:55Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Mandir |name = মালিনী থান |image = Malinithan Arunachal Pradesh.jpg |image_size = 250px |alt = মালিনী থানৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ |caption = মালিনী থানৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ |map_type = India |coordinates = {{coord|27|39|24|N|94|42|21|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} |map_caption = মালিনী থানৰ অৱস্থিতি |country = [[ভাৰত]] |state = [[অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ]] (পূৰ্বৰ [[চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য]]) |district = পশ্চিম ছিয়াং জিলা |locale = লিকাবালি |year_completed = ১৩-১৪ শতিকা<ref>[https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/67102/11/11_chapter%203.pdf Sarma, P.C.''A study of the temple architecture of Assam from the Gupta period to the end of the Ahom rule: Chutiya architecture'', p. 205]</ref></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Choudhury, R.D, ''Heritage of Architecture of Assam'', p.5 |url=http://www.indiawijzer.nl/tourism_travelling_to_india/northeasternindia/assam/assam_mixedbag/heritage_of_architecture_of_assam.pdf |access-date=2020-11-22 |archivedate=2020-02-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228224530/http://www.indiawijzer.nl/tourism_travelling_to_india/northeasternindia/assam/assam_mixedbag/heritage_of_architecture_of_assam.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>[https://asi.nic.in/Ancient_India/recent_issues/new_series_1/article_14.pdf Sengupta, Gautam, ''Archeology in Northeast India'', p.359]</ref> |website = [http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/malinithan.htm arunachalpradesh.gov.in] }} '''মালিনী থান''' এটি মন্দিৰৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ থকা এখনি সৰু ঠাই। প্ৰতি বছৰে এই প্ৰৱিত্ৰ ঠাইত অনেক পৰ্যটকে ভিৰ কৰা দেখা যায়। এই ঠাই [[অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশ]]ৰ পশ্চিম ছিয়াং জিলাৰ দক্ষিণ সীমান্তৰ চিলাপথাৰ নামৰ ঠাইৰ পৰা কেইমাইলমান উত্তৰ-পূবত অৱস্থিত। এই থানৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষসমূহে ইয়াক ১৩-১৪ শতিকাৰ কোনোবা এজন [[চুতীয়া ৰাজ্য|চুতীয়া]] ৰজাই নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি প্ৰতিয়মান কৰিছে।<ref>[https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/67102/11/11_chapter%203.pdf Sarma, P.C.''A study of the temple architecture of Assam from the Gupta period to the end of the Ahom rule: Chutiya architecture'', p. 205]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Choudhury, R.D, ''Heritage of Architecture of Assam'', p.5 |url=http://www.indiawijzer.nl/tourism_travelling_to_india/northeasternindia/assam/assam_mixedbag/heritage_of_architecture_of_assam.pdf |access-date=2020-11-22 |archivedate=2020-02-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228224530/http://www.indiawijzer.nl/tourism_travelling_to_india/northeasternindia/assam/assam_mixedbag/heritage_of_architecture_of_assam.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Harvcol|Bose|1997|pp=43}}</ref><ref>[https://asi.nic.in/Ancient_India/recent_issues/new_series_1/article_14.pdf Sengupta, Gautam, ''Archeology in Northeast India'', p.359]</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144827?read-now=1&seq=6#page_scan_tab_contents Thakur, A.K, ''Pre-historic Archeological Remains of Arunachal Pradesh and People's perception: An Overview'', p.6]</ref><ref name="indianmirror1">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianmirror.com/temples/malinithan-temple.html |title=Malinithan Temple, Malinithan Temple Delhi, Malinithan Temple in India |publisher=Indianmirror.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-23}}</ref> মন্দিৰৰ শিলত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা কিছুমান বিশেষ চিহ্ন<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144827?read-now=1&seq=6#page_scan_tab_contents Thakur, A.K, ''Pre-historic Archeological Remains of Arunachal Pradesh and People's perception: An Overview'', p.6]</ref> পুৰ্বৰ চুতীয়া ৰাজ্যৰ অন্য ঠাই যেনে শদিয়াৰ তাম্ৰেশ্বৰী, বুঢ়া-বুঢ়ী থান, নক্সাপৰ্বত, ইত্যাদিত দেখা পোৱা যায়।<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/EarlyHistoryOfKamarupa/Early-history-of-Kamarupa_djvu.txt "The probability is that these ruins are the traces of as Hindu or Hinduised dynasty of local rulers who ruled over a kingdom confined to the north bank of Brahmaputra and extending from Burai in the west to Sadiya in the east. This dynasty is evidently the line of Chutia kings who assumed the surname Pala" Barua, K.L ''An Early History of Kamrupa'' 1933, p. 271.]</ref> ইয়াৰ ভিতৰতে তাম্ৰেশ্বৰীৰ চিহ্ন বোৰ ১৪৪২ খৃষ্টাব্দত চুতীয়া ৰজা মুক্তধৰ্মনাৰায়ণে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা দেৱালত দেখা পোৱা গৈছিল।<ref>Hannay, S.F, ''Journal of the Asiatic society of Bengal 1848, p.467.</ref> গতিকে ইয়াৰ পৰা ধৰিব পাৰি যে মালিনী থানখনো এইকেইটা বংশৰে পুৰ্বৰ ৰজা এজনে নিৰ্মাণ কৰাইছিল।<ref>"If architectural continuity is admitted between the fortifications in the Sadiya region and the Burai river ruin site, it would be possible to believe that the kingdom of these rulers(Chutia) extended as far as the outer limit of Darrang district." Neog, Maheswar, ''Lights on a Ruling Dynasty of Arunachal Pradesh'', p.218</ref> উল্লেখযোগ্য যে ১০ শতিকাত লিখা কালিকা পুৰাণত তাম্ৰেশ্বৰী মন্দিৰৰ বিষয়ে আছে যদিও মালিনী থানৰ কথা‌ পোৱা নাযায়। ==ঐতিহ্য== [[File:Malini_Than.jpg|thumb|upright|মালিনী থানৰ মূল মন্দিৰৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষ়]] মালিনী থানত প্ৰধানতঃ দেৱী [[দুৰ্গা]] আৰু [[শিৱ]]ৰ নামত উপাসনা কৰা হয়। এই ‌থান ১৩-১৪ শতিকাৰ মাজত চুতীয়া ৰজা সকলে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা বুলি জনা‌ যায়। এই থানৰ লগত কৃষ্ণ আৰু ৰুক্মিণীৰ নামো জড়িত হৈ থকা দেখা যায়। কাহিনী অনুসৰি [[কৃষ্ণ]] আৰু [[ৰুক্মিণী]]য়ে [[বিবাহ]]ৰ পিছত এই ঠাইলৈ আহে। তেতিয়া পাৰ্বতীয়ে এজনী মালিনীৰ ৰূপত তেওঁলোকক সেৱা কৰে। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই এই ঠাইৰ নাম মালিনী হয়। আন কিছুমানৰ মতে এই ঠাইখন এখন শক্তি পীঠ।<ref>{{cite web |last=Goyal |first=Anuradha |url=http://anuradhagoyal.blogspot.com/2011/11/malinithan-by-j-c-dutta.html |title=Anuradha Goyal Travels: Malinithan By J C Dutta |publisher=Anuradhagoyal.blogspot.com |date=2011-11-19 |accessdate=2013-03-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203125704/http://anuradhagoyal.blogspot.com/2011/11/malinithan-by-j-c-dutta.html |archivedate=2012-02-03 |deadurl=no }}</ref>‌ উল্লেখযোগ্য যে চুতীয়া ৰজা সকলে নিজকে ভীষ্মক ৰজাৰ বংশৰ বুলি চিনাকি দিছিল, যাৰ বাবে পৰবৰ্তী কালত এই থান খনৰ লগত ভীষ্মকৰ জীয়ৰী ৰুক্মিণীৰ লোক বিশ্বাস জড়িত হয়। ==নিৰ্মাণ শৈলী== খনন কাৰ্য্যৰ ফলত মালিনী থান মন্দিৰৰ তিনিটা গৃহ উদ্ধাৰ হৈছিল। ইয়াৰে ভিতৰত দুটা গৃহ মুখ্য মন্দিৰ স্থলত অৱস্থিত আৰু তৃতীয়তো সেই স্থলৰ পৰা উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম দিশত অৱস্থিত। মন্দিৰৰ শিল বোৰ লোহাৰৰ বযটি লগাই জোৰা লগোৱা হৈছিল। এই তিনিওটা গৃহৰ উত্তৰত নন্দিৰ মূৰ্তি এটা ৰখা হৈছিল। এই ঠাইত উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা আন মূৰ্তি বোৰৰ ভিতৰত উল্লেখনীয় হৈছে দুৰ্গা, শিৱ, লক্ষ্মী, সৰস্বতী, সূৰ্য্য, গণপতি, ইন্দ্ৰ আৰু ব্ৰহ্মা। ==চিত্ৰ বিথিকা= <gallery mode="traditional"> File:Malini than Mother godess scuplture.jpg|মালিনীথান দেৱীমাতাৰ মূৰ্তি File:Gaja-singha of Malini Than.jpg|মালিনীথানৰ গজসিংহ File:Malini than Shiva sculpture.jpg|মালিনীথানৰ বৌদ্ধ [[তাৰা (বৌদ্ধধৰ্ম)|তাৰা]] মূৰ্তি File:Malini than Kartika scuplture.jpg|মালিনীথানৰ কাৰ্তিকৰ মূৰ্তি File:Malini than Apsara scuplture.jpg|মালিনীথানৰ অপ্সৰা মূৰ্তি File:Malini than Likabali.jpg|thumb|মালিনীথানৰ নকৈ সজা মন্দিৰ File:malidurg.jpg|thumb|মালিনী থানৰ দুৰ্গাৰ মূৰ্তি]] </gallery> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120203125704/http://anuradhagoyal.blogspot.com/2011/11/malinithan-by-j-c-dutta.html Malinithan By J C Dutta] *[http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/malinithan.htm Malinithan, HERITAGE OF ARUNACHAL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505224443/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/malinithan.htm |date=2016-05-05 }} *http://www.north-east-india.com/arunachal-pradesh/malinithan.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925172940/http://www.north-east-india.com/arunachal-pradesh/malinithan.html |date=2016-09-25 }} *[https://assamintro.com/malinithan-history-and-essay-in-assamese/ মালিনী থানৰ ৰচনা আৰু ইতিহাস] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210084714/https://assamintro.com/malinithan-history-and-essay-in-assamese/ |date=2022-02-10 }} [[শ্ৰেণী:অৰুণাচল প্ৰদেশৰ ধৰ্মীয় স্থান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ মঠ-মন্দিৰ]] p2yx0rgth2y48jvjo5qbsvv0kyunj2r 10 26130 518538 184193 2025-06-16T14:12:24Z CommonsDelinker 118 Replacing Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg with [[File:Naval_ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR6|Criterion 6]]). 518538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া | flag alias = Flag of Australia.svg | flag alias-1903 = Flag of Australia (1903–1908).svg | flag alias-union = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg | flag alias-civil = Civil Ensign of Australia.svg | flag alias-naval = Naval Ensign of Australia.svg | flag alias-naval-1913 = Naval ensign of the United Kingdom.svg | link alias-naval = Royal Australian Navy | flag 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dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = ভাৰ্গিজ কুৰিয়েন |image = |image_size =220px |caption = |birth_name = |birth_date = ২৬ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯২১ |birth_place = [[কালিকট]], [[মাদ্ৰাজ ৰাজ্য]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ-অধ্যুষিত ভাৰত]]<br /><small>(বৰ্তমানৰ কাজিকোড, [[কেৰালা]])</small> |death_date = ৯ চেপ্তেম্বৰ ২০১২ |death_place = [[নদিয়াদ]], [[গুজৰাট]], ভাৰত |death_cause = ৰোগজনিত |resting_place = |residence = |ethnicity = |nationality = ভাৰতীয় |citizenship = |other_names = "ভাৰতৰ দুগ্ধ মানৱ (Milkman of India)" |known_for = ভাৰতৰ [[শ্বেত বিপ্লৱ]]ৰ ([[:en:Operation Flood|White revolution]])" জনক ৰূপে খ্যাত<ref name="Times">{{cite web|author=এই লেখাত মন্তব্য হিচাপে লেখা|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Father-of-white-revolution-Verghese-Kurien-dies/articleshow/16318973.cms |title=Father of white revolution Verghese Kurien dies - The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-09}}</ref> |education = |alma_mater = [[মাদ্ৰাজ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]<br />[[মিচিগান ষ্টেট ইউনিভাৰ্ছিটি]] |employer = |occupation = [[আমুল]] প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ মুৰব্বী - [[GCMMF]], [[:en:National Dairy Development Board|NDDB]] -ৰ প্ৰাক্তন অধ্যক্ষ |years_active = |title = |salary = |networth = |height = |weight = |term = |predecessor = |successor = |party = |opponents = |boards = |spouse = মলি |partner = |children = নিৰ্মলা কুৰিয়েন |parents = |relations = |callsign = |signature = |website = |footnotes = |awards = [[বিশ্ব খাদ্য পুৰস্কাৰ]] ([[:en:World Food Prize|World Food Prize]] (১৯৮৯)<br>[[পদ্মবিভূষণ]] (১৯৯৯)<br>[[মেগছেছে পুৰস্কাৰ বিজেতাৰ তালিকা|ৰেমন মেগছেছে পুৰস্কাৰ]] (১৯৬৩)}} '''ভাৰ্গিজ কুৰিয়েন''' ({{lang-en|Verghese Kurien}}; ২৬ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯২১--৯ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ২০১২) এগৰাকী অভিযন্তা আৰু সামাজিক সংগঠক। এখেতক "ভাৰতৰ শ্বেত বিপ্লৱৰ জনক", আৰু "ভাৰতৰ দুগ্ধ মানৱ" হিচাপে জনা যায়।<ref>{{cite web|title=1989: Dr. Verghese Kurien|url=http://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/19871999_laureates/1989_kurien/|publisher=(The World Food Prize Foundation)|accessdate=13 September 2012}}</ref> এখেতে সংগঠিত কৰিছিল পৃথিৱীৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ কৃষি বিকাশ কাৰ্যসূচী "ভাৰতৰ দুগ্ধ বিপ্লৱ"।<ref name="Katar">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Katar |title=Rural Development: Principles, Policies and Management |year=1999 |pages=201 |publisher=SAGE |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7036-773-5 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=-wXsRWxpjPAC&pg=PA201&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4}}</ref> এই কাৰ্যসূচীয়ে ভাৰতৰ দুগ্ধ উৎপাদনক পৃথিৱীৰ ভিতৰতে সৰ্ব্বোচ্চ কৰি তোলে। ইয়াৰ আগলৈ ভাৰতৰ দুগ্ধ উৎপাদন ক্ষেত্ৰই দেশৰ চাহিদা পূৰণ কৰিব পৰা নাছিল।<ref name="hindustant">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/India-largest-milk-producing-nation-in-2010-11-NDDB/Article1-785018.aspx |title=India largest milk producing nation in 2010-11: NDDB |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2011-12-20 |accessdate=2012-09-09 |archivedate=2013-04-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426131554/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/India-largest-milk-producing-nation-in-2010-11-NDDB/Article1-785018.aspx |deadurl=yes }}</ref> এখেতৰ যত্নতে দুগ্ধ উৎপাদন ভাৰতৰ বৃহত্তম স্ব-নিৰ্ভৰশীল কৃষি উদ্যোগত পৰিণত হয়।<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pendleton |last2=Narayanan |first1=Andrew |first2=Pradeep |title=The white revolution : milk in India |work=Taking liberties: poor people, free trade and trade justice |page=35 |publisher=Christian Aid |accessdate=11 September 2012 |url=http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/about/the_global_dimension/teaching_resources/trade/Taking%20liberties%20-%20Poor%20people,%20free%20trade%20and%20trade%20justice.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> পাছলৈ খোৱাতেলৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো কুৰিয়েনে ভাৰতক স্ব-নিৰ্ভৰশীল কৰি তুলিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।<ref>{{cite news |last=Aneja |first=R. P. |title=Life and times of Verghese Kurien |accessdate=11 September 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/article3885542.ece}}</ref> গুজৰাটৰ আনন্দ জিলাত 'দুগ্ধ উৎপাদন'ৰ লগত কাৰ্যৰত অৱস্থাতে কুৰিয়েনে আৰু তেখেতৰ সহকৰ্মী তথা গুৰুসদৃশ '[[ত্ৰিভুৱনদাস পেটেল]]'-ৰ সতে মিলি সমবায় ভিত্তিক দুগ্ধ উৎপাদন আৰু বিক্ৰীৰ এক সফল প্ৰকল্প ৰূপায়ণ কৰে। এই প্ৰকল্পই পাছলৈ '[[আমুল]]' ({{Lang-en|Amul}}) প্ৰকল্পৰ আধাৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়। কুৰিয়েনে প্ৰায় ৩০-টা বিশেষ উৎকৰ্ষৰ উদ্যোগ প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে, ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত Amul, GCMMF, IRMA, NDDB আদি প্ৰধান। কুৰিয়েনেই আমুলক এক অত্যন্ত সফল উদ্যোগ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান হিচাপে গঢ় দিয়ে। কুৰিয়েন ভাৰতৰ 'ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় দুগ্ধ বিকাশ সমিতি' (National Dairy Development Board, NDDB) প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক অধ্যক্ষ আছিল।<ref name="Katar"/> সমবায় ভিত্তিক উদ্যোগৰ এক শক্তিশালী সংগঠক ভাৰ্গিজ কুৰিয়েনক 'ভাৰতৰ দুগ্ধ মানৱ' হিচাপে জনা যায়। [[পদ্মবিভূষণ]], [[বিশ্ব খাদ্য পুৰস্কাৰ]], [[মেগছেছে পুৰস্কাৰ]]কে ধৰি কেবাটাও ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আৰু আন্ত:ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পুৰস্কাৰ এখেতে লাভ কৰিছে। ==শৈশৱ আৰু শিক্ষা== ১৯২১ চনৰ ২৬ নৱেম্বৰত ব্ৰিটিছ অধ্যুষিত ভাৰতৰ মাদ্ৰাজ ৰাজ্যৰ কালিকট-ত ভাৰ্গিজ কুৰিয়েনৰ জন্ম হয়। কুৰিয়েনৰ পিতৃ এগৰাকী চিভিল ছাৰ্জন আছিল। জন্মসূত্ৰে কুৰিয়েন খ্ৰীষ্ট ধৰ্মী যদিও পাছলৈ তেখেতে ধৰ্মবিশ্বাস পৰিত্যাগ কৰি '[[নাস্তিক]]' বুলি চিনাকি দিয়ে।<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-company/corporate-trends/amul-brand-builder-verghese-kurien-the-man-who-turned-india-into-largest-milk-producer/articleshow/16328573.cms Amul brand builder Verghese Kurien: The man who turned India into largest milk producer]</ref><ref name="Tridip">{{Cite web |title=Report on Dr Verghese Kurien in Tehelka |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main17.asp?filename=op040806the_magic.asp |access-date=2012-09-16 |archivedate=2006-11-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111211535/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main17.asp?filename=op040806the_magic.asp |deadurl=yes }}</ref> লয়লা কলেজ, মাদ্ৰাজৰপৰা পদাৰ্থবিজ্ঞান বিষয়ত স্নাতক উপাধি লোৱাৰ পাছত কুৰিয়েনে মাদ্ৰাজ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰপৰা মেকানিকেল ইঞ্জিনীয়াৰিঙত বি.ই. ডিগ্ৰী লয়। ইয়াৰ পাছত তেওঁ জামছেদপুৰ টাটা ষ্টীল টেক্‌নিকেল ইন্‌ষ্টিটিউটত ভৰ্তি হয় আৰু ১৯৪৬ চনত তাৰ স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছত কুৰিয়েনে [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]ৰ [[মিচিগান ইউনিভাৰ্ছিটি]]লৈ যায়। তেওঁ দুগ্ধ ইঞ্জিনীয়াৰিং পঢ়াৰ কথা আছিল যদিও, তেওঁ তাত বিভাগ সলনি কৰি [[ধাতুবিদ্যা]] আৰু [[আণৱিক ইঞ্জিনীয়াৰিং]] পঢ়ে।<ref>{{cite web|last=Obla|first=Vishvesh|title=Twenty-Second Convocation of Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, May 23. 2000|url=http://forumhub.com/elit/4191.21724.10.34.45.html|work=Wings of Fire --> Responses|publisher=(Forum Hub)|accessdate=11 September 2012|archivedate=5 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305085303/http://forumhub.com/elit/4191.21724.10.34.45.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> আমেৰিকালৈ যোৱাৰ আগেয়ে কুৰিয়েনে [[বেংগালুৰু]]ৰ 'ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় দুগ্ধ গৱেষণা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান' (National Dairy Research Institute)-ত 'দুগ্ধ প্ৰযুক্তি' বিষয়ত এটা ৯ মহীয়া প্ৰশিক্ষণ লৈছিল।<ref name=aa>প্ৰমোদ শৰ্মা, ''নীৰৱ বিপ্লৱৰ মহানায়ক'', পূৰ্বাচল, আমাৰ অসম কাকতৰ দেওবৰীয়া আলোচনী, (১৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ২০১২).</ref> পাছলৈ [[নিউজিলেণ্ড]]ত কুৰিয়েনে [[দুগ্ধ প্ৰযুক্তি]]ৰ বিষয়ে চৰকাৰী পৃষ্ৱপোষকতাত শিক্ষা লাভ কৰিছিল। নিউজিলেণ্ড সেই সময়ত সমবায়ভিত্তিক দুগ্ধ উৎপাদনৰ অতি সফল দেশ আছিল। ==কৰ্ম জীৱন== ১৯৪৮ চনত কুৰিয়েন স্বদেশলৈ উভতি আহে আৰু ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ 'ডেইৰী ডিপাৰ্টমেণ্ট'-ত যোগদান কৰে।<ref name=aa /> ১৯৪৯ চনৰ ১৩ মে-ত তেখেতক [[গুজৰাট]]ৰ খেড়া (কৈৰা) জিলাৰ আনন্দত অৱস্থিত 'কৈৰা জিলা সমবায় দুগ্ধ উৎপাদক সংগঠন (সী.)'-ত (Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers' Union Ltd.) কৰ্মৰত হয়। এই কামত তেখেতৰ মন বহা নাছিল, আৰু চৰকাৰী জলপানিৰ চৰ্তত উল্লিখিত বণ্ড শেষ হোৱাৰ পাছতেই তাৰ পৰা আঁতৰি যাবলৈ তেওঁ মন ঠিৰ কৰিছিল। কিন্তু সংগঠনটোৰ অধ্যক্ষ [[ত্ৰিভুৱনদাস পেটেল|ত্ৰিভুৱনদাস পেটেলে]] তেখেতক আনন্দতে কাম কৰাৰ বাবে মান্তি কৰায়।<ref>{{cite book |last=Heredia |first=Ruth |title=The Amul India Story |year=1997 |publisher=Tata Mc-Graw Hill |location=New Delhi |isbn=-13: 978-0-07-463160-7 |pages=65 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=TYEkjpYkHrMC&pg=PA65&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> পেটেলে ইতিমধ্যে খেড়া জিলাৰ খেতিয়কসকলক সংগঠিত কৰি তেওঁলোকৰ দ্বাৰা উৎপাদিত গাখীৰ একত্ৰিত কৰি তাক প্ৰক্ৰম কৰি বিক্ৰী কৰাৰ বাবে আঁচনি তৈয়াৰ কৰিছিল। সমবায় ভিত্তিক ব্যৱস্থাৰ এইটো এটা দিগদৰ্শী প্ৰকল্প আছিল।<ref>{{cite news |last=Misra |first=Udit |title=V. Kurien: India’s White Knight |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/special/v-kurien-indias-white-knight/33719/2 |accessdate=11 September 2012 |newspaper=Forbes India |date=Sep 10, 2012 |archivedate=2 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402160414/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/v-kurien-indias-white-knight/33719/2 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ভাৰ্গিজ কুৰিয়েনে পেটেলৰ লগত লগ-লাগি এই প্ৰত্যাহ্বানমূলক কামত লাগি পৰে। তেওঁলোকৰ এই প্ৰকল্পই ভৱিষ্যতৰ আমুল উদ্যোগৰ বীজ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়। একে সময়তে কুৰিয়েনৰ সহকৰ্মী তথা দুগ্ধ বিশেষজ্ঞ [[এইচ.এম. দালায়া]]-ই ম'হৰ গাখীৰৰপৰা '[[গাখীৰ পাউদাৰ]]' আৰু [[ঘন গাখীৰ]] ([[:en:Condensed Milk|Condensed Milk]]) প্ৰস্তুত কৰাৰ কৌশল বিকশিত কৰে।<ref name="Heredia">{{cite book |last=Heredia |first=Ruth |title=The Amul India Story |year=1997 |publisher=Tata Mc-Graw Hill |location=New Delhi |isbn=-13: 978-0-07-463160-7 |pages=112-115 |url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=TYEkjpYkHrMC&pg=PA112&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref name="DalayaNews">{{cite news |last=Damodaran |first=Harish |title=Amul's tech wizard, Dalaya passes away |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/09/13/stories/2004091300610700.htm |accessdate=10 September 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |date=Sep 13, 2004}}</ref> ইয়াৰ আগলৈ অকল গৰুৰ গাখীৰৰ পৰাহে এনে সামগ্ৰী প্ৰস্তুত কৰিব পৰা গৈছিল। এই উদ্ভাৱনৰ লগে লগেই আমুল কোম্পানীয়ে পশ্চিমৰ বৃহৎ দুগ্ধ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান 'নেছ্‌লে' ([[:en:Nestle|Nestle]])-ৰ লগত ফেৰ মাৰিব পৰা হৈ উঠে। দেশৰ উদ্যোগিক ক্ষেত্ৰত সোনকালেই আমুল এক অতি সফল উদ্যোগ হিচাপে চিহ্নিত হয়। আমুলৰ সাফল্যত উৎসাহিত হৈ ১৯৬৫ চনত প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]]-য়ে 'ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় দুগ্ধ উন্নয়ন সমিতি' ([[:en:National Dairy Development Board|National Dairy Development Board]] (NDDB)) গঠন কৰে আৰু কুৰিয়েনক ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক অধ্যক্ষ নিয়োজন কৰে। গুজৰাটৰ আন আন জিলাতো আমুলৰ একে আদৰ্শৰে অন্যান্য দুগ্ধ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান স্থাপিত হৈছিল। ভাৰ্গিজ কুৰিয়েনে সকলো এনে প্ৰতিষ্ঠান একত্ৰীত কৰি ১৯৭৩ চনত GCMMF (Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd.) গঢ় দিয়ে। GCMMF-এ উৎপাদিত সামগ্ৰী একেটা ব্ৰেণ্ড নাম আমুলৰ অধীনত বিক্ৰী কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান আমুল-এ সামগ্ৰী দেশৰ লগতে কেবাখনো বিদেশ ৰাষ্ট্ৰটো উপলব্ধ। ২০০৬ চনত GCMMF-ৰ বোৰ্ডসদস্যৰ লগত হোৱা মতানৈক্যৰ বাবে কুৰিয়েনে অব্যাহতি লয়।<ref>{{cite news |last=Katakam |first=Anupama |title=Controversy: Milkman's exit |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2306/stories/20060407003802400.htm|accessdate=11 September 2012|newspaper=Frontline (Volume 23 - Issue 06)|date=Mar. 25 - Apr. 07, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mahurkar|first=Uday|title=A White Evolution: Verghese Kurien quits Gujarat co-operative, diary body faces politicking risk|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/verghese-kurien-quits-gujarat-co-operative-diary-body-faces-politicking-risk/1/181511.html|accessdate=13 September 2012|newspaper=India Today|date=Apr 17, 2006}}</ref> আমুল, NDDB, GCMMF-ৰ বাহিৰেও আৰু কেবাটাও প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ লগত কুৰিয়েন জড়িত আছিল। ভাৰতৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিৰ দ্বাৰা স্থাপিত Viksit Bharat Foundation, 'গ্ৰাম্য ব্যৱস্থাপনা শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠান' ([[:en:Institute of Rural Management, Anand|Institute of Rural Management]] (IRMA) আদিত কুৰিয়েনে উল্লেখনীয় পদবীত কৰ্মৰত হৈ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানকেইখনত গতি প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। আমোদজক ভৱে দুগ্ধ উন্নয়নত ভাৰতক পৃথিৱীৰ ভিতৰতে সৰ্ববৃহৎ শক্তি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত কৰোৱা কুৰিয়েনে নিজে গাখীৰ নেখাইছিল।<ref>{{cite web|last=Press Trust of India|title=Verghese Kurien: India's cooperative dairy movement founder|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_verghese-kurien-india-s-cooperative-dairy-movement-founder_1738705|work=-|publisher=DNA India}}</ref> ==মৃত্যু== ২০১২ চনৰ ৯ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত কেইদিনমানৰ শাৰীৰিক অসুস্থতাৰ পাছত ভাৰ্গিজ কুৰিয়েনৰ মৃত্যু হয়। গুজৰাটৰ আনন্দৰ ওচৰৰে নদিয়াদ নামে ঠাইত ৯০ বছৰত কুৰিয়েনৰ মৃত্যু হয়। মৃত্যুৰ সময়ত তেখেতে স্ত্ৰী মলি, জীয়ৰী নিৰ্মলা কুৰিয়েন আৰু নাতি সিদ্ধাৰ্থ-ক এৰি যায়।<ref>{{cite news|title=Modi had soured relations with the milkman of India |accessdate=11 September 2012 |newspaper=Times of India |date=11 Sep '12 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Modi-had-soured-relations-with-the-milkman-of-India/articleshow/16345882.cms}}</ref> এই ঘটনাৰ পাছতে আমুল কোম্পানীৰ বিজ্ঞাপনত ব্যৱহৃত '[[আমুল গাৰ্ল]]' নামৰ চৰিত্ৰটোৱে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে চকু পানী টোকা দেখা যায়।<ref>{{cite news |title=Amul girl pays tribute to Kurien |accessdate=11 September 2012 |newspaper=Business Standard |date=Sep 10, 2012 |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/amul-girl-pays-tribute-to-kurien/186066/on}}</ref> ==সমবায় ভিত্তিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ== আমুল কোম্পানীৰ বিজ্ঞাপনৰ বাবে কাম কৰা থকা অৱস্থাত চলচ্চিত্ৰ পাৰিচালক [[শ্যাম বেনেগাল]]-এ ভাৰ্গিজ কুৰিয়েনৰ আদৰ্শৰে অনুপ্ৰাণিত হৈ 'মন্থন' নামে এখন চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰে। কিন্তু ছবিখনৰ বাবে আৰ্থিক জোগাৰ কৰিবলৈ অক্ষম হোৱাত কুৰিয়েনে আমুলৰ লগত জড়িত আধা নিযূত খেতিয়কক এটকাকৈ ছবিখনৰ বাবে বৰঙনি আগবঢ়াবলৈ অনুৰোধ জনায়। এই অৰ্থসাহায্যৰে ছবিখন ১৯৭৬ চনত নিৰ্মাণ হৈ ওলায়। সমালোচকৰ দ্বাৰা বিশেষভাৱে সমাদৃত ছবিখনে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পুৰস্কাৰ লাভ কৰা উপৰিও অৱশেষত পৰিবেশকৰ দ্বাৰা চলচ্চিত্ৰ গৃহতো প্ৰদৰ্শিত হয়। এই চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ দ্বাৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত হৈ কুৰিয়েনে পশু চিকিৎসক, দুগ্ধ প্ৰযুক্তিবিদ আৰু পশুখাদ্য বিশাৰদৰ একোটা গোট গঠন কৰি ছবিখনৰ লগতে গাঁৱসমূহলৈ প্ৰেৰণ কৰে। তেওঁলোকে ছবিখন দেখুওৱাৰ পাছতে দুগ্ধ উৎপাদন বঢ়াবলৈ সংকৰ গো-ধনৰ উপযোগিতাৰ ওপৰত ব্যাখ্যাকৰে। খেতিয়কসকলক দুগ্ধ আন্দোলনৰ প্ৰতি উন্মুখ কৰিবলৈ কুৰিয়েনে এই ব্যৱস্থা হাতত লৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title=Amul's Verghese Kurien never suffered fools: Shyam Benegal |accessdate=11 September 2012 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=Sep 10, 2012 |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-10/news/33737291_1_verghese-kurien-white-revolution-amul-products |archivedate=2015-06-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610174923/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-10/news/33737291_1_verghese-kurien-white-revolution-amul-products |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সংঘৰ বিকাশ কাৰ্যসূচী]] (United Nations Development Program) ([[:en:UNDP|UNDP]]) য়ে এই চলচ্চিত্ৰখন দক্ষিণ আমেৰিকাৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰি একে আন্দোলন গঢ়ি তোলাৰ প্ৰয়াস কৰিছে। ==কুৰিয়েন আৰু নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদীৰ মনোমালিন্য== ২০০৪ চনত গুজৰাটৰ মুখ্যমন্ত্ৰী নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদীৰ লগত একেখন মঞ্চতে উপবিষ্ট কুৰিয়েনে মোদীৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰস্তাৱিত গুজৰাট কৃষি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ক দ্বিখণ্ডন কৰা প্ৰস্তাৱৰ বিৰূদ্ধে মন্তব্য কৰে আৰু দুয়োৰে মাজত তাৰ্কিক আদান-প্ৰদান হয়।<ref>http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-15/news/33862984_1_verghese-kurien-kurien-and-modi-gujarat-co-operative {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917021619/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-15/news/33862984_1_verghese-kurien-kurien-and-modi-gujarat-co-operative |date=2016-09-17 }} আহৰণ কৰা তাৰিখ: ১৬-০৯-২০১২</ref><ref>http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/modi-had-a-public-spat-years-ago-with-v-kurien-17648.html{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} আহৰণ কৰা তাৰিখ: ১৬-০৯-২০১২</ref> এই ঘটনাৰ পাছতে মোদী আৰু কুৰিয়েনৰ মাজত মতবিৰোধ দেখা যায়। ইয়াৰ পাছতে ২০০৬ চনত কুৰিয়েনে GCMMF-ৰপৰা অব্যাহতি লয়। ২০০৯ চনত গুজৰাট চৰকাৰে কুৰিয়েনে লাভ কৰা ব্যক্তিগত ৰান্ধনী, গাড়ী আৰু নিৰাপত্তা ৰক্ষী আঁতৰাই দিবলৈ আদেশ জাৰী কৰে। অৱশ্যে GCMMF-ৰ অনুৰোধত এই আদেশ উঠাই লোৱা হয়।<ref>http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/cons-products/food/verghese-kurien-faces-modis-wrath-mayve-to-give-up-basics/articleshow/4050549.cms আহৰণ কৰা তাৰিখ: ১৬-০৯-২০১২</ref> কুৰিয়েনৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছতো আনন্দৰপৰা ২০ কি.মি. দূৰত্বত থকা নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদীয়ে কুৰিয়েনৰ নশ্বৰ দেহক শেষ শ্ৰদ্ধা জনাবলৈ নহাটোক দেশৰ বাতৰি-কাকতে মোদী আৰু কুৰিয়েনৰ মতবিৰোধৰ প্ৰতিফলন বুলি ক'ব খোজে। অৱশ্যে নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদীয়ে কুৰিয়েনৰ শোক-বাৰ্তাত তেখেতক ভূয়সী প্ৰশংসা কৰে।<ref>http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/Dr-Kurien-an-epitome-of-commitment-dedication-Narendra-Modi/Article1-927046.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912200403/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/Dr-Kurien-an-epitome-of-commitment-dedication-Narendra-Modi/Article1-927046.aspx |date=2012-09-12 }} আহৰণ কৰা তাৰিখ: ১৬-০৯-২০১২</ref> ==গ্ৰন্থ-ৰাজী== #''I Too Had A Dream'', গৌৰী ছাল্‌ভিৰ লগত সহলিখিত, ISBN-13: 978-8174364074 #''An Unfinished Dream'', ISBN-13: 978-0074622148 ==সন্মান আৰু বঁটা== {| class="wikitable" |- ! বছৰ!! বঁটাৰ নাম!! বঁটা দিয়া প্ৰতিষ্ঠান |- | ১৯৯৯ | [[পদ্মবিভূষণ]]<ref name=ig>[http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf পদ্ম বঁটা প্ৰাপকৰ সমূহ তালিকা (১৯৫৪-২০১১), গৃহ মন্ত্ৰালয়, ভাৰত চৰকাৰ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |date=2013-05-10 }}, আহৰণ কৰা তাৰিখ: ১৭-০৯-২০১২</ref> | [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]] |- | ১৯৯৩ | বছৰটোৰ ব্যক্তি বঁটা (International Person of the Year Award)<ref>[http://www.world-dairy-expo.com/pages/Recognition-Award-Winners.php World Dairy Expo-ৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক ৱেবছাইট] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821164801/http://www.world-dairy-expo.com/pages/Recognition-Award-Winners.php |date=2012-08-21 }}, আহৰণ কৰা তাৰিখ: ১৭-০৯-২০১২</ref> | World Dairy Expo |- | ১৯৮৯ | বিশ্ব খাদ্য বঁটা ([[:en:World Food Prize|World Food Prize]])<ref>[http://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/19871999_laureates/ World Food Prize-ৰ ৱেবছাইট], আহৰণ কৰা তাৰিখ: ১৭-০৯-২০১২</ref> | বিশ্ব খাদ্য বঁটা ([[:en:World Food Prize|World Food Prize]]), আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ. |- | ১৯৮৬ | ৱাটেলাৰ শান্তি বঁটা ([[:en:Wateler Peace Prize|Wateler Peace Prize]] Award){{citation needed}} | কাৰ্নেগি ফাউণ্ডেছন, ([[:en:Carnegie Foundation (Netherlands)|Carnegie Foundation]], হলেণ্ড. |- | ১৯৮৬ | [[কৃষি ৰত্ন বঁটা]]{{citation needed}} | [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]. |- | ১৯৬৬ | [[পদ্মভূষণ]]<ref name=ig /> | [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]. |- | ১৯৬৫ | [[পদ্মশ্ৰী]]<ref name=ig /> | [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]. |- | ১৯৬৩ | [[ৰেমন মেগছেছে বঁটা]] ([[:en:Ramon Magsaysay Award|Ramon Magsaysay Award]])<ref>[http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationKurienVer.htm মেগছেছে বঁটা স্থাপকৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক ৱেবছাইট] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120075314/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationKurienVer.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, আহৰণ কৰা তাৰিখ: ১৭-০৯-২০১২</ref> | Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. |} কুৰিয়েনক অশোক ফাউণ্ডেছনে বৰ্তমান বিশ্বৰ এগাৰকী প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত সমাজ উদ্যোগী বুলি উল্লেখ কৰিছে। কুৰিয়েনক বৰ্ণাঢ্য জীৱনৰ কাহিনী তেখেতৰ জীৱনী ''I Too Had a Dream'' গ্ৰন্থত লিপিবদ্ধ হৈছে। .<ref>{{cite web|title=I too had a dream - on Amazon.com|url=http://www.amazon.com/Too-Had-Dream-Gouri-Salvi/dp/8174364072}}</ref> ==তথ্য উৎস== {{reflist|30em}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [http://www.india-seminar.com/2001/498/498%20verghese%20kurien.htm The Amul Saga] by Verghese Kurien * [http://www.worldfoodprize.org/Laureates/Past/1989.htm Dr. Kurien, 1989 World Food Prize Laureate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914234341/http://www.worldfoodprize.org/Laureates/Past/1989.htm |date=2012-09-14 }} * [http://tdnpost.com/news/father-of-white-revolution-verghese-kurien-is-dead-84441.html Verghese Kurien passes away] * [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Verghese-Kurien-played-key-role-in-dairy-movement-in-Bihar/articleshow/16360260.cms Verghese Kurien played key role in dairy movement in Bihar] {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যৱসায়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদ্মশ্ৰী বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদ্মভূষণ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদ্মবিভূষণ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ৰমন মেগছেছে বঁটা বিজয়ী]] cssw534oj9wm43ea2t2pdbbyzzir81n 10 29461 518540 183765 2025-06-16T14:19:57Z CommonsDelinker 118 Replacing Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg with [[File:Naval_ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR6|Criterion 6]]). 518540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত | shortname alias = ভাৰত | flag alias = British Raj Red Ensign.svg | flag alias-Viceroy = India-Viceroy-1885.svg | flag alias-naval = Flag of Imperial India.svg | flag alias-naval-1928 = Naval ensign of the United Kingdom.svg | link alias-naval = Royal Indian Navy | flag alias-army = Flag of Imperial India.svg | link alias-army = British Indian Army | flag alias-air force = Flag of Imperial India.svg | link alias-air force = Indian Air Force | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = Viceroy | var2 = naval-1928 | redir1 = British India | related1 = India </noinclude> }}<noinclude> [[fr:Modèle:Inde britannique]] </noinclude> mju8vq5fkfkivavg2blyozafaknshmg 4 29980 518619 518491 2025-06-16T18:33:02Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/Level/Nav bar}} {{Shortcut|WP:VA|WP:VITAL}} <span style="font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold"><span style="color: red">বিশেষ দ্ৰষ্টব্য:</span> এই তালিকাখন মেটা-ৱিকিৰ [[:meta:List of articles every Wikipedia should have|গোলকীয় তালিকাৰ]] প্ৰতিলিপি। অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি এই তালিকাখন পোনপটিয়াকৈ সলনি নকৰে যেন। আপুনি যদি কোনো বিষয় ইয়াত সংযোগ কৰিব বিচাৰে, প্ৰথমে মেটা-ৱিকিৰ [[:meta:Talk:List of articles every Wikipedia should have|আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠাত]] আলোচনা কৰক। কোনো বিষয় সংযোগ বা বিলোপ কৰিবৰ বাবে উপযুক্ত যুক্তি দৰ্শোৱা প্ৰয়োজন। </span> এই তালিকাখনত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ প্ৰতিখন ৱিকিপিডিয়াতে থকাতো অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। এই প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ উচ্চ মানদণ্ডৰ তথা নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰবন্ধ হোৱাটো বাঞ্ছনীয়। অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো এই প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ থকাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয়। আপুনিও এই প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ সৃষ্টি বা বিস্তাৰ কৰাত সহায় কৰিব পাৰে। অধিক সহায়ৰ বাবে [[সহায়:সমল|ইয়াত]] ক্লিক কৰক। এই পৃষ্ঠাত '''ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ ১,০০০ অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধ'''ক তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকা হৈছে ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকাৰ তৃতীয় স্তৰ। ১০,০০০ প্ৰবন্ধ সমৃদ্ধ বিস্তাৰিত তালিকা চতুৰ্থ স্তৰৰ এখনো [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/বিস্তাৰিত|ইয়াত]] উপলব্ধ আছে। আন দুখন চমু তালিকা ক্ৰমে দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|১০০টা প্ৰবন্ধ]] আৰু প্ৰথম স্তৰৰ [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/১|শীৰ্ষ ১০টা প্ৰবন্ধও]] আছে। এই তালিকাখনৰ নবীনতম সংস্কৰণটোৰ বাবে [[:meta:List of articles every Wikipedia should have|এই লিঙ্কটো]] চাব পাৰে। [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া|পঞ্চম স্তৰৰ]] আন এখন তালিকা আছে, যিখনত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াবোৰত থাকিব লগা অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা দিয়া হৈছে। {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(100-((89/1000)*100))}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{TOCright}} {| class="wikitable" width="40%" |+ বিষয়বস্তু অনুসৰি প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা |- ! বিষয়!! প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা!! প্ৰবন্ধ আছে!! প্ৰবন্ধ নাই |- | জীৱনী || ২০৪ || ১৩০ || ৭৪ |- | দৰ্শন আৰু মনোবিজ্ঞান || ১৮ || ১৮ || ০ |- | বিশ্ববীক্ষা আৰু ধৰ্ম || ২৫ || ২৫ || ০ |- | সমাজ বিজ্ঞান || ৭০ || ৭০ || ০ |- | ভাষা আৰু সাহিত্য || ৪৬ || ৪৬ || ০ |- | প্ৰমিতি || ১২ || ১২ || ০ |- | বিজ্ঞান || ২৫৭ || ২৫৭ || ০ |- | খাদ্য আৰু কৃষি || ৩৪ || ৩৪ || ০ |- | প্ৰযুক্তি || ৬৭ || ৬৭ || ০ |- | কলা আৰু বিনোদন || ৭৫ || ৭৫ || ০ |- | ইতিহাস || ৪৬ || ৩১ || ১৫ |- | ভূগোল || ১৪৬ || ১৪৬ || ০ |- | '''মুঠ''' || '''১০০০''' || '''৯১১''' || '''৮৯''' |} <small>* এই তালিকাখন অন্তিমবাৰৰ বাবে ১৬ জুন ২০২৫-ত সংশোধন কৰা হৈছে। </small> == জীৱনী == === শিল্পী আৰু স্থপতিবিদ === {{div col|2}} # [[লী ক'ৰবাজিয়ে]] ([[:en:Le Corbusier]]) # [[চালভাড' ডালি]] ([[:en:Salvador Dalí]]) # [[এলব্ৰেখট ড্যুৰাৰ]] ([[:en:Albrecht Dürer]]) # '''[[ভিনচেণ্ট ভেন গঘ]] ([[:en:Vincent van Gogh]])''' # [[ফ্ৰান্সিছক' গয়া]] ([[:en:Francisco Goya]]) # [[কাটুশ্বিকা হ'কচাই]] ([[:en:Hokusai]]) # [[ফ্ৰিদা কাল']] ([[:en:Frida Kahlo]]) # '''[[লিঅ'নাৰ্ড' দা ভিন্সি]] ([[:en:Leonardo da Vinci]])''' # [[হেনৰি মেটিশ্ব]] ([[:en:Henri Matisse]]) # '''[[মাইকেলেঞ্জেল']] ([[:en:Michelangelo]])''' # '''[[পাব্‌ল' পিকাছ']] ([[:en:Pablo Picasso]])''' # [[ৰাফায়েল]] ([[:en:Raphael]]) # '''[[ৰে'ম্ব্ৰেণ্ট]] ([[:en:Rembrandt]])''' # [[পিটাৰ পল ৰুবেন্স]] ([[:en:Peter Paul Rubens]]) # [[মিমাৰ চিনান]] ([[:en:Mimar Sinan]]) # [[ডিয়েগো ৱেলাজকেজ]] ([[:en:Diego Velázquez]]) # [[এণ্ডি ৱাৰহ'ল]] ([[:en:Andy Warhol]]) # [[ফ্ৰেঙ্ক লইড ৰাইট]] ([[:en:Frank Lloyd Wright]]) {{div col end}} === লেখক, নাট্যকাৰ আৰু কবি === {{div col|2}} # [[চাৰ্লছ ডিকেন্স]] ([[:en:Charles Dickens]]) # [[ফিওদোৰ দস্তয়েভস্কি]] ([[:en:Fyodor Dostoevsky]]) # [[নাগিব মাহফুজ]] ([[:en:Naguib Mahfouz]]) # [[গাব্ৰিয়েল গাৰ্ছিয়া মাৰ্কেছ]] ([[:en:Gabriel García Márquez]]) # [[হোমাৰ]] ([[:en:Homer]]) # [[ফ্ৰান্‌জ কাফ্‌কা]] ([[:en:Franz Kafka]]) # [[কালিদাস]] ([[:en:Kālidāsa]]) # [[মাৰ্চেল প্ৰুষ্ট]] ([[:en:Marcel Proust]]) # [[উইলিয়াম শ্বেইকছপীয়েৰ]] ([[:en:William Shakespeare]]) # [[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] ([[:en:Rabindranath Tagore]]) # [[লীঅ' টলষ্টয়]] ([[:en:Leo Tolstoy]]) # [[মাৰ্ক টোৱেইন]] ([[:en:Mark Twain]]) # [[দান্তে আলিগিয়েৰি]] ([[:en:Dante Alighieri]]) # [[আবু নুৱাচ]] ([[:en:Abu Nuwas]]) # [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]] ([[:en:Hans Christian Andersen]]) # [[মাৎসু বাসো]] ([[:en:Matsuo Bashō]]) # [[হাফিজ শ্বিৰাজী]] ([[:en:Hafez]]) # [[হোৰ্হে লুইচ বৰ্হেচ]] ([[:en:Jorge Luis Borges]]) # [[লৰ্ড বায়ৰন]] ([[:en:Lord Byron]]) # [[মিগেল দে চেৰ্ভানটেচ]] ([[:en:Miguel de Cervantes]]) # [[জেফ্ৰি চ'ছাৰ]] ([[:en:Geoffrey Chaucer]]) # [[এণ্টন চেকভ]] ([[:en:Anton Chekhov]]) # [[জোহান ভোল্ফগেং ফন গ্যোটে]] ([[:en:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]) # [[ভিক্টৰ হিউগ']] ([[:en:Victor Hugo]]) # [[জেমছ জয়ছ]] ([[:en:James Joyce]]) # [[লি বাই]] ([[:en:Li Bai]]) # [[মলিয়েৰ]] ([[:en:Molière]]) # [[অ'ভিদ]] ([[:en:Ovid]]) # [[আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ পুস্কিন]] ([[:en:Alexander Pushkin]]) # [[সোফোক্লেচ]] ([[:en:Sophocles]]) # [[ভাৰ্জিল]] ([[:en:Virgil]]) {{div col end}} === সুৰকাৰ আৰু সঙ্গীতশিল্পী === {{div col|2}} # [[দ্য বিটল্‌চ]] ([[:en:The Beatles]]) # '''[[লুটৱিস ফান বিটহ'ফন]] ([[:en:Ludwig van Beethoven]])''' # [[লুইচ আৰ্মষ্ট্ৰং]] ([[:en:Louis Armstrong]]) # '''[[জোহান চেবাষ্টিয়ান বাক]] ([[:en:Johann Sebastian Bach]])''' # [[জোহানেচ ব্ৰাম্স]] ([[:en:Johannes Brahms]]) # [[ফ্ৰেডেৰিক চোপাঁ]] ([[:en:Frédéric Chopin]]) # [[এণ্টনিন দ্ভাৰাক]] ([[:en:Antonín Dvořák]]) # [[জৰ্জ ফেড্ৰিক হাণ্ডেল]] ([[:en:Georg Frideric Handel]]) # [[জোছেফ হেইডেন]] ([[:en:Joseph Haydn]]) # [[গুস্তৱ মাহলাৰ]] ([[:en:Gustav Mahler]]) # '''[[মোৎজাৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]])''' # [[জিয়'ভানি পিয়েৰলুইগি দা পেলেষ্ট্ৰিনা]] ([[:en:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]]) # [[এদিত পিয়াফ]] ([[:en:Édith Piaf]]) # [[এলভিচ প্ৰেচলি]] ([[:en:Elvis Presley]]) # [[জ্যাক'ম' পুচ্চিনি]] ([[:en:Giacomo Puccini]]) # [[ফ্ৰান্‌জ সুবৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Franz Schubert]]) # '''[[আইগৰ ষ্ট্ৰাভিন্সকি]] ([[:en:Igor Stravinsky]])''' # [[পিওটাৰ ইলিচ চালইকভস্কি]] ([[:en:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]) # [[জিছেপ্পে ভেৰ্দি]] ([[:en:Giuseppe Verdi]]) # [[এণ্টোনিয়' ভিভাল্ডি]] ([[:en:Antonio Vivaldi]]) # '''[[ৰিচাৰ্ড ৱেগনাৰ]] ([[:en:Richard Wagner]])''' {{div col end}} === অভিযাত্ৰী আৰু ভ্ৰমণকাৰী === {{div col|2}} # [[নীল আৰ্মষ্ট্ৰং]] ([[:en:Neil Armstrong]]) # '''[[ক্ৰিষ্টোফাৰ কলম্বাছ]] ([[:en:Christopher Columbus]])''' # [[জেমছ কুক]] ([[:en:James Cook]]) # '''[[য়ুৰি গেগেৰিন]] ([[:en:Yuri Gagarin]])''' # [[ভাস্কো দা গামা]] ([[:en:Vasco da Gama]]) # [[ইবন বটুতা]] ([[:en:Ibn Battuta]]) # '''[[ফাৰ্ডিনেণ্ড মেগালান]] ([[:en:Ferdinand Magellan]])''' # [[মাৰ্ক’ প’ল’]] ([[:en:Marco Polo]]) # [[ৰুৱাল আমুন্সেন]] ([[:en:Roald Amundsen]]) # [[জ্যেক কাৰ্টিয়ে]] ([[:en:Jacques Cartier]]) # [[এৰ্ণান কৰ্টেছ]] ([[:en:Hernán Cortés]]) # [[চেং হো]] ([[:en:Zheng He]]) {{div col end}} === চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক, চিত্ৰনাট্যকাৰ আৰু অভিনয় শিল্পী === {{div col|2}} # [[ইংমাৰ বাৰ্গমেন]] ([[:en:Ingmar Bergman]]) # [[ছাৰা বাৰ্নহাৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Sarah Bernhardt]]) # [[চাৰ্লি চেপলিন]] ([[:en:Charlie Chaplin]]) # [[মাৰ্লিন ডিট্ৰিস]] ([[:en:Marlene Dietrich]]) # [[ৱাল্ট ডিজনী]] ([[:en:Walt Disney]]) # [[ছেৰ্গেই আইজেনষ্টাইন]] ([[:en:Sergei Eisenstein]]) # [[আলফ্ৰেড হিচকক]] ([[:en:Alfred Hitchcock]]) # [[ষ্টেনলি কুবৰিক]] ([[:en:Stanley Kubrick]]) # [[আকিৰা কুৰোছাৱা]] ([[:en:Akira Kurosawa]]) # [[মেৰিলিন মন্‌ৰ']] ([[:en:Marilyn Monroe]]) # [[সত্যজিৎ ৰায়]] ([[:en:Satyajit Ray]]) # [[ষ্টিভেন স্পিলবাৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Steven Spielberg]]) # [[ফেডেৰিক' ফেল্লিনি]] ([[:en:Federico Fellini]]) {{div col end}} === উদ্ভাৱক, বিজ্ঞানী আৰু গণিতজ্ঞ === {{div col|3}} # '''[[আৰ্কিমিডিছ]] ([[:en:Archimedes]])''' # [[টিম বাৰ্নাৰ্ছ লী]] ([[:en:Tim Berners-Lee]]) # [[ব্ৰহ্মগুপ্ত]] ([[:en:Brahmagupta]]) # '''[[নিক'লাচ ক'পাৰ্নিকাচ]] ([[:en:Nicolaus Copernicus]])''' # '''[[মেৰী কুৰী]] ([[:en:Marie Curie]])''' # '''[[চাৰ্লছ ডাৰউইন]] ([[:en:Charles Darwin]])''' # '''[[টমাছ আলভা এডিচন]] ([[:en:Thomas Edison]])''' # '''[[এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইন]] ([[:en:Albert Einstein]])''' # '''[[ইউক্লিড]] ([[:en:Euclid]])''' # [[লিঅ'নাৰ্ড অইলাৰ]] ([[:en:Leonhard Euler]]) # [[মাইকেল ফেৰাডে]] ([[:en:Michael Faraday]]) # '''[[হেনৰী ফৰ্ড]] ([[:en:Henry Ford]])''' # '''[[গেলিলিঅ’ গেলিলি]] ([[:en:Galileo Galilei]])''' # [[কাৰ্ল ফ্ৰিডৰিখ গাউছ]] ([[:en:Carl Friedrich Gauss]]) # '''[[জ'হানেছ গুটন্‌বাৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Johannes Gutenberg]])''' # [[জহান্স কেপলাৰ]] ([[:en:Johannes Kepler]]) # [[কাৰ্ল লিনিয়াছ]] ([[:en:Carl Linnaeus]]) # '''[[আইজাক নিউটন]] ([[:en:Isaac Newton]])''' # '''[[লুই পেষ্ট'ৰ]] ([[:en:Louis Pasteur]])''' # '''[[মেক্স প্লেংক]] ([[:en:Max Planck]])''' # [[আৰ্নেষ্ট ৰাডাৰফ'ৰ্ড]] ([[:en:Ernest Rutherford]]) # '''[[নিক'লা টেছলা]] ([[:en:Nikola Tesla]])''' # '''[[এলান ট্যুৰিং]] ([[:en:Alan Turing]])''' # [[ইবন চিনা]] ([[:en:Avicenna]]) # [[এনৰিক' ফাৰ্মী]] ([[:en:Enrico Fermi]]) # [[গালেন]] ([[:en:Galen]]) # '''[[ডেভিদ হিলবাৰ্ট]] ([[:en:David Hilbert]])''' # [[জেমছ প্ৰেস্কট জুল]] ([[:en:James Prescott Joule]]) # [[আল খোৱাৰিজমি]] ([[:en:Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]]) # [[গট‌ফ্ৰিড লাইব‌নিৎস]] ([[:en:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]) # [[জেমছ ক্লাৰ্ক মেক্সৱেল]] ([[:en:James Clerk Maxwell]]) # [[ডিমিট্ৰী মেণ্ডেলিভ]] ([[:en:Dmitri Mendeleev]]) # '''[[আৰৱিন শ্ৰুডিঙগাৰ]] ([[:en:Erwin Schrödinger]])''' # '''[[জেমছ ৱাট]] ([[:en:James Watt]])''' {{div col end}} === দাৰ্শনিক আৰু সমাজ বিজ্ঞানী === {{div col|2}} # '''[[এৰিষ্ট'টল]] ([[:en:Aristotle]])''' # [[চাণক্য]] ([[:en:Chanakya]]) # '''[[কনফুচিয়াছ]] ([[:en:Confucius]])''' # '''[[চিগ্‌মণ্ড ফ্ৰয়েড]] ([[:en:Sigmund Freud]])''' # '''[[কাৰ্ল মাৰ্ক্স]] ([[:en:Karl Marx]])''' # [[এডাম স্মিথ]] ([[:en:Adam Smith]]) # '''[[ছক্ৰেটিছ]] ([[:en:Socrates]])''' # [[জঁ-জাক ৰুছ’]] ([[:en:Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]) # '''[[ৰেনে ডেকাৰ্ট]] ([[:en:René Descartes]])''' # [[চিমন দে ব্যাভুৱাৰ]] ([[:en:Simone de Beauvoir]]) # [[ন'ম চম্‌স্কি]] ([[:en:Noam Chomsky]]) # [[হেগেল]] ([[:en:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]) # [[ইবন খালদুন]] ([[:en:Ibn Khaldun]]) # '''[[ইমানুৱেল কাণ্ট]] ([[:en:Immanuel Kant]])''' # [[জন মেনাৰ্ড কেইনছ]] ([[:en:John Maynard Keynes]]) # '''[[লাউযি]] ([[:en:Laozi]])''' # '''[[জন লক]] ([[:en:John Locke]])''' # [[নিক্কোলো মাকিয়াভেল্লি]] ([[:en:Niccolò Machiavelli]]) # '''[[ফ্ৰেডৰিখ নিৎসে]] ([[:en:Friedrich Nietzsche]])''' # '''[[প্লেটো]] ([[:en:Plato]])''' # [[জ্যা পল ছাট্টে]] ([[:en:Jean-Paul Sartre]]) # [[সিমা কিয়ান]] ([[:en:Sima Qian]]) # '''[[ভলতেয়ৰ]] ([[:en:Voltaire]])''' # [[মেক্স ৱেবাৰ]] ([[:en:Max Weber]]) # [[লুডৱিগ ৱিটগেনষ্টাইন]] ([[:en:Ludwig Wittgenstein]]) # [[চ্যু জি]] ([[:en:Zhu Xi]]) {{div col end}} === ৰাজনীতিবিদ === {{div col|3}} # [[সম্ৰাট অশোক]] ([[:en:Ashoka]]) <!-- Greatest Indian monarch of antiquity; spread Buddhism --> # '''[[নেপোলিয়ন বোনাপাৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Napoleon]])''' # [[জুলিয়াছ চিজাৰ]] ([[:en:Julius Caesar]]) # [[মোহনদাস কৰমচান্দ গান্ধী]] ([[:en:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]]) # '''[[চেংগিজ খান]] ([[:en:Genghis Khan]])''' # [[চে গোৱেৰা]] ([[:en:Che Guevara]]) # '''[[এডল্ফ হিটলাৰ]] ([[:en:Adolf Hitler]])''' # [[জোন অফ আৰ্ক]] ([[:en:Joan of Arc]]) # [[মাৰ্টিন লুথাৰ কিং, অনুজ]] ([[:en:Martin Luther King, Jr.]]) # '''[[ভ্লেডিমিৰ লেনিন]] ([[:en:Vladimir Lenin]])''' # [[নেলছন মেণ্ডেলা]] ([[:en:Nelson Mandela]]) # [[মাও জেদং]] ([[:en:Mao Zedong]]) # [[জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰু‎‎]] ([[:en:Jawaharlal Nehru]]) # '''[[ক্যিন ছি হোৱং]] ([[:en:Qin Shi Huang]])'''<!-- Created first Chinese state and dynasty --> # [[আকবৰ]] ([[:en:Akbar]]) # '''[[আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ]] ([[:en:Alexander the Great]])''' # [[মোস্তাফা কামাল আতাতুৰ্ক]] ([[:en:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]) # '''[[আগষ্টাচ]] ([[:en:Augustus]])''' # [[অটো ৱন বিজমাৰ্ক]] ([[:en:Otto von Bismarck]]) # [[সিমন বলিভাৰ]] ([[:en:Simón Bolívar]]) # [[শাৰ্লেমেন]] ([[:en:Charlemagne]]) # [[ৱিনষ্টন চাৰ্চিল]] ([[:en:Winston Churchill]]) # [[মহান কনষ্টেনটাইন]] ([[:en:Constantine the Great]]) # '''[[মহান চাইৰাচ]] ([[:en:Cyrus the Great]])''' # [[চাৰ্লচ দ্য গ'ল]] ([[:en:Charles de Gaulle]]) # [[এলিজাবেথ প্ৰথম]] ([[:en:Elizabeth I of England]]) # [[আব্ৰাহাম লিংকন]] ([[:en:Abraham Lincoln]]) # [[লুই চতুৰ্থ]] ([[:en:Louis XIV of France]]) # [[ৰোজা লাক্সেমবাৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Rosa Luxemburg]]) # [[কোৱামে নক্ৰুমা]] ([[:en:Kwame Nkrumah]]) # [[মহান পিটাৰ]] ([[:en:Peter the Great]]) # [[ফ্ৰেংকলিন ডি ৰুজভেল্ট]] ([[:en:Franklin D. Roosevelt]]) # [[ছালাহুদ্দিন আয়ুবী]] ([[:en:Saladin]]) # [[যোছেফ ষ্টালিন]] ([[:en:Joseph Stalin]]) # [[ছুলেইমান প্ৰথম]] ([[:en:Suleiman the Magnificent]]) <!-- Greatest Ottoman sultan --> # [[চান য়াট-চেন]] ([[:en:Sun Yat-sen]]) # [[তৈমুৰ লং]] ([[:en:Timur]]) # [[ওমৰ]] ([[:en:Umar]]) <!-- Conquered Persia, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt for Islam --> # '''[[জৰ্জ ৱাশ্বিংটন]] ([[:en:George Washington]])''' {{div col end}} === ধৰ্মীয় গুৰু আৰু ধৰ্মতত্ত্ববিদ === {{div col|2}} # [[ইব্ৰাহিম]] ([[:en:Abraham]]) # [[গৌতম বুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:Buddha]]) # [[মুহাম্মাদ]] ([[:en:Muhammad]]) # [[যীশু]] ([[:en:Jesus]]) # [[টমাচ আকুইনাচ]] ([[:en:Thomas Aquinas]]) # [[হিপ্পোৰ আগষ্টিন]] ([[:en:Augustine of Hippo]]) # [[আল-গজ্জালি]] ([[:en:Al-Ghazali]]) # [[মাৰ্টিন লুথাৰ]] ([[:en:Martin Luther]]) # [[মোজেচ]] ([[:en:Moses]]) # [[নাগাৰ্জুন]] ([[:en:Nagarjuna]]) {{div col end}} == দৰ্শন আৰু মনোবিজ্ঞান == === দৰ্শন === {{div col|2}} # [[সৌন্দৰ্য]] ([[:en:Beauty]]) # [[দ্বন্দ্ববাদ]] ([[:en:Dialectic]]) # [[নৈতিকতা]] ([[:en:Ethics]]) # [[জ্ঞানতত্ত্ব]] ([[:en:Epistemology]]) # [[নাৰীবাদ]] ([[:en:Feminism]]) # [[স্বইচ্ছা]] ([[:en:Free will]]) # '''[[জ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Knowledge]])''' # [[তৰ্কশাস্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Logic]]) # [[মন]] ([[:en:Mind]]) # '''[[দৰ্শন]] ([[:en:Philosophy]])''' # [[সম্ভাৱিতা]] ([[:en:Probability]]) # [[বাস্তৱতা]] ([[:en:Reality]]) # [[সত্য]] ([[:en:Truth]]) {{div col end}} === মনোবিজ্ঞান === {{div col|2}} # '''[[আচৰণ]] ([[:en:Behavior]])''' # '''[[আবেগ]] ([[:en:Emotion]])''' # [[প্ৰেম]] ([[:en:Love]]) # [[মনোবিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Psychology]]) # '''[[চিন্তা]] ([[:en:Thought]])''' {{div col end}} == বিশ্ববীক্ষা আৰু ধৰ্ম == # '''[[ভগৱান]] ([[:en:God]])''' # '''[[শ্ৰুতিকথা]] ([[:en:Mythology]])''' # বিশ্ববীক্ষা দৰ্শন ## [[নাস্তিকতা]] ([[:en:Atheism]]) ## [[মৌলবাদ]] ([[:en:Fundamentalism]]) ## [[বস্তুবাদ]] ([[:en:Materialism]]) ## [[একেশ্বৰবাদ]] ([[:en:Monotheism]]) ## [[বহু-ঈশ্বৰবাদ]] ([[:en:Polytheism]]) # '''[[আত্মা]] ([[:en:Soul]])''' # '''[[ধৰ্ম]] ([[:en:Religion]])''' # উল্লৰখযোগ্য ধৰ্ম ## '''[[বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম]] ([[:en:Buddhism]])''' ## '''[[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]] ([[:en:Christianity]])''' ### [[কেথলিক গিৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Catholic Church]]) ## [[কনফুচিয়াছ ধৰ্ম]] ([[:en:Confucianism]]) ## '''[[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম]] ([[:en:Hinduism]])''' ### [[ত্ৰিমূৰ্তি]] ([[:en:Trimurti]]) ## '''[[ইছলাম]] ([[:en:Islam]])''' ### [[ছিয়া ইছলাম]] ([[:en:Shia Islam]]) ## [[জৈন ধৰ্ম]] ([[:en:Jainism]]) ## '''[[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম]] ([[:en:Judaism]])''' ## [[শিখ ধৰ্ম]] ([[:en:Sikhism]]) ## [[তাওবাদ]] ([[:en:Taoism]]) ## [[জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ]] ([[:en:Zoroastrianism]]) # আধ্যাত্মিক অভ্যসন ## [[চুফীবাদ]] ([[:en:Sufism]]) ## [[যোগাসন]] ([[:en:Yoga]]) ## [[জেন]] ([[:en:Zen]]) == সমাজ বিজ্ঞান == {{div col|2}} # '''[[সমাজ]] ([[:en:Society]])''' # [[সভ্যতা]] ([[:en:Civilization]]) # '''[[শিক্ষা]] ([[:en:Education]])''' {{div col end}} === পৰিয়াল আৰু সম্বন্ধ === {{div col|2}} # '''[[পৰিয়াল]] ([[:en:Family]])''' # '''[[শিশু]] ([[:en:Child]])''' # [[পুৰুষ]] ([[:en:Man]]) # '''[[বিবাহ]] ([[:en:Marriage]])''' # [[মহিলা]] ([[:en:Woman]]) {{div col end}} === ৰাজনীতি === {{div col|2}} # '''[[ৰাজনীতি]] ([[:en:Politics]])''' # [[নৈৰাজ্যবাদ]] ([[:en:Anarchism]]) # [[ঔপনিৱেশিকতাবাদ]] ([[:en:Colonialism]]) # [[সাম্যবাদ]] ([[:en:Communism]]) # [[ৰক্ষণশীলতাবাদ]] ([[:en:Conservatism]]) # [[গণতন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Democracy]]) # [[একনায়কত্ববাদ]] ([[:en:Dictatorship]]) # [[কূটনীতি]] ([[:en:Diplomacy]]) # [[ফেছিবাদ]] ([[:en:Fascism]]) # [[গোলকীকৰণ]] ([[:en:Globalization]]) # '''[[চৰকাৰ]] ([[:en:Government]])''' # [[মতাদৰ্শ]] ([[:en:Ideology]]) # [[সাম্ৰাজ্যবাদ]] ([[:en:Imperialism]]) # [[উদাৰনৈতিকতাবাদ]] ([[:en:Liberalism]]) # [[মাৰ্ক্সবাদ]] ([[:en:Marxism]]) # [[ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Monarchy]]) # [[জাতীয়তাবাদ]] ([[:en:Nationalism]]) # [[গণৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Republic]]) # [[সমাজবাদ]] ([[:en:Socialism]]) # '''[[ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] ([[:en:State (polity)]])''' # [[ৰাজনৈতিক দল]] ([[:en:Political party]]) # [[অপপ্ৰচাৰ]] ([[:en:Propaganda]]) # [[সন্ত্ৰাসবাদ]] ([[:en:Terrorism]]) {{div col end}} === বাণিজ্য আৰু অৰ্থনীতি === {{div col|2}} # '''[[অৰ্থনীতি]] ([[:en:Economics]])''' # [[মূলধন (অৰ্থনীতি)]] ([[:en:Capital (economics)]]) # [[পুঁজিবাদ]] ([[:en:Capitalism]]) # [[প্ৰচলিত মুদ্ৰা (চলাৰ্থ)]] ([[:en:Currency]]) ## [[ইউৰো]] ([[:en:Euro]]) ## [[জাপানীজ য়েন]] ([[:en:Japanese yen]]) ## [[আমেৰিকান ডলাৰ]] ([[:en:United States dollar]]) # [[উদ্যোগ]] ([[:en:Industry]]) # '''[[মুদ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Money]])''' # [[কৰ]] ([[:en:Tax]]) {{div col end}} === আইন === {{div col|2}} # '''[[আইন]] ([[:en:Law]])''' # [[সংবিধান]] ([[:en:Constitution]]) {{div col end}} === আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা === {{div col|2}} # [[আফ্ৰিকান ইউনিয়ন]] ([[:en:African Union]]) # [[আৰব লীগ]] ([[:en:Arab League]]) # [[দক্ষিণ-পূব এচিয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ সংগঠন]] ([[:en:ASEAN]]) # [[জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ]] ([[:en:Commonwealth of Nations]]) <!-- [[কমনৱেলথ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] --> # [[ইউৰোপিয়ান ইউনিয়ন]] ([[:en:European Union]]) # '''[[ৰেডক্ৰছ]] ([[:en:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]])''' # [[নাটো]] ([[:en:NATO]]) # [[ন'বেল বঁটা]] ([[:en:Nobel Prize]]) # [[অ'পেক]] ([[:en:OPEC]]) # '''[[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] ([[:en:United Nations]])''' ## [[আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ন্যায়ালয়]] ([[:en:International Court of Justice]]) ## [[আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা নিধি]] ([[:en:International Monetary Fund]]) ## [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ শিক্ষা, বিজ্ঞান আৰু সংস্কৃতি সংস্থা]] ([[:en:UNESCO]]) ## [[মানৱ অধিকাৰৰ সাৰ্বজনীন ঘোষণা]] ([[:en:Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]) ## [[বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থা]] ([[:en:World Health Organization]]) # [[বিশ্ব বেংক]] ([[:en:World Bank]]) # [[বিশ্ব বাণিজ্য সংস্থা]] ([[:en:World Trade Organization]]) {{div col end}} === যুদ্ধ আৰু সৈন্যবাহিনী === {{div col|2}} # '''[[সৈন্যবাহিনী]] ([[:en:Military]])''' # '''[[শান্তি]] ([[:en:Peace]])''' # '''[[যুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:War]])''' ## [[গৃহযুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:Civil war]]) {{div col end}} === সামাজিক সমস্যা === {{div col|2}} # [[গৰ্ভপাত]] ([[:en:Abortion]]) # '''[[মৃত্যুদণ্ড]] ([[:en:Capital punishment]])''' # '''[[মানৱ অধিকাৰ]] ([[:en:Human rights]])''' # [[দৰিদ্ৰতা]] ([[:en:Poverty]]) # [[বৰ্ণবৈষম্য]] ([[:en:Racism]]) # '''[[দাসত্ব]] ([[:en:Slavery]])''' {{div col end}} == ভাষা আৰু সাহিত্য == # '''[[ভাষা]] ([[:en:Language]])''' # গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভাষাসমূহ ## [[আৰবী ভাষা]] ([[:en:Arabic language]]) ## [[বঙালী ভাষা]] ([[:en:Bengali language]]) ## [[চীনা ভাষা]] ([[:en:Chinese language]]) <!--With the clarification that it is, linguistically speaking, not a single language.--> ## [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা]] ([[:en:English language]]) ## [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]] ([[:en:French language]]) ## [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা]] ([[:en:German language]]) ## [[গ্ৰীক ভাষা]] ([[:en:Greek language]]) ## [[হিব্ৰু ভাষা]] ([[:en:Hebrew language]]) ## [[হিন্দুস্তানী ভাষা]] ([[:en:Hindi-Urdu language]]) ## [[জাপানী ভাষা]] ([[:en:Japanese language]]) ## [[লেটিন ভাষা]] ([[:en:Latin language]]) ## [[ফাৰ্চী ভাষা]] ([[:en:Persian language]]) ## [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা]] ([[:en:Portuguese language]]) ## [[ৰুছ ভাষা]] ([[:en:Russian language]]) ## [[সংস্কৃত]] ([[:en:Sanskrit]]) ## [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা]] ([[:en:Spanish language]]) ## [[স্বাহিলী ভাষা]] ([[:en:Swahili language]]) ## [[তুৰ্কী ভাষা]] ([[:en:Turkish language]]) # [[ভাষাবিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Linguistics]]) # [[ব্যাকৰণ‎]] ([[:en:Grammar]]) # '''[[শব্দ (ব্যাকৰণ‎)]] ([[:en:Word]])''' ## [[ধ্বনি]] ([[:en:Phoneme]]) ## [[আখৰ]] ([[:en:Syllable]]) # '''[[লিখন পদ্ধতি]] ([[:en:Writing system]])''' ## [[আৰবী বৰ্ণমালা]] ([[:en:Arabic alphabet]]) ## [[চীনা ভাৱচিত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Chinese characters]]) ## [[চিৰিলিক লিপি]] ([[:en:Cyrillic script]]) ## [[গ্ৰীক বৰ্ণমালা]] ([[:en:Greek alphabet]]) ## [[হানগুল লিপি]] ([[:en:Hangul]]) ## [[ৰোমান লিপি]] ([[:en:Latin alphabet]]) # [[সাক্ষৰতা]] ([[:en:Literacy]]) # '''[[অনুবাদ]] ([[:en:Translation]])''' # '''[[সাহিত্য]] ([[:en:Literature]])''' ## [[গদ্য]] ([[:en:Prose]]) ## [[দ্য আৰ্ট অফ ৱাৰ]] ([[:en:The Art of War]]) ## [[কল্প-সাহিত্য]] ([[:en:Fiction]]) ### [[আলিফ লেইলা]] ([[:en:One Thousand and One Nights]]) ## [[উপন্যাস]] ([[:en:Novel]]) ### [[ড্ৰিম অফ দা ৰেড চেম্বাৰ]] ([[:en:Dream of the Red Chamber]]) ### [[দ্য টেল অফ গেঞ্জি]] ([[:en:The Tale of Genji]]) ## '''[[কবিতা]] ([[:en:Poetry]])''' ### [[গিলগামেশৰ মহাকাব্য]] ([[:en:Epic of Gilgamesh]]) ### [[ইলিয়াদ]] ([[:en:Iliad]]) ### [[মহাভাৰত]] ([[:en:Mahābhārata]]) ### [[শাহনামা]] ([[:en:Shāhnāma]]) == প্ৰমিতি == # '''[[প্ৰমিতি]] ([[:en:Measurement]])''' # [[আন্তৰ্জাতিক একক পদ্ধতি]] ([[:en:International System of Units]]) === ভৰ, আয়তন আৰু দূৰত্ব === # [[কিলোগ্ৰাম]] ([[:en:Kilogram]]) # [[লিটাৰ]] ([[:en:Litre]]) # [[মিটাৰ]] ([[:en:Metre]]) === সময় === {{div col|2}} # '''[[দিনপঞ্জী]] ([[:en:Calendar]])''' ## [[গ্ৰেগৰিয়ান বৰ্ষপঞ্জী]] ([[:en:Gregorian calendar]]) # [[ঘড়ী]] ([[:en:Clock]]) # [[ছেকেণ্ড]] ([[:en:Second]]) # '''[[দিন]] ([[:en:Day]])''' # '''[[বছৰ]] ([[:en:Year]])''' # [[সময় অঞ্চল]] ([[:en:Time zone]]) {{div col end}} == বিজ্ঞান == # '''[[বিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Science]])''' # '''[[প্ৰকৃতি]] ([[:en:Nature]])''' === জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান === {{div col|2}} # '''[[জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Astronomy]])''' # [[গ্ৰহাণু]] ([[:en:Asteroid]]) # '''[[মহানাদ]] ([[:en:Big Bang]])''' # '''[[কৃষ্ণগহ্বৰ]] ([[:en:Black hole]])''' # [[ধূমকেতু]] ([[:en:Comet]]) # '''[[তাৰকাৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Galaxy]])''' ## [[হাতীপটি]] ([[:en:Milky Way]]) # '''[[চন্দ্ৰ]] ([[:en:Moon]])''' # '''[[গ্ৰহ]] ([[:en:Planet]])''' ## '''[[পৃথিৱী]] ([[:en:Earth]])''' ## [[বৃহস্পতি গ্ৰহ]] ([[:en:Jupiter]]) ## [[মঙ্গল গ্ৰহ]] ([[:en:Mars]]) ## [[বুধ গ্ৰহ]] ([[:en:Mercury]]) ## [[নেপচুন]] ([[:en:Neptune]]) ## [[শনি গ্ৰহ]] ([[:en:Saturn]]) ## [[ইউৰেনাচ]] ([[:en:Uranus]]) ## [[শুক্ৰ গ্ৰহ]] ([[:en:Venus]]) # [[সৌৰজগত]] ([[:en:Solar System]]) # [[মহাকাশ যাত্ৰা]] ([[:en:Spaceflight]]) # '''[[নক্ষত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Star]])''' ## '''[[সূৰ্য]] ([[:en:Sun]])''' # [[বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ড]] ([[:en:Universe]]) {{div col end}} === জীৱবিজ্ঞান === {{div col|2}} # '''[[জীৱবিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Biology]])''' # জৈৱ উপাদান ## '''[[ডি এন এ]] ([[:en:DNA]])''' ## [[উৎসেচক]] ([[:en:Enzyme]]) ## [[মাংসসাৰ]] ([[:en:Protein]]) # [[উদ্ভিদবিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Botany]]) # '''[[মৃত্যু]] ([[:en:Death]])''' ## [[আত্মহত্যা]] ([[:en:Suicide]]) # [[পৰিস্থিতি বিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Ecology]]) ## [[বিপন্ন প্ৰজাতি]] ([[:en:Endangered species]]) # [[ঘৰুৱাকৰণ]] ([[:en:Domestication]]) # '''[[জীৱন]] ([[:en:Life]])''' # [[জীৱবৈজ্ঞানিক শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন]] ([[:en:Biological classification]]) ## [[প্ৰজাতি (জীৱবিদ্যা)]] ([[:en:Species]]) {{div col end}} ==== জৈবিক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া ==== # '''[[বিপাক ক্ৰিয়া]] ([[:en:Metabolism]])''' ## [[পাচন]] ([[:en:Digestion]]) ## [[সালোক সংশ্লেষণ]] ([[:en:Photosynthesis]]) ## [[শ্বাসক্ৰিয়া]] ([[:en:Breathing]]) # '''[[ক্ৰমবিকাশ]] ([[:en:Evolution]])''' # '''[[প্ৰজনন]] ([[:en:Reproduction]])''' ## [[গৰ্ভধাৰণ]] ([[:en:Pregnancy]]) ## [[লিংগ]] ([[:en:Sex]]) ==== জীৱ ==== # '''[[জীৱ]] ([[:en:Organism]])''' # '''[[প্ৰাণী]] ([[:en:Animal]])''' ## [[ঘূৰণীয়া কৃমি]] ([[:en:Nematode]]) ## [[কোমলদেহী প্ৰাণী]] ([[:en:Mollusca]]) ## [[সন্ধিপদী প্ৰাণী]] ([[:en:Arthropod]]) ### '''[[পতংগ]] ([[:en:Insect]])''' #### [[পৰুৱা]] ([[:en:Ant]]) #### [[মৌ-মাখি]] ([[:en:Bee]]) #### [[মহ]] ([[:en:Mosquito]]) ### [[মকৰা]] ([[:en:Spider]]) ## ক'ৰডাটা ### '''[[উভচৰ প্ৰাণী]] ([[:en:Amphibian]])''' ### '''[[চৰাই]] ([[:en:Bird]])''' #### [[কুকুৰা]] ([[:en:Chicken]]) #### [[পাৰ চৰাই]] ([[:en:Pigeons and doves]]) ### '''[[মাছ]] ([[:en:Fish]])''' #### [[হাংগৰ]] ([[:en:Shark]]) ### '''[[স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী]] ([[:en:Mammal]])''' #### [[উট]] ([[:en:Camel]]) #### [[মেকুৰী]] ([[:en:Cat]]) #### [[গৰু]] ([[:en:Cattle]]) #### [[কুকুৰ]] ([[:en:Dog]]) #### [[ঘোঁৰা]] ([[:en:Horse]]) #### [[ভেড়া]] ([[:en:Sheep]]) #### [[তীক্ষ্ণদন্তী প্ৰাণী]] ([[:en:Rodent]]) #### [[গাহৰি]] ([[:en:Domestic pig]]) #### [[প্ৰাইমেট]] ([[:en:Primate]]) ##### '''[[মানুহ]] ([[:en:Human]])''' #### [[সামুদ্ৰিক স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী]] ([[:en:Marine mammal]]) ##### [[তিমি]] ([[:en:Cetacea]]) ### '''[[সৰীসৃপ]] ([[:en:Reptile]])''' #### [[ডাইন’চৰ]] ([[:en:Dinosaur]]) #### [[সাপ]] ([[:en:Snake]]) # [[আৰ্কিয়া]] ([[:en:Archaea]]) # '''[[বেক্টেৰিয়া]] ([[:en:Bacteria]])''' # '''[[ভেঁকুৰ]] ([[:en:Fungus]])''' # '''[[উদ্ভিদ]] ([[:en:Plant]])''' ## [[ফুল]] ([[:en:Flower]]) ## [[বৃক্ষ]] ([[:en:Tree]]) # [[প্ৰটিষ্টা]] ([[:en:Protist]]) ==== শৰীৰস্থান ==== # '''[[শৰীৰস্থান]] ([[:en:Anatomy]])''' # [[স্তন]] ([[:en:Breast]]) # '''[[কোষ (জীৱবিজ্ঞান)]] ([[:en:Cell (biology)]])''' # [[সংবহন তন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Circulatory system]]) ## [[তেজ]] ([[:en:Blood]]) ## [[হৃদযন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Heart]]) # [[অন্তঃস্ৰাৱী তন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Endocrine system]]) # [[পাচন নলী]] ([[:en:Human gastrointestinal tract]]) ## [[বৃহদান্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Large intestine]]) ## [[ক্ষুদ্ৰান্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Small intestine]]) ## [[যকৃৎ]] ([[:en:Liver]]) # [[পেশী]] ([[:en:Muscle]]) # [[স্নায়ু তন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Nervous system]]) ## [[মস্তিষ্ক]] ([[:en:Brain]]) ## [[স্নায়ু]] ([[:en:Nerve]]) ## [[সংবেদন তন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Sensory system]]) ### [[কৰ্ণ (অংগ)]] ([[:en:Ear]]) ### [[নাক]] ([[:en:Nose]]) ### [[চকু]] ([[:en:Eye]]) # [[প্ৰজনন তন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Reproductive system]]) # [[শ্বাস তন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Respiratory system]]) # [[কংকাল]] ([[:en:Skeleton]]) # [[চৰ্ম]] ([[:en:Skin]]) === স্বাস্থ্য আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞান === {{div col|2}} # '''[[চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Medicine]])''' # [[আসক্তি]] ([[:en:Addiction]]) ## [[ইথান'ল]] ([[:en:Ethanol]]) ## [[ধঁপাত]] ([[:en:Tobacco]]) # [[আলজেমাৰ ৰোগ]] ([[:en:Alzheimer's disease]]) # '''[[কৰ্কট ৰোগ]] ([[:en:Cancer]])''' # [[ক্ৰনিক অবষ্ট্ৰাক্টিভ পালমোনাৰী ডিজিজ]] ([[:en:COPD]]) # [[পানীলগা জ্বৰ]] ([[:en:Common cold]]) # [[দন্ত চিকিৎসা]] ([[:en:Dentistry]]) # [[প্ৰতিবন্ধকতা]] ([[:en:Disability]]) ## [[অন্ধত্ব]] ([[:en:Blindness]]) ## [[বধিৰতা]] ([[:en:Deafness]]) # [[মানসিক বিসংগতি]] ([[:en:Mental disorder]]) # '''[[ৰোগ]] ([[:en:Disease]])''' # [[মৃগীৰোগ]] ([[:en:Epilepsy]]) # [[ঔষধ]] ([[:en:Pharmaceutical drug]]) ## [[প্ৰতিজৈৱিক]] ([[:en:Antibiotic]]) # '''[[স্বাস্থ্য]] ([[:en:Health]])''' # [[গেষ্ট্ৰ’এণ্টেৰাইটিছ]] ([[:en:Gastroenteritis]]) # [[মূৰৰ বিষ]] ([[:en:Headache]]) # [[মাইঅ'কাৰ্দিয়েল ইনফাৰ্কচন]] ([[:en:Heart attack]]) # [[প্ৰতিৰোধ তন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Immune system]]) # '''[[মেলেৰিয়া]] ([[:en:Malaria]])''' # [[অপুষ্টি]] ([[:en:Malnutrition]]) # [[ঋতুস্ৰাৱ]] ([[:en:Menstruation]]) # [[মেদবহুলতা]] ([[:en:Obesity]]) # [[বৈশ্বিক মহামাৰী]] ([[:en:Pandemic]]) # [[নিউম'নিয়া]] ([[:en:Pneumonia]]) # [[প'লিঅ'মায়েলাইটিছ]] ([[:en:Poliomyelitis]]) # [[যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] ([[:en:Sexually transmitted disease]]) ## '''[[এইড্‌ছ]] ([[:en:AIDS]])''' # [[ষ্ট্ৰ'ক]] ([[:en:Stroke]]) # [[যক্ষ্মা]] ([[:en:Tuberculosis]]) # [[বহুমূত্ৰ ৰোগ]] ([[:en:Diabetes mellitus]]) # '''[[ছিটা]] ([[:en:Vaccine]])''' # [[ভাইৰাছ]] ([[:en:Virus]]) ## [[ইনফ্লুৱেঞ্জা]] ([[:en:Influenza]]) ## [[বৰআই]] ([[:en:Smallpox]]) {{div col end}} === ৰসায়ন বিজ্ঞান === {{div col|2}} # '''[[ৰসায়ন বিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Chemistry]])''' # [[অজৈৱ ৰসায়ন]] ([[:en:Inorganic chemistry]]) # [[জৈৱ ৰসায়ন]] ([[:en:Biochemistry]]) ## [[হৰম'ন]] ([[:en:Hormone]]) # [[ৰাসায়নিক যৌগ]] ([[:en:Chemical compound]]) ## [[অম্ল]] ([[:en:Acid]]) ## [[ক্ষাৰ]] ([[:en:Base (chemistry)]]) ## [[লৱণ]] ([[:en:Salt]]) # '''[[ৰাসায়নিক মৌল]] ([[:en:Chemical element]])''' ## '''[[পৰ্যাবৃত্ত তালিকা]] ([[:en:Periodic table]])''' ## [[এলুমিনিয়াম]] ([[:en:Aluminium]]) ## [[কাৰ্বন]] ([[:en:Carbon]]) ## [[তাম]] ([[:en:Copper]]) ## '''[[সোণ]] ([[:en:Gold]])''' ## '''[[উদজান]] ([[:en:Hydrogen]])''' ## '''[[লো]] ([[:en:Iron]])''' ## [[নাইট্ৰ'জেন]] ([[:en:Nitrogen]]) ## '''[[অম্লজান]] ([[:en:Oxygen]])''' ## [[ৰূপ]] ([[:en:Silver]]) ## [[টিন]] ([[:en:Tin]]) # [[জৈৱিক ৰসায়ন]] ([[:en:Organic chemistry]]) ## [[এলক'হল]] ([[:en:Alcohol]]) ## [[শৰ্কৰা]] ([[:en:Carbohydrate]]) ## [[লিপিড]] ([[:en:Lipid]]) # '''[[অণু]] ([[:en:Molecule]])''' # [[বিশ্লেষণাত্মক ৰসায়ন]] ([[:en:Analytical chemistry]]) # [[ভৌত ৰসায়ন]] ([[:en:Physical chemistry]]) {{div col end}} === পৃথিৱী বিজ্ঞান === # [[হিমস্খলন]] ([[:en:Avalanche]]) # '''[[জলবায়ু]] ([[:en:Climate]])''' ## [[এল নিনয়'–দক্ষিণ দোলন]] ([[:en:El Niño–Southern Oscillation]]) ## [[গোলকীয় উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি]] ([[:en:Global warming]]) # [[ভূমিকম্প]] ([[:en:Earthquake]]) # '''[[ভূ-বিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Geology]])''' ## '''[[খনিজ পদাৰ্থ]] ([[:en:Mineral]])''' ### [[হীৰা]] ([[:en:Diamond]]) ## [[ফলক বিৱৰ্তন]] ([[:en:Plate tectonics]]) ## [[শিল]] ([[:en:Rock]]) # [[প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ]] ([[:en:Natural disaster]]) ## [[বানপানী]] ([[:en:Flood]]) ## [[ছুনামি]] ([[:en:Tsunami]]) # [[আগ্নেয়গিৰি]] ([[:en:Volcano]]) # '''[[বতৰ]] ([[:en:Weather]])''' ## [[ডাৱৰ]] ([[:en:Cloud]]) ## [[বৰষুণ]] ([[:en:Rain]]) ## [[তুষাৰ]] ([[:en:Snow]]) ## [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ]] ([[:en:Tornado]]) ## [[ক্ৰান্তীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ]] ([[:en:Tropical cyclone]]) ## [[বতাহ]] ([[:en:Wind]]) === পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান === # '''[[পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Physics]])''' # [[ত্বৰণ]] ([[:en:Acceleration]]) # '''[[পৰমাণু]] ([[:en:Atom]])''' # '''[[শক্তি]] ([[:en:Energy]])''' ## [[শক্তিৰ সংৰক্ষণশীলতা]] ([[:en:Conservation of energy]]) # '''[[বিদ্যুৎ চুম্বকীয় বিকিৰণ]] ([[:en:Electromagnetic radiation]])''' ## [[অৱলোহিত ৰশ্মি]] ([[:en:Infrared]]) ## [[অতিবেঙুনীয়া ৰশ্মি]] ([[:en:Ultraviolet]]) ## [[পোহৰ]] ([[:en:Light]]) ### '''[[ৰং]] ([[:en:Color]])''' # [[ধ্ৰুপদী বলবিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Classical mechanics]]) # '''[[বল]] ([[:en:Force]])''' ## [[বিদ্যুত চুম্বকত্ব]] ([[:en:Electromagnetism]]) ### [[চুম্বকীয় ক্ষেত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Magnetic field]]) ## [[মহাকৰ্ষণ]] ([[:en:Gravitation]]) ## [[প্ৰবল আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া]] ([[:en:Strong interaction]]) ## [[দুৰ্বল আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া]] ([[:en:Weak interaction]]) # [[চুম্বক]] ([[:en:Magnet]]) # '''[[ভৰ]] ([[:en:Mass]])''' # '''[[ধাতু]] ([[:en:Metal]])''' ## [[তীখা]] ([[:en:Steel]]) # [[নিউক্লীয় বিভাজন]] ([[:en:Nuclear fission]]) # '''[[পদাৰ্থৰ অৱস্থা]] ([[:en:State of matter]])''' ## [[গেছ|গেছীয়]] ([[:en:Gas]]) ## [[জুলীয়া]] ([[:en:Liquid]]) ## [[প্লাজমা]] ([[:en:Plasma]]) ## [[কঠিন]] ([[:en:Solid]]) # [[কোৱাণ্টাম বলবিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Quantum mechanics]]) # [[তেজস্ক্ৰিয়তা]] ([[:en:Radioactive decay]]) # '''[[সাধাৰণ আপেক্ষিকতাবাদ]] ([[:en:General relativity]])''' # [[বিশেষ আপেক্ষিকতাবাদ তত্ত্ব]] ([[:en:Special relativity]]) # [[অৰ্ধপৰিবাহী]] ([[:en:Semiconductor]]) # '''[[শব্দ]] ([[:en:Sound]])''' # '''[[বেগ]] ([[:en:Velocity]])''' ## [[পোহৰৰ বেগ]] ([[:en:Speed of light]]) # [[উষ্ণতা]] ([[:en:Temperature]]) # '''[[সময়]] ([[:en:Time]])''' # [[তাপগতি বিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Thermodynamics]]) # [[ভেকুৱাম]] ([[:en:Vacuum]]) === গণিত === {{div col|2}} # '''[[গণিত]] ([[:en:Mathematics]])''' # '''[[পাটীগণিত]] ([[:en:Arithmetic]])''' ## [[ঘাতাংক]] ([[:en:Logarithm]]) ## '''[[সংখ্যা]] ([[:en:Number]])''' ## [[সংখ্যাতত্ত্ব]] ([[:en:Number theory]]) # '''[[বীজগণিত]] ([[:en:Algebra]])''' ## [[জটিল সংখ্যা]] ([[:en:Complex number]]) ## [[সমীকৰণ]] ([[:en:Equation]]) ## [[ৰৈখিক বীজগণিত]] ([[:en:Linear algebra]]) # '''[[জ্যামিতি]] ([[:en:Geometry]])''' ## [[কোণ]] ([[:en:Angle]]) ## [[ক্ষেত্ৰফল]] ([[:en:Area]]) ## [[স্থানাংক প্ৰণালী]] ([[:en:Coordinate system]]) ## [[পাই]] ([[:en:Pi]]) ## [[পাইথেগাৰাছৰ উপপাদ্য]] ([[:en:Pythagorean theorem]]) ## [[সমমিতি]] ([[:en:Symmetry]]) ## [[ত্ৰিকোণমিতি]] ([[:en:Trigonometry]]) # [[গাণিতিক বিশ্লেষণ]] ([[:en:Mathematical analysis]]) ## [[অৱকলনীয় সমীকৰণ]] ([[:en:Differential equation]]) ## [[সাংখ্যিক বিশ্লেষণ]] ([[:en:Numerical analysis]]) # সম্ভাৱিতা আৰু পৰিসংখ্যা ## [[পৰিসংখ্যা]] ([[:en:Statistics]]) # যুক্তিতত্ত্ব আৰু আধাৰ ## [[ফলন]] ([[:en:Function (mathematics)]]) ## [[অসীম]] ([[:en:Infinity]]) ## [[গাণিতিক প্ৰমাণ]] ([[:en:Mathematical proof]]) ## [[সংহতি তত্ত্ব]] ([[:en:Set theory]]) {{div col end}} == খাদ্য আৰু কৃষি == === কৃষি === # '''[[কৃষি]] ([[:en:Agriculture]])''' ## [[জলসিঞ্চন]] ([[:en:Irrigation]]) ## [[নাঙল]] ([[:en:Plough]]) ===খাদ্য=== {{div col|2}} # '''[[খাদ্য]] ([[:en:Food]])''' # [[পাউৰুটী]] ([[:en:Bread]]) # [[খাদ্যশস্য]] ([[:en:Cereal]]) ## [[যৱ]] ([[:en:Barley]]) ## [[মাকৈ]] ([[:en:Maize]]) ## [[অ'ট]] ([[:en:Oat]]) ## [[চাউল]] ([[:en:Rice]]) ## [[ৰাই]] ([[:en:Rye]]) ## [[জোৱাৰ]] ([[:en:Sorghum]]) ## [[ঘেঁহু]] ([[:en:Wheat]]) # [[পনীৰ]] ([[:en:Cheese]]) # [[চকলেট]] ([[:en:Chocolate]]) # [[মৌ]] ([[:en:Honey]]) # [[ফল]] ([[:en:Fruit]]) ## [[আপেল]] ([[:en:Apple]]) ## [[কল]] ([[:en:Banana]]) ## [[আঙুৰ]] ([[:en:Grape]]) ## [[চয়াবিন]] ([[:en:Soybean]]) ## [[নেমু]] ([[:en:Lemon]]) ## [[বাদাম]] ([[:en:Nut (fruit)]]) # [[মাংস]] ([[:en:Meat]]) # [[চেনি]] ([[:en:Sugar]]) # [[শাক-পাচলি]] ([[:en:Vegetable]]) ## [[আলু (পাচলি)|আলু]] ([[:en:Potato]]) {{div col end}} === পানীয় === {{div col|2}} # [[বিয়েৰ]] ([[:en:Beer]]) # [[কফি]] ([[:en:Coffee]]) # [[ফলৰ ৰস]] ([[:en:Juice]]) # '''[[গাখীৰ]] ([[:en:Milk]])''' # [[চাহ]] ([[:en:Tea]]) # '''[[পানী]] ([[:en:Water]])''' # [[সুৰা]] ([[:en:Wine]]) {{div col end}} == প্ৰযুক্তি == {{div col|2}} # '''[[প্ৰযুক্তি]] ([[:en:Technology]])''' # [[জৈৱ প্ৰযুক্তি]] ([[:en:Biotechnology]]) # [[কাপোৰ]] ([[:en:Clothing]]) ## [[কপাহ]] ([[:en:Cotton]]) # [[অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিদ্যা]] ([[:en:Engineering]]) ## [[যন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Machine]]) ## [[ৰবট]] ([[:en:Robot]]) ## [[স্ক্ৰু]] ([[:en:Screw]]) ## [[চকা]] ([[:en:Wheel]]) # [[ধাতুবিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Metallurgy]]) # [[নেন'প্ৰযুক্তি]] ([[:en:Nanotechnology]]) {{div col end}} === যোগাযোগ === {{div col|2}} # '''[[যোগাযোগ]] ([[:en:Communication]])''' # [[কিতাপ]] ([[:en:Book]]) # '''[[তথ্য]] ([[:en:Information]])''' ## [[বিশ্বকোষ]] ([[:en:Encyclopedia]]) # [[সাংবাদিকতা]] ([[:en:Journalism]]) ## [[বাতৰিকাকত]] ([[:en:Newspaper]]) ## [[গণমাধ্যম]] ([[:en:Mass media]]) # [[মুদ্ৰণ]] ([[:en:Printing]]) # [[টেলিফোন]] ([[:en:Telephone]]) {{div col end}} === অণুবিদ্যুৎ বা ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক্স === {{div col|2}} # [[ইলেক্ট্ৰনিকছ]] ([[:en:Electronics]]) ## [[বৈদ্যুতিক প্ৰবাহ]] ([[:en:Electric current]]) ## [[কম্পনাংক]] ([[:en:Frequency]]) # উপাদান ## [[ধাৰক]] ([[:en:Capacitor]]) ## [[আৱেশক]] ([[:en:Inductor]]) ## [[ট্ৰানজিষ্টৰ]] ([[:en:Transistor]]) ## [[ডায়ড]] ([[:en:Diode]]) ## [[ৰোধক]] ([[:en:Resistor]]) ## [[ৰূপান্তৰক]] ([[:en:Transformer]]) {{div col end}} ==== কম্পিউটাৰ আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ==== {{div col|2}} # '''[[কম্পিউটাৰ]] ([[:en:Computer]])''' ## [[হাৰ্ড ডিস্ক ড্ৰাইভ]] ([[:en:Hard disk drive]]) ## [[চেণ্ট্ৰেল প্ৰচেছিং ইউনিট]] ([[:en:Central processing unit]]) # [[কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা]] ([[:en:Artificial intelligence]]) # [[তথ্য প্ৰযুক্তি]] ([[:en:Information technology]]) ## [[এলগৰিথম আৰু ডেইটা ষ্ট্ৰাকচাৰ]] ([[:en:Algorithm]]) # [[ইণ্টাৰনেট]] ([[:en:Internet]]) ## [[ইমেইল]] ([[:en:Email]]) ## [[ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইড ৱেব]] ([[:en:World Wide Web]]) # [[অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম]] ([[:en:Operating system]]) # [[প্ৰগ্ৰামিং ভাষা]] ([[:en:Programming language]]) # [[ছফ্টৱেৰ]] ([[:en:Software]]) {{div col end}} === শক্তি আৰু ইন্ধন === {{div col|2}} # [[নবীকৰণীয় শক্তি]] ([[:en:Renewable energy]]) # [[বিদ্যুৎ]] ([[:en:Electricity]]) ## [[পাৰমাণবিক শক্তি]] ([[:en:Nuclear power]]) # [[জীৱাশ্ম ইন্ধন]] ([[:en:Fossil fuel]]) # [[অন্তৰ্দাহী ইঞ্জিন]] ([[:en:Internal combustion engine]]) # [[ভাপ ইঞ্জিন]] ([[:en:Steam engine]]) # [[জুই]] ([[:en:Fire]]) {{div col end}} === সামগ্ৰী === {{div col|2}} # [[কাঁচ]] ([[:en:Glass]]) # [[কাগজ]] ([[:en:Paper]]) # [[প্লাষ্টিক]] ([[:en:Plastic]]) # [[কাঠ]] ([[:en:Wood]]) {{div col end}} === যাতায়াত === {{div col|2}} # [[পৰিবহণ]] ([[:en:Transport]]) # [[বিমান]] ([[:en:Aircraft]]) # [[মটৰ গাড়ী]] ([[:en:Car]]) # [[চাইকেল]] ([[:en:Bicycle]]) # [[ডুবযান]] ([[:en:Submarine]]) # [[জাহাজ]] ([[:en:Ship]]) # [[ৰেলগাড়ী]] ([[:en:Train]]) {{div col end}} === অস্ত্ৰশস্ত্ৰ === {{div col|2}} # [[অস্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Weapon]]) ## [[তৰোৱাল]] ([[:en:Sword]]) # [[আগ্নেয়াস্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Firearm]]) ## [[মেছিন গান]] ([[:en:Machine gun]]) # [[পাৰমাণবিক অস্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Nuclear weapon]]) ## [[টেঙ্ক]] ([[:en:Tank]]) # [[বিস্ফোৰক সামগ্ৰী]] ([[:en:Explosive material]]) ## [[বাৰুদ]] ([[:en:Gunpowder]]) {{div col end}} == কলা আৰু বিনোদন == {{div col|2}} # '''[[সংস্কৃতি]] ([[:en:Culture]])''' # '''[[কলা]] ([[:en:Art]])''' ## [[কমিক্‌ছ]] ([[:en:Comics]]) ## [[চিত্ৰকলা]] ([[:en:Painting]]) ## [[ফটোগ্ৰাফী]] ([[:en:Photography]]) ## [[ভাস্কৰ্য]] ([[:en:Sculpture]]) ## [[মৃৎশিল্প]] ([[:en:Pottery]]) # [[নৃত্য]] ([[:en:Dance]]) # [[ফেশ্বন]] ([[:en:Fashion]]) # [[থিয়েটাৰ]] ([[:en:Theatre]]) # [[কেলিগ্ৰাফী]] ([[:en:Calligraphy]]) {{div col end}} === স্থাপত্যবিদ্যা আৰু অসামৰিক অভিযান্ত্ৰিকী === {{div col|2}} # '''[[স্থাপত্য]] ([[:en:Architecture]])''' # [[খিলান]] ([[:en:Arch]]) # [[দলং]] ([[:en:Bridge]]) # [[খাল]] ([[:en:Canal]]) # [[বান্ধ]] ([[:en:Dam]]) # [[গম্বুজ]] ([[:en:Dome]]) # '''[[ঘৰ]] ([[:en:House]])''' # উল্লেখযোগ্য স্থাপত্য ## [[এংকৰ ৱাট]] ([[:en:Angkor Wat]]) ## [[ক'ল'ছিয়াম]] ([[:en:Colosseum]]) ## [[চীনৰ মহাপ্ৰাচীৰ]] ([[:en:Great Wall of China]]) ## [[আইফেল টাৱাৰ]] ([[:en:Eiffel Tower]]) ## [[এম্পায়াৰ ষ্টেট বিল্ডিং]] ([[:en:Empire State Building]]) ## [[হাজিয়া চ'ফিয়া]] ([[:en:Hagia Sophia]]) ## [[পাৰ্থেনন মন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Parthenon]]) ## [[গিজাৰ পিৰামিড পৰিসৰ]] ([[:en:Giza pyramid complex]]) ## [[ছেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছ বেছিলিকা]] ([[:en:St. Peter's Basilica]]) ## [[ষ্টেচু অফ লিবাৰ্টি]] ([[:en:Statue of Liberty]]) ## [[তাজমহল]] ([[:en:Taj Mahal]]) ## [[তিনি গিৰিসংকটৰ বান্ধ]] ([[:en:Three Gorges Dam]]) # [[পিৰামিড]] ([[:en:Pyramid]]) # [[টাৱাৰ]] ([[:en:Tower]]) {{div col end}} === চলচ্চিত্ৰ, ৰেডিঅ' আৰু দূৰদৰ্শন === {{div col|2}} # '''[[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Film]])''' ## [[এনিমেছন]] ([[:en:Animation]]) # '''[[অনাতাঁৰ প্ৰযুক্তি]] ([[:en:Radio]])''' # '''[[দূৰদৰ্শন]] ([[:en:Television]])''' {{div col end}} ===সংগীত=== # '''[[সংগীত]] ([[:en:Music]])''' # [[গীত]] ([[:en:Song]]) # উল্লেখযোগ্য সংগীতৰ প্ৰকাৰ ## [[ব্লুজ]] ([[:en:Blues]]) ## [[শাস্ত্ৰীয় সংগীত]] ([[:en:Classical music]]) ### [[অপেৰা]] ([[:en:Opera]]) ### [[চিম্ফনী]] ([[:en:Symphony]]) ## [[ইলেকট্ৰনিক সংগীত]] ([[:en:Electronic music]]) ## [[ফ্লামেঙ্কো]] ([[:en:Flamenco]]) ## [[হিপ-হপ]] ([[:en:Hip-hop]]) ## [[জ্যাজ সংগীত]] ([[:en:Jazz]]) ## [[ৰেগে]] ([[:en:Reggae]]) ## [[ৰক সংগীত]] ([[:en:Rock music]]) ## [[চাম্বা]] ([[:en:Samba]]) # উল্লেখযোগ্য বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ ## [[ঢোল]] ([[:en:Drum]]) ## [[বাঁহী]] ([[:en:Flute]]) ## [[গীটাৰ]] ([[:en:Guitar]]) ## [[পিয়ান']] ([[:en:Piano]]) ## [[ট্ৰাম্পেট]] ([[:en:Trumpet]]) ## [[ভায়'লিন]] ([[:en:Violin]]) === বিনোদন === {{div col|2}} # '''[[খেল]] ([[:en:Game]])''' ## [[বেকগেমন]] ([[:en:Backgammon]]) ## [[দবা খেল]] ([[:en:Chess]]) ## [[গ' খেল]] ([[:en:Go (game)]]) ## [[ভিডিঅ' গেম]] ([[:en:Video game]]) # [[জুৱা খেল]] ([[:en:Gambling]]) # [[সমৰ কলা]] ([[:en:Martial arts]]) ## [[কাৰাটে]] ([[:en:Karate]]) ## [[জুদো]] ([[:en:Judo]]) # [[অলিম্পিক]] ([[:en:Olympic Games]]) # '''[[ক্ৰীড়া]] ([[:en:Sport]])''' ## [[এথলেটিকছ]] ([[:en:Sport of athletics]]) ## [[বেছবল]] ([[:en:Baseball]]) ## [[বাস্কেটবল]] ([[:en:Basketball]]) ## [[ক্ৰিকেট]] ([[:en:Cricket]]) ## [[ফুটবল]] ([[:en:Association football]]) ## [[গল্ফ]] ([[:en:Golf]]) ## [[ৰাগবী]] ([[:en:Rugby football]]) ## [[টেনিছ]] ([[:en:Tennis]]) # '''[[খেলনা]] ([[:en:Toy]])''' {{div col end}} == ইতিহাস == # '''[[ইতিহাস]] ([[:en:History]])''' ==== প্ৰাক-ইতিহাস আৰু প্ৰাচীন বিশ্ব‎ ==== {{div col|2}} # [[প্ৰাক-ইতিহাস]] ([[:en:Prehistory]]) # [[প্ৰস্তৰ যুগ]] ([[:en:Stone Age]]) # [[ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগ]] ([[:en:Bronze Age]]) # [[লৌহ যুগ]] ([[:en:Iron Age]]) # [[মেচ'পটেমিয়া]] ([[:en:Mesopotamia]]) # [[সুমেৰ]] ([[:en:Sumer]]) # [[প্ৰাচীন ইজিপ্ট]] ([[:en:Ancient Egypt]]) # [[প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীচ]] ([[:en:Ancient Greece]]) # [[ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Roman Empire]]) # [[হান ৰাজবংশ]] ([[:en:Han Dynasty]]) # [[গুপ্ত সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Gupta Empire]]) {{div col end}} ==== মধ্যযুগ আৰু প্ৰাৰম্ভিক আধুনিক যুগ ==== {{div col|2}} # [[আব্বাচীয় খিলাফত]] ([[:en:Abbasid Caliphate]]) # [[ইউৰোপীয় জ্ঞানোদয়]] ([[:en:Age of Enlightenment]]) # [[এজটেক]] ([[:en:Aztecs]]) # [[বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Byzantine Empire]]) # [[ক্ৰুচেদ]] ([[:en:Crusades]]) # [[পবিত্ৰ ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Holy Roman Empire]]) # [[ইনকা সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Inca Empire]]) # [[মালি সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Mali Empire]]) # [[মায়া সভ্যতা]] ([[:en:Mayan Civilization]]) # [[মধ্যযুগ]] ([[:en:Middle Ages]]) # [[মংগোল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Mongol Empire]]) # [[মিং ৰাজবংশ]] ([[:en:Ming Dynasty]]) # [[অটোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Ottoman Empire]]) # [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মসংস্কাৰ আন্দোলন]] ([[:en:Protestant Reformation]]) # [[নৱ-জাগৰণ]] ([[:en:Renaissance]]) # [[টাং সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Tang Dynasty]]) # [[ভাইকিংছ]] ([[:en:Vikings]]) {{div col end}} ==== আধুনিক যুগ ==== {{div col|2}} # [[আৰব-ইজৰাইল বিবাদ]] ([[:en:Arab-Israeli conflict]]) # [[আমেৰিকান গৃহ যুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:American Civil War]]) # [[বৰ্ণবৈষম্য নীতি]] ([[:en:Apartheid]]) # '''[[ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:British Empire]])''' # '''[[শীতল যুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:Cold War]])''' # [[সাংস্কৃতিক বিপ্লৱ]] ([[:en:Cultural Revolution]]) # '''[[ফৰাচী বিপ্লৱ]] ([[:en:French Revolution]])''' # [[মহামন্দা]] ([[:en:Great Depression]]) # [[ইহুদী গণহত্যা]] ([[:en:The Holocaust]]) # '''[[শিল্প বিপ্লৱ]] ([[:en:Industrial Revolution]])''' # [[নাজী জাৰ্মানী]] ([[:en:Nazi Germany]]) # [[মেইজি পুনৰ্গঠন]] ([[:en:Meiji Restoration]]) <!-- most significant event in Japanese history --> # [[ৰুছ বিপ্লৱ]] ([[:en:Russian Revolution]]) # [[চিং ৰাজবংশ]] ([[:en:Qing Dynasty]]) # [[ভিয়েটনাম যুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:Vietnam War]]) # '''[[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:World War I]])''' # '''[[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:World War II]])''' {{div col end}} == ভূগোল == {{div col|2}} এই অংশত ভূগোলৰ কিছুমান সাধাৰণ ধাৰণা আৰু পৃথিৱীৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলসমূহ তালিকাভূক্ত কৰা হৈছে। # '''[[ভূগোল]] ([[:en:Geography]])''' # '''[[চহৰ]] ([[:en:City]])''' # '''[[মহাদেশ]] ([[:en:Continent]])''' # [[অৰণ্য]] ([[:en:Forest]]) # [[পৰ্বত]] ([[:en:Mountain]]) # [[মৰুভূমি]] ([[:en:Desert]]) # [[সুমেৰু]] ([[:en:North Pole]]) # '''[[মহাসাগৰ]] ([[:en:Ocean]])''' # [[নদী]] ([[:en:River]]) # '''[[সাগৰ]] ([[:en:Sea]])''' # [[কুমেৰু]] ([[:en:South Pole]]) === মহাদেশ আৰু প্ৰমুখ অঞ্চল === # '''[[আফ্ৰিকা]] ([[:en:Africa]])''' # '''[[এণ্টাৰ্কটিকা]] ([[:en:Antarctica]])''' # '''[[এছিয়া]] ([[:en:Asia]])''' # '''[[ইউৰোপ]] ([[:en:Europe]])''' # [[মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য]] ([[:en:Middle East]]) # '''[[উত্তৰ আমেৰিকা]] ([[:en:North America]])''' # '''[[ওচেনিয়া]] ([[:en:Oceania]])''' # '''[[দক্ষিণ আমেৰিকা]] ([[:en:South America]])''' {{div col end}} === দেশ === {{div col|3}} [[সাৰ্বভৌম ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ তালিকা]]ত থকা আটাইবোৰ দেশৰে প্ৰবন্ধ ৱিকিপিডিয়াত থকাটো বাঞ্ছনীয়। পিছে সৰু ৱিকিপিডিয়াবোৰৰ বাবে ইয়াত কিছুমান দেশক অধিক প্ৰাধন্য দিয়া হৈছে। # [[আফগানিস্তান]] ([[:en:Afghanistan]]) # [[আলজেৰিয়া]] ([[:en:Algeria]]) # [[আৰ্জেণ্টিনা]] ([[:en:Argentina]]) # [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]] ([[:en:Australia]]) # [[অষ্ট্ৰিয়া]] ([[:en:Austria]]) # [[বাংলাদেশ]] ([[:en:Bangladesh]]) # '''[[ব্ৰাজিল]] ([[:en:Brazil]])''' # [[কানাডা]] ([[:en:Canada]]) # '''[[চীন]] ([[:en:China]])''' # [[কংগো গণৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Democratic Republic of the Congo]]) # [[কিউবা]] ([[:en:Cuba]]) # [[ইজিপ্ত]] ([[:en:Egypt]]) # [[ইথিঅ'পিয়া]] ([[:en:Ethiopia]]) # '''[[ফ্ৰান্স]] ([[:en:France]])''' # '''[[জাৰ্মানী]] ([[:en:Germany]])''' # '''[[ভাৰত]] ([[:en:India]])''' # [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] ([[:en:Indonesia]]) # '''[[ইৰান]] [[:en:Iran]])''' # [[ইৰাক]] ([[:en:Iraq]]) # [[ইজৰাইল]] ([[:en:Israel]]) # '''[[ইটালী]] ([[:en:Italy]])''' # '''[[জাপান]] ([[:en:Japan]])''' # [[মেক্সিকো]] ([[:en:Mexico]]) # [[নেদাৰলেণ্ড]] ([[:en:Netherlands]]) # [[নিউজিলেণ্ড]] ([[:en:New Zealand]]) # [[নাইজেৰিয়া]] ([[:en:Nigeria]]) # [[পাকিস্তান]] ([[:en:Pakistan]]) # [[পোলেণ্ড]] ([[:en:Poland]]) # [[পৰ্তুগাল]] ([[:en:Portugal]]) # '''[[ৰাছিয়া]] ([[:en:Russia]])''' # [[চৌদি আৰৱ]] ([[:en:Saudi Arabia]]) # [[ছিংগাপুৰ]] ([[:en:Singapore]]) # [[দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]] ([[:en:South Africa]]) # [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] ([[:en:South Korea]]) # '''[[স্পেইন]] ([[:en:Spain]])''' # [[চুদান]] ([[:en:Sudan]]) # [[ছুইজাৰলেণ্ড]] ([[:en:Switzerland]]) # [[তাঞ্জানিয়া]] ([[:en:Tanzania]]) # [[থাইলেণ্ড]] ([[:en:Thailand]]) # [[তুৰস্ক]] ([[:en:Turkey]]) # [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] ([[:en:Ukraine]]) # '''[[যুক্তৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:United Kingdom]])''' # '''[[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] ([[:en:United States]])''' # [[ভেটিকান চিটি]] ([[:en:Vatican City]]) # [[ভেনিজুৱেলা]] ([[:en:Venezuela]]) # [[ভিয়েটনাম]] ([[:en:Vietnam]]) {{div col end}} === নগৰ === {{div col|3}} # [[আমষ্টাৰডাম]] ([[:en:Amsterdam]]) # [[এথেন্স]] ([[:en:Athens]]) # [[বাগদাদ]] ([[:en:Baghdad]]) # [[বেংকক]] ([[:en:Bangkok]]) # '''[[বেইজিং]] ([[:en:Beijing]])''' # '''[[বাৰ্লিন]] ([[:en:Berlin]])''' # [[বগোটা]] ([[:en:Bogotá]]) # [[ব্ৰুচেলছ]] ([[:en:Brussels]]) # [[ব্যুনেচ আইৰিচ]] ([[:en:Buenos Aires]]) # [[কাইৰো]] ([[:en:Cairo]]) # [[কেপ টাউন]] ([[:en:Cape Town]]) # [[ডামাস্কাছ]] ([[:en:Damascus]]) # [[দিল্লী]] ([[:en:Delhi]]) # [[ঢাকা]] ([[:en:Dhaka]]) # [[ডুবাই]] ([[:en:Dubai]]) # [[হংকং]] ([[:en:Hong Kong]]) # [[ইষ্টানবুল]] ([[:en:Istanbul]]) # [[জাকাৰ্টা]] ([[:en:Jakarta]]) # '''[[জেৰুজালেম]] ([[:en:Jerusalem]])''' # [[কৰাচী]] ([[:en:Karachi]]) # [[কিনাশাচা]] ([[:en:Kinshasa]]) # [[কলকাতা]] ([[:en:Kolkata]]) # [[লাগ'চ]] ([[:en:Lagos]]) # '''[[লণ্ডন]] ([[:en:London]])''' # [[লচ এঞ্জেলচ]] ([[:en:Los Angeles]]) # [[মাদ্ৰিদ]] ([[:en:Madrid]]) # [[মক্কা]] ([[:en:Mecca]]) # [[মেক্সিকো চিটি]] ([[:en:Mexico City]]) # '''[[মস্কো]] ([[:en:Moscow]])''' # [[মুম্বাই]] ([[:en:Mumbai]]) # [[নাইৰোবি]] ([[:en:Nairobi]]) # '''[[নিউয়ৰ্ক মহানগৰ]] ([[:en:New York City]])''' # '''[[পেৰিছ]] ([[:en:Paris]])''' # [[ৰিঅ' ডি জেনেৰ']] ([[:en:Rio de Janeiro]]) # '''[[ৰোম]] ([[:en:Rome]])''' # '''[[চেণ্ট পিটাৰছবাৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Saint Petersburg]])''' # [[চাও পাওল']] ([[:en:São Paulo]]) # [[ছিউল]] ([[:en:Seoul]]) # [[ছাংহাই]] ([[:en:Shanghai]]) # [[ছিডনী]] ([[:en:Sydney]]) # [[তেহৰাণ]] ([[:en:Tehran]]) # '''[[টকিঅ']] ([[:en:Tokyo]])''' # [[ভিয়েনা]] ([[:en:Vienna]]) # [[ৱাশ্বিংটন ডি.চি.]] ([[:en:Washington, D.C.]]) {{div col end}} === জলাঞ্চল === {{div col|3}} # '''[[আমাজান নদী]] ([[:en:Amazon River]])''' # [[উত্তৰ মহাসাগৰ]] ([[:en:Arctic Ocean]]) # '''[[আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰ]] ([[:en:Atlantic Ocean]])''' # [[বাল্টিক সাগৰ]] ([[:en:Baltic Sea]]) # [[কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ]] ([[:en:Black Sea]]) # [[কেৰিবিয়ান সাগৰ]] ([[:en:Caribbean Sea]]) # [[কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ]] ([[:en:Caspian Sea]]) # [[কংগো নদী]] ([[:en:Congo River]]) # [[ডানয়ুব নদী]] ([[:en:Danube]]) # [[গঙ্গা নদী]] ([[:en:Ganges]]) # [[বৃহৎ প্ৰবাল প্ৰাচীৰ]] ([[:en:Great Barrier Reef]]) # [[বৃহৎ হ্ৰদসমূহ]] ([[:en:Great Lakes]]) # '''[[ভাৰত মহাসাগৰ]] ([[:en:Indian Ocean]])''' # [[সিন্ধু নদী]] ([[:en:Indus River]]) # [[বৈকাল হ্ৰদ]] ([[:en:Lake Baikal]]) # [[টাংগান্যিকা হ্ৰদ]] ([[:en:Lake Tanganyika]]) # [[ভিক্টোৰিয়া হ্ৰদ]] ([[:en:Lake Victoria]]) # [[ভূমধ্য সাগৰ]] ([[:en:Mediterranean Sea]]) # [[মিছিছিপি নদী]] ([[:en:Mississippi River]]) # [[নাইজাৰ নদী]] ([[:en:Niger River]]) # '''[[নীল নদী]] ([[:en:Nile]])''' # [[উত্তৰ সাগৰ]] ([[:en:North Sea]]) # '''[[প্ৰশান্ত মহাসাগৰ]] ([[:en:Pacific Ocean]])''' # [[পানামা খাল]] ([[:en:Panama Canal]]) # [[ৰাইন]] ([[:en:Rhine]]) # [[ছুৱেজ খাল]] ([[:en:Suez Canal]]) # [[দক্ষিণ মহাসাগৰ]] ([[:en:Southern Ocean]]) # [[ভল্গা নদী]] ([[:en:Volga River]]) # [[য়াংজে নদী]] ([[:en:Yangtze River]]) # [[হোৱাংহো নদী]] ([[:en:Yellow River]]) {{div col end}} === পৰ্বত আৰু মৰুভূমি === # [[এল্পছ]] ([[:en:Alps]]) # [[এণ্ডিছ]] ([[:en:Andes]]) # '''[[হিমালয়]] ([[:en:Himalayas]])''' ## [[মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট]] ([[:en:Mount Everest]]) # [[মাউণ্ট কিলিমাঞ্জাৰ']] ([[:en:Mount Kilimanjaro]]) # [[ৰকি পৰ্বতমালা]] ([[:en:Rocky Mountains]]) # '''[[চাহাৰা মৰুভূমি]] ([[:en:Sahara]])''' {{Core topics}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধ|*]] avs8jiph8wj1252ocoykntn7ve63jko 518877 518619 2025-06-17T11:01:32Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/Level/Nav bar}} {{Shortcut|WP:VA|WP:VITAL}} <span style="font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold"><span style="color: red">বিশেষ দ্ৰষ্টব্য:</span> এই তালিকাখন মেটা-ৱিকিৰ [[:meta:List of articles every Wikipedia should have|গোলকীয় তালিকাৰ]] প্ৰতিলিপি। অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি এই তালিকাখন পোনপটিয়াকৈ সলনি নকৰে যেন। আপুনি যদি কোনো বিষয় ইয়াত সংযোগ কৰিব বিচাৰে, প্ৰথমে মেটা-ৱিকিৰ [[:meta:Talk:List of articles every Wikipedia should have|আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠাত]] আলোচনা কৰক। কোনো বিষয় সংযোগ বা বিলোপ কৰিবৰ বাবে উপযুক্ত যুক্তি দৰ্শোৱা প্ৰয়োজন। </span> এই তালিকাখনত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ প্ৰতিখন ৱিকিপিডিয়াতে থকাতো অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় হিচাপে বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। এই প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ উচ্চ মানদণ্ডৰ তথা নিৰ্বাচিত প্ৰবন্ধ হোৱাটো বাঞ্ছনীয়। অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াতো এই প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ থকাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয়। আপুনিও এই প্ৰবন্ধসমূহ সৃষ্টি বা বিস্তাৰ কৰাত সহায় কৰিব পাৰে। অধিক সহায়ৰ বাবে [[সহায়:সমল|ইয়াত]] ক্লিক কৰক। এই পৃষ্ঠাত '''ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ ১,০০০ অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধ'''ক তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। এই তালিকা হৈছে ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকাৰ তৃতীয় স্তৰ। ১০,০০০ প্ৰবন্ধ সমৃদ্ধ বিস্তাৰিত তালিকা চতুৰ্থ স্তৰৰ এখনো [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/বিস্তাৰিত|ইয়াত]] উপলব্ধ আছে। আন দুখন চমু তালিকা ক্ৰমে দ্বিতীয় স্তৰৰ [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/২|১০০টা প্ৰবন্ধ]] আৰু প্ৰথম স্তৰৰ [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/স্তৰ/১|শীৰ্ষ ১০টা প্ৰবন্ধও]] আছে। এই তালিকাখনৰ নবীনতম সংস্কৰণটোৰ বাবে [[:meta:List of articles every Wikipedia should have|এই লিঙ্কটো]] চাব পাৰে। [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা/ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়া|পঞ্চম স্তৰৰ]] আন এখন তালিকা আছে, যিখনত ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ ৱিকিপিডিয়াবোৰত থাকিব লগা অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধসমূহৰ তালিকা দিয়া হৈছে। {{Progress bar|{{#expr:(100-((88/1000)*100))}} |text = প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰা হ'ল}} {{TOCright}} {| class="wikitable" width="40%" |+ বিষয়বস্তু অনুসৰি প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা |- ! বিষয়!! প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা!! প্ৰবন্ধ আছে!! প্ৰবন্ধ নাই |- | জীৱনী || ২০৪ || ১৩১ || ৭৩ |- | দৰ্শন আৰু মনোবিজ্ঞান || ১৮ || ১৮ || ০ |- | বিশ্ববীক্ষা আৰু ধৰ্ম || ২৫ || ২৫ || ০ |- | সমাজ বিজ্ঞান || ৭০ || ৭০ || ০ |- | ভাষা আৰু সাহিত্য || ৪৬ || ৪৬ || ০ |- | প্ৰমিতি || ১২ || ১২ || ০ |- | বিজ্ঞান || ২৫৭ || ২৫৭ || ০ |- | খাদ্য আৰু কৃষি || ৩৪ || ৩৪ || ০ |- | প্ৰযুক্তি || ৬৭ || ৬৭ || ০ |- | কলা আৰু বিনোদন || ৭৫ || ৭৫ || ০ |- | ইতিহাস || ৪৬ || ৩১ || ১৫ |- | ভূগোল || ১৪৬ || ১৪৬ || ০ |- | '''মুঠ''' || '''১০০০''' || '''৯১২''' || '''৮৮''' |} <small>* এই তালিকাখন অন্তিমবাৰৰ বাবে ১৭ জুন ২০২৫-ত সংশোধন কৰা হৈছে। </small> == জীৱনী == === শিল্পী আৰু স্থপতিবিদ === {{div col|2}} # [[লী ক'ৰবাজিয়ে]] ([[:en:Le Corbusier]]) # [[চালভাড' ডালি]] ([[:en:Salvador Dalí]]) # [[এলব্ৰেখট ড্যুৰাৰ]] ([[:en:Albrecht Dürer]]) # '''[[ভিনচেণ্ট ভেন গঘ]] ([[:en:Vincent van Gogh]])''' # [[ফ্ৰান্সিছক' গয়া]] ([[:en:Francisco Goya]]) # [[কাটুশ্বিকা হ'কচাই]] ([[:en:Hokusai]]) # [[ফ্ৰিদা কাল']] ([[:en:Frida Kahlo]]) # '''[[লিঅ'নাৰ্ড' দা ভিন্সি]] ([[:en:Leonardo da Vinci]])''' # [[হেনৰি মেটিশ্ব]] ([[:en:Henri Matisse]]) # '''[[মাইকেলেঞ্জেল']] ([[:en:Michelangelo]])''' # '''[[পাব্‌ল' পিকাছ']] ([[:en:Pablo Picasso]])''' # [[ৰাফায়েল]] ([[:en:Raphael]]) # '''[[ৰে'ম্ব্ৰেণ্ট]] ([[:en:Rembrandt]])''' # [[পিটাৰ পল ৰুবেন্স]] ([[:en:Peter Paul Rubens]]) # [[মিমাৰ চিনান]] ([[:en:Mimar Sinan]]) # [[ডিয়েগো ৱেলাজকেজ]] ([[:en:Diego Velázquez]]) # [[এণ্ডি ৱাৰহ'ল]] ([[:en:Andy Warhol]]) # [[ফ্ৰেঙ্ক লইড ৰাইট]] ([[:en:Frank Lloyd Wright]]) {{div col end}} === লেখক, নাট্যকাৰ আৰু কবি === {{div col|2}} # [[চাৰ্লছ ডিকেন্স]] ([[:en:Charles Dickens]]) # [[ফিওদোৰ দস্তয়েভস্কি]] ([[:en:Fyodor Dostoevsky]]) # [[নাগিব মাহফুজ]] ([[:en:Naguib Mahfouz]]) # [[গাব্ৰিয়েল গাৰ্ছিয়া মাৰ্কেছ]] ([[:en:Gabriel García Márquez]]) # [[হোমাৰ]] ([[:en:Homer]]) # [[ফ্ৰান্‌জ কাফ্‌কা]] ([[:en:Franz Kafka]]) # [[কালিদাস]] ([[:en:Kālidāsa]]) # [[মাৰ্চেল প্ৰুষ্ট]] ([[:en:Marcel Proust]]) # [[উইলিয়াম শ্বেইকছপীয়েৰ]] ([[:en:William Shakespeare]]) # [[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] ([[:en:Rabindranath Tagore]]) # [[লীঅ' টলষ্টয়]] ([[:en:Leo Tolstoy]]) # [[মাৰ্ক টোৱেইন]] ([[:en:Mark Twain]]) # [[দান্তে আলিগিয়েৰি]] ([[:en:Dante Alighieri]]) # [[আবু নুৱাচ]] ([[:en:Abu Nuwas]]) # [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]] ([[:en:Hans Christian Andersen]]) # [[মাৎসু বাসো]] ([[:en:Matsuo Bashō]]) # [[হাফিজ শ্বিৰাজী]] ([[:en:Hafez]]) # [[হোৰ্হে লুইচ বৰ্হেচ]] ([[:en:Jorge Luis Borges]]) # [[লৰ্ড বায়ৰন]] ([[:en:Lord Byron]]) # [[মিগেল দে চেৰ্ভানটেচ]] ([[:en:Miguel de Cervantes]]) # [[জেফ্ৰি চ'ছাৰ]] ([[:en:Geoffrey Chaucer]]) # [[এণ্টন চেকভ]] ([[:en:Anton Chekhov]]) # [[জোহান ভোল্ফগেং ফন গ্যোটে]] ([[:en:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]) # [[ভিক্টৰ হিউগ']] ([[:en:Victor Hugo]]) # [[জেমছ জয়ছ]] ([[:en:James Joyce]]) # [[লি বাই]] ([[:en:Li Bai]]) # [[মলিয়েৰ]] ([[:en:Molière]]) # [[অ'ভিদ]] ([[:en:Ovid]]) # [[আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ পুস্কিন]] ([[:en:Alexander Pushkin]]) # [[সোফোক্লেচ]] ([[:en:Sophocles]]) # [[ভাৰ্জিল]] ([[:en:Virgil]]) {{div col end}} === সুৰকাৰ আৰু সঙ্গীতশিল্পী === {{div col|2}} # [[দ্য বিটল্‌চ]] ([[:en:The Beatles]]) # '''[[লুটৱিস ফান বিটহ'ফন]] ([[:en:Ludwig van Beethoven]])''' # [[লুইচ আৰ্মষ্ট্ৰং]] ([[:en:Louis Armstrong]]) # '''[[জোহান চেবাষ্টিয়ান বাক]] ([[:en:Johann Sebastian Bach]])''' # [[জোহানেচ ব্ৰাম্স]] ([[:en:Johannes Brahms]]) # [[ফ্ৰেডেৰিক চোপাঁ]] ([[:en:Frédéric Chopin]]) # [[এণ্টনিন দ্ভাৰাক]] ([[:en:Antonín Dvořák]]) # [[জৰ্জ ফেড্ৰিক হাণ্ডেল]] ([[:en:Georg Frideric Handel]]) # [[জোছেফ হেইডেন]] ([[:en:Joseph Haydn]]) # [[গুস্তৱ মাহলাৰ]] ([[:en:Gustav Mahler]]) # '''[[মোৎজাৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]])''' # [[জিয়'ভানি পিয়েৰলুইগি দা পেলেষ্ট্ৰিনা]] ([[:en:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]]) # [[এদিত পিয়াফ]] ([[:en:Édith Piaf]]) # [[এলভিচ প্ৰেচলি]] ([[:en:Elvis Presley]]) # [[জ্যাক'ম' পুচ্চিনি]] ([[:en:Giacomo Puccini]]) # [[ফ্ৰান্‌জ সুবৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Franz Schubert]]) # '''[[আইগৰ ষ্ট্ৰাভিন্সকি]] ([[:en:Igor Stravinsky]])''' # [[পিওটাৰ ইলিচ চালইকভস্কি]] ([[:en:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]) # [[জিছেপ্পে ভেৰ্দি]] ([[:en:Giuseppe Verdi]]) # [[এণ্টোনিয়' ভিভাল্ডি]] ([[:en:Antonio Vivaldi]]) # '''[[ৰিচাৰ্ড ৱেগনাৰ]] ([[:en:Richard Wagner]])''' {{div col end}} === অভিযাত্ৰী আৰু ভ্ৰমণকাৰী === {{div col|2}} # [[নীল আৰ্মষ্ট্ৰং]] ([[:en:Neil Armstrong]]) # '''[[ক্ৰিষ্টোফাৰ কলম্বাছ]] ([[:en:Christopher Columbus]])''' # [[জেমছ কুক]] ([[:en:James Cook]]) # '''[[য়ুৰি গেগেৰিন]] ([[:en:Yuri Gagarin]])''' # [[ভাস্কো দা গামা]] ([[:en:Vasco da Gama]]) # [[ইবন বটুতা]] ([[:en:Ibn Battuta]]) # '''[[ফাৰ্ডিনেণ্ড মেগালান]] ([[:en:Ferdinand Magellan]])''' # [[মাৰ্ক’ প’ল’]] ([[:en:Marco Polo]]) # [[ৰুৱাল আমুন্সেন]] ([[:en:Roald Amundsen]]) # [[জ্যেক কাৰ্টিয়ে]] ([[:en:Jacques Cartier]]) # [[এৰ্ণান কৰ্টেছ]] ([[:en:Hernán Cortés]]) # [[চেং হো]] ([[:en:Zheng He]]) {{div col end}} === চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক, চিত্ৰনাট্যকাৰ আৰু অভিনয় শিল্পী === {{div col|2}} # [[ইংমাৰ বাৰ্গমেন]] ([[:en:Ingmar Bergman]]) # [[ছাৰা বাৰ্নহাৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Sarah Bernhardt]]) # [[চাৰ্লি চেপলিন]] ([[:en:Charlie Chaplin]]) # [[মাৰ্লিন ডিট্ৰিস]] ([[:en:Marlene Dietrich]]) # [[ৱাল্ট ডিজনী]] ([[:en:Walt Disney]]) # [[ছেৰ্গেই আইজেনষ্টাইন]] ([[:en:Sergei Eisenstein]]) # [[আলফ্ৰেড হিচকক]] ([[:en:Alfred Hitchcock]]) # [[ষ্টেনলি কুবৰিক]] ([[:en:Stanley Kubrick]]) # [[আকিৰা কুৰোছাৱা]] ([[:en:Akira Kurosawa]]) # [[মেৰিলিন মন্‌ৰ']] ([[:en:Marilyn Monroe]]) # [[সত্যজিৎ ৰায়]] ([[:en:Satyajit Ray]]) # [[ষ্টিভেন স্পিলবাৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Steven Spielberg]]) # [[ফেডেৰিক' ফেল্লিনি]] ([[:en:Federico Fellini]]) {{div col end}} === উদ্ভাৱক, বিজ্ঞানী আৰু গণিতজ্ঞ === {{div col|3}} # '''[[আৰ্কিমিডিছ]] ([[:en:Archimedes]])''' # [[টিম বাৰ্নাৰ্ছ লী]] ([[:en:Tim Berners-Lee]]) # [[ব্ৰহ্মগুপ্ত]] ([[:en:Brahmagupta]]) # '''[[নিক'লাচ ক'পাৰ্নিকাচ]] ([[:en:Nicolaus Copernicus]])''' # '''[[মেৰী কুৰী]] ([[:en:Marie Curie]])''' # '''[[চাৰ্লছ ডাৰউইন]] ([[:en:Charles Darwin]])''' # '''[[টমাছ আলভা এডিচন]] ([[:en:Thomas Edison]])''' # '''[[এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইন]] ([[:en:Albert Einstein]])''' # '''[[ইউক্লিড]] ([[:en:Euclid]])''' # [[লিঅ'নাৰ্ড অইলাৰ]] ([[:en:Leonhard Euler]]) # [[মাইকেল ফেৰাডে]] ([[:en:Michael Faraday]]) # '''[[হেনৰী ফৰ্ড]] ([[:en:Henry Ford]])''' # '''[[গেলিলিঅ’ গেলিলি]] ([[:en:Galileo Galilei]])''' # [[কাৰ্ল ফ্ৰিডৰিখ গাউছ]] ([[:en:Carl Friedrich Gauss]]) # '''[[জ'হানেছ গুটন্‌বাৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Johannes Gutenberg]])''' # [[জহান্স কেপলাৰ]] ([[:en:Johannes Kepler]]) # [[কাৰ্ল লিনিয়াছ]] ([[:en:Carl Linnaeus]]) # '''[[আইজাক নিউটন]] ([[:en:Isaac Newton]])''' # '''[[লুই পেষ্ট'ৰ]] ([[:en:Louis Pasteur]])''' # '''[[মেক্স প্লেংক]] ([[:en:Max Planck]])''' # [[আৰ্নেষ্ট ৰাডাৰফ'ৰ্ড]] ([[:en:Ernest Rutherford]]) # '''[[নিক'লা টেছলা]] ([[:en:Nikola Tesla]])''' # '''[[এলান ট্যুৰিং]] ([[:en:Alan Turing]])''' # [[ইবন চিনা]] ([[:en:Avicenna]]) # [[এনৰিক' ফাৰ্মী]] ([[:en:Enrico Fermi]]) # [[গালেন]] ([[:en:Galen]]) # '''[[ডেভিদ হিলবাৰ্ট]] ([[:en:David Hilbert]])''' # [[জেমছ প্ৰেস্কট জুল]] ([[:en:James Prescott Joule]]) # [[আল খোৱাৰিজমি]] ([[:en:Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]]) # [[গট‌ফ্ৰিড লাইব‌নিৎস]] ([[:en:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]) # [[জেমছ ক্লাৰ্ক মেক্সৱেল]] ([[:en:James Clerk Maxwell]]) # [[ডিমিট্ৰী মেণ্ডেলিভ]] ([[:en:Dmitri Mendeleev]]) # '''[[আৰৱিন শ্ৰুডিঙগাৰ]] ([[:en:Erwin Schrödinger]])''' # '''[[জেমছ ৱাট]] ([[:en:James Watt]])''' {{div col end}} === দাৰ্শনিক আৰু সমাজ বিজ্ঞানী === {{div col|2}} # '''[[এৰিষ্ট'টল]] ([[:en:Aristotle]])''' # [[চাণক্য]] ([[:en:Chanakya]]) # '''[[কনফুচিয়াছ]] ([[:en:Confucius]])''' # '''[[চিগ্‌মণ্ড ফ্ৰয়েড]] ([[:en:Sigmund Freud]])''' # '''[[কাৰ্ল মাৰ্ক্স]] ([[:en:Karl Marx]])''' # [[এডাম স্মিথ]] ([[:en:Adam Smith]]) # '''[[ছক্ৰেটিছ]] ([[:en:Socrates]])''' # [[জঁ-জাক ৰুছ’]] ([[:en:Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]) # '''[[ৰেনে ডেকাৰ্ট]] ([[:en:René Descartes]])''' # [[চিমন দে ব্যাভুৱাৰ]] ([[:en:Simone de Beauvoir]]) # [[ন'ম চম্‌স্কি]] ([[:en:Noam Chomsky]]) # [[হেগেল]] ([[:en:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]) # [[ইবন খালদুন]] ([[:en:Ibn Khaldun]]) # '''[[ইমানুৱেল কাণ্ট]] ([[:en:Immanuel Kant]])''' # [[জন মেনাৰ্ড কেইনছ]] ([[:en:John Maynard Keynes]]) # '''[[লাউযি]] ([[:en:Laozi]])''' # '''[[জন লক]] ([[:en:John Locke]])''' # [[নিক্কোলো মাকিয়াভেল্লি]] ([[:en:Niccolò Machiavelli]]) # '''[[ফ্ৰেডৰিখ নিৎসে]] ([[:en:Friedrich Nietzsche]])''' # '''[[প্লেটো]] ([[:en:Plato]])''' # [[জ্যা পল ছাট্টে]] ([[:en:Jean-Paul Sartre]]) # [[সিমা কিয়ান]] ([[:en:Sima Qian]]) # '''[[ভলতেয়ৰ]] ([[:en:Voltaire]])''' # [[মেক্স ৱেবাৰ]] ([[:en:Max Weber]]) # [[লুডৱিগ ৱিটগেনষ্টাইন]] ([[:en:Ludwig Wittgenstein]]) # [[চ্যু জি]] ([[:en:Zhu Xi]]) {{div col end}} === ৰাজনীতিবিদ === {{div col|3}} # [[সম্ৰাট অশোক]] ([[:en:Ashoka]]) <!-- Greatest Indian monarch of antiquity; spread Buddhism --> # '''[[নেপোলিয়ন বোনাপাৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Napoleon]])''' # [[জুলিয়াছ চিজাৰ]] ([[:en:Julius Caesar]]) # [[মোহনদাস কৰমচান্দ গান্ধী]] ([[:en:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]]) # '''[[চেংগিজ খান]] ([[:en:Genghis Khan]])''' # [[চে গোৱেৰা]] ([[:en:Che Guevara]]) # '''[[এডল্ফ হিটলাৰ]] ([[:en:Adolf Hitler]])''' # [[জোন অফ আৰ্ক]] ([[:en:Joan of Arc]]) # [[মাৰ্টিন লুথাৰ কিং, অনুজ]] ([[:en:Martin Luther King, Jr.]]) # '''[[ভ্লেডিমিৰ লেনিন]] ([[:en:Vladimir Lenin]])''' # [[নেলছন মেণ্ডেলা]] ([[:en:Nelson Mandela]]) # [[মাও জেদং]] ([[:en:Mao Zedong]]) # [[জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰু‎‎]] ([[:en:Jawaharlal Nehru]]) # '''[[ক্যিন ছি হোৱং]] ([[:en:Qin Shi Huang]])'''<!-- Created first Chinese state and dynasty --> # [[আকবৰ]] ([[:en:Akbar]]) # '''[[আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ]] ([[:en:Alexander the Great]])''' # [[মোস্তাফা কামাল আতাতুৰ্ক]] ([[:en:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]) # '''[[আগষ্টাচ]] ([[:en:Augustus]])''' # [[অটো ৱন বিজমাৰ্ক]] ([[:en:Otto von Bismarck]]) # [[সিমন বলিভাৰ]] ([[:en:Simón Bolívar]]) # [[শাৰ্লেমেন]] ([[:en:Charlemagne]]) # [[ৱিনষ্টন চাৰ্চিল]] ([[:en:Winston Churchill]]) # [[মহান কনষ্টেনটাইন]] ([[:en:Constantine the Great]]) # '''[[মহান চাইৰাচ]] ([[:en:Cyrus the Great]])''' # [[চাৰ্লচ দ্য গ'ল]] ([[:en:Charles de Gaulle]]) # [[এলিজাবেথ প্ৰথম]] ([[:en:Elizabeth I of England]]) # [[আব্ৰাহাম লিংকন]] ([[:en:Abraham Lincoln]]) # [[লুই চতুৰ্থ]] ([[:en:Louis XIV of France]]) # [[ৰোজা লাক্সেমবাৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Rosa Luxemburg]]) # [[কোৱামে নক্ৰুমা]] ([[:en:Kwame Nkrumah]]) # [[মহান পিটাৰ]] ([[:en:Peter the Great]]) # [[ফ্ৰেংকলিন ডি ৰুজভেল্ট]] ([[:en:Franklin D. Roosevelt]]) # [[ছালাহুদ্দিন আয়ুবী]] ([[:en:Saladin]]) # [[যোছেফ ষ্টালিন]] ([[:en:Joseph Stalin]]) # [[ছুলেইমান প্ৰথম]] ([[:en:Suleiman the Magnificent]]) <!-- Greatest Ottoman sultan --> # [[চান য়াট-চেন]] ([[:en:Sun Yat-sen]]) # [[তৈমুৰ লং]] ([[:en:Timur]]) # [[ওমৰ]] ([[:en:Umar]]) <!-- Conquered Persia, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt for Islam --> # '''[[জৰ্জ ৱাশ্বিংটন]] ([[:en:George Washington]])''' {{div col end}} === ধৰ্মীয় গুৰু আৰু ধৰ্মতত্ত্ববিদ === {{div col|2}} # [[ইব্ৰাহিম]] ([[:en:Abraham]]) # [[গৌতম বুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:Buddha]]) # [[মুহাম্মাদ]] ([[:en:Muhammad]]) # [[যীশু]] ([[:en:Jesus]]) # [[টমাচ আকুইনাচ]] ([[:en:Thomas Aquinas]]) # [[হিপ্পোৰ আগষ্টিন]] ([[:en:Augustine of Hippo]]) # [[আল-গজ্জালি]] ([[:en:Al-Ghazali]]) # [[মাৰ্টিন লুথাৰ]] ([[:en:Martin Luther]]) # [[মোজেচ]] ([[:en:Moses]]) # [[নাগাৰ্জুন]] ([[:en:Nagarjuna]]) {{div col end}} == দৰ্শন আৰু মনোবিজ্ঞান == === দৰ্শন === {{div col|2}} # [[সৌন্দৰ্য]] ([[:en:Beauty]]) # [[দ্বন্দ্ববাদ]] ([[:en:Dialectic]]) # [[নৈতিকতা]] ([[:en:Ethics]]) # [[জ্ঞানতত্ত্ব]] ([[:en:Epistemology]]) # [[নাৰীবাদ]] ([[:en:Feminism]]) # [[স্বইচ্ছা]] ([[:en:Free will]]) # '''[[জ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Knowledge]])''' # [[তৰ্কশাস্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Logic]]) # [[মন]] ([[:en:Mind]]) # '''[[দৰ্শন]] ([[:en:Philosophy]])''' # [[সম্ভাৱিতা]] ([[:en:Probability]]) # [[বাস্তৱতা]] ([[:en:Reality]]) # [[সত্য]] ([[:en:Truth]]) {{div col end}} === মনোবিজ্ঞান === {{div col|2}} # '''[[আচৰণ]] ([[:en:Behavior]])''' # '''[[আবেগ]] ([[:en:Emotion]])''' # [[প্ৰেম]] ([[:en:Love]]) # [[মনোবিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Psychology]]) # '''[[চিন্তা]] ([[:en:Thought]])''' {{div col end}} == বিশ্ববীক্ষা আৰু ধৰ্ম == # '''[[ভগৱান]] ([[:en:God]])''' # '''[[শ্ৰুতিকথা]] ([[:en:Mythology]])''' # বিশ্ববীক্ষা দৰ্শন ## [[নাস্তিকতা]] ([[:en:Atheism]]) ## [[মৌলবাদ]] ([[:en:Fundamentalism]]) ## [[বস্তুবাদ]] ([[:en:Materialism]]) ## [[একেশ্বৰবাদ]] ([[:en:Monotheism]]) ## [[বহু-ঈশ্বৰবাদ]] ([[:en:Polytheism]]) # '''[[আত্মা]] ([[:en:Soul]])''' # '''[[ধৰ্ম]] ([[:en:Religion]])''' # উল্লৰখযোগ্য ধৰ্ম ## '''[[বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম]] ([[:en:Buddhism]])''' ## '''[[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম]] ([[:en:Christianity]])''' ### [[কেথলিক গিৰ্জা]] ([[:en:Catholic Church]]) ## [[কনফুচিয়াছ ধৰ্ম]] ([[:en:Confucianism]]) ## '''[[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম]] ([[:en:Hinduism]])''' ### [[ত্ৰিমূৰ্তি]] ([[:en:Trimurti]]) ## '''[[ইছলাম]] ([[:en:Islam]])''' ### [[ছিয়া ইছলাম]] ([[:en:Shia Islam]]) ## [[জৈন ধৰ্ম]] ([[:en:Jainism]]) ## '''[[ইহুদী ধৰ্ম]] ([[:en:Judaism]])''' ## [[শিখ ধৰ্ম]] ([[:en:Sikhism]]) ## [[তাওবাদ]] ([[:en:Taoism]]) ## [[জৰথুষ্ট্ৰবাদ]] ([[:en:Zoroastrianism]]) # আধ্যাত্মিক অভ্যসন ## [[চুফীবাদ]] ([[:en:Sufism]]) ## [[যোগাসন]] ([[:en:Yoga]]) ## [[জেন]] ([[:en:Zen]]) == সমাজ বিজ্ঞান == {{div col|2}} # '''[[সমাজ]] ([[:en:Society]])''' # [[সভ্যতা]] ([[:en:Civilization]]) # '''[[শিক্ষা]] ([[:en:Education]])''' {{div col end}} === পৰিয়াল আৰু সম্বন্ধ === {{div col|2}} # '''[[পৰিয়াল]] ([[:en:Family]])''' # '''[[শিশু]] ([[:en:Child]])''' # [[পুৰুষ]] ([[:en:Man]]) # '''[[বিবাহ]] ([[:en:Marriage]])''' # [[মহিলা]] ([[:en:Woman]]) {{div col end}} === ৰাজনীতি === {{div col|2}} # '''[[ৰাজনীতি]] ([[:en:Politics]])''' # [[নৈৰাজ্যবাদ]] ([[:en:Anarchism]]) # [[ঔপনিৱেশিকতাবাদ]] ([[:en:Colonialism]]) # [[সাম্যবাদ]] ([[:en:Communism]]) # [[ৰক্ষণশীলতাবাদ]] ([[:en:Conservatism]]) # [[গণতন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Democracy]]) # [[একনায়কত্ববাদ]] ([[:en:Dictatorship]]) # [[কূটনীতি]] ([[:en:Diplomacy]]) # [[ফেছিবাদ]] ([[:en:Fascism]]) # [[গোলকীকৰণ]] ([[:en:Globalization]]) # '''[[চৰকাৰ]] ([[:en:Government]])''' # [[মতাদৰ্শ]] ([[:en:Ideology]]) # [[সাম্ৰাজ্যবাদ]] ([[:en:Imperialism]]) # [[উদাৰনৈতিকতাবাদ]] ([[:en:Liberalism]]) # [[মাৰ্ক্সবাদ]] ([[:en:Marxism]]) # [[ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Monarchy]]) # [[জাতীয়তাবাদ]] ([[:en:Nationalism]]) # [[গণৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Republic]]) # [[সমাজবাদ]] ([[:en:Socialism]]) # '''[[ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] ([[:en:State (polity)]])''' # [[ৰাজনৈতিক দল]] ([[:en:Political party]]) # [[অপপ্ৰচাৰ]] ([[:en:Propaganda]]) # [[সন্ত্ৰাসবাদ]] ([[:en:Terrorism]]) {{div col end}} === বাণিজ্য আৰু অৰ্থনীতি === {{div col|2}} # '''[[অৰ্থনীতি]] ([[:en:Economics]])''' # [[মূলধন (অৰ্থনীতি)]] ([[:en:Capital (economics)]]) # [[পুঁজিবাদ]] ([[:en:Capitalism]]) # [[প্ৰচলিত মুদ্ৰা (চলাৰ্থ)]] ([[:en:Currency]]) ## [[ইউৰো]] ([[:en:Euro]]) ## [[জাপানীজ য়েন]] ([[:en:Japanese yen]]) ## [[আমেৰিকান ডলাৰ]] ([[:en:United States dollar]]) # [[উদ্যোগ]] ([[:en:Industry]]) # '''[[মুদ্ৰা]] ([[:en:Money]])''' # [[কৰ]] ([[:en:Tax]]) {{div col end}} === আইন === {{div col|2}} # '''[[আইন]] ([[:en:Law]])''' # [[সংবিধান]] ([[:en:Constitution]]) {{div col end}} === আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা === {{div col|2}} # [[আফ্ৰিকান ইউনিয়ন]] ([[:en:African Union]]) # [[আৰব লীগ]] ([[:en:Arab League]]) # [[দক্ষিণ-পূব এচিয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ সংগঠন]] ([[:en:ASEAN]]) # [[জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ]] ([[:en:Commonwealth of Nations]]) <!-- [[কমনৱেলথ ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] --> # [[ইউৰোপিয়ান ইউনিয়ন]] ([[:en:European Union]]) # '''[[ৰেডক্ৰছ]] ([[:en:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]])''' # [[নাটো]] ([[:en:NATO]]) # [[ন'বেল বঁটা]] ([[:en:Nobel Prize]]) # [[অ'পেক]] ([[:en:OPEC]]) # '''[[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] ([[:en:United Nations]])''' ## [[আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ন্যায়ালয়]] ([[:en:International Court of Justice]]) ## [[আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মুদ্ৰা নিধি]] ([[:en:International Monetary Fund]]) ## [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ শিক্ষা, বিজ্ঞান আৰু সংস্কৃতি সংস্থা]] ([[:en:UNESCO]]) ## [[মানৱ অধিকাৰৰ সাৰ্বজনীন ঘোষণা]] ([[:en:Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]) ## [[বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থা]] ([[:en:World Health Organization]]) # [[বিশ্ব বেংক]] ([[:en:World Bank]]) # [[বিশ্ব বাণিজ্য সংস্থা]] ([[:en:World Trade Organization]]) {{div col end}} === যুদ্ধ আৰু সৈন্যবাহিনী === {{div col|2}} # '''[[সৈন্যবাহিনী]] ([[:en:Military]])''' # '''[[শান্তি]] ([[:en:Peace]])''' # '''[[যুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:War]])''' ## [[গৃহযুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:Civil war]]) {{div col end}} === সামাজিক সমস্যা === {{div col|2}} # [[গৰ্ভপাত]] ([[:en:Abortion]]) # '''[[মৃত্যুদণ্ড]] ([[:en:Capital punishment]])''' # '''[[মানৱ অধিকাৰ]] ([[:en:Human rights]])''' # [[দৰিদ্ৰতা]] ([[:en:Poverty]]) # [[বৰ্ণবৈষম্য]] ([[:en:Racism]]) # '''[[দাসত্ব]] ([[:en:Slavery]])''' {{div col end}} == ভাষা আৰু সাহিত্য == # '''[[ভাষা]] ([[:en:Language]])''' # গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভাষাসমূহ ## [[আৰবী ভাষা]] ([[:en:Arabic language]]) ## [[বঙালী ভাষা]] ([[:en:Bengali language]]) ## [[চীনা ভাষা]] ([[:en:Chinese language]]) <!--With the clarification that it is, linguistically speaking, not a single language.--> ## [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা]] ([[:en:English language]]) ## [[ফৰাচী ভাষা]] ([[:en:French language]]) ## [[জাৰ্মান ভাষা]] ([[:en:German language]]) ## [[গ্ৰীক ভাষা]] ([[:en:Greek language]]) ## [[হিব্ৰু ভাষা]] ([[:en:Hebrew language]]) ## [[হিন্দুস্তানী ভাষা]] ([[:en:Hindi-Urdu language]]) ## [[জাপানী ভাষা]] ([[:en:Japanese language]]) ## [[লেটিন ভাষা]] ([[:en:Latin language]]) ## [[ফাৰ্চী ভাষা]] ([[:en:Persian language]]) ## [[পৰ্তুগীজ ভাষা]] ([[:en:Portuguese language]]) ## [[ৰুছ ভাষা]] ([[:en:Russian language]]) ## [[সংস্কৃত]] ([[:en:Sanskrit]]) ## [[স্পেনীছ ভাষা]] ([[:en:Spanish language]]) ## [[স্বাহিলী ভাষা]] ([[:en:Swahili language]]) ## [[তুৰ্কী ভাষা]] ([[:en:Turkish language]]) # [[ভাষাবিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Linguistics]]) # [[ব্যাকৰণ‎]] ([[:en:Grammar]]) # '''[[শব্দ (ব্যাকৰণ‎)]] ([[:en:Word]])''' ## [[ধ্বনি]] ([[:en:Phoneme]]) ## [[আখৰ]] ([[:en:Syllable]]) # '''[[লিখন পদ্ধতি]] ([[:en:Writing system]])''' ## [[আৰবী বৰ্ণমালা]] ([[:en:Arabic alphabet]]) ## [[চীনা ভাৱচিত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Chinese characters]]) ## [[চিৰিলিক লিপি]] ([[:en:Cyrillic script]]) ## [[গ্ৰীক বৰ্ণমালা]] ([[:en:Greek alphabet]]) ## [[হানগুল লিপি]] ([[:en:Hangul]]) ## [[ৰোমান লিপি]] ([[:en:Latin alphabet]]) # [[সাক্ষৰতা]] ([[:en:Literacy]]) # '''[[অনুবাদ]] ([[:en:Translation]])''' # '''[[সাহিত্য]] ([[:en:Literature]])''' ## [[গদ্য]] ([[:en:Prose]]) ## [[দ্য আৰ্ট অফ ৱাৰ]] ([[:en:The Art of War]]) ## [[কল্প-সাহিত্য]] ([[:en:Fiction]]) ### [[আলিফ লেইলা]] ([[:en:One Thousand and One Nights]]) ## [[উপন্যাস]] ([[:en:Novel]]) ### [[ড্ৰিম অফ দা ৰেড চেম্বাৰ]] ([[:en:Dream of the Red Chamber]]) ### [[দ্য টেল অফ গেঞ্জি]] ([[:en:The Tale of Genji]]) ## '''[[কবিতা]] ([[:en:Poetry]])''' ### [[গিলগামেশৰ মহাকাব্য]] ([[:en:Epic of Gilgamesh]]) ### [[ইলিয়াদ]] ([[:en:Iliad]]) ### [[মহাভাৰত]] ([[:en:Mahābhārata]]) ### [[শাহনামা]] ([[:en:Shāhnāma]]) == প্ৰমিতি == # '''[[প্ৰমিতি]] ([[:en:Measurement]])''' # [[আন্তৰ্জাতিক একক পদ্ধতি]] ([[:en:International System of Units]]) === ভৰ, আয়তন আৰু দূৰত্ব === # [[কিলোগ্ৰাম]] ([[:en:Kilogram]]) # [[লিটাৰ]] ([[:en:Litre]]) # [[মিটাৰ]] ([[:en:Metre]]) === সময় === {{div col|2}} # '''[[দিনপঞ্জী]] ([[:en:Calendar]])''' ## [[গ্ৰেগৰিয়ান বৰ্ষপঞ্জী]] ([[:en:Gregorian calendar]]) # [[ঘড়ী]] ([[:en:Clock]]) # [[ছেকেণ্ড]] ([[:en:Second]]) # '''[[দিন]] ([[:en:Day]])''' # '''[[বছৰ]] ([[:en:Year]])''' # [[সময় অঞ্চল]] ([[:en:Time zone]]) {{div col end}} == বিজ্ঞান == # '''[[বিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Science]])''' # '''[[প্ৰকৃতি]] ([[:en:Nature]])''' === জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান === {{div col|2}} # '''[[জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Astronomy]])''' # [[গ্ৰহাণু]] ([[:en:Asteroid]]) # '''[[মহানাদ]] ([[:en:Big Bang]])''' # '''[[কৃষ্ণগহ্বৰ]] ([[:en:Black hole]])''' # [[ধূমকেতু]] ([[:en:Comet]]) # '''[[তাৰকাৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Galaxy]])''' ## [[হাতীপটি]] ([[:en:Milky Way]]) # '''[[চন্দ্ৰ]] ([[:en:Moon]])''' # '''[[গ্ৰহ]] ([[:en:Planet]])''' ## '''[[পৃথিৱী]] ([[:en:Earth]])''' ## [[বৃহস্পতি গ্ৰহ]] ([[:en:Jupiter]]) ## [[মঙ্গল গ্ৰহ]] ([[:en:Mars]]) ## [[বুধ গ্ৰহ]] ([[:en:Mercury]]) ## [[নেপচুন]] ([[:en:Neptune]]) ## [[শনি গ্ৰহ]] ([[:en:Saturn]]) ## [[ইউৰেনাচ]] ([[:en:Uranus]]) ## [[শুক্ৰ গ্ৰহ]] ([[:en:Venus]]) # [[সৌৰজগত]] ([[:en:Solar System]]) # [[মহাকাশ যাত্ৰা]] ([[:en:Spaceflight]]) # '''[[নক্ষত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Star]])''' ## '''[[সূৰ্য]] ([[:en:Sun]])''' # [[বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ড]] ([[:en:Universe]]) {{div col end}} === জীৱবিজ্ঞান === {{div col|2}} # '''[[জীৱবিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Biology]])''' # জৈৱ উপাদান ## '''[[ডি এন এ]] ([[:en:DNA]])''' ## [[উৎসেচক]] ([[:en:Enzyme]]) ## [[মাংসসাৰ]] ([[:en:Protein]]) # [[উদ্ভিদবিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Botany]]) # '''[[মৃত্যু]] ([[:en:Death]])''' ## [[আত্মহত্যা]] ([[:en:Suicide]]) # [[পৰিস্থিতি বিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Ecology]]) ## [[বিপন্ন প্ৰজাতি]] ([[:en:Endangered species]]) # [[ঘৰুৱাকৰণ]] ([[:en:Domestication]]) # '''[[জীৱন]] ([[:en:Life]])''' # [[জীৱবৈজ্ঞানিক শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন]] ([[:en:Biological classification]]) ## [[প্ৰজাতি (জীৱবিদ্যা)]] ([[:en:Species]]) {{div col end}} ==== জৈবিক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া ==== # '''[[বিপাক ক্ৰিয়া]] ([[:en:Metabolism]])''' ## [[পাচন]] ([[:en:Digestion]]) ## [[সালোক সংশ্লেষণ]] ([[:en:Photosynthesis]]) ## [[শ্বাসক্ৰিয়া]] ([[:en:Breathing]]) # '''[[ক্ৰমবিকাশ]] ([[:en:Evolution]])''' # '''[[প্ৰজনন]] ([[:en:Reproduction]])''' ## [[গৰ্ভধাৰণ]] ([[:en:Pregnancy]]) ## [[লিংগ]] ([[:en:Sex]]) ==== জীৱ ==== # '''[[জীৱ]] ([[:en:Organism]])''' # '''[[প্ৰাণী]] ([[:en:Animal]])''' ## [[ঘূৰণীয়া কৃমি]] ([[:en:Nematode]]) ## [[কোমলদেহী প্ৰাণী]] ([[:en:Mollusca]]) ## [[সন্ধিপদী প্ৰাণী]] ([[:en:Arthropod]]) ### '''[[পতংগ]] ([[:en:Insect]])''' #### [[পৰুৱা]] ([[:en:Ant]]) #### [[মৌ-মাখি]] ([[:en:Bee]]) #### [[মহ]] ([[:en:Mosquito]]) ### [[মকৰা]] ([[:en:Spider]]) ## ক'ৰডাটা ### '''[[উভচৰ প্ৰাণী]] ([[:en:Amphibian]])''' ### '''[[চৰাই]] ([[:en:Bird]])''' #### [[কুকুৰা]] ([[:en:Chicken]]) #### [[পাৰ চৰাই]] ([[:en:Pigeons and doves]]) ### '''[[মাছ]] ([[:en:Fish]])''' #### [[হাংগৰ]] ([[:en:Shark]]) ### '''[[স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী]] ([[:en:Mammal]])''' #### [[উট]] ([[:en:Camel]]) #### [[মেকুৰী]] ([[:en:Cat]]) #### [[গৰু]] ([[:en:Cattle]]) #### [[কুকুৰ]] ([[:en:Dog]]) #### [[ঘোঁৰা]] ([[:en:Horse]]) #### [[ভেড়া]] ([[:en:Sheep]]) #### [[তীক্ষ্ণদন্তী প্ৰাণী]] ([[:en:Rodent]]) #### [[গাহৰি]] ([[:en:Domestic pig]]) #### [[প্ৰাইমেট]] ([[:en:Primate]]) ##### '''[[মানুহ]] ([[:en:Human]])''' #### [[সামুদ্ৰিক স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী]] ([[:en:Marine mammal]]) ##### [[তিমি]] ([[:en:Cetacea]]) ### '''[[সৰীসৃপ]] ([[:en:Reptile]])''' #### [[ডাইন’চৰ]] ([[:en:Dinosaur]]) #### [[সাপ]] ([[:en:Snake]]) # [[আৰ্কিয়া]] ([[:en:Archaea]]) # '''[[বেক্টেৰিয়া]] ([[:en:Bacteria]])''' # '''[[ভেঁকুৰ]] ([[:en:Fungus]])''' # '''[[উদ্ভিদ]] ([[:en:Plant]])''' ## [[ফুল]] ([[:en:Flower]]) ## [[বৃক্ষ]] ([[:en:Tree]]) # [[প্ৰটিষ্টা]] ([[:en:Protist]]) ==== শৰীৰস্থান ==== # '''[[শৰীৰস্থান]] ([[:en:Anatomy]])''' # [[স্তন]] ([[:en:Breast]]) # '''[[কোষ (জীৱবিজ্ঞান)]] ([[:en:Cell (biology)]])''' # [[সংবহন তন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Circulatory system]]) ## [[তেজ]] ([[:en:Blood]]) ## [[হৃদযন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Heart]]) # [[অন্তঃস্ৰাৱী তন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Endocrine system]]) # [[পাচন নলী]] ([[:en:Human gastrointestinal tract]]) ## [[বৃহদান্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Large intestine]]) ## [[ক্ষুদ্ৰান্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Small intestine]]) ## [[যকৃৎ]] ([[:en:Liver]]) # [[পেশী]] ([[:en:Muscle]]) # [[স্নায়ু তন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Nervous system]]) ## [[মস্তিষ্ক]] ([[:en:Brain]]) ## [[স্নায়ু]] ([[:en:Nerve]]) ## [[সংবেদন তন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Sensory system]]) ### [[কৰ্ণ (অংগ)]] ([[:en:Ear]]) ### [[নাক]] ([[:en:Nose]]) ### [[চকু]] ([[:en:Eye]]) # [[প্ৰজনন তন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Reproductive system]]) # [[শ্বাস তন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Respiratory system]]) # [[কংকাল]] ([[:en:Skeleton]]) # [[চৰ্ম]] ([[:en:Skin]]) === স্বাস্থ্য আৰু চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞান === {{div col|2}} # '''[[চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Medicine]])''' # [[আসক্তি]] ([[:en:Addiction]]) ## [[ইথান'ল]] ([[:en:Ethanol]]) ## [[ধঁপাত]] ([[:en:Tobacco]]) # [[আলজেমাৰ ৰোগ]] ([[:en:Alzheimer's disease]]) # '''[[কৰ্কট ৰোগ]] ([[:en:Cancer]])''' # [[ক্ৰনিক অবষ্ট্ৰাক্টিভ পালমোনাৰী ডিজিজ]] ([[:en:COPD]]) # [[পানীলগা জ্বৰ]] ([[:en:Common cold]]) # [[দন্ত চিকিৎসা]] ([[:en:Dentistry]]) # [[প্ৰতিবন্ধকতা]] ([[:en:Disability]]) ## [[অন্ধত্ব]] ([[:en:Blindness]]) ## [[বধিৰতা]] ([[:en:Deafness]]) # [[মানসিক বিসংগতি]] ([[:en:Mental disorder]]) # '''[[ৰোগ]] ([[:en:Disease]])''' # [[মৃগীৰোগ]] ([[:en:Epilepsy]]) # [[ঔষধ]] ([[:en:Pharmaceutical drug]]) ## [[প্ৰতিজৈৱিক]] ([[:en:Antibiotic]]) # '''[[স্বাস্থ্য]] ([[:en:Health]])''' # [[গেষ্ট্ৰ’এণ্টেৰাইটিছ]] ([[:en:Gastroenteritis]]) # [[মূৰৰ বিষ]] ([[:en:Headache]]) # [[মাইঅ'কাৰ্দিয়েল ইনফাৰ্কচন]] ([[:en:Heart attack]]) # [[প্ৰতিৰোধ তন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Immune system]]) # '''[[মেলেৰিয়া]] ([[:en:Malaria]])''' # [[অপুষ্টি]] ([[:en:Malnutrition]]) # [[ঋতুস্ৰাৱ]] ([[:en:Menstruation]]) # [[মেদবহুলতা]] ([[:en:Obesity]]) # [[বৈশ্বিক মহামাৰী]] ([[:en:Pandemic]]) # [[নিউম'নিয়া]] ([[:en:Pneumonia]]) # [[প'লিঅ'মায়েলাইটিছ]] ([[:en:Poliomyelitis]]) # [[যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] ([[:en:Sexually transmitted disease]]) ## '''[[এইড্‌ছ]] ([[:en:AIDS]])''' # [[ষ্ট্ৰ'ক]] ([[:en:Stroke]]) # [[যক্ষ্মা]] ([[:en:Tuberculosis]]) # [[বহুমূত্ৰ ৰোগ]] ([[:en:Diabetes mellitus]]) # '''[[ছিটা]] ([[:en:Vaccine]])''' # [[ভাইৰাছ]] ([[:en:Virus]]) ## [[ইনফ্লুৱেঞ্জা]] ([[:en:Influenza]]) ## [[বৰআই]] ([[:en:Smallpox]]) {{div col end}} === ৰসায়ন বিজ্ঞান === {{div col|2}} # '''[[ৰসায়ন বিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Chemistry]])''' # [[অজৈৱ ৰসায়ন]] ([[:en:Inorganic chemistry]]) # [[জৈৱ ৰসায়ন]] ([[:en:Biochemistry]]) ## [[হৰম'ন]] ([[:en:Hormone]]) # [[ৰাসায়নিক যৌগ]] ([[:en:Chemical compound]]) ## [[অম্ল]] ([[:en:Acid]]) ## [[ক্ষাৰ]] ([[:en:Base (chemistry)]]) ## [[লৱণ]] ([[:en:Salt]]) # '''[[ৰাসায়নিক মৌল]] ([[:en:Chemical element]])''' ## '''[[পৰ্যাবৃত্ত তালিকা]] ([[:en:Periodic table]])''' ## [[এলুমিনিয়াম]] ([[:en:Aluminium]]) ## [[কাৰ্বন]] ([[:en:Carbon]]) ## [[তাম]] ([[:en:Copper]]) ## '''[[সোণ]] ([[:en:Gold]])''' ## '''[[উদজান]] ([[:en:Hydrogen]])''' ## '''[[লো]] ([[:en:Iron]])''' ## [[নাইট্ৰ'জেন]] ([[:en:Nitrogen]]) ## '''[[অম্লজান]] ([[:en:Oxygen]])''' ## [[ৰূপ]] ([[:en:Silver]]) ## [[টিন]] ([[:en:Tin]]) # [[জৈৱিক ৰসায়ন]] ([[:en:Organic chemistry]]) ## [[এলক'হল]] ([[:en:Alcohol]]) ## [[শৰ্কৰা]] ([[:en:Carbohydrate]]) ## [[লিপিড]] ([[:en:Lipid]]) # '''[[অণু]] ([[:en:Molecule]])''' # [[বিশ্লেষণাত্মক ৰসায়ন]] ([[:en:Analytical chemistry]]) # [[ভৌত ৰসায়ন]] ([[:en:Physical chemistry]]) {{div col end}} === পৃথিৱী বিজ্ঞান === # [[হিমস্খলন]] ([[:en:Avalanche]]) # '''[[জলবায়ু]] ([[:en:Climate]])''' ## [[এল নিনয়'–দক্ষিণ দোলন]] ([[:en:El Niño–Southern Oscillation]]) ## [[গোলকীয় উষ্ণতা বৃদ্ধি]] ([[:en:Global warming]]) # [[ভূমিকম্প]] ([[:en:Earthquake]]) # '''[[ভূ-বিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Geology]])''' ## '''[[খনিজ পদাৰ্থ]] ([[:en:Mineral]])''' ### [[হীৰা]] ([[:en:Diamond]]) ## [[ফলক বিৱৰ্তন]] ([[:en:Plate tectonics]]) ## [[শিল]] ([[:en:Rock]]) # [[প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ]] ([[:en:Natural disaster]]) ## [[বানপানী]] ([[:en:Flood]]) ## [[ছুনামি]] ([[:en:Tsunami]]) # [[আগ্নেয়গিৰি]] ([[:en:Volcano]]) # '''[[বতৰ]] ([[:en:Weather]])''' ## [[ডাৱৰ]] ([[:en:Cloud]]) ## [[বৰষুণ]] ([[:en:Rain]]) ## [[তুষাৰ]] ([[:en:Snow]]) ## [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ]] ([[:en:Tornado]]) ## [[ক্ৰান্তীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ]] ([[:en:Tropical cyclone]]) ## [[বতাহ]] ([[:en:Wind]]) === পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান === # '''[[পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Physics]])''' # [[ত্বৰণ]] ([[:en:Acceleration]]) # '''[[পৰমাণু]] ([[:en:Atom]])''' # '''[[শক্তি]] ([[:en:Energy]])''' ## [[শক্তিৰ সংৰক্ষণশীলতা]] ([[:en:Conservation of energy]]) # '''[[বিদ্যুৎ চুম্বকীয় বিকিৰণ]] ([[:en:Electromagnetic radiation]])''' ## [[অৱলোহিত ৰশ্মি]] ([[:en:Infrared]]) ## [[অতিবেঙুনীয়া ৰশ্মি]] ([[:en:Ultraviolet]]) ## [[পোহৰ]] ([[:en:Light]]) ### '''[[ৰং]] ([[:en:Color]])''' # [[ধ্ৰুপদী বলবিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Classical mechanics]]) # '''[[বল]] ([[:en:Force]])''' ## [[বিদ্যুত চুম্বকত্ব]] ([[:en:Electromagnetism]]) ### [[চুম্বকীয় ক্ষেত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Magnetic field]]) ## [[মহাকৰ্ষণ]] ([[:en:Gravitation]]) ## [[প্ৰবল আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া]] ([[:en:Strong interaction]]) ## [[দুৰ্বল আন্তঃক্ৰিয়া]] ([[:en:Weak interaction]]) # [[চুম্বক]] ([[:en:Magnet]]) # '''[[ভৰ]] ([[:en:Mass]])''' # '''[[ধাতু]] ([[:en:Metal]])''' ## [[তীখা]] ([[:en:Steel]]) # [[নিউক্লীয় বিভাজন]] ([[:en:Nuclear fission]]) # '''[[পদাৰ্থৰ অৱস্থা]] ([[:en:State of matter]])''' ## [[গেছ|গেছীয়]] ([[:en:Gas]]) ## [[জুলীয়া]] ([[:en:Liquid]]) ## [[প্লাজমা]] ([[:en:Plasma]]) ## [[কঠিন]] ([[:en:Solid]]) # [[কোৱাণ্টাম বলবিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Quantum mechanics]]) # [[তেজস্ক্ৰিয়তা]] ([[:en:Radioactive decay]]) # '''[[সাধাৰণ আপেক্ষিকতাবাদ]] ([[:en:General relativity]])''' # [[বিশেষ আপেক্ষিকতাবাদ তত্ত্ব]] ([[:en:Special relativity]]) # [[অৰ্ধপৰিবাহী]] ([[:en:Semiconductor]]) # '''[[শব্দ]] ([[:en:Sound]])''' # '''[[বেগ]] ([[:en:Velocity]])''' ## [[পোহৰৰ বেগ]] ([[:en:Speed of light]]) # [[উষ্ণতা]] ([[:en:Temperature]]) # '''[[সময়]] ([[:en:Time]])''' # [[তাপগতি বিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Thermodynamics]]) # [[ভেকুৱাম]] ([[:en:Vacuum]]) === গণিত === {{div col|2}} # '''[[গণিত]] ([[:en:Mathematics]])''' # '''[[পাটীগণিত]] ([[:en:Arithmetic]])''' ## [[ঘাতাংক]] ([[:en:Logarithm]]) ## '''[[সংখ্যা]] ([[:en:Number]])''' ## [[সংখ্যাতত্ত্ব]] ([[:en:Number theory]]) # '''[[বীজগণিত]] ([[:en:Algebra]])''' ## [[জটিল সংখ্যা]] ([[:en:Complex number]]) ## [[সমীকৰণ]] ([[:en:Equation]]) ## [[ৰৈখিক বীজগণিত]] ([[:en:Linear algebra]]) # '''[[জ্যামিতি]] ([[:en:Geometry]])''' ## [[কোণ]] ([[:en:Angle]]) ## [[ক্ষেত্ৰফল]] ([[:en:Area]]) ## [[স্থানাংক প্ৰণালী]] ([[:en:Coordinate system]]) ## [[পাই]] ([[:en:Pi]]) ## [[পাইথেগাৰাছৰ উপপাদ্য]] ([[:en:Pythagorean theorem]]) ## [[সমমিতি]] ([[:en:Symmetry]]) ## [[ত্ৰিকোণমিতি]] ([[:en:Trigonometry]]) # [[গাণিতিক বিশ্লেষণ]] ([[:en:Mathematical analysis]]) ## [[অৱকলনীয় সমীকৰণ]] ([[:en:Differential equation]]) ## [[সাংখ্যিক বিশ্লেষণ]] ([[:en:Numerical analysis]]) # সম্ভাৱিতা আৰু পৰিসংখ্যা ## [[পৰিসংখ্যা]] ([[:en:Statistics]]) # যুক্তিতত্ত্ব আৰু আধাৰ ## [[ফলন]] ([[:en:Function (mathematics)]]) ## [[অসীম]] ([[:en:Infinity]]) ## [[গাণিতিক প্ৰমাণ]] ([[:en:Mathematical proof]]) ## [[সংহতি তত্ত্ব]] ([[:en:Set theory]]) {{div col end}} == খাদ্য আৰু কৃষি == === কৃষি === # '''[[কৃষি]] ([[:en:Agriculture]])''' ## [[জলসিঞ্চন]] ([[:en:Irrigation]]) ## [[নাঙল]] ([[:en:Plough]]) ===খাদ্য=== {{div col|2}} # '''[[খাদ্য]] ([[:en:Food]])''' # [[পাউৰুটী]] ([[:en:Bread]]) # [[খাদ্যশস্য]] ([[:en:Cereal]]) ## [[যৱ]] ([[:en:Barley]]) ## [[মাকৈ]] ([[:en:Maize]]) ## [[অ'ট]] ([[:en:Oat]]) ## [[চাউল]] ([[:en:Rice]]) ## [[ৰাই]] ([[:en:Rye]]) ## [[জোৱাৰ]] ([[:en:Sorghum]]) ## [[ঘেঁহু]] ([[:en:Wheat]]) # [[পনীৰ]] ([[:en:Cheese]]) # [[চকলেট]] ([[:en:Chocolate]]) # [[মৌ]] ([[:en:Honey]]) # [[ফল]] ([[:en:Fruit]]) ## [[আপেল]] ([[:en:Apple]]) ## [[কল]] ([[:en:Banana]]) ## [[আঙুৰ]] ([[:en:Grape]]) ## [[চয়াবিন]] ([[:en:Soybean]]) ## [[নেমু]] ([[:en:Lemon]]) ## [[বাদাম]] ([[:en:Nut (fruit)]]) # [[মাংস]] ([[:en:Meat]]) # [[চেনি]] ([[:en:Sugar]]) # [[শাক-পাচলি]] ([[:en:Vegetable]]) ## [[আলু (পাচলি)|আলু]] ([[:en:Potato]]) {{div col end}} === পানীয় === {{div col|2}} # [[বিয়েৰ]] ([[:en:Beer]]) # [[কফি]] ([[:en:Coffee]]) # [[ফলৰ ৰস]] ([[:en:Juice]]) # '''[[গাখীৰ]] ([[:en:Milk]])''' # [[চাহ]] ([[:en:Tea]]) # '''[[পানী]] ([[:en:Water]])''' # [[সুৰা]] ([[:en:Wine]]) {{div col end}} == প্ৰযুক্তি == {{div col|2}} # '''[[প্ৰযুক্তি]] ([[:en:Technology]])''' # [[জৈৱ প্ৰযুক্তি]] ([[:en:Biotechnology]]) # [[কাপোৰ]] ([[:en:Clothing]]) ## [[কপাহ]] ([[:en:Cotton]]) # [[অভিযান্ত্ৰিক বিদ্যা]] ([[:en:Engineering]]) ## [[যন্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Machine]]) ## [[ৰবট]] ([[:en:Robot]]) ## [[স্ক্ৰু]] ([[:en:Screw]]) ## [[চকা]] ([[:en:Wheel]]) # [[ধাতুবিজ্ঞান]] ([[:en:Metallurgy]]) # [[নেন'প্ৰযুক্তি]] ([[:en:Nanotechnology]]) {{div col end}} === যোগাযোগ === {{div col|2}} # '''[[যোগাযোগ]] ([[:en:Communication]])''' # [[কিতাপ]] ([[:en:Book]]) # '''[[তথ্য]] ([[:en:Information]])''' ## [[বিশ্বকোষ]] ([[:en:Encyclopedia]]) # [[সাংবাদিকতা]] ([[:en:Journalism]]) ## [[বাতৰিকাকত]] ([[:en:Newspaper]]) ## [[গণমাধ্যম]] ([[:en:Mass media]]) # [[মুদ্ৰণ]] ([[:en:Printing]]) # [[টেলিফোন]] ([[:en:Telephone]]) {{div col end}} === অণুবিদ্যুৎ বা ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক্স === {{div col|2}} # [[ইলেক্ট্ৰনিকছ]] ([[:en:Electronics]]) ## [[বৈদ্যুতিক প্ৰবাহ]] ([[:en:Electric current]]) ## [[কম্পনাংক]] ([[:en:Frequency]]) # উপাদান ## [[ধাৰক]] ([[:en:Capacitor]]) ## [[আৱেশক]] ([[:en:Inductor]]) ## [[ট্ৰানজিষ্টৰ]] ([[:en:Transistor]]) ## [[ডায়ড]] ([[:en:Diode]]) ## [[ৰোধক]] ([[:en:Resistor]]) ## [[ৰূপান্তৰক]] ([[:en:Transformer]]) {{div col end}} ==== কম্পিউটাৰ আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ==== {{div col|2}} # '''[[কম্পিউটাৰ]] ([[:en:Computer]])''' ## [[হাৰ্ড ডিস্ক ড্ৰাইভ]] ([[:en:Hard disk drive]]) ## [[চেণ্ট্ৰেল প্ৰচেছিং ইউনিট]] ([[:en:Central processing unit]]) # [[কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা]] ([[:en:Artificial intelligence]]) # [[তথ্য প্ৰযুক্তি]] ([[:en:Information technology]]) ## [[এলগৰিথম আৰু ডেইটা ষ্ট্ৰাকচাৰ]] ([[:en:Algorithm]]) # [[ইণ্টাৰনেট]] ([[:en:Internet]]) ## [[ইমেইল]] ([[:en:Email]]) ## [[ৱৰ্ল্ড ৱাইড ৱেব]] ([[:en:World Wide Web]]) # [[অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম]] ([[:en:Operating system]]) # [[প্ৰগ্ৰামিং ভাষা]] ([[:en:Programming language]]) # [[ছফ্টৱেৰ]] ([[:en:Software]]) {{div col end}} === শক্তি আৰু ইন্ধন === {{div col|2}} # [[নবীকৰণীয় শক্তি]] ([[:en:Renewable energy]]) # [[বিদ্যুৎ]] ([[:en:Electricity]]) ## [[পাৰমাণবিক শক্তি]] ([[:en:Nuclear power]]) # [[জীৱাশ্ম ইন্ধন]] ([[:en:Fossil fuel]]) # [[অন্তৰ্দাহী ইঞ্জিন]] ([[:en:Internal combustion engine]]) # [[ভাপ ইঞ্জিন]] ([[:en:Steam engine]]) # [[জুই]] ([[:en:Fire]]) {{div col end}} === সামগ্ৰী === {{div col|2}} # [[কাঁচ]] ([[:en:Glass]]) # [[কাগজ]] ([[:en:Paper]]) # [[প্লাষ্টিক]] ([[:en:Plastic]]) # [[কাঠ]] ([[:en:Wood]]) {{div col end}} === যাতায়াত === {{div col|2}} # [[পৰিবহণ]] ([[:en:Transport]]) # [[বিমান]] ([[:en:Aircraft]]) # [[মটৰ গাড়ী]] ([[:en:Car]]) # [[চাইকেল]] ([[:en:Bicycle]]) # [[ডুবযান]] ([[:en:Submarine]]) # [[জাহাজ]] ([[:en:Ship]]) # [[ৰেলগাড়ী]] ([[:en:Train]]) {{div col end}} === অস্ত্ৰশস্ত্ৰ === {{div col|2}} # [[অস্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Weapon]]) ## [[তৰোৱাল]] ([[:en:Sword]]) # [[আগ্নেয়াস্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Firearm]]) ## [[মেছিন গান]] ([[:en:Machine gun]]) # [[পাৰমাণবিক অস্ত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Nuclear weapon]]) ## [[টেঙ্ক]] ([[:en:Tank]]) # [[বিস্ফোৰক সামগ্ৰী]] ([[:en:Explosive material]]) ## [[বাৰুদ]] ([[:en:Gunpowder]]) {{div col end}} == কলা আৰু বিনোদন == {{div col|2}} # '''[[সংস্কৃতি]] ([[:en:Culture]])''' # '''[[কলা]] ([[:en:Art]])''' ## [[কমিক্‌ছ]] ([[:en:Comics]]) ## [[চিত্ৰকলা]] ([[:en:Painting]]) ## [[ফটোগ্ৰাফী]] ([[:en:Photography]]) ## [[ভাস্কৰ্য]] ([[:en:Sculpture]]) ## [[মৃৎশিল্প]] ([[:en:Pottery]]) # [[নৃত্য]] ([[:en:Dance]]) # [[ফেশ্বন]] ([[:en:Fashion]]) # [[থিয়েটাৰ]] ([[:en:Theatre]]) # [[কেলিগ্ৰাফী]] ([[:en:Calligraphy]]) {{div col end}} === স্থাপত্যবিদ্যা আৰু অসামৰিক অভিযান্ত্ৰিকী === {{div col|2}} # '''[[স্থাপত্য]] ([[:en:Architecture]])''' # [[খিলান]] ([[:en:Arch]]) # [[দলং]] ([[:en:Bridge]]) # [[খাল]] ([[:en:Canal]]) # [[বান্ধ]] ([[:en:Dam]]) # [[গম্বুজ]] ([[:en:Dome]]) # '''[[ঘৰ]] ([[:en:House]])''' # উল্লেখযোগ্য স্থাপত্য ## [[এংকৰ ৱাট]] ([[:en:Angkor Wat]]) ## [[ক'ল'ছিয়াম]] ([[:en:Colosseum]]) ## [[চীনৰ মহাপ্ৰাচীৰ]] ([[:en:Great Wall of China]]) ## [[আইফেল টাৱাৰ]] ([[:en:Eiffel Tower]]) ## [[এম্পায়াৰ ষ্টেট বিল্ডিং]] ([[:en:Empire State Building]]) ## [[হাজিয়া চ'ফিয়া]] ([[:en:Hagia Sophia]]) ## [[পাৰ্থেনন মন্দিৰ]] ([[:en:Parthenon]]) ## [[গিজাৰ পিৰামিড পৰিসৰ]] ([[:en:Giza pyramid complex]]) ## [[ছেইণ্ট পিটাৰ্ছ বেছিলিকা]] ([[:en:St. Peter's Basilica]]) ## [[ষ্টেচু অফ লিবাৰ্টি]] ([[:en:Statue of Liberty]]) ## [[তাজমহল]] ([[:en:Taj Mahal]]) ## [[তিনি গিৰিসংকটৰ বান্ধ]] ([[:en:Three Gorges Dam]]) # [[পিৰামিড]] ([[:en:Pyramid]]) # [[টাৱাৰ]] ([[:en:Tower]]) {{div col end}} === চলচ্চিত্ৰ, ৰেডিঅ' আৰু দূৰদৰ্শন === {{div col|2}} # '''[[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] ([[:en:Film]])''' ## [[এনিমেছন]] ([[:en:Animation]]) # '''[[অনাতাঁৰ প্ৰযুক্তি]] ([[:en:Radio]])''' # '''[[দূৰদৰ্শন]] ([[:en:Television]])''' {{div col end}} ===সংগীত=== # '''[[সংগীত]] ([[:en:Music]])''' # [[গীত]] ([[:en:Song]]) # উল্লেখযোগ্য সংগীতৰ প্ৰকাৰ ## [[ব্লুজ]] ([[:en:Blues]]) ## [[শাস্ত্ৰীয় সংগীত]] ([[:en:Classical music]]) ### [[অপেৰা]] ([[:en:Opera]]) ### [[চিম্ফনী]] ([[:en:Symphony]]) ## [[ইলেকট্ৰনিক সংগীত]] ([[:en:Electronic music]]) ## [[ফ্লামেঙ্কো]] ([[:en:Flamenco]]) ## [[হিপ-হপ]] ([[:en:Hip-hop]]) ## [[জ্যাজ সংগীত]] ([[:en:Jazz]]) ## [[ৰেগে]] ([[:en:Reggae]]) ## [[ৰক সংগীত]] ([[:en:Rock music]]) ## [[চাম্বা]] ([[:en:Samba]]) # উল্লেখযোগ্য বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ ## [[ঢোল]] ([[:en:Drum]]) ## [[বাঁহী]] ([[:en:Flute]]) ## [[গীটাৰ]] ([[:en:Guitar]]) ## [[পিয়ান']] ([[:en:Piano]]) ## [[ট্ৰাম্পেট]] ([[:en:Trumpet]]) ## [[ভায়'লিন]] ([[:en:Violin]]) === বিনোদন === {{div col|2}} # '''[[খেল]] ([[:en:Game]])''' ## [[বেকগেমন]] ([[:en:Backgammon]]) ## [[দবা খেল]] ([[:en:Chess]]) ## [[গ' খেল]] ([[:en:Go (game)]]) ## [[ভিডিঅ' গেম]] ([[:en:Video game]]) # [[জুৱা খেল]] ([[:en:Gambling]]) # [[সমৰ কলা]] ([[:en:Martial arts]]) ## [[কাৰাটে]] ([[:en:Karate]]) ## [[জুদো]] ([[:en:Judo]]) # [[অলিম্পিক]] ([[:en:Olympic Games]]) # '''[[ক্ৰীড়া]] ([[:en:Sport]])''' ## [[এথলেটিকছ]] ([[:en:Sport of athletics]]) ## [[বেছবল]] ([[:en:Baseball]]) ## [[বাস্কেটবল]] ([[:en:Basketball]]) ## [[ক্ৰিকেট]] ([[:en:Cricket]]) ## [[ফুটবল]] ([[:en:Association football]]) ## [[গল্ফ]] ([[:en:Golf]]) ## [[ৰাগবী]] ([[:en:Rugby football]]) ## [[টেনিছ]] ([[:en:Tennis]]) # '''[[খেলনা]] ([[:en:Toy]])''' {{div col end}} == ইতিহাস == # '''[[ইতিহাস]] ([[:en:History]])''' ==== প্ৰাক-ইতিহাস আৰু প্ৰাচীন বিশ্ব‎ ==== {{div col|2}} # [[প্ৰাক-ইতিহাস]] ([[:en:Prehistory]]) # [[প্ৰস্তৰ যুগ]] ([[:en:Stone Age]]) # [[ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগ]] ([[:en:Bronze Age]]) # [[লৌহ যুগ]] ([[:en:Iron Age]]) # [[মেচ'পটেমিয়া]] ([[:en:Mesopotamia]]) # [[সুমেৰ]] ([[:en:Sumer]]) # [[প্ৰাচীন ইজিপ্ট]] ([[:en:Ancient Egypt]]) # [[প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীচ]] ([[:en:Ancient Greece]]) # [[ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Roman Empire]]) # [[হান ৰাজবংশ]] ([[:en:Han Dynasty]]) # [[গুপ্ত সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Gupta Empire]]) {{div col end}} ==== মধ্যযুগ আৰু প্ৰাৰম্ভিক আধুনিক যুগ ==== {{div col|2}} # [[আব্বাচীয় খিলাফত]] ([[:en:Abbasid Caliphate]]) # [[ইউৰোপীয় জ্ঞানোদয়]] ([[:en:Age of Enlightenment]]) # [[এজটেক]] ([[:en:Aztecs]]) # [[বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Byzantine Empire]]) # [[ক্ৰুচেদ]] ([[:en:Crusades]]) # [[পবিত্ৰ ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Holy Roman Empire]]) # [[ইনকা সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Inca Empire]]) # [[মালি সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Mali Empire]]) # [[মায়া সভ্যতা]] ([[:en:Mayan Civilization]]) # [[মধ্যযুগ]] ([[:en:Middle Ages]]) # [[মংগোল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Mongol Empire]]) # [[মিং ৰাজবংশ]] ([[:en:Ming Dynasty]]) # [[অটোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Ottoman Empire]]) # [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মসংস্কাৰ আন্দোলন]] ([[:en:Protestant Reformation]]) # [[নৱ-জাগৰণ]] ([[:en:Renaissance]]) # [[টাং সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Tang Dynasty]]) # [[ভাইকিংছ]] ([[:en:Vikings]]) {{div col end}} ==== আধুনিক যুগ ==== {{div col|2}} # [[আৰব-ইজৰাইল বিবাদ]] ([[:en:Arab-Israeli conflict]]) # [[আমেৰিকান গৃহ যুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:American Civil War]]) # [[বৰ্ণবৈষম্য নীতি]] ([[:en:Apartheid]]) # '''[[ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:British Empire]])''' # '''[[শীতল যুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:Cold War]])''' # [[সাংস্কৃতিক বিপ্লৱ]] ([[:en:Cultural Revolution]]) # '''[[ফৰাচী বিপ্লৱ]] ([[:en:French Revolution]])''' # [[মহামন্দা]] ([[:en:Great Depression]]) # [[ইহুদী গণহত্যা]] ([[:en:The Holocaust]]) # '''[[শিল্প বিপ্লৱ]] ([[:en:Industrial Revolution]])''' # [[নাজী জাৰ্মানী]] ([[:en:Nazi Germany]]) # [[মেইজি পুনৰ্গঠন]] ([[:en:Meiji Restoration]]) <!-- most significant event in Japanese history --> # [[ৰুছ বিপ্লৱ]] ([[:en:Russian Revolution]]) # [[চিং ৰাজবংশ]] ([[:en:Qing Dynasty]]) # [[ভিয়েটনাম যুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:Vietnam War]]) # '''[[প্ৰথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:World War I]])''' # '''[[দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:World War II]])''' {{div col end}} == ভূগোল == {{div col|2}} এই অংশত ভূগোলৰ কিছুমান সাধাৰণ ধাৰণা আৰু পৃথিৱীৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলসমূহ তালিকাভূক্ত কৰা হৈছে। # '''[[ভূগোল]] ([[:en:Geography]])''' # '''[[চহৰ]] ([[:en:City]])''' # '''[[মহাদেশ]] ([[:en:Continent]])''' # [[অৰণ্য]] ([[:en:Forest]]) # [[পৰ্বত]] ([[:en:Mountain]]) # [[মৰুভূমি]] ([[:en:Desert]]) # [[সুমেৰু]] ([[:en:North Pole]]) # '''[[মহাসাগৰ]] ([[:en:Ocean]])''' # [[নদী]] ([[:en:River]]) # '''[[সাগৰ]] ([[:en:Sea]])''' # [[কুমেৰু]] ([[:en:South Pole]]) === মহাদেশ আৰু প্ৰমুখ অঞ্চল === # '''[[আফ্ৰিকা]] ([[:en:Africa]])''' # '''[[এণ্টাৰ্কটিকা]] ([[:en:Antarctica]])''' # '''[[এছিয়া]] ([[:en:Asia]])''' # '''[[ইউৰোপ]] ([[:en:Europe]])''' # [[মধ্যপ্ৰাচ্য]] ([[:en:Middle East]]) # '''[[উত্তৰ আমেৰিকা]] ([[:en:North America]])''' # '''[[ওচেনিয়া]] ([[:en:Oceania]])''' # '''[[দক্ষিণ আমেৰিকা]] ([[:en:South America]])''' {{div col end}} === দেশ === {{div col|3}} [[সাৰ্বভৌম ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ তালিকা]]ত থকা আটাইবোৰ দেশৰে প্ৰবন্ধ ৱিকিপিডিয়াত থকাটো বাঞ্ছনীয়। পিছে সৰু ৱিকিপিডিয়াবোৰৰ বাবে ইয়াত কিছুমান দেশক অধিক প্ৰাধন্য দিয়া হৈছে। # [[আফগানিস্তান]] ([[:en:Afghanistan]]) # [[আলজেৰিয়া]] ([[:en:Algeria]]) # [[আৰ্জেণ্টিনা]] ([[:en:Argentina]]) # [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]] ([[:en:Australia]]) # [[অষ্ট্ৰিয়া]] ([[:en:Austria]]) # [[বাংলাদেশ]] ([[:en:Bangladesh]]) # '''[[ব্ৰাজিল]] ([[:en:Brazil]])''' # [[কানাডা]] ([[:en:Canada]]) # '''[[চীন]] ([[:en:China]])''' # [[কংগো গণৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Democratic Republic of the Congo]]) # [[কিউবা]] ([[:en:Cuba]]) # [[ইজিপ্ত]] ([[:en:Egypt]]) # [[ইথিঅ'পিয়া]] ([[:en:Ethiopia]]) # '''[[ফ্ৰান্স]] ([[:en:France]])''' # '''[[জাৰ্মানী]] ([[:en:Germany]])''' # '''[[ভাৰত]] ([[:en:India]])''' # [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] ([[:en:Indonesia]]) # '''[[ইৰান]] [[:en:Iran]])''' # [[ইৰাক]] ([[:en:Iraq]]) # [[ইজৰাইল]] ([[:en:Israel]]) # '''[[ইটালী]] ([[:en:Italy]])''' # '''[[জাপান]] ([[:en:Japan]])''' # [[মেক্সিকো]] ([[:en:Mexico]]) # [[নেদাৰলেণ্ড]] ([[:en:Netherlands]]) # [[নিউজিলেণ্ড]] ([[:en:New Zealand]]) # [[নাইজেৰিয়া]] ([[:en:Nigeria]]) # [[পাকিস্তান]] ([[:en:Pakistan]]) # [[পোলেণ্ড]] ([[:en:Poland]]) # [[পৰ্তুগাল]] ([[:en:Portugal]]) # '''[[ৰাছিয়া]] ([[:en:Russia]])''' # [[চৌদি আৰৱ]] ([[:en:Saudi Arabia]]) # [[ছিংগাপুৰ]] ([[:en:Singapore]]) # [[দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]] ([[:en:South Africa]]) # [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] ([[:en:South Korea]]) # '''[[স্পেইন]] ([[:en:Spain]])''' # [[চুদান]] ([[:en:Sudan]]) # [[ছুইজাৰলেণ্ড]] ([[:en:Switzerland]]) # [[তাঞ্জানিয়া]] ([[:en:Tanzania]]) # [[থাইলেণ্ড]] ([[:en:Thailand]]) # [[তুৰস্ক]] ([[:en:Turkey]]) # [[ইউক্ৰেইন]] ([[:en:Ukraine]]) # '''[[যুক্তৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:United Kingdom]])''' # '''[[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] ([[:en:United States]])''' # [[ভেটিকান চিটি]] ([[:en:Vatican City]]) # [[ভেনিজুৱেলা]] ([[:en:Venezuela]]) # [[ভিয়েটনাম]] ([[:en:Vietnam]]) {{div col end}} === নগৰ === {{div col|3}} # [[আমষ্টাৰডাম]] ([[:en:Amsterdam]]) # [[এথেন্স]] ([[:en:Athens]]) # [[বাগদাদ]] ([[:en:Baghdad]]) # [[বেংকক]] ([[:en:Bangkok]]) # '''[[বেইজিং]] ([[:en:Beijing]])''' # '''[[বাৰ্লিন]] ([[:en:Berlin]])''' # [[বগোটা]] ([[:en:Bogotá]]) # [[ব্ৰুচেলছ]] ([[:en:Brussels]]) # [[ব্যুনেচ আইৰিচ]] ([[:en:Buenos Aires]]) # [[কাইৰো]] ([[:en:Cairo]]) # [[কেপ টাউন]] ([[:en:Cape Town]]) # [[ডামাস্কাছ]] ([[:en:Damascus]]) # [[দিল্লী]] ([[:en:Delhi]]) # [[ঢাকা]] ([[:en:Dhaka]]) # [[ডুবাই]] ([[:en:Dubai]]) # [[হংকং]] ([[:en:Hong Kong]]) # [[ইষ্টানবুল]] ([[:en:Istanbul]]) # [[জাকাৰ্টা]] ([[:en:Jakarta]]) # '''[[জেৰুজালেম]] ([[:en:Jerusalem]])''' # [[কৰাচী]] ([[:en:Karachi]]) # [[কিনাশাচা]] ([[:en:Kinshasa]]) # [[কলকাতা]] ([[:en:Kolkata]]) # [[লাগ'চ]] ([[:en:Lagos]]) # '''[[লণ্ডন]] ([[:en:London]])''' # [[লচ এঞ্জেলচ]] ([[:en:Los Angeles]]) # [[মাদ্ৰিদ]] ([[:en:Madrid]]) # [[মক্কা]] ([[:en:Mecca]]) # [[মেক্সিকো চিটি]] ([[:en:Mexico City]]) # '''[[মস্কো]] ([[:en:Moscow]])''' # [[মুম্বাই]] ([[:en:Mumbai]]) # [[নাইৰোবি]] ([[:en:Nairobi]]) # '''[[নিউয়ৰ্ক মহানগৰ]] ([[:en:New York City]])''' # '''[[পেৰিছ]] ([[:en:Paris]])''' # [[ৰিঅ' ডি জেনেৰ']] ([[:en:Rio de Janeiro]]) # '''[[ৰোম]] ([[:en:Rome]])''' # '''[[চেণ্ট পিটাৰছবাৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Saint Petersburg]])''' # [[চাও পাওল']] ([[:en:São Paulo]]) # [[ছিউল]] ([[:en:Seoul]]) # [[ছাংহাই]] ([[:en:Shanghai]]) # [[ছিডনী]] ([[:en:Sydney]]) # [[তেহৰাণ]] ([[:en:Tehran]]) # '''[[টকিঅ']] ([[:en:Tokyo]])''' # [[ভিয়েনা]] ([[:en:Vienna]]) # [[ৱাশ্বিংটন ডি.চি.]] ([[:en:Washington, D.C.]]) {{div col end}} === জলাঞ্চল === {{div col|3}} # '''[[আমাজান নদী]] ([[:en:Amazon River]])''' # [[উত্তৰ মহাসাগৰ]] ([[:en:Arctic Ocean]]) # '''[[আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰ]] ([[:en:Atlantic Ocean]])''' # [[বাল্টিক সাগৰ]] ([[:en:Baltic Sea]]) # [[কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ]] ([[:en:Black Sea]]) # [[কেৰিবিয়ান সাগৰ]] ([[:en:Caribbean Sea]]) # [[কাস্পিয়ান সাগৰ]] ([[:en:Caspian Sea]]) # [[কংগো নদী]] ([[:en:Congo River]]) # [[ডানয়ুব নদী]] ([[:en:Danube]]) # [[গঙ্গা নদী]] ([[:en:Ganges]]) # [[বৃহৎ প্ৰবাল প্ৰাচীৰ]] ([[:en:Great Barrier Reef]]) # [[বৃহৎ হ্ৰদসমূহ]] ([[:en:Great Lakes]]) # '''[[ভাৰত মহাসাগৰ]] ([[:en:Indian Ocean]])''' # [[সিন্ধু নদী]] ([[:en:Indus River]]) # [[বৈকাল হ্ৰদ]] ([[:en:Lake Baikal]]) # [[টাংগান্যিকা হ্ৰদ]] ([[:en:Lake Tanganyika]]) # [[ভিক্টোৰিয়া হ্ৰদ]] ([[:en:Lake Victoria]]) # [[ভূমধ্য সাগৰ]] ([[:en:Mediterranean Sea]]) # [[মিছিছিপি নদী]] ([[:en:Mississippi River]]) # [[নাইজাৰ নদী]] ([[:en:Niger River]]) # '''[[নীল নদী]] ([[:en:Nile]])''' # [[উত্তৰ সাগৰ]] ([[:en:North Sea]]) # '''[[প্ৰশান্ত মহাসাগৰ]] ([[:en:Pacific Ocean]])''' # [[পানামা খাল]] ([[:en:Panama Canal]]) # [[ৰাইন]] ([[:en:Rhine]]) # [[ছুৱেজ খাল]] ([[:en:Suez Canal]]) # [[দক্ষিণ মহাসাগৰ]] ([[:en:Southern Ocean]]) # [[ভল্গা নদী]] ([[:en:Volga River]]) # [[য়াংজে নদী]] ([[:en:Yangtze River]]) # [[হোৱাংহো নদী]] ([[:en:Yellow River]]) {{div col end}} === পৰ্বত আৰু মৰুভূমি === # [[এল্পছ]] ([[:en:Alps]]) # [[এণ্ডিছ]] ([[:en:Andes]]) # '''[[হিমালয়]] ([[:en:Himalayas]])''' ## [[মাউণ্ট এভাৰেষ্ট]] ([[:en:Mount Everest]]) # [[মাউণ্ট কিলিমাঞ্জাৰ']] ([[:en:Mount Kilimanjaro]]) # [[ৰকি পৰ্বতমালা]] ([[:en:Rocky Mountains]]) # '''[[চাহাৰা মৰুভূমি]] ([[:en:Sahara]])''' {{Core topics}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধ|*]] okdyz2ay2vx065ev5h7wdv8fvaiitco 1 31956 518634 517300 2025-06-16T18:44:39Z Pranamikaadhikary 27435 /* সম্পাদনাৰ অনুচ্ছেদ */ উত্তৰ 518634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{আলোচনা পৃষ্ঠা}} <!-- মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীমন্ত শঙ্কৰদেৱ গুৰুজনাৰ ‘প্ৰাণৰ বান্ধৱ,পৰমভক্ত, একনিষ্ঠ সেৱক ‘বঢ়াৰপো’ শ্ৰী শ্ৰী মাধৱদেৱ, গুৰুজনা প্ৰৱৰ্তিত ‘একশৰণ হৰিনাম ধৰ্ম’ৰ প্ৰধান কাণ্ডাৰী আছিল । বিশ্বাস আৰু আদৰ্শ নিষ্ঠাত তেওঁ আছিল হিমালয়ৰ দৰে অচল-অটল । সৰ্বশাস্ত্ৰ বিশাৰদ মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱ অসাধাৰণ পাণ্ডিত্যৰ অধিকাৰী হৈও অতি বিনয়ী, নম্ৰ আৰু নিৰহঙ্কাৰী আছিল ; অতি দীনহীন; অধম হিচাপে প্ৰকাশ কৰাটো তেওঁৰ এটি স্বভাৱসুলভ গুণ আছিল ।এইজনা মহাপুৰুষ আৰ্বিভাৱ হৈছিল ১৪১১ শকৰ(১৪৮৯ খৃষ্টাব্দ) জেঠ মাহৰ কৃষ্ণা প্ৰতিপদ তিথি দেওবাৰে নিশা দুই প্ৰহৰত । তেৰাৰ জন্মস্থান লক্ষীমপুৰ জিলাৰ নাৰায়ণপুৰ অঞ্চলৰ লেটেকুপুখুৰী নামে ঠাইত । এনে এজন পুৰুষক জন্ম দি ধন্য হ’ল মাক মনোৰমা আৰু পিতৃ গোবিন্দগিৰি । অভাৱ-অনাটনেৰে থকা সৰকা, দুখ-কষ্ট দুৰ্যোগৰে ভাৰাক্তান্ত আছিল তেওঁৰ কৈশোৰ আৰু যৌৱনকাল । ৩২ বছৰীয়া চফল ডেকা মাধৱদেৱ ১৪৪৪ শক ১৫২২ খ্ৰী:ত মাজুলীৰ ধূৱাহাটাত মহাপুৰুষ শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ লগত ‘মণিকাঞ্চন সংযোগ’ ঘটে । ডেকা তেজত মতলীয়া, আগম শাস্ত্ৰত পণ্ডিত মাধৱদেৱে প্ৰথমে দৰ্শনতে গুৰুজনাৰ শান্ত, সৌম্য, অপূৰ্ব দিব্য ৰূপ দেখি নিজৰ শিৰ উন্নত কৰি ৰাখিব নোৱাৰি গুৰুজনাৰ সন্মুখত পৰি সেৱা জনালে ।তিনিপ্ৰহৰ বেলিকা দুয়োজনা মহাপুৰুষে ধৰ্ম সম্পৰ্কীয় প্ৰবৃত্তি নিবৃত্তি মাৰ্গৰ তৰ্ক যুদ্ধত অৱৰ্তীণ হয় ।অৱশেষত মাধৱদেৱে শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ ওচৰত পৰাজয় স্বীকাৰ কৰি ‘’একশৰণ হৰিনাম ধৰ্ম’’গ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু শ্ৰীমন্ত শঙ্কৰক ‘’প্ৰাণৰ বান্ধৱ’’বুলি সেৱা কৰে ।এই মহাপুৰুষ দুজনাৰ ‘’মণিকাঞ্চন সংযোগে’’ বৈষ্ণৱ ধৰ্মৰ মূল সূঁতিটো সৰ্বাংগ সুন্দৰ কৰি তুলিলে । অসমৰ জাতীয় জীৱনৰ গঢ় দিওঁতা আৰু অসমীয়া ভাষা-সাহিত্য-সংস্কৃতিৰ প্ৰাণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাতা সকলৰ ভিতৰত সৰ্বগুণী মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীমন্ত শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ পাছতে নাম ল’ব লাগিব মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীমাধৱদেৱৰ ।দৰাচলতে দুয়োজনা মহাপুৰুষৰ অৱদানেৰে পুষ্ট আৰু মণ্ডিত হৈ অসমীয়া জীৱন আৰু সংস্কৃতিয়ে এক অভিনৱ বিশিষ্টতা লাভ কৰিছিল । যাৰ বাবে অসমীয়া জাতিয়ে বিশ্বত নিজৰ পৰিচয় দিবলৈ নতুন শক্তি আৰু মাধুৰ্য লাভ কৰিছে । মধ্যযুগত অসমত মহাপুৰুষ শঙ্কৰদেৱে গুৰি ধৰা ভক্তি আন্দোলনত যি সকল সন্ত মহন্ত ভক্ত কবিয়ে যোগ দিছিল,সেইসকলৰ ভিতৰত মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱ আছিল সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ আৰু শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ সোঁহাতস্বৰুপ ।সেয়ে মাধৱদেৱক পাই শঙ্কৰদেৱে পৰম আনন্দত কৈছিল –‘বঢ়াৰপো, তোমাক পাই মই সম্পূৰ্ণ হ’লো ।’ প্ৰয়াণৰ সময়ত গুৰুজনে মাধৱদেৱক ধৰ্মৰ সমস্ত ভাৰ দি যায় ।এইগৰাকী পৰম ত্যাগী পুৰুষৰ জীৰন কথা যিদৰে বিচিত্ৰ ,অসমৰ ধৰ্ম সাহিত্য-সংস্কৃতিলৈ তেৰাৰ অৱদানো সেইদৰে বিপুল আৰু মহৎ ।গুৰুজনাৰ দৰে মাধৱদেৱো সৰ্বগুণী মহাপুৰুষ আছিল ।তেওঁ একাধাৰে অসাধাৰণ পণ্ডিত ,কবি ,নাট্যকাৰ,অভিনেতা,শিল্পী,সংঙ্গীতজ্ঞ আৰু সুগায়ক আছিল ।তদুপৰি তেওঁ আছিল এক বিৰল ব্যক্তিত্ব আৰু অতুলনীয় অধিকাৰী । তেওঁ নিজকে সদায় হীন,দীন দাসৰো দাস বুলিও পৰিচয় দিছিল ।সাহিত্যৰ ৰুপ অনুসৰি মাধৱদেৱৰ ৰচনাৱলীক চাৰিটা প্ৰধান ভাগত ভাগ কৰা হয় ।যেনে—তত্বমূলক গ্ৰন্থ, আখ্যানমূলক গ্ৰন্থ ,নাট আৰু গীত । নাম-ঘোষা ,ভক্তিৰত্নাৱলী জন্মৰহস্য আৰু নামমালিকা তত্বমূলক গ্ৰন্থ ।‘’নামঘোষা’’মাধৱদেৱৰ সাহিত্যিক জীৱনৰ কীৰ্তিস্তম্ভ স্বৰুপ আৰু সমস্ত অসমীয়া বৈষ্ণৱ সাহিত্যৰ ভিতৰতে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গ্ৰন্হ । নাম-ঘোষাত প্ৰধানত তিনিটা ভাৱৰ ধাৰা মিহলি হৈ বিশাল আনন্দ সাগৰৰ ফালে ধাৱমান হৈছে – পুণ্যশ্লোক,শঙ্কৰস্মৃতি, মাধৱদেৱৰ আত্মলঘিমা (?) আৰু কৃষ্ণৰ ভক্তি মাহাত্ম্য ।কিন্ত হিমালয়ৰ নিভৃত শৃঙ্গৰ ওপৰত স্তুপীকৃত হৈ থকা এক অনন্ত তুহিন ৰাশিয়েই গলি গৈ ভৈয়ামত নানান নদ-নদী ৰুপে অৱতীৰ্ণহোৱাৰ দৰে এই তিনিও ধাৰাৰে মূল কাৰণ হৈছে মাধৱদেৱৰ ‘ৰসময়ী’ভক্তিৰ গভীৰ আবেগ (ডঃ বাণীকান্ত কাকতি)। ইয়াতে মাধৱদেৱে শ্ৰীমন্ত শঙ্কৰদেৱ গুৰুজনাক অসমৰ ভক্তি সম্পদায়ৰ একমাত্ৰ গুৰৰুপে নিণয় কৰি গৈছে ।‘নাম-ঘোষা’ সকলো সাহিত্যিক গুণেৰে সমৃদ্ধ এখনি অণুপম শাস্ত্ৰ ।মহাপুৰুষ জনাই নামঘোষাৰ সুৰ,তাল,মান আদি নিয়াৰিকৈ আৰু নিখুঁটভাৱে ছটা ছন্দত বান্ধি থৈ গৈছে । সেই কেইটা হ’ল—(১)ছবি (২) দুলড়ী (৩) পদ (৪) লেছাৰি (৫)ঘোষা আৰু (৬) নাম ছন্দ । ‘সম্ভাৱলী’ পুথিৰ মতে ১. ছবি ছন্দে ‘মস্তক’ অৰ্থাৎ কৃষ্ণ দেৱক বুজাইছে, ২.দুলড়ী ছন্দে-দক্ষিণহস্ত নাম পৰিচয় ৩.পদছন্দে আত্মাগুৰু, ৪.লেছাৰিছন্দে মধ্যদেহ ভক্তি ভক্ত সমস্ত, ৫.ঘোষা ছন্দে ভক্তিৰ ভূষণ’ আৰু ৬.নামছন্দে পূৰ্ণ হ’ল আয়ুধবসন’ আদি বুজাইছে ।তত্বমূলক গ্ৰন্থৰ ভিতৰত দ্বিতীয়খন হ’ল ভক্তি ৰত্নাৱলী ।অথাই সাগৰত ডুব দি মুকুতাৰ মণি বিচৰাৰ দৰে বিষ্ণুপুৰী সন্নাসীয়েও ভাগৱত সমূদ্ৰত বুৰ দি যি অমূল্য গ্ৰন্থৰাজি সংগ্ৰহ কৰিছিল তাৰে অনুবাদ মাধৱদেৱৰ ‘ভক্তি ৰত্নাৱলী’ শাস্ত্ৰভাগি । ইয়াত ন বিধ ভক্তি, সৎসঙ্গৰ মহিমা, বিষ্ণুৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠত্ব আদি সম্পৰ্কে বিষদ বিৱৰণ আছে ।মাধৱদেৱৰ ভক্তি ৰত্নাৱলী আৰু ‘নাম-ঘোষা’ অসমৰ বৈষ্ণৱ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ চাৰিপুথিৰ দুখন । আন দুখন হ’ল –শঙ্কৰদেৱৰ ‘কীৰ্ত্তন’আৰু ‘দশম’। মাধৱদেৱৰ আখ্যানমূলক গ্ৰন্থৰ ভিতৰত পৰে ‘আদিকাণ্ড ৰামায়ণ’ আৰু ৰাজসূয়’ কাব্য ।গুৰুজনাৰ আদেশত মাধৱদেৱে মাধৱ কন্দলিৰ সম্পুৰ্ণ ৰামায়ণ পূৰাবলৈ আদিকাণ্ড ৰামায়ণ ৰচনা কৰে ।মূল সংস্কৃত হ’লেও তেওঁ নিজৰ দক্ষতাৰে ৰামায়ণখন বৈষ্ণৱ আদৰ্শৰে সজাই তুলিছে । ‘ৰাজসূয়’ এখনি ৰসময়ী ভকতিৰ অনুপম কাব্য ।ভাগৱত পুৰাণৰ কৃষ্ণ লীলা-মালাৰ মধ্যমণি সদৃশ কাহিনী ৰাজসূয় যজ্ঞৰ কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি ভক্তি কাব্যখনি ৰচনা কৰা হৈছে। এই কাব্য ঘাইকৈ ভাগৱতৰ দশম স্কন্ধৰ ৭০-৭৫ অধ্যায়ৰ বিষয়বস্ত লৈ ৰচিত । ভাগৱতৰ উপৰি ইয়াত ‘আনোশাস্ত্ৰ মত কিছু’ৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ ঘটাইছে ।সিবোৰৰ ভিতৰত ‘মহাভাৰতৰ সভাপৰ্ব আৰু ‘মাঘৰ শিশুপাল বধ’ কাব্যৰ পৰা সহায় লোৱা হৈছে ।মাধৱদেৱৰ গীত-নাটৰ শিশু কৃষ্ণৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে এই কাব্যত পৰিণত বয়সৰ কৃষ্ণৰ কাৰ্য্যাৱলী বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে । গুৰুজনাৰ আদৰ্শতে মাধৱদেৱৰ নাট ৰচনাত মনোনিৱেশ কৰে ।তেওঁ ৰচনা কৰা নাটসমহ হ’ল-অৰ্জুন-ভঞ্জন, চোৰধৰা পিম্পৰা গুচোৱা, ভূমি লেটোৱা , ভোজন বেহাৰ, ব্ৰহ্মামোহন, ৰাস-ঝুমুৰা, ভূষণ হৰণ আৰু কোটোৰা খেলা ।জনসমুদ্ৰত ভক্তিৰস তথা পৰমব্ৰহ্ম ভগৱন্তৰ প্ৰতি একনিষ্ঠ বিশ্বাস জন্মাবৰ হেতু শ্ৰৱণ,কীৰ্ত্তন মাধ্যমৰ উপৰিও দৰ্শনকো তেওঁলোকে ভক্তি মাধ্যম হিচাপে লৈছিল ।সেয়ে মহাপুৰুষ দুজনাই অঙ্কীয়া নাট ৰচনা কৰাত মনোনিবেশ কৰে ।মাধৱদেৱৰ নাটসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ‘অৰ্জুন-ভঞ্জন’হে পূৰ্ণাঙ্গ নাট বুলিব পাৰি ।বাকী নাটসমূহক ঝুমুৰা বুলিহে কোৱা হয় ।মাধৱদেৱৰ অন্তৰ আত্মাৰ কৃষ্ণজন হ’ল শিশু ।তেওঁৰ প্ৰায় সকলোবোৰ ৰচনাৰ মাজেৰে শিশু কৃষ্ণৰ লীলাৰ চাতুৰিক কাহিনী বৰ্ণিত হৈছে ।মাধৱদেৱে গুৰুজনাৰ নিৰ্দেশত বৰগীত ৰচনা কৰিব লগা হৈছিল ।তেওঁ গুৰুজনৰ মহান আদেশ সাৰোগত কৰি নিজ দৃস্টি-ভংগীৰে, নিজা কলা-কৌশলেৰে গীত বিলাক ৰচনা কৰিছিল ।বালক কৃষ্ণৰ ক্ত্ৰীড়াৰ অপূৰ্ব ৰসত আপ্লুত হৈ, বিমল আনন্দেৰে বাল কৃষ্ণৰ ৰুপ, বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল ।গীতবিলাকৰ যোগেদি মহাপুৰুষজনাই সকলো মানৱ শিশুৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত যিটো সত্য তাকে শিশু কৃষ্ণৰ চৰিত্ৰত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে । তেওঁৰ বৰগীতৰ অধিক সংখ্যকেই শিশু কৃষ্ণৰ মূৰ্ত প্ৰকাশ ।মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱৰ লিখনিত কল্পচিত্ৰ সূক্ষ্মদৰ্শনৰ পৰ্যবেক্ষণ প্ৰতিভাত হৈ পৰিছে অতি মনোগ্ৰাহীকৈ, নিখুঁতভাৱে ।তেওঁৰ গীতি কাব্য প্ৰতিভা , তেওঁৰ প্ৰতি ছন্দ ছন্দে গীতৰ লহৰে লহৰে জীৱন্ত ৰুপত প্ৰকাশ পাইছে ।এয়ে মহান কবিৰ কাব্য প্ৰতিভা,সুক্ষ্ম-দৰ্শন প্ৰতিভা । --> == সম্পাদনাৰ অনুচ্ছেদ == গোটত লোৱা প্ৰস্তাৱমৰ্মে মই এই পৃষ্ঠাৰ “পূৰ্বপুৰুষ আৰু জন্ম’’ অনুচ্ছেদ সম্পাদনা কৰি আছোঁ। [[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 06:17, 12 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) :বহু কিতাপত উল্লেখ থাকিলেও মাধৱদেৱৰ ককায়েক দামোদৰ আৰু গুৰু দামোদৰ দেৱ একে ব্যক্তি নহয়। গুৰু দামোদৰ দেৱ ব্ৰাহ্মণ কুলৰ আছিল। [[সদস্য:Pranamikaadhikary|Pranamikaadhikary]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:Pranamikaadhikary|বাৰ্তা]]) 18:44, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) kqup23yhvno7xb32rh2t5b2bwz1abb8 0 34640 518599 507135 2025-06-16T17:53:45Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = বুঢ়া চাপৰি অভয়াৰণ্য | alt_name = | iucn_category = IV | photo = Bura Chapori Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam.jpg | photo_alt = | photo_caption = | photo_width = | map = India Assam | map_alt = | map_caption = [[অসম]]তবুঢ়া চাপৰি অভয়াৰণ্যৰ অৱস্থিতি | map_width = | location = [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]] | nearest_city = [[তেজপুৰ]] | lat_d = 26 | lat_m = 51 | lat_s = 57 | lat_NS = N | long_d = 92 | long_m = 50 | long_s = 53 | long_EW = E | coords = | coords_ref = | region = IN | area = ৪৪.০৬ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ<ref name=sanctuary>{{cite web |url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/nwdc/list_existing_wls.pdf |title=National Wildlife Database: List of Protected Areas in India |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India |accessdate=22 October 2010 |archivedate=19 September 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919104925/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/nwdc/list_existing_wls.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> | established = 1974<ref name=sanctuary/> | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = Department of Environment & Forests, Assam | world_heritage_site = | url = }} '''বুঢ়া চাপৰি অভয়াৰণ্য''' ({{lang-en|Bura Chapori Wildlife Sanctuary}}) [[অসম]]ৰ [[শোণিতপুৰ]] জিলাত অৱস্থিত এখন বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য। এই অভয়াৰণ্য লাওখোৱা-বুঢ়া চাপৰি পৰিস্থিতিতন্ত্ৰৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ==ভৌগোলিক বিৱৰণ== এই বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য [[ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ]]নদীৰ উত্তৰ পাৰে [[শোণিতপুৰ]] জিলাত অৱস্থিত। [[তেজপুৰ]] চহৰ আৰু [[গুৱাহাটী]]ৰ পৰা এই বনাঞ্চলৰ দুৰত্ব ক্ৰমে ৪০ কিমি আৰু ১৮১ কিমি। এই বনাঞ্চলৰ মাটিকালি প্ৰায় ৪৪.০৬ বৰ্গ কিলোমিটাৰ<ref>http://www.naturesafariindia.com/wildlife_parks_sanctuary/bura_chapori_sanctuary.html</ref>। ইয়াত প্ৰধানকৈ ঘাঁহনি আৰু জলাহভূমি তথা অৰ্ধ চিৰসেউজীয়া বনাঞ্চল দেখা পোৱা যায়।<ref>http://www.assaminfo.com/tourist-places/18/burachapori-wildlife-sanctuary.htm</ref> ==ইতিহাস== ইয়াক ১৯৭৪ চনত সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল আৰু ১৯৯৫ চনত বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়া হয়।<ref>{{cite web |author=Wahid Saleh |url=http://www.indiawijzer.nl/index.htm?deeplink=/tourism_travelling_to_india/northeasternindia/assam/wildlife_sanctuaries/bura_chapori.htm |title=Indiawijzer |publisher=Indiawijzer.nl |date= |accessdate=2013-06-02 |archivedate=2015-04-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094132/http://www.indiawijzer.nl/index.htm?deeplink=/tourism_travelling_to_india/northeasternindia/assam/wildlife_sanctuaries/bura_chapori.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==জৈৱবৈচিত্ৰ্য== বুঢ়া-চাপৰি বনাঞ্চৰ জৈৱবৈচিত্ৰ্য খুবেই চহকী। বিশেষকৈ ইয়াক [[উলূম’ৰা]]ৰ বাবে অতি উপযোগী বনাঞ্চল বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। অন্যান্য প্ৰাণী তথা চৰাই চিৰিকটি সমূহ হ’ল- ; স্তন্যপায়ী প্ৰাণী: [[এশিঙীয়া গঁড়]], [[বনৰীয়া ম’হ]], [[অসমীয়া বান্দৰ]], [[দল-হৰিণা]], [[নাহৰফুটুকী বাঘ]], [[বন-ৰৌ]], [[শিয়াল]], [[শৰপহু]], [[খটীয়া পহু]], [[সেন্দূৰী বান্দৰ]], [[হলৌ বান্দৰ]], [[বাদুলি]], [[মলুৱা বান্দৰ]], [[লাজুকী বান্দৰ]], [[সুগৰী পহু]], [[হেপা]], [[হাতী]] ইত্যাদি<ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=http://assamforest.in/NP_Sanctuaries/wls_Burachapori.php |access-date=2013-08-20 |archivedate=2013-05-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516063305/http://assamforest.in/NP_Sanctuaries/wls_Burachapori.php |deadurl=yes }}</ref>। ; চৰাই-চিৰিকটি: [[আমৰ’লীয়া হাঁহ]], [[মাছোৰোকা]], [[মৌপিয়া]], [[লক্ষ্মী ফেঁচা]], [[লৰীয়তী]], [[শামুকভঙা]], [[শেন]], [[শৰালি হাঁহ]], [[দেওৰাজ হাঁহ]], [[নীলকণ্ঠ]], [[পাকৈঢোৰা]], [[ফেঁচু]], [[পাটিশগুণ]], [[পানী কাউৰী]], [[বতা চৰাই]], [[বনকুকুৰা]], [[বনচিৰিকা]], [[বামুণ বগলী]], [[বামুণী হাঁহ]], [[খন্তীয়া হাঁহ]], [[গলমণিকা]], [[সখিয়তী]], [[সাতভনী]], [[বৰ বগ]], [[বৰটোকোলা]], [[সোণ বাঢ়ৈটোকা]],[[সৰুমূগী হাঁহ]], [[হয়কলি]], [[হাইঠা]], [[হাড়গিলা]], [[ঘিলা হাঁহ]], [[চাকৈ-চকোৱা]], [[ৰাজ ভাটৌ]], [[ৰামপৰা]], [[কলীমূৰী হাঁহ]], [[ক পাকৈঢোৰা]], [[কাকলি হাঁহ]], [[কামচৰাই]], [[কুটুম চৰাই]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naturesafariindia.com/wildlife_parks_sanctuary/bura_chapori_sanctuary.html |title=Bura Chapori Wildlife Sanctuary, Wildlife Sanctuary Assam, Bura Chapori Wildlife Reserve, Wildlife Conservation Bura Chapori Assam, Wildlife Parks Bura Chapori, Bura Chapori Wildlife National Park |publisher=Naturesafariindia.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-02}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== {{commons category|Bura Chapori Wildlife Sanctuary}} *[http://www.assaminfo.com/tourist-places/18/burachapori-wildlife-sanctuary.htm Bura Chapori Wildlife Sanctuary] at assaminfo.com. *[http://wildlife-tours.tourtravelworld.com/wildlife-sanctuaries/bura-chapori-wildlife-sanctuary.htm Bura Chapori Wildlife Sanctuary] at Tour Travel World.com] *[http://assamforest.in/NP_Sanctuaries/wls_Burachapori.php Burachapori Wildlife Sanctuary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516063305/http://assamforest.in/NP_Sanctuaries/wls_Burachapori.php |date=2013-05-16 }} at assamforest.in. *[https://assamintro.com/bura-chapori-abhayaranya-in-assamese/ বুঢ়াচাপৰি বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্যৰ ইতিহাস (ৰচনা)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123161343/https://assamintro.com/bura-chapori-abhayaranya-in-assamese/ |date=2021-11-23 }} {{অসমৰ সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু অভয়াৰণ্য]] a5cayjcuti5g4x0wvklvve5gw57r84o 0 34659 518671 507134 2025-06-16T19:31:19Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = বৰাইল অভয়াৰণ্য (Borail Wildlife Sanctuary) | alt_name = | iucn_category = | photo = | photo_alt = | photo_caption = | photo_width = | map = India Assam | map_alt = | map_caption = | map_width = | location = [[কাছাৰ]], [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]] | nearest_city = [[শিলচৰ]] | lat_d = | lat_m = | lat_s = | lat_NS = N | long_d = | long_m = | long_s = 25 | long_EW = E | coords_ref = <ref name="wikimapia1">{{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/17700627/Bornadi-Wildlife-Sanctuary |title=Bornadi Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher=Wikimapia.org |date= |accessdate=2013-06-19}}</ref> | region = IN | area = {{Convert|326.24|km2|abbr=on}} | established = | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = Department of Environment & Forests, Assam | world_heritage_site = | url = }} '''বৰাইল অভয়াৰণ্য''' ({{lang-en|Borail Wildlife Sanctuary}}) [[অসম]]ৰ [[কাছাৰ]] জিলাত অৱস্থিত এখন বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য। ই মূলত কাছাৰ জিলাৰ দুখন সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল ক্ৰমে উত্তৰ কাছাৰ সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল আৰু বৰাইল সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল লগ হৈ গঠিত হৈছে।<ref name="enajori">{{cite web | url=http://enajori.com/wildlife/sanctuaries/borail-wildlife-sancturary/ | title=Borail Wildlife Sancturary | publisher=enajori.com | work=enajori.com | accessdate=22 আগষ্ট 2013 | archivedate=2014-09-08 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908175847/http://enajori.com/wildlife/sanctuaries/borail-wildlife-sancturary/ | deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==ভৌগিলিক বিৱৰণ== কাছাৰ জিলাৰ শিলচৰ মহকুমাৰ অন্তৰ্গত বৰাইল অভয়াৰণ্যৰ মাটিকালি প্ৰায় ৩২৬.২৪ বৰ্গকিলোমিটাৰ।<ref name="assamforest.in" /> কৰিমগঞ্জ আৰু কাছাৰৰ বন সংমণ্ডলৰ অন্তৰ্গত এই বনাঞ্চল মূলতঃ পাৰ্বত্য অঞ্চলেৰে গঠিত। কিছু কিছু অংশ সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১৫০০ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাত অৱস্থিত।<ref name="enajori" /> [[শিলচৰ]] আৰু [[কৰিমগঞ্জ]]ৰ পৰা ইয়াৰ দুৰত্ব ৪০ কিঃমিঃ।<ref name="assamforest.in">{{cite web | url=http://assamforest.in/NP_Sanctuaries/wls_Borail.php | title=Borail Wildlife Sanctuaries | publisher=Department of Environment and Forests, Govt. of Assam | work=AMTRON | accessdate=22 আগষ্ট 2013 | archivedate=2015-09-05 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905030457/http://assamforest.in/NP_Sanctuaries/wls_Borail.php | deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০০৪ চনত অভয়াৰণ্য হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰা বৰাইল অভয়াৰণ্য অসমৰ ভিতৰত আটাইতকৈ উচ্চ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত অভয়াৰণ্য। ==জলবায়ু== ==জৈৱবৈচিত্ৰ্য== * '''উদ্ভিদ''': মূলতঃ ক্ৰান্তীয় সেমেকা চিৰসেউজীয়া বনাঞ্চল আৰু অৰ্ধ চিৰসেউজীয়া বনাঞ্চল দেখা পোৱা যায়। তদুপৰি বিভিন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ বাঁহ, ঘাঁহ আৰু [[অৰ্কিড]] দেখা যায়। * '''প্ৰাণী''': [[গোধাফুটুকী বাঘ]], [[হলৌ বান্দৰ]], [[হাতী]], [[ঢেঁকীয়াপতিয়া বাঘ]], [[বনৰীয়া মেকুৰী]], [[কেৰ্কেটুৱা]], [[সুগৰী পহু]], [[বনৰীয়া গাহৰি]],[[ৰাংকুকুৰ]], [[ভালুক]], [[টুপীমূৰীয়া বান্দৰ]] আদি।<ref name="enajori" /> * '''চৰাই-চিৰিকটি''': [[কাও ধনেশ]],[[পাটিশগুণ]], [[বৰটোকোলা]], White cheeked Hill Partridge, Mountain Bamboo partridge, Khaleej Pheasant, Grey Peacock-Pheasant, Rufus necked Hornbill, Wreathed Hornbill, Great Pied Hornbill ইত্যাদি। * '''সৰীসৃপ''': ফেঁটীসাপ, পাইথন, কাছ, গুইঁ ইত্যাদি। ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== [https://assamintro.com/borail-abhayaranya-in-assamese/ বৰাইল বন্যপ্ৰাণী অভয়াৰণ্য ইতিহাস] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106160451/https://assamintro.com/borail-abhayaranya-in-assamese/ |date=2021-11-06 }} {{অসমৰ সংৰক্ষিত অঞ্চল}} [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান আৰু অভয়াৰণ্য]] kfj0ggojwz56v1xb1dyd78doza1qbm0 3 40580 518700 516795 2025-06-16T23:39:05Z MediaWiki message delivery 8079 /* Tech News: 2025-25 */ নতুন অনুচ্ছেদ 518700 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/37|Tech News: 2015-37]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now mention up to 50 users in a post and they will get a notification. Previously you could notify up to 20 users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110306] * A new version of the [[:m:mw:Wikidata Toolkit|Wikidata Toolkit]] has been released. It now has Wikibase API support. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/006999.html] * You can now use Wikidata to find all good or featured articles in a Wikipedia version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72209] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with [http://tools.wmflabs.org/ Tool Labs] due to [[:w:en:Kernel (operating system)|kernel]] issues. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110827] * The Content Translation tool published some pages with the same reference repeated several times. This has been fixed. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/03/september-3-update-fixed-duplicated-references-issues-with-norwegian-and-publishing-errors/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110007] '''Changes this week''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/wmf22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 8. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 9. It will be on all Wikipedias from September 10 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The maximum character length when you search for something on the Wikimedia wikis is now 300 characters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107947] * The notifications list has been split into two lists. As a first step, notifications about messages on your user talk page will be placed in the second list. Feedback is requested at [[mw:Topic:Sobaaiky57zs7py7|the Echo talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108190][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108760] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=08&month=09&year=2015 September 8 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * You can join the Wikitech ambassadors mailing list. The list is for Wikimedians interested in spreading information about Wikimedia technology news. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikitech-ambassadors See how to join]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia mailing lists will be moved to a new server and the software will be upgraded. This will happen on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=09&month=09&year=2015 September 9 at 14:00 (UTC)]. The mailing lists will not be working during the move. It can take up to four hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110133] * Wikidata will soon be able to store measurements, such as a mountain's height or the distance between two places. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T77977][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-August/006982.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W37"/> 17:29, 7 September 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13509330 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/38|Tech News: 2015-38]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *You can now use the [[mw:Wikidata query service|Wikidata query service]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/007042.html] *Belarusian-Taraškievica Wikipedia was moved from be-x-old.wikipedia.org to be-tarask.wikipedia.org. This caused some issues, but most of them were resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T11823] *Language preferences might not be changed immediately when you adjust them. Language selection might work slower. Please [[:mw:How to report a bug|report any problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T92357][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46649] '''Problems''' *There was a problem when editing [[:w:en:International Standard Book Number|International Standard Book Numbers]] in Visual Editor. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63558] *The Wikimedia mailing lists should have been upgraded on September 9. It didn't work as planned and will now happen later. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-September/083162.html] '''Changes this week''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/wmf23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 15. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 16. It will be on all Wikipedias from September 17 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=15&month=09&year=2015 September 15 at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *ContentTranslation will show more data on the Special:ContentTranslationStats page. For example, it will show translation trends and information about deleted translations. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/11/september-11-cx-update-fixes-in-broken-publishing-in-some-languages/] *The first version of the translation suggestions feature will be deployed soon. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/11/september-11-cx-update-fixes-in-broken-publishing-in-some-languages/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W38"/> 16:17, 14 September 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13595243 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/39|Tech News: 2015-39]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is now an experimental Wikimedia [https://maps.wikimedia.org maps service]. You can [[:mw:Talk:Maps|give feedback here]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-September/083277.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Maps] * Last week a few issues with UploadWizard were fixed. Before this was done, UploadWizard would stop you from uploading your files if something went wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42921][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T48741][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T61646][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T106968] * More Wikipedias can now use information from any Wikidata item in any Wikipedia article. Previously they could only use the Wikidata item that matched the subject of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100788] * The VisualEditor welcome dialogue has been changed. The intention is to make it more helpful for new users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112354] '''Problems''' * Wikimedia Labs' [[:w:en:HTTPS|HTTPS certificate]] expired for most of Tuesday 15 September. To reach Wikimedia Labs and Tool Labs securely you had to ignore your browser's security error message. There was no risk to data security during this time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112608] * Last week the notification system was split into two parts. This was temporarily undone because of a bug and performance concerns. It will return to two parts this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112552][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2015-September/001260.html] * UploadWizard couldn't upload files larger than 5 MB when using [[:m:commons:Commons:Chunked uploads|chunked uploads]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111908] '''Changes this week''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/wmf24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 22. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 23. It will be on all Wikipedias from September 24 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The page move tool has been switched over to the new standard look for forms. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T86865] * You can now choose whether to extend a link or not when editing one in VisualEditor. This means it is easier to choose how much of what you type before and after the link is part of it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91285] * Wikibooks can now use data from Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107999] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=09&year=2015 22 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * You can join a meeting with the Wikidata team. It will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=17&min=00&sec=0&day=23&month=09&year=2015 September 23 at 17:00 (UTC)]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2015-September/007052.html See how to join]. * You can register to the [[mw:Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016|Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016]] in San Francisco 4–6 January 2016. Gadget, template, bot, and tool developers are welcome as well. [[mw:Wikimedia Developer Summit 2016#Call for participation|Call for participation]] and travel sponsorship requests are open until 2 October. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W39"/> 18:29, 21 September 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13726015 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/40|Tech News: 2015-40]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *In UploadWizard, the dialog to see an image preview has been removed. You already see the images in the thumbnails when you upload them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112907] *UploadWizard dialogs look a bit different now. They have been updated to the new [[:mw:OOjs UI|OOUI]] look. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112117] *You can now edit music scores in VisualEditor. You can add new sheet music scores and get live updates when you edit one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112925] *When you send an e-mail to another editor using [[:mw:Extension:EmailUsers|Special:EmailUser]], that user will now get a notification on the wiki as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56130] *You can now see 500 images when you upload images from Flickr with UploadWizard. Before this change the limit was 50. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T44979] *The Wikimedia mailing lists have been upgraded. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110140] *MediaWiki developers spent a day looking at proposed code changes in [[:mw:Gerrit|Gerrit]]. The goal was to clean up the backlog and give feedback to volunteer developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T88531] '''Problems''' *Some visitors had problems reaching the Wikimedia sites for an hour on September 24. [http://status.wikimedia.org/8777/156486/Static-assets-(CSS/JS)][http://status.wikimedia.org/8777/163388/Wiki-platform-%5B%5Bw%3Afi%3AMain-Page%5D%5D-(s2)] '''Changes this week''' *The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from September 29. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from September 30. It will be on all Wikipedias from October 1 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.26/Roadmap|calendar]]). * There will be a new beta feature that allows editors to use Flow on their user talkpage if they want to. Each wiki [[mw:Flow/Request Flow on a page|can decide]] if they want to enable it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T98270] * The Content Translation tool can give translation suggestions. This feature will now be available in more languages: English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Turkish, Japanese, Italian, and Catalan. [https://cxupdate.wordpress.com/2015/09/25/september-24-cx-update-suggestions-in-new-languages-fixes-in-statistics-and-link-adaptation-and-more/] '''Meetings''' *You can join the [[mw:Reading/Strategy/Strategy Process|strategy process]] of the [[mw:Reading|Reading department]] of Wikimedia Engineering. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2015-September/083316.html] *You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=29&month=09&year=2015 29 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation developers want the community to decide who can use [[:mw:Help:OAuth|OAuth]] in the future. You [[:m:Requests for comment/OAuth handover|can discuss it]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W40"/> 15:15, 28 September 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13829249 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/41|Tech News: 2015-41]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The link editor in the visual editor now shows results below the search box. This improves the usability on desktop and mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T101169] *The description at [[Special:ChangeEmail]] now clearly explains that the page can also be used to remove your email. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T98799] '''Changes this week''' *The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from October 6. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from October 7. It will be on all Wikipedias from October 8 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). *UploadWizard will remind users to add a category. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51710] *UploadWizard's category selectors will be easier to use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T112764] *A new [[mw:Help:Extension:Cite|Cite]] error will be shown if a named reference is defined more than once in the same article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85386] '''Meetings''' *You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=6&month=10&year=2015 6 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *Wikidata requests your input on [[d:Wikidata:Client editing input|how to improve the editing of Wikidata's data in other locations]], such as Wikipedias. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W41"/> 18:32, 5 October 2015 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=13953365 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/42|Tech News: 2015-42]] == <section begin="technews-2015-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The database size lists have been updated. These control special page update frequency and which wikis use global abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114613] '''Changes this week''' *The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from October 13. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis from October 14. It will be on all Wikipedias from October 15 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.27/Roadmap|calendar]]). *You will be able to upload images to Wikimedia Commons using the visual editor. When the image is uploaded it will be added to the article you're editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40030] *Pages that show citation error messages will automatically be placed in a hidden category. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T104792] '''Meetings''' *You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=13&month=10&year=2015 13 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2015/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2015-W42"/> 16:28, 12 October 2015 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=14074906 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Tech News: 2018-23]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook skin]] has been optimised for mobile devices. It now looks different. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195625] * [[m:Planet Wikimedia|Planet Wikimedia]] collects blogs about Wikimedia. It will now use the [https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Rawdog Rawdog] [[w:en:News aggregator|feed aggregator]] to do this instead of [[w:en:Planet (software)|Planet]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T180498][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-May/090036.html] * Redirect links in [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] now link to the original page and not the target page. This was done earlier and changed the used messages on some pages. This was a problem for wikis that customized the message. A new change fixed this by using the old messages with one more parameter for customization. Wikis that already changed their customized messages will have to move the customization back again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T189860] '''Problems''' * You will not be able to edit some wikis between 06:00 and 06:30 UTC on 13 June. You can see if [[phab:T195487|your wiki is one of them]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] did not work 24–28 May. This is also why last week's Tech News was late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195500] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 June. It will be on all wikis from 7 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180605T1830 5 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180606T15 6 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. This is planned to happen in June or early July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W23"/> 21:54, 4 June 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18103288 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Tech News: 2018-24]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|the Wikipedia app]] for Android or iOS users can create [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Synced Reading Lists|reading lists]]. The reading lists can be seen on different devices if you are logged in to your account. There is now a browser extension so you can add pages to your reading list from a web browser. At the moment it works with Firefox and Chrome. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Reading_list_browser_extension] *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]]. Pywikibot is a tool to automate tasks on MediaWiki wikis. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2018-June/009842.html] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook skin]] was changed to make it work better for mobile users. This caused some problems. The change was rolled back to fix them. The new version is now back on the wikis. MonoBook users can opt out from the new responsive design. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195625] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. For most wikis this will happen on 18 June. For the rest it will happen on 25 June. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 June. It will be on all wikis from 14 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * You can join the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|Readers Web team]] IRC office hour. There you can discuss tools to contribute on the mobile web for the existing MediaWiki skins. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180618T16 18 June at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC office hours|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180612T1830 12 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180613T15 13 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons|move local wiki files to Commons]] and keep their original data intact. This is [[phab:T190716|planned to come]] to the first wikis in June. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W24"/> 21:55, 11 June 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18115892 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Tech News: 2018-25]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] has been a beta feature on Wikimedia wikis with text written from left to right. It is now a normal feature. It is based on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185030] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180619T1830 19 June at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180620T15 20 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Some old web browsers will not be able to read the Wikimedia wikis. This is because they use an insecure way to connect to them. This means that we get less security for everyone else too. This affects about 0.08% of all traffic to the Wikimedia wikis. This affects for example those who read Wikipedia on a [[w:en:PlayStation 3|PlayStation 3]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147202][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196371] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta|beta]]. Because there is no new MediaWiki version this week it will happen on 25 June for most wikis. For the rest it will happen in early July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181193][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis that have not already done so will switch to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] on 5 July. This is [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|to replace Tidy]]. You [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html can help] fix remaining errors. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W25"/> 21:47, 18 June 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18136222 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Tech News: 2018-27]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The database for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|tags]] will be changed. This will happen on 2 July on French Wikipedia and 9 July on all other wikis. Please [[phab:T185355|report]] if recent changes get slower or you can't save edits. This could especially affect editors who use the database on ToolForge. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata-tech/2018-June/001283.html] '''Problems''' * Last week's MediaWiki update was rolled back. This was because of a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198350] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180703T1830 3 July at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180704T15 4 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W27"/> 00:46, 3 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18169586 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Tech News: 2018-28]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:WebM|WebM video files]] have smaller file size but still be of the same quality. Creating WebM files will take longer time. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VP9_transition] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]] tools and interface for watchlists will leave [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta]]. This was supposed to already have happened but was delayed. For most wikis this will happen on 9 July. For the rest it will happen on 16 July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T195993] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All wikis now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] instead of [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy]]. This could cause errors. You [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-June/001867.html can help] fix the errors. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsing/Replacing_Tidy/FAQ#What_will_editors_need_to_do.3F] '''Problems''' * When you rolled back an edit it could get both the <code>Rollback</code> and <code>Undo</code> tags. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190374] * Rollbacks from autopatrolled users were not marked as patrolled. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198449] '''Changes later this week''' * When you edit a link in the visual editor there will be two separate buttons to change which page the link goes to (target) or its text (label). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T55973][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T124305] * On the mobile version you can find a link to an editor's contributions from their user page. Now this will work even if they haven't created a user page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197581] * When you edit a discussion on the mobile version you sometimes get your signature automatically added. This will now not happen if you have already added a signature manually. This is to avoid double signatures. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192725] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured discussions]] toolbars will have more style options. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109123#4400917] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] When you look at Wikimedia code in [[w:en:Gerrit (software)|Gerrit]] there will be a new interface. It is on by default for new users. This is also true for developers. This is to make it easier to understand what is happening. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196812] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 July. It will be on all wikis from 12 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180710T1830 10 July at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180711T15 11 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Today all administrators can edit [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] for the entire wiki. There will be a new user group for editing CSS and JavaScript. Administrators will no longer automatically be able to do this. This is because it is a security risk when all administrator accounts can edit JavaScript even if they never plan to or do not know how it works. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190015] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page previews]] will be on by default for new accounts. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-July/090297.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W28"/> 23:10, 9 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18194890 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Tech News: 2018-29]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalPreferences|global preferences]] on Wikimedia wikis. You can set them on the [[Special:GlobalPreferences|global preferences page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T16950] * You can now see a new log of pages being created at [[Special:Log/create|Special:Log/create]]. It includes pages which are later deleted. It is now available on all Wikimedia wikis except Commons and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12331] * You can see how many pageviews a wiki had from specific countries. The [https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/en.wikipedia.org/reading/page-views-by-country/normal{{!}}map{{!}}2-Year~2016060100~2018071100{{!}}~total Wikistats2 maps] have now been updated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-July/090327.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Your watchlist will show changes from the last seven days instead of three. If you have already set a length preference it will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T194414] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 17. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 18. It will be on all wikis from July 19 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180717T1830 July 17 at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180718T15 July 18 at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Some articles have messages to readers about problems with the article. For example that it does not cite sources or might not be neutral. Readers do not see these messages on the mobile version. The developers now want to show them. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile Page Issues|read more and leave feedback]]. * You can use <code><nowiki><inputbox></nowiki></code> to create search boxes for specific pages. For example to search the archives of a community discussion page. Instead of <code><nowiki>prefix:Page name</nowiki></code> you will see a text that explains which pages are being searched. You can [[phab:T198318|read more and leave feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W29"/> 16:01, 16 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18215334 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Tech News: 2018-30]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you log in to your account you can choose to keep being logged in. This checkbox now works better than before on the mobile version for users without JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196947] * Wikis that use [[mw:Citoid|Citoid]] can automatically generate citations for Swedish news sites. This only works in the visual editor. This now works for [[w:en:Sveriges radio|Swedish public service radio]]. More will come. Others could use this to add news sites in other languages in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187023] * Editors can do max 90 edits per minute. This is new since last month. This does not affect bots or administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56515] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-24|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-25|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-26|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180725T15 {{#time:j xg|2018-07-25|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W30"/> 09:44, 24 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18233172 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Tech News: 2018-31]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The design on [[Special:Log]] has changed. It will change again soon. Developers are working on fixing problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117737] '''Problems''' * Deployment of 1.32.0-wmf.13 has been partially delayed. All deployments have been resumed and successfully done after bug fixes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000577.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000585.html] * Deployment of 1.32.0-wmf.14 has been partially delayed. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000587.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000589.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2018-07-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2018-08-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2018-08-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180731T1830 {{#time:j xg|2018-07-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180801T15 {{#time:j xg|2018-08-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)] as well as at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180801T23 23:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * After [[:m:special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|a community discussion]], a new group for users will be created. "[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|Interface administrators]]" will be the only users allowed to edit interface pages like [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or [[MediaWiki:Common.js]]. This is done to avoid technical issues and improve security. That change will be effective by the end of August 2018. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W31"/> 14:05, 30 July 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18237696 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Tech News: 2018-32]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[Special:NewPages|Special:NewPages]] now has the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117739] '''Problems''' * The MediaWiki version that was released two weeks ago was late to some Wikimedia wikis. This was because of bugs. It was on all wikis 30 July. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20180724-Train][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2018-July/000591.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 August. It will be on all wikis from 9 August. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180807T1830 7 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180808T15 8 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W32"/> 19:39, 6 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18277179 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Tech News: 2018-33]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *<span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] in templates can now be stored in a separate page on all wikis. This is called [[mw:Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]]. This is to make it easier to edit how templates look. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-August/090481.html] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180814T1830 14 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180815T15 15 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The developers are planning more ways to block users. This could be blocking someone from just a page or a namespace. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Per-user page, namespace, and upload blocking|read more]]. You can leave feedback on the [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Per-user page, namespace, and upload blocking|talk page]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2018-August/090842.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W33"/> 17:53, 13 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18292380 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Tech News: 2018-34]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 August. It will be on all wikis from 23 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180822T15 22 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' *The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2018 Community Wishlist Survey|2018 Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November. *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Manual:$wgLegacyJavaScriptGlobals|Legacy JavaScript global variables]] have been deprecated for seven years. They will soon be removed from all wikis. Gadgets and scripts that use them will stop working. You can test your community's gadgets on "group0" wikis. For example [[testwiki:Main Page|Test Wikipedia]] or [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]]. The legacy JavaScript global variables are already disabled there. You can [[mw:ResourceLoader/Migration guide (users)#Global wg variables|read the migration guide]] to fix old scripts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W34"/> 16:46, 20 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18310555 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Tech News: 2018-35]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see moved paragraphs in diffs in the mobile view. It also works on all languages in the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T199800] * Bureaucrats on all Wikimedia wikis can now remove the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admin]] user right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202298] '''Problems''' * Some diffs show lines in the wrong order. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197157] '''Changes later this week''' * The message you see when you thank a user will change. This is to make it easier to understand. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T159302] * [[w:en:Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] will stop adding <code>using AWB</code> in the edit summary. Instead it will add a [[Special:Tags|tag]] that says <code>AWB</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T111663] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] variables have changed. They are now easier to understand for non-experts. The old variables will still work but filter editors are encouraged to replace them with the new ones. You can find the list of changed variables [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules format#Variables|on mediawiki.org]]. They have a note which says <code>Deprecated. Use ... instead</code>. An example is <code>article_text</code> which is now <code>page_title</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T173889] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Abuse filters can now use how old a page is. The variable is <code>page_age</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 August. It will be on all wikis from 30 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180828T1830 28 August at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180829T15 29 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=09&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W35"/> 16:16, 27 August 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18330273 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Tech News: 2018-36]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new user right for users who can edit [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] for the entire wiki. Before this all admins could edit CSS and JavaScript. This was a security risk. This group is called [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]]. Administrators can delete user CSS and JavaScript pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190015][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200176] * There will be an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on the Wikipedia mobile website. It starts this week. It tests how we show templates that show information about an article. The test will last two weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200792][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues] * You can now use different CSS rules for different skins when you edit templates. This is because of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197617] * <code>wp10</code> in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]] is now called <code>articlequality</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196240] * When you get a new message on your talk page you get a yellow message in the toolbar. The preference to show or not show this has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58845] '''Problems''' * [[c:Commons:Upload Wizard|UploadWizard]] had problems with [[mw:Extension:UploadWizard/Campaigns|campaigns]]. Users could not upload files. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202760] * You can get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|notification]] when a link is made to a page you created. This has not worked since June. It was fixed last week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200119] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 September. It will be on all wikis from 6 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180905T15 5 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers|Readers department]] will work on advanced mobile editing. You can [[c:File:Wikimedia Foundation Readers Roadmap Review - 2018-08-27.pdf|read more]] about this and other things they plan to work on over the next year. You can also [[c:File:Wikimedia Foundation Readers Roadmap Review - 27 August 2018.webm|see the presentation]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Keegan (WMF)/RelatedSites2|The RelatedSites extension]] will be removed from Wikivoyage. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Unused projects on the [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Wikimedia Cloud virtual private server]] will [[wikitech:Cloud VPS 2018 Purge|be removed]]. This will happen in October. Projects can be marked if they are being used. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-August/090735.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W36"/> 16:48, 3 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18344596 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Tech News: 2018-37]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you added or edited a template with the visual editor the input boxes were very big. This has been fixed. The input boxes will now be smaller until you click on them. Then they will change size to fit the text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200834] '''Problems''' * Some diffs showed lines in the wrong order. This was fixed last week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197157] * Marking a cross-wiki notification as read didn't work every time. The other wiki was not updated. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121930] * <code><nowiki><maplink></nowiki></code> did not work for a few days. This was because of a bug. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203427] * <code><nowiki>{{subst:REVISIONUSER}}</nowiki></code> is used by some templates. For a period edits saved with <code><nowiki>{{subst:REVISIONUSER}}</nowiki></code> would save the previous user's name and not your username. This is now fixed. Edits made before the bug was fixed will still be wrong and need to be corrected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203583] * When you move a page the title still shows the old page name. The developers are working on fixing this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203661] '''Changes later this week''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=09&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]]. * Because of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|the data centre test]] there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] You can join the next meeting with the Editing team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180911T1830 11 Septmber at 18:30 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Editing team/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180912T15 12 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|The developers]] work on making the wikis work better on mobile phones. There is a list [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles|of common problems when making content easier to read in the mobile view]]. You can add things to the page and ask others to help. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W37"/> 22:36, 10 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18369657 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Tech News: 2018-38]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons mobile app]] has a new version. Images uploaded using Nearby are now automatically added to the associated Wikidata item. You can browse other images on Commons. You can see your achievements and your upload statistics. It has also fixed some bugs. [https://cookiesandcodeblog.wordpress.com/2018/08/10/commons-app-version-2-8-beta/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki web requests now have a time limit of 60 seconds for GET requests and 200 seconds for POST requests. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97192] '''Problems''' * You could not see the menu on the notifications page on the mobile version. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192475] '''Changes later this week''' *[[Special:AncientPages|Special:AncientPages]] can hide disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T76287] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 September. It will be on all wikis from 20 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180919T15 19 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|The developers]] are testing new mobile web navigation. You can [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile contributions/Navigation prototype feedback|use it and give feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W38"/> 21:58, 17 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18389264 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Tech News: 2018-39]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The [[Special:Preferences|preferences form]] will change to use the standard look. If you see any problems please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/3/?projects=ui-standardization,mediawiki-special-pages report them on Phabricator]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117781] *[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 September. It will be on all wikis from 27 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20180926T15 26 September at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W39"/> 15:23, 24 September 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18408633 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Tech News: 2018-40]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Ordinary pages can no longer be loaded as [[w:en:JavaScript|javascript]]. You could do this using <code dir=ltr>?action=raw&ctype=text/javascript</code> in the [[w:en:URL|URL]]. Only fully protected pages in the MediaWiki: namespace or user javascript subpages can be loaded as javascript now. This is for better security. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-September/001955.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-September/090882.html] '''Problems''' * New and updated translations from [[en:w:translatewiki.net|translatewiki.net]] will not reach the wikis for a while. You can still translate messages on translatewiki.net. The Wikimedia wikis will be updated with the new translations later. This is because of work on the translation system. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-September/001951.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-September/090882.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 October. It will be on all wikis from 4 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181003T15 3 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. * You can join the meeting with the Wikimedia Foundation Search Platform team. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181003T15 3 October at 15:00 UTC]. See [[m:IRC office hours#Upcoming office hours|how to join]] if you want to know how the search function works or have questions. '''Future changes''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=10&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018 2|You can read more about this]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W40"/> 17:35, 1 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18433392 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Tech News: 2018-41]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Education Program|Education Program extension]] was removed from all Wikimedia projects. You can use the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/ Programs and Events Dashboard] or the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/fountain/editathons/ Fountain] instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125618] '''Problems''' * There was a problem when you copied and pasted from a table with the visual editor. It could add <code>href</code> where it shouldn't be. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108506] '''Changes later this week''' * Because of a data centre test you will be able to read but not edit the wikis for up to an hour on 10 October. This will start at [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=14&min=00&sec=0&day=10&month=10&year=2018 14:00 (UTC)]. You might lose edits if you try to save during this time. The time when you can't edit might be shorter than an hour. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|You can read more about this]]. * Because of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|the data centre test]] there will be no new version of MediaWiki this week. Changes for this week will come next week instead. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181010T15 10 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W41"/> 23:38, 8 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18453674 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Tech News: 2018-42]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some pages, edits and users disappeared for a short while after the [[m:Tech/Server switch 2018|server switch]]. Missing content and users was fixed within a day. Some preferences and other things might take a few more days to fix. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T206743] * Wikis are updated with new and updated translations from [[m:translatewiki.net|translatewiki.net]] again. This will happen once a week. The developers are working on fixing the problem so we can have translation updates more often again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/121/translationwiki.net_security_incident/] '''Changes later this week''' * When you create an abuse filter that prevents edits you can now write a specific error message for it. Before this all abuse filters that prevented edits had the same error message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27086] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 October. It will be on all wikis from 18 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.32/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * There will be no more meetings with the Editing team. This is because not enough Wikimedians were interested. To tell developers which bugs you think are the most important you can use [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator] as normal. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Editing_team/Weekly_triage_meetings] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181017T15 17 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W42"/> 22:41, 15 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18470532 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Tech News: 2018-43]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 October. It will be on all wikis from 25 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181024T15 24 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 29 October. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 29 October to 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W43"/> 23:12, 22 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18491932 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Tech News: 2018-44]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can post proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 16 November to 30 November. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The wikis now have a [[:w:en:Content Security Policy|content security policy report]]. This means that you might get a warning in your javascript console when you load external resources in your user scripts. For security reasons it is recommended that you don't do this. It might not be possible to load external resources in your scripts in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2018-October/001994.html] '''Problems''' * Your watchlist can show which changes you have already seen. This did not work for a few days. It has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T207472] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 October. It will be on all wikis from 1 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The 2006 wikitext editor is no longer available. It will be removed from [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|Special:Preferences]]. It has not been the standard editor for a long time. It was replaced by the [[mw:Extension:WikiEditor|2010 wikitext editor]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Contributors/Projects/Removal_of_the_2006_wikitext_editor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30856] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181031T15 31 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W44"/> 20:09, 29 October 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18519160 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Tech News: 2018-45]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]] to edit templates. This works only with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|2010 wikitext editor]] and not in the visual editor or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]]. If you click on [[File:OOjs UI icon puzzle-ltr.svg|17px|link=|Puzzle icon]] you can enter the information in a pop-up. You can turn on TemplateWizard in your beta feature preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202545] '''Changes later this week''' * You can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. The interface for the two-column edit conflict will change. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Solution: Solving edit conflicts line by line (new beta feature)|read more]]. * When you edit with the visual editor you can use the "Automatic" citation tab. This helps you generate citations. You will now be able to write plain text citations or the title of a journal article or a book in this tab. This will search the [[:w:en:Crossref|Crossref]] and [[:w:en:WorldCat|WorldCat]] databases and add the top result. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198567] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 November. It will be on all wikis from 8 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181107T15 7 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W45"/> 17:29, 5 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18540415 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Tech News: 2018-46]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some old mobile browsers can use the watchlist again. This has not worked for a while. These browsers are called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Basic (Grade_C)|grade C browsers]]. This helps for example Windows Phone 8.1 with Internet Explorer and Lumia 535 with Windows 10. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T196893] '''Problems''' * You can choose to see edit conflicts in a two-column view. This is a beta feature. You can find it in your preferences. Users who use this view saw the edit conflict resolution page when they wanted to see a preview. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T208840][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209012][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209036] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 November. It will be on all wikis from 15 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181114T15 14 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation]] tool to translate articles. The developers are working on [[mw:Content translation/V2|a new version]]. One of the changes will be a maintenance category. Articles where users add a lot of text from machine translation without changing it will be in that category. This is so the community can review it. The users will also have been warned before they publish the article that it has a lot of unchanged text from machine translations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W46"/> 19:22, 12 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18568837 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Tech News: 2018-47]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can vote until 30 November. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] for <code>sameAs</code> data. This is to make it easier to find the right information with a search engine. This changes the [[:w:en:Metadata|metadata]] for a wiki page. It doesn't change how the page looks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209306] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181121T15 21 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia wikis use templates to show readers there are problems with the content on some pages. For example if there are no sources or the page needs to be rewritten. The mobile website will soon show more information when you use these templates. Some templates may need to be updated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-November/091113.html] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Education Program|Education Program extension]] was removed from all Wikimedia projects. The [[:w:en:Table (database)|database tables]] used by the extension will be archived. This will happen in a month. If you want the information on your wiki you should move it to a normal wiki page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174802] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W47"/> 23:29, 19 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18611020 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Tech News: 2018-48]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|translatable pages]] you could create a mess when you moved a page that had translatable subpages. A subpage is when you use <code>/</code> to create a new page: <code>/wiki/Page/Subpage</code>. The subpages would be moved but not the translations. The subpages are no longer automatically be moved. This is to make it safer to move pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T114592] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search interface]] will be available by default on all Wikimedia wikis. It makes it easier to use some of the special search functions that most editors don't know exist. It's already active on German, Farsi, Arabic and Hungarian Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193182] * [[Special:UnusedCategories|Special:UnusedCategories]] show empty categories with no files or other categories. You can soon choose to not show soft redirect categories or some maintenance categories there. You can do this with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words|magic word]] <code><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96041] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 27 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 28 November. It will be on all wikis from 29 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181128T16 28 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code>mw.util.jsMessage()</code> function was deprecated in 2012. It will be removed next week. [[:w:en:Wikipedia:Reporting JavaScript errors|Look for the warning]] <code>Use of "mw.util.jsMessage" is deprecated</code> in the JavaScript console to know if you use an affected script or gadget. If you are a gadget maintainer you should check if your JavaScript code contains <code>mw.util.jsMessage</code>. There is a [[mw:ResourceLoader/Migration guide (users)#mw.util.jsMessage|migration guide]]. It explains how to use <code>mw.notify</code> instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T193901] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W48"/> 22:22, 26 November 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18638702 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Tech News: 2018-49]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Admins will not be able to unblock themselves if they are blocked by someone other than themselves. This is because it can cause damage if someone else takes over an admin account and other admins can't block them. If this is a problem for your community you can [[phab:T150826|report it on Phabricator]]. You can also ask questions [[m:Tech|on Meta]]. There is a discussion [[phab:T150826|on Phabricator]] about how to solve this if two admins fight with each other on a small wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150826] * Small [[:w:en:Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG images]] are now bigger when you see them in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:MediaViewer|MediaViewer]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71237] * You can go to a section from the edit summary by clicking on the section name. Before this you had to click on the arrow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T165189] * When you jumped to a footnote that was referenced several times in an article it could be difficult to see where you were in the text. Now there are jump marks and highlights to help you find your way back. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Footnote_highlighting][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T194511] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181205T23 5 December at 16:00 (UTC)] and [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181205T23 at 23:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W49"/> 16:13, 3 December 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18671340 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Tech News: 2018-50]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 December. It will be on all wikis from 13 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181212T16 12 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * New accounts will need passwords that are at least 8 characters long. Admins, interface admins, bureaucrats, oversighters, CentralNotice admins, global renamers, check users, stewards and some other user groups will need passwords that are at least 10 characters long. This is because an attacker could cause damage to the wikis if they took over these accounts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Security_Team/Password_strengthening_2019][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Password_policy] * When you hover over a footnote it will show you the reference as a pop-up. This is so you don't have to jump down to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will happen in 2019. Some wikis already have gadgets that do this. You will be able to turn it off. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W50"/> 17:34, 10 December 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18699559 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Tech News: 2018-51]] == <section begin="technews-2018-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 7 January 2019. '''Recent changes''' * Some templates that show notices about the content of the page will now be shown on the mobile website. In many cases they were hidden before. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210553] * Admins can no longer unblock themselves, except for self-blocks. A blocked admin can block the user who blocked them but no one else. This is so no one can block all admins on a wiki without being stopped. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150826] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration extension]] has been removed. It compared the result of two versions of the MediaWiki wikitext parsing pipeline. It was used when we moved to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RemexHtml|Remex parsing library]] instead of [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|Tidy]]. '''Problems''' * <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tags can use parameters such as "name" or "group". For example <code><nowiki><ref name="adams" group="books"></nowiki></code>. If a <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tag has more than two parameters all parameters are ignored. You don't get a warning that they don't work. This will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211576] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 December. It will be on all wikis from 20 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20181219T16 19 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Android app team]] are working on making it easier to edit on mobile phones. You can [[mw:Android editing features|read more]] about these plans. If you have an Android phone and speak at least two languages you can help testing in English. Tell [[:m:User:Dchen (WMF)|Dchen (WMF)]] you want to be part of the testing by writing on her talk page or email her. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>tiles.wmflabs.org</code> and <code>wma.wmflabs.org</code> will stop working. They have no maintainers and run an old operating system. Tools which use it could stop working. This includes [[:w:en:Mapnik|the mapnik gadget]], hill shading, and hike and bike layers. New maintainers could help out and keep it going. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2018-December/091216.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2018/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2018-W51"/> 20:35, 17 December 2018 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18718987 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Tech News: 2019-02]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Translations]] are available. ''Tech News writers, editors and translators wish you a pleasant 2019 year.'' '''Recent changes''' * RelatedSites extension has been undeployed. It was used to create interwiki links on Wikivoyage, now handled by Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128326] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki logstash logging is moving to a new infrastructure. This is an ongoing deployment. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Logging_infrastructure_design_document.pdf] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [https://codesearch.wmflabs.org codesearch.wmflabs.org] has been updated, with new and updated repositories and a new search options for code. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2019-January/002045.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On several wikis, an account named "{{int:abusefilter-blocker}}" has been created on December 17 to perform some technical maintenance on AbuseFilter. This account has sysop rights but it's a system user and no human can use it. The account already existed on wikis where AbuseFilter can perform blocks, which are issued using this account. See [[:phabricator:T212268|T212268]] for more information and future plans. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]], the "{{int:abusefilter-action-throttle}}" action takes three parameters: count, period and groups. They must now strictly respect the requirements listed [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Throttling|on mediawiki.org]]. A list of broken filters is [[:phabricator:P7956|on Phabricator]]. If you're familiar with AbuseFilter, please take a look and fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 8. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from January 9. It will be on all wikis from January 10 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * Search Platform Office Hours is rescheduled to January 9. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-January/091280.html Check the details] for time and date. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W02"/> 18:30, 7 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18759682 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|Tech News: 2019-03]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[:w:en:Google Translate|Google Translate]] in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90208][https://wikimediafoundation.org/2019/01/09/you-can-now-use-google-translate-to-translate-articles-on-wikipedia/] * You can now add [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:File captions|captions]] to files on Commons. Captions are short descriptions of the file. They can be translated to all languages we use. They can't use wikitext markup. * Earlier a [[:w:en:Attribute (computing)|quoted HTML attribute]] had to be followed by a space. Now it doesn't. This means that some pages could look different when you save them even if you didn't edit that part of the text. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Uqhg1it7nojfnjfg][https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki/commit/59bb8864a23f3df120789c7619ef07acefa27b9c] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Templates with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|<nowiki><templatestyles></nowiki>]] could not show the difference between the live template and the [[w:en:Sandbox (software development)|sandbox]] version when they were tested. This has now been fixed. <nowiki><templatestyles></nowiki> has a new <code>wrapper</code> parameter now. You can use it for selectors like <code dir="ltr">.mw-parser-output <nowiki><wrapper parameter value> <selector from CSS page></nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200441] '''Problems''' * When you see an edit in the recent changes feed or in the history of a page some of them have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|tags]]. Some tags are added automatically. You can also add tags manually. Tags for edits that have been added manually can be edited. This didn't work for a little while. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T212703] '''Changes later this week''' *You can move files from your wiki to Wikimedia Commons and keep the file history with the new [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons|FileExporter]]. It will be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] on all wikis from 16 January. If you want to test it you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|activate it]] and check [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Move files to Commons/Configuration file documentation|your wiki's configuration file]]. * Users who could cause more damage to the wikis if someone took over their account have to have more secure passwords. This includes administrators and other user groups. They can't use passwords that are in a list of common passwords. Accounts with common passwords are easy to take over. The list of common passwords was made longer a few weeks ago and has a different error message. Some user groups have been added to those who can't use common passwords. This is to protect all accounts with user rights that could cause damage. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/operations/mediawiki-config/+/481115/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] variable <code>minor_edit</code> has been removed. It was deprecated in 2016. Now you can't use it. You can fix the filters using it. You can find them if you use the search bar on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 15 <section end="technews-2019-W03"/> 17:55, 14 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18781471 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Tech News: 2019-04]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Some people did not get last week's issue of Tech News. This was because of a problem with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]]. If you did not get last week's issue, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/03|read it on Meta]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213942] '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/V2|version 2]] as the default version for users who turned on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]]. For example it adds the tracking category <code>{{int:cx-unreviewed-translation-category}}</code> to translations that might have used machine translations without fixing the problems. This is so others can find them. You can find this category in <code>Special:TrackingCategories</code> on Wikipedias. * [https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org] can now convert collects of up to 800 pages to [[:w:en:PDF|PDF]], [[:w:en:EPUB|EPUB]] or [[:w:en:OpenDocument|ODT]]. Previously this was 200 pages. '''Problems''' * When a template was edited with the visual editor, it would sometimes put all information on one line. This makes it difficult to read for editors who use the wikitext editor. It also makes it more difficult to see what happened in a diff. This problem affected edits made between 8 and 17 January and is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213922] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] is used to post a message to many pages. It has not been working reliably. Some messages have not been posted to everyone. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213942][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139380] * Because of a database problem that had to be fixed immediately you could not edit most wikis for a couple of minutes on 17 January (UTC). This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213858] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|template styles]] in the <code>Module</code> namespace. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200914] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 January. It will be on all wikis from 24 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190123T16 23 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W04"/> 20:37, 21 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_targets/8&oldid=18802332 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Tech News: 2019-05]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia servers use [[:w:en:HHVM|HHVM]] to run the [[:w:en:PHP|PHP]] code. They are [[mw:Wikimedia Technology/Annual Plans/FY2019/TEC4: PHP7 Migration/Goals|going to use PHP7]] and stop using HHVM. You can test PHP7 with a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features/PHP7|new beta feature]]. That way you can [[mw:Talk:Beta Features/PHP7|help find and report]] problems. '''Problems''' * When someone moves a page to a name that already exists that page that had the name the article is moved to is deleted. For a couple of months this didn't always work. Some users saw an error message instead. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210739] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190130T16 30 January at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W05"/> 18:16, 28 January 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18821217 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Tech News: 2019-06]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * It was easy to untick a box by accident in [[Special:Preferences|Special:Preferences]]. This will now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213517] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 February. It will be on all wikis from 7 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190206T16 6 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W06"/> 17:12, 4 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18846213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Tech News: 2019-07]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis#Making page issues (ambox templates) mobile friendly|ambox]]</code> [[:w:en:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] class to show page issues to mobile readers. When you use <code>ambox</code> there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis#Making page issues (ambox templates) mobile friendly|classes]] you can use. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 February. It will be on all wikis from 14 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190213T16 13 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W07"/> 18:46, 11 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18862544 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Tech News: 2019-08]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] someone on the mobile web you will now have two seconds to cancel the thank. This is in case you clicked on the thank button by accident. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63737] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 February. It will be on all wikis from 21 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190220T16 20 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There is a proposal to add a red link to mobile search results if there is no page with that name. This is how it works on desktop. You can [[mw:Talk:Readers/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|leave feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211006] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W08"/> 23:14, 18 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18883065 --> == Talk to us about talking == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-rtl.svg|alt="icon depicting two speech Bubbles"|frameless|right|120px]] The Wikimedia Foundation is planning a [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|global consultation about communication]]. The goal is to bring Wikimedians and wiki-minded people together to improve tools for communication. We want all contributors to be able to talk to each other on the wikis, whatever their experience, their skills or their devices. We are looking for input from as many different parts of the Wikimedia community as possible. It will come from multiple projects, in multiple languages, and with multiple perspectives. We are currently planning the consultation. We need your help. '''We need volunteers to help talk to their communities or user groups.''' You can help by hosting a discussion at your wiki. Here's what to do: # First, [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|sign up your group here.]] # Next, create a page (or a section on a Village pump, or an e-mail thread – whatever is natural for your group) to collect information from other people in your group. This is not a vote or decision-making discussion: we are just collecting feedback. # Then ask people what they think about communication processes. We want to hear stories and other information about how people communicate with each other on and off wiki. Please consider asking these five questions: ## When you want to discuss a topic with your community, what tools work for you, and what problems block you? ## What about talk pages works for newcomers, and what blocks them? ## What do others struggle with in your community about talk pages? ## What do you wish you could do on talk pages, but can't due to the technical limitations? ## What are the important aspects of a "wiki discussion"? # Finally, please go to [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk pages consultation 2019 on Mediawiki.org]] and report what you learned from your group. Please include links if the discussion is available to the public. '''You can also help build the list of the many different ways people talk to each other.''' Not all groups active on wikis or around wikis use the same way to discuss things: it can happen on wiki, on social networks, through external tools... Tell us [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Tools in use|how your group communicates]]. You can read more about [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|the overall process]] on mediawiki.org. If you have questions or ideas, you can [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|leave feedback about the consultation process]] in the language you prefer. Thank you! We're looking forward to talking with you. </div> [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 15:09, 21 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/Sandbox&oldid=18890731 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Tech News: 2019-09]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewSoftware?id=324715238&mt=8 new version] of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS FAQ|iOS Wikipedia app]]. It has for example [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|syntax highlighting]] and new toolbars to make it easier to write wikitext. It also has night mode, a find-on-page function and other things. You can [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps|give feedback and suggestions]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Editing_program] '''Changes later this week''' * When you look at your watchlist or the recent changes page you can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|new filters for edit review]]. There you can choose tags to filter different edits. Empty tags will no longer be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T182219] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 February. It will be on all wikis from 28 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190227T16 27 February at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android will invite users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can [[mw: Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|read more]] and [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|leave feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W09"/> 21:17, 25 February 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18898106 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Tech News: 2019-10]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 March. It will be on all wikis from 7 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190306T16 6 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|give feedback]] on the future of talk pages. * The mobile website will use the standard [[:w:en:Font|fonts]] on your computer or phone instead of a generic font. This will make it easier to read text in many scripts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Design/Projects/Improve_mobile_reading_experience][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T175877] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W10"/> 16:38, 4 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18912959 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Tech News: 2019-11]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Pages can use [[:wikidata:Property:P625|geocoordinates]] from Wikidata with the <code>mw.wikibase.entity:formatStatements</code> [[w:Lua (programming language)|Lua]] function or the <code>#statements</code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions|parser function]]. If they do, they will now be shown using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#<maplink>|a Kartographer <code><maplink></code>]] if the wiki can use Kartographer. You can report bugs or ask questions [[phab:T210926|on Phabricator]]. * There is now an [[:wikitech:EventStreams|EventStream]] to see when [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#!/Streams/get_v2_stream_page_links_change links are added or removed] on Wikimedia wikis. You can read the [[phab:T115119|discussions and plans]]. '''Problems''' * Some wikis will not be able to edit for a short period of time on 19 March ([[:w:en:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). This will start at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190319T15 15:00 UTC]. It will last up to 15 minutes but probably shorter. You can [[phab:T217441|see the list of affected wikis]]. This is because of network maintenance. You can still read the wikis. * Editors who use Firefox to edit with the visual editor had a problem with copying text. When they tried to select text that included footnotes, templates or block images in the middle they would often only get part of the text. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214976] * Some maps didn't work for a while on 8 March. This has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20190308-wdqs][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217898] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 March. It will be on all wikis from 14 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190313T16 13 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W11"/> 19:30, 11 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18925338 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Tech News: 2019-12]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * When you use [[:m:Help:Reverting#Advanced features|rollback]] you will be able to get a confirmation prompt on most wikis. It asks you if you wanted to do the rollback. This is to avoid misclicks. You will have to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|opt in]] to get it. On German Wikipedia it will be an opt-out feature from 28 March. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T199534][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Rollback] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 19 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 20 March. It will be on all wikis from 21 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190320T16 20 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Admins will be able to block someone from editing a page or a namespace. This already works on a few Wikimedia wikis. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks|read more]]. If your wiki wants to be an early tester of this, you can [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|tell the developers]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2018-August/090842.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Help:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will [[:wikitech:News/Toolforge Trusty deprecation|shut down the Ubuntu Trusty job grid]]. This will happen the week of 25 March. Tools that use this grid needs to be moved to the new Debian Stretch job grid. If they haven't, they will be taken offline. Maintainers can restart the tools later. Users may not be able to use them in the meanwhile. You can see a [[:toolforge:trusty-tools/|list of affected tools]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W12"/> 19:44, 18 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18939566 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Tech News: 2019-13]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/V2|new version of the content translation tool]] will be used for all new translations. The older version will still be used for translations that were started with it. Most users won’t see any change. More than 80% of the published translations are already using the new version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T212646] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with editing with [[:w:en:Safari (web browser)|Safari]] on [[:w:en:IOS|iOS]]. When you wrote an edit summary you couldn't save the edit. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218352] * The editing toolbar sometimes disappears when you scroll on [[:w:en:IOS|iOS]] devices. This will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218414] * Wikis can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System message|over-ride interface messages]] on-wiki. A problem meant that sometimes an old versions of any changed messages were shown instead. This included the sitenotice and other important parts of the interface. This was fixed at around 2019-03-22 16:00 (UTC). Logged-out users may still get the wrong message. Purging the page should fix it for them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218918] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 27 March. It will be on all wikis from 28 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190327T16 27 March at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W13"/> 18:05, 25 March 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18947493 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Tech News: 2019-14]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|Notifications]] tell you about things that happen on the wiki. You can turn on notifications about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications_types#echo-category-title-article-linked|new links to pages you created]]. For performance reasons you can no longer get e-mails about this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219444] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 April. It will be on all wikis from 4 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190403T16 3 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W14"/> 16:29, 1 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18980992 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Tech News: 2019-15]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * More wikis are now testing visual editor section editing for mobile users. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing|read more]]. * Admins on French and Polish Wikipedia can [[m:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|block someone from editing a page or a namespace]]. If your wiki wants to get these blocks before they are available to all wikis, you can [[m:Talk:Community health initiative/Partial blocks|tell the developers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219327][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219218] '''Problems''' * You will be able read but not edit most wikis for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190411T05 11 April at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is because of a hardware problem. You can [[phab:T220080|see a list of the affected wikis]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-April/091900.html] * A map update caused some problems on 29 March and 30 March. It was rolled back. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217087] * Pages on some Wikivoyages had problems with the top headline. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97891#5079408] '''Changes later this week''' * When you add an edit summary the VisualEditor will search your recent edit summaries in case you want to re-use one. This works in both the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|visual]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|wikitext]] modes on desktop. It also works [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|on the mobile site]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50274] * The Wikimedia wikis will get a [[:w:en:URL shortening|URL shortener]]. This will work from 11 April. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|read more]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012893.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code><nowiki>{{REVISIONID}}</nowiki></code> magic word will no longer work. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it will return <code>""</code> (empty string). When you read a page it will return <code>"-"</code> (dash). For now this will only affect content namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T137900] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 April. It will be on all wikis from 11 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190410T15 10 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to preview references. This means that when you hover over the link you will get a popup that shows you a preview of the reference. It will work much like [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|page previews]]. This is so you don't have to go to the bottom of the page to see a reference. This will now be available as a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67114] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]] output will change. Empty containers will be serialised as empty objects. This is a breaking change that will affect tools that use JSON outputs and APIs. It will happen on 30 April. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012891.html read more and see how to test your code]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W15"/> 18:25, 8 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=18988936 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Tech News: 2019-16]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *All wikis now have the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:TemplateWizard|TemplateWizard]] for the wikitext editor. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 April. It will be on all wikis from 18 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190417T15 17 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikidata will get a new [[:wikidata:Help:Property constraints portal#Constraint statements on properties|constraint status]] called <code> suggestion</code>. This [[mailarchive:wikidata/2019-April/012911.html|will change]] how the <code>WikibaseQualityConstraints</code> constraint checking API works. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-April/012910.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204439] * You can test the [[c:Commons:Structured data/Get involved/Feedback requests/Depicts testing|<code>depicts</code> property]] for structured data on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W16"/> 23:00, 15 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19011282 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Tech News: 2019-17]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/AdvancedSearch|advanced search]] function [[:w:en:URL|URL]] now shows which namespaces you search in. The namespace field is collapsed by default on the search page. You can also [[gerrit:plugins/gitiles/mediawiki/extensions/AdvancedSearch/+/refs/heads/master/docs/adding_fields.md|add new fields]] to the search interface through a [[:w:en:Hooking|hook]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217445][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217443][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217446] * The wikis now look slightly different in the mobile web version. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-April/091978.html] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190423T15 23 April at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikipedia articles will have the <code>[https://schema.org/sameAs sameAs]</code> [https://schema.org/Property meta property]. It adds structured data. This makes it easier for search engines to find Wikipedia articles. It also makes it easier to reuse content. There will an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reading/Seach_Engine_Optimization/sameAs_test][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209306] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W17"/> 19:08, 23 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19030007 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Tech News: 2019-18]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W18"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now invites users to add Wikidata descriptions to Wikidata objects that have Wikipedia articles but no Wikidata descriptions. It will only invite users who have added a number of Wikidata descriptions in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T205125] '''Problems''' * Tech News was late last week because of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:MassMessage|MassMessage]] bug. Other newsletters had the same problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T221570] '''Changes later this week''' * You will see when you last refreshed the recent changes page. This is so you can see how recent the changes are. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T200353] * When you write a comment in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] but have not posted it yet your [[:w:en:Web browser|web browser]] will save it in <code>[[:w:en:Web storage#Local and session storage|local storage]]</code> instead of <code>[[:w:en:Web storage#Local and session storage|session storage]]</code>. This means you do not lose them even if you close your web browser. Structured Discussions used to be called Flow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T93612] * You will be able to turn off [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications types#Milestone|milestone notifications]]. Milestone notifications congratulate you when you have made certain numbers of edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T169924] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 May. It will be on all wikis from 2 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190501T15 1 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata <code>wb_terms</code> table will be dropped. This will affect some Wikidata tools. They need to be updated. The table has become too big which is causing problems. This will happen on 29 May. You can [[mailarchive:wikidata/2019-April/012987.html|read more]]. You can ask for help if you need it. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis will soon use a token when you log out. This changes how the API works. Some tools might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25227] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/18|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W18"/> 22:28, 29 april 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19046269 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Tech News: 2019-19]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]] can show the wrong information. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. The developers are working on solving the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218511] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 May. It will be on all wikis from 9 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.33/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190507T15 8 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W19"/> 16:28, 6 মে' 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19073915 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Tech News: 2019-20]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 May. It will be on all wikis from 16 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190514T15 15 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W20"/> 00:49, 14 মে' 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19091659 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Tech News: 2019-21]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The report for phase 1 of the talk pages consultation 2019 [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Talk pages consultation_2019/Phase 1 report|has been published]]. Communities are invited to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up#Phase2|start phase 2 of the consultation]] on their wikis. '''Problems''' * File descriptions for files from Commons were not shown properly on other Wikimedia wikis for a few days. For example the image descriptions and license information were missing. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222935][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222954] * Some diffs show an error message when you try to see them. The developers are working on fixing it. It could be because of some edit comments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222857][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222628] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-21|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-05-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190521T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-05-22|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Content translation/V2|content translation tool]] on Wikipedia can use machine translations. There is a system to stop translations where the editors do not fix machine translation mistakes. This warns or stops them if they seem to just copy what the machine translation gives them. If this system is too strict or not strict enough you can [[mw:Talk:Content translation|tell the language team]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation_quality] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikidata <code>wbeditentity</code> [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]] endpoint will remove all aliases if the request includes an empty alias. This is how it supposed to work. It has not been working this way because of a bug. This will start on 12 June. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-May/013051.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W21"/> 13:04, 20 মে' 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19108030 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Tech News: 2019-22]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Big changes to the [[w:en:Replication (computing)|replica database]] will happen on 3 June. Some tools on [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud Services Introduction|Cloud Services]] will stop working if the maintainers do not update them to use the new schema. This probably affects tools that query for revisions or log entries made by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223406][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2019-May/000172.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 May. It will be on all wikis from 30 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190529T15 29 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W22"/> 15:34, 27 May 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19120221 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Tech News: 2019-23]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now write all special letters in all African Wikipedia languages. This works in the desktop version. [https://aharoni.wordpress.com/2019/05/25/happy-africa-day-keyboards-for-all-african-wikipedia-languages/] * There is now a field called <code>[[:c:Commons:Depicts|depicts]]</code> on Commons. This is a way to show what is in a picture with the help of Wikidata. It is still in development. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump#Adding_qualifiers_to_Depicts] * Some tools on Toolforge may break on or after 3 June because of database changes. Maintainers should update their tools to use the new schema. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223406][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/cloud-announce/2019-May/000172.html] '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T05 19 June at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is to fix a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224516] '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis have one tab for the visual editor and one tab for a wikitext editor. Others wikis just have one tab. If your wiki has two tabs, clicking a link to create a new page has always opened a wikitext editor. It will now open the editor you used the last time you edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223793] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 May. It will be on all wikis from 6 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190605T15 5 May at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W23"/> 15:25, 3 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19133752 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Tech News: 2019-24]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When you create a PDF from a page on the wiki this is now done by [[mw:Proton|Proton]]. Before this we used [[mw:Electron|Electron]]. It should look the same but work better. Both use Chromium. This is a different system from when you collect several articles into a book and make a PDF from them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T210651][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186748] * The Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standard OOUI icons. There will be additional minor fixes for positioning in the next deployment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155878] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots and other scripts that do not set an identifiable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User-Agent policy|User-Agent]] may find their requests strictly rate-limited until they identify themselves properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224891] '''Problems''' * Please check if the Flagged Revisions configuration on your wiki is as you expect (or as it was a few weeks ago). If not, please [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Wikimedia-Site-Requests%2CMediaWiki-extensions-FlaggedRevs report it]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225144] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190612T15 12 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W24"/> 17:07, 10 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19143311 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Tech News: 2019-25]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T05 19 June at 05:00 (UTC)]. This is to fix a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224516] '''Changes later this week''' * [[:w:en:MIDI|MIDI]] files can soon be played without the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]]. You can then add them with <code><nowiki>[[File:Filename.midi]]</nowiki></code>. Later <code>override_midi</code> and <code>override_audio</code> will stop working. Instead you will need to add the MIDI file below the music score. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T135597] * A new video player will soon replace the old one. You will be able to enable it as a beta feature in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|your preferences]]. It will later be enabled for everyone if there are no big problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148103] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 June. It will be on all wikis from 20 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190619T15 19 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user scripts still use the old <code>wgEnableAPI</code> and <code>wgEnableWriteAPI</code> values. These values are always true. They will soon be removed. This might break the gadgets and scripts. You should fix your gadgets to not use these values. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/core/+/504076] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W25"/> 20:38, 17 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19152213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Tech News: 2019-26]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki for last week was not fully released due to issues. It was removed from most wikis on Tuesday and from test wikis on Thursday. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-June/092212.html] * Most wikis were slow and then briefly read-only last week due to one of the database servers having a problem. It is now replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225981] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 June. It will be on all wikis from 27 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * You can watch or join the next [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-June/092210.html Wikimedia Language showcase]. It will be about the usage of Machine Translation in Wikimedia projects. The showcase will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190626T13 26 June at 13:00 (UTC)]. A recording will be kept for later viewing * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190626T15 26 June at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W26"/> 17:30, 24 June 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19168431 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Tech News: 2019-27]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The development of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Bridge|Wikidata Bridge]] has started. The goal is to allow Wikidata edits from Wikipedia. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-June/013216.html] '''Problems''' * Sometimes pages load slowly for users routed to the Amsterdam data center. Investigation is in progress. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226048] * Wikidata query service was overloaded between 11:50 UTC until 13:15 UTC on June 24. It has been fixed. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20190624-wdqs] '''Changes later this week''' * You will be able to read but not to edit all wikis for a short amount of time, on 3 July at 06:00 (UTC). This is to move a database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226358] * There is no deployment of a new version of MediaWiki on the wikis this week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190703T15 3 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W27"/> 21:23, 1 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19175317 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Tech News: 2019-28]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * For event organizers, if you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mass_account_creation#Requesting_temporary_lift_of_IP_cap|request a temporary lift of the IP cap]] for mass account creation, this will now also raise the edit rate limit for those new accounts at the event, which will prevent another bottleneck. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204583] * Administrators at all Wiktionary, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource wikis are now able to use the new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_health_initiative/Partial_blocks|partial blocks]] feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218626] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 July. It will be on all wikis from 11 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The design of MediaWiki's software windows will change for desktop users. Layout will be simpler, buttons will be bolder and clearer, and close buttons will be just icons. This is like the mobile design. This will affect ContentTranslation, VisualEditor, TemplateWizard, and other tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226045] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190710T15 10 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227063] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There will be a change in the name format of new Wikidata RDF dumps starting on 15 July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226153] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W28"/> 20:13, 8 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19192465 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Tech News: 2019-29]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The mobile web will get more advanced editing tools. Seven more Wikipedias can use them now. This works for Arabic, Indonesian, Italian, Persian, Japanese, Spanish and Thai Wikipedia. You can try the tools on the mobile web and give feedback. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Advanced_mobile_contribution_options_second_update] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The abuse filter system user will soon do maintenance edits on broken abuse filters. This user is called <code>{{int:abusefilter-blocker}}</code> and has administrator rights. This is meant to fix technical problems. It will not do any other changes. You [[phab:T209565|can read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 July. It will be on all wikis from 18 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190717T15 17 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android will invite users to add image captions to images on Commons. It will only invite users who have added a number of edits in the app without being reverted. This is to avoid spam and bad edits. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|read more]] and [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks|leave feedback]]. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Village_pump/Archive/2019/03#Edit_action_feed_(Android_Wikipedia_app)] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W29"/> 15:30, 15 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19199404 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Tech News: 2019-30]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Communities interested by easing newcomers' first steps can now benefit from the Growth team experiments on their wikis. Check [[mw:Growth/Communities/How to get the Growth experiments on your wiki|the conditions and the request process]]. * The [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2019]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools by July 29. The awarded tools will be presented at Wikimania. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-July/092301.html] '''Problems''' * The release of the last version of MediaWiki (1.34.0-wmf.14) has been blocked for groups 1 and 2. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2019-July/002184.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Phabricator database will be moved to a different server. Writes will be blocked on Thursday 25 July, between 05:30 and 06:00 AM UTC. Reads will remain unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228243] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 July. It will be on all wikis from 25 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190723T15 24 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Some items in the visual editor]] will change later this week. This will make it easier to edit links, citations, and templates on both desktop and mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225834][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T221247] * With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|advanced search]] turned on you will be able to choose the sorting order of the search results when you do a search. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225479][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T197525] * Users who edit from IP addresses whitelisted on a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Mass_account_creation#Requesting temporary lift of_IP cap|request for temporary lift of the IP cap for mass account creation]] will bypass CAPTCHAs. This will happen in August. If you think this should not happen for some reason, please [[:phab:T227487|let us know]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The variable <code>user_wpzero</code> will be removed from AbuseFilter. [[phab:T227843#5344413|A list of filters needing a fix is provided]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W30"/> 13:08, 22 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19224936 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Tech News: 2019-31]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Wikidata will be in read-only mode on 30 July from 05:00 to 05:30 UTC because of a server switch. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227063] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 31 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190731T15 31 July at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W31"/> 21:42, 29 July 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19235136 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Tech News: 2019-32]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 August. It will be on all wikis from 8 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Problems''' *A change in [[mw:Extension:RelatedArticles|RelatedArticles extension]] accidentally enabled it for everyone, not just for mobile users. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T181242][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229644] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190807T15 7 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Today everyone can see [[:w:en:IP addresses|IP addresses]] if someone edits without an account. In the future this could be more hidden. This is to protect unregistered editors so fewer can see their IP address. This would only happen after we make sure the tools for vandal fighting can still be effective. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W32"/> 13:25, 5 August 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19263690 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Tech News: 2019-33]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors using the mobile website on Wikipedia can opt-in to new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions|advanced features]] via your settings page. This will give access to more interface links, special pages, and tools. Feedback on the discussion page is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228916] * Due to the absence of volunteer maintenance of Cologne Blue skin, the link to activate it will be hidden. The skin will still work, but editors using it are encouraged to switch to another skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223824] '''Changes later this week''' * Due to Wikimania, there is no deployment this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments#Week_of_August_12th] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190813T15 13 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The "Wikidata item" link will be moved from "Tools" to "In other projects" section on all Wikimedia projects, starting on August 21. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-August/013316.html Full announcement], [[phab:T66315|Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W33"/> 18:20, 12 August 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19280448 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Tech News: 2019-34]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * There will be no Tech News issue next week. The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 2 September 2019. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some abuse filters stopped working because of a code change. Only variables for the current action will work. Variables defined inside a branch may not work outside of that branch. You can [[phab:T230256|read more]] to see how to fix the filters. * Only six accounts can be created from one [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]] per day. Between 12 August and August 15 this was two accounts per day. This was because of a security issue. It is now six accounts per day again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230521] '''Changes later this week''' * Only a limited number of accounts can be created from one [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. An IP address can be [[:w:en:Whitelisting |whitelisted]] so that it can create as many accounts as needed. This is useful at events where many new persons learn to edit. IP addresses that are whitelisted for this reason will also not show [[w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHAs]] when you create accounts. This will happen on Wednesday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227487] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 August. It will be on all wikis from 22 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190821T15 21 August at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There is an [[:w:en: Request for Comments|RFC]] about creating a new global user group with the right to edit [[:mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. This will be used to fix broken filters and make sure all filters will still work when software changes happen. You can [[:m:Requests for comment/Creating abusefilter-manager global group|read more and comment]]. * <code>Special:Contributions/newbies</code> will no longer be working. This is because of performance reasons. It showed edits by new accounts. You can see this in the recent changes feed instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T220447] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W34"/> 15:21, 19 August 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19310286 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Tech News: 2019-36]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use the new [[wikidata:Wikidata:Development/Termbox|termbox]] interface if you edit Wikidata on a mobile device. This is to edit labels, descriptions and aliases easier on the mobile pages. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2019-August/013355.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki has been deployed during the last week. * The previously announced change of positions of the "Wikidata item" link on all wikis has been rollbacked due to unexpected cache issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66315#5431632] * The limit for rollbacks has been increased from 10 to 100 rollbacks per minute. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T228708] * The advanced version of the edit review pages (Recent Changes, Watchlist, and Related Changes) now include two new filters. These filters are for "All contents" and "All discussions". They will filter the view to just those namespaces. However the "All discussions" filter does not include pseudo talk pages, like discussions that are in the ''Project:'' or ''Wikipedia:'' namespaces. But it will include changes happening on ''Project talk:'' or the ''Wikipedia talk:''. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T201520] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-09-05|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When you log in, the software checks your password to see if it follows the [[Special:MyLanguage/Password policy|Password policy]]. From this week, it will also complain if your password is one of the most common passwords in the world. If your password is not strong enough, please consider to [[Special:PasswordReset|change your password]] for a [[w:en:Password strength|stronger password]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T151425] '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190904T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-09-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikidata for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190910T05 September 10 at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190917T05 September 17 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s2.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit some mid-sized wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190924T05 September 24 at 05:00 (UTC)]. You can [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wikimedia/operations-mediawiki-config/master/dblists/s3.dblist see which wikis]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for up to 30 minutes on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190926T05 September 26 at 05:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230788] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W36"/> 09:08, 4 September 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=19350205 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Tech News: 2019-40]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week's Tech News had delivery problems. Some did not get the newsletter. Some got it more than one time. The problem where some pages got it three times should now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232379] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-01|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191002T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-10-02|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] is working on a [[:m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry|watchlist expiry feature]]. This means you can put things on your watchlist for a period of time instead of forever. They are looking for [[:m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry#Open Questions|feedback on the questions they have]]. * [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] will get the standard [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. This makes it easier to use on mobile and makes it look like other <code>Special:</code> pages. There is a [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/User:Jdlrobson/compactspecialcontributions.css script] you can use to make the form smaller if you want to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T117736] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W40"/> 16:51, 30 September 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19425409 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Tech News: 2019-41]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter function]] now has a faster [[w:en:Parsing|parser]]. This is to shorten the waiting time when you save an edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156095] '''Problems''' * There is a problem in the visual editor when you copy or delete text with footnotes. It will be fixed soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T234489] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 October. It will be on all wikis from 10 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191009T15 9 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]] has a new format. It will focus on wikis that typically get less support. It will probably go back to the normal format next year. It is not decided exactly how it will work this year. You can [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2020|leave feedback]]. * The [[:w:en:URL|URL]] of the Wikimedia wiki main pages could be changed. This is because the current URLs cause several problems. For example <code>https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page</code> would be <code>https://www.wikidata.org/</code> instead. You can [[phab:T120085|tell the developers]] if this would cause problems for your wiki. * There is a new [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2019/October|technical community newsletter]]. You can read more about the work of Wikimedia's technical community. [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]] to get the information in the future. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Outreachy|Outreachy]] is an internship program for groups who are underrepresented in free and open-source software. There are seven Wikimedia projects about coding, documentation and quality assurance in the next round. Persons who fit the criteria [https://www.outreachy.org/apply/project-selection/#wikimedia can apply]. The last day to apply is 5 November. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W41"/> 15:36, 7 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19425409 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Tech News: 2019-42]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use [[:mw: Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions |more advanced editing tools]] on the mobile web. You can turn them on and off in your preferences in the mobile version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233612] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 October. It will be on all wikis from 17 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191016T15 16 October at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[w:en:Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer]] 6 and 7 are no longer [[:mw:Compatibility|supported]]. This means the browsers might start looking a bit weird. They will not get security support. You [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|can't read]] Wikimedia wikis in Internet Explorer on Windows XP or Windows versions that are older than Windows XP. This is because almost no one uses the browsers anymore. Supporting them made the wikis less secure for everyone else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T232563] * In the future section headings might have a share link. This is to make it easier to link to the section. You can [[phab:T18691|read more and discuss]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W42"/> 23:55, 14 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19459969 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Tech News: 2019-43]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|'''''[[$technews|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[$ambassadors|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[$bot|bot]] • [[$contribute|Contribute]] • [[$translate|Translate]] • [[$tech|Get help]] • [[$talk|Give feedback]] • [[$list|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'']] The [[w:en:Application programming interface|API]] sandbox and help pages now show more clearly when API modules are marked as <code>internal</code>. API modules marked as internal were probably internal before. It was easier to miss. You should look for non-internal alternatives. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185508] '''Problems''' * There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|translation tool]] we use on wikis with more than one language. For a few days it did not create pages for new languages when someone translated a page. The languages did not show in the language bar. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235027] * The history and diffs can show wrong content. This is because of a cache problem. It will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235188] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 October. It will be on all wikis from 24 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.34/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will be a beta feature on [[phab:T235083|all Wikipedias and some Wikivoyages]]. It shows you a preview of the footnote when you hover over or click on the number. It has been a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia since April. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191023T15 23 October]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W43"/> 14:44, 21 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=19479668 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Tech News: 2019-44]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can post proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals until 11 November. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020#newformat|read more]] about the format for this year. * Mobile users now have a specific design for their Watchlist. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T225127][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235414] * You can share feedback and ideas on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. The goal is to make the interface easier to use for readers and editors without removing any functionality. The Foundation's Readers Web team will work on this over the next two years. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OOUI|OOUI]] now allows using <code>px</code> (pixels) instead of <code>em</code> ([[:w:en:Em (typography)|em]]) for some specific cases. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/design/2019-October/002646.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T220671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-29|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2019-10-31|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191030T15 {{#time:j xg|2019-10-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * There will be no software changes from 19 December to 2 January. The first MediaWiki version next year will come the week of 6 January. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2019-October/092682.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015, this information was moved from global variables named <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> to <code style="white-space:nowrap;">mw.config</code>. The old global variables will be removed later this year. You can [[Phab:T72470|know more about it and tell the developers]] if you want to try this out on your wiki first. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W44"/> 16:26, 28 October 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19459969 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Tech News: 2019-45]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] you could see up to 5000 edits at the same time if you edited the [[:w:en:URL|URL]]. This has been lowered to 500. This is to stop requests which break the sites. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T234450] '''Changes later this week''' * <code>MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry</code> can set the default length to block a user for your wiki. You will be able to use <code>MediaWiki:ipb-default-expiry-ip</code> to set a different default block length for IP editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219126] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 November. It will be on all wikis from 7 November ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191106T15 6 November at 15:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W45"/> 16:48, 4 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19523133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Tech News: 2019-46]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex-large.wmflabs.org MediaWiki2LaTeX] can put different pages from a Wikimedia wiki into a [[:w:en:PDF|PDF]]. It can now make a PDF with around 5000 pages. Previously this was 800 pages. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191113T16 13 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia will take part in [[:w:en:Google Code-in|Google Code-in]]. This is for young students who want to help with open source software. You can [[:mw:Google Code-in/2019|read more]]. Experienced technical Wikimedians can mentor students. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W46"/> 22:04, 11 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19523133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Tech News: 2019-47]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit some wikis for up to 30 minutes [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191126T06 on 26 November at 06:00 (UTC)]. You can [[phab:T238046|see which wikis]]. It will probably last much shorter than 30 minutes. This will also affect the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CentralAuth|centralauth]]</code> database. This could for example affect changing passwords, logging in to new wikis, changing emails or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CentralAuth/Global rename|global renames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238046] '''Changes later this week''' * You can soon vote on proposals for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can vote on proposals from 20 November to 2 December. This year the wishlist will focus on Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikivoyage and Wikinews. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020#newformat|read more]] about the format for this year. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191120T16 20 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W47"/> 20:17, 18 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19523133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Tech News: 2019-48]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The mobile beta mode will be disabled to have less maintenance. The developers will focus on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project. You can turn on [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile contributions mode]] if you want to see the categories. You could also jump back to the top. This can instead be done with a [[w:en:User:Jdlrobson/scripts/backtotop.js|gadget or user script]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237290] * [[:mw:Parsoid|Parsoid]] is software we use for the visual editor, content translation, Flow and the Android app. This has been rewritten. It will come to the wikis gradually over the next two weeks. It has been tested, but there could be some diffs or previews that don't look right. If you see any you can [[phab:T229015|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229015] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 26 November. It will be on the other wikis next week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). This is because of holidays. '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191127T16 27 November at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You will switch between the article and the talk page in a new way in the mobile view in the future. It will use tabs. This is more like in the desktop view. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230695] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W48"/> 16:52, 25 November 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19523133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Tech News: 2019-49]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Mix'n'match|Mix'n'match]] is a tool to connect Wikidata items to information in other databases. It can be used to find subjects that are missing in a Wikipedia. It now has more than 3000 datasets. Before it was closer to 2000. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 3 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 4 December. It will be on all wikis from 5 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191204T16 4 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There will be a new schema for [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/ XML dumps]. Scripts and apps that use them will need to be updated. If they are not updated they will no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code><nowiki>{{REVISIONID}}</nowiki></code> magic word will no longer work in the content namespaces. This is for performance reasons. When you preview a page it returns <code>""</code> (empty string). When you read a page it returns <code>"-"</code> (dash). In the future this will also affect other namespaces. The next ones are file and category namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235957] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W49"/> 16:59, 2 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19605481 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Tech News: 2019-50]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikimedia projects use [https://translatewiki.net/ Translatewiki] to translate the wiki interface. You can now use [https://tools.wmflabs.org/watch-translations/ WatchTranslations] to watch projects there. You would get an email if there are missing translations to your language. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238216] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new dataset you can use. It shows the number of editors per country per month for a number of countries. You can [[:wikitech:Analytics/Data Lake/Edits/Geoeditors/Public|read the documentation]] and [https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/geoeditors/readme.html download the dataset]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 December. It will be on all wikis from 12 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191211T16 11 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * You can test a new [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Book referencing|reference tool]]. It makes it possible to reference different parts of a source without repeating all information. You can test it on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|beta cluster]]. You can see [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Draft:Cut_the_Crap#cite_ref-3 an example article]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Vc9k7gf9kvqxkkva] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W50"/> 16:39, 9 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19605481 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Tech News: 2019-51]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Linter|Linter extension]] helps you find technical errors in articles. It did not show new changes last week. This was because of an [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]] problem. It is now working again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240057] * [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]] can show the wrong information again. It does not always show which edits are read and which are unread. This is because of a database problem. The developers are working on solving the problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218511] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get email notifications. You can get them immediately, a summary every day or a summary once every week. If you choose a summary you can soon choose not to get notifications you have already marked as read on the wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T169386] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 December. It will be on all wikis from 19 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Meetings''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can join the technical advice meeting on IRC. During the meeting, volunteer developers can ask for advice. The meeting will be on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20191218T16 18 December at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Technical Advice IRC Meeting|how to join]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks|partial blocks]] feature is now stable. It will come to most wikis on 6 January. Your wiki can ask to wait. Contact [[User talk:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]] if you don't want it now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218626] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W51"/> 00:18, 17 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19643564 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Tech News: 2019-52]] == <section begin="technews-2019-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 6 January 2020. '''Recent changes''' * All mobile site users now have new features. Features include: tabs for page/discussion; an expanded user-menu; direct access to history pages. These features were initially part of the "[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mode]]". '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * You can use <code>setlang</code> in the [[:w:en:URL|URL]] to change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:UniversalLanguageSelector|user interface language]]. This will no longer happen automatically. When you open the link you will be asked to confirm the language change. This will not happen if [[:w:en:Javascript|Javascript]] is not working in your browser. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63115] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2019/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2019-W52"/> 20:08, 23 December 2019 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19658611 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Tech News: 2020-02]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * When trying to move a page, if the target title already exists then a warning message is shown. The warning message will now include a link to the target title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184357] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 January. It will be on all wikis from 9 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W02"/> 21:23, 6 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19686133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Tech News: 2020-03]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can no longer read Wikimedia wikis if your browser use very old [[:w:en:Transport Layer Security|TLS]]. This is because it is a security problem for everyone. It can lead to [[:w:en:Downgrade attack|downgrade attacks]]. Since 9 December you just see a warning. Soon the browser will not connect to the wikis at all. Most are users on Android systems older than 4.4. You can read the [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|browser recommendations]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T238038] * [[Special:LinkSearch|Special:LinkSearch]] has been moved from the "{{int:specialpages-group-redirects}}" section on [[Special:SpecialPages|Special:SpecialPages]] to the "{{int:specialpages-group-pages}}" section. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242146] '''Changes later this week''' *[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikis can protect pages so that only some users can edit them. The standard protection levels are {{int:protect-level-autoconfirmed}} and {{int:Protect-level-sysop}}. If your wiki use more protection levels the technical name might be renamed for standardisation. This doesn't affect what users see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230103] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 January. It will be on all wikis from 16 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[:wikitech:Nova Resource:Catgraph/Deepcat|Deepcat]] and [[:wikitech:Nova Resource:Catgraph|Catgraph]] will stop working. This will happen at the end of January. This is because you can now use the normal search function instead. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-January/092936.html] * You can use <code><nowiki><ref follow="…"></nowiki></code> to merge footnotes that follow each other. It is meant to be used for digitised books on Wikisource. If the order of the footnotes is wrong no error was shown but the bad <nowiki><ref></nowiki> was shown outside the <nowiki><references /></nowiki> list. This will change and you will see an error message instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240858] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W03"/> [[সদস্য:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[সদস্য বাৰ্তা:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:41, 13 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19686133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Tech News: 2020-04]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 January. It will be on all wikis from 23 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|new suggestion]] for what to show when someone edits without registering an account. This is to give unregistered editors better privacy and make some anti-vandalism work go faster. You can [[:m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is a Python [[:w:en:Library (computing)|library]] to automate work on wikis. It will no longer support [[:w:en:Python (programming language)|Python 2]]. Use the <code>python2</code> tag if you need to continue running Python 2 scripts. The Pywikibot team strongly recommends to migrate to Python 3. You can [[:phab:T242120|get help]] to do so. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2020-January/009976.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The weekly MediaWiki branch cut will soon become automated. The timing for this cut may change. You can discuss [[phab:T242446|in Phabricator]] if this affects you. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-January/092939.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical Community Newsletter/2020/January|read about]] coming technical events and mentoring interns. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W04"/> 19:42, 20 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19732098 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Tech News: 2020-05]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some mobile diffs have problems. A couple of buttons are not shown. Structured data diffs on Commons are confusing. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242310][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243235] * Administrators on wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] can't move discussion pages. This is a bug. The developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T231783] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * There is JavaScript code on Special:Undelete for administrators that makes it possible to automatically select multiple checkboxes by holding the "Shift" key and clicking. This code is also loaded by accident on other special pages and on articles. This makes pages slower to load. This will be fixed. If you know of other special pages where this is useful please tell the developers at [[phab:T232688]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W05"/> 18:53, 27 January 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19751689 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Tech News: 2020-06]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 February. It will be on all wikis from 6 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W06"/> 20:05, 3 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19771613 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Tech News: 2020-07]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new version of the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons app]] for Android. It should fix the failed uploads problem. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-February/093042.html] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the new MediaWiki version last week. It deleted some messages by accident. The new version was late because it was stopped to fix things. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233866] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|MediaWiki action API]] is used by various tools like bots and gadgets. Some error codes will change. Some parameter values that do not follow the standard will no longer work. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-February/093048.html] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 February. It will be on all wikis from 13 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W07"/> 19:12, 10 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19795497 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Tech News: 2020-08]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W08"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Pages on Wikidata and Commons now load faster. You can read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Performance Team/Page load performance|page load performance]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-February/013827.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/ResourceLoader/Developing_with_ResourceLoader] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 February. It will be on all wikis from 20 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/08|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W08"/> 16:18, 17 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19816101 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Tech News: 2020-09]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W09"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 February. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 February. It will be on all wikis from 27 February ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There will be a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|reply button]] after each post on a talk page if you want one. This will soon be a beta feature on the Arabic, French, Dutch and Hungarian Wikipedias. You will have to turn it on if you want to use it. It will come to more wikis later. You can [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Talk:Cats test the reply button]. It was briefly shown earlier than planned by mistake on the four first wikis last week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/09|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W09"/> 21:00, 24 February 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19816101 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Tech News: 2020-10]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Readers who were not logged in briefly saw the interface in a language decided by their browser. It should normally be in the language of the wiki. This happened for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T246071] '''Changes later this week''' * If you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You will now be able to choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This will be a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update] * When you asked for a new password you could see if the username didn't exist on [[Special:PasswordReset|Special:PasswordReset]]. Now the page will show the username you entered and tell you an email has been sent if the username exists. This is for better security. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update] * On [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] you can see what other pages link to a page. You can see if the link is from a redirect. You can now see which section the redirect links to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103281] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-03-03|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-03-04|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-03-05|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|new interface]] to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. You can [[mw:Help talk:Two Column Edit Conflict View|give feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230231] * There is a [[:m:Abuse filter manager/vote|vote]] on the creation of a new user group called [[:m:Abuse filter manager|abuse filter manager]]. The vote runs from March 1 to March 31 on Meta. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>wgMFSpecialCaseMainPage</code> was used for the mobile site. It was deprecated in 2017. It will stop working in April. Wikis should see if they use it. If they do they should fix it. You can [[phab:T246401|read more and ask for help]]. This affects 183 wikis. There is a [[phab:T246401|list]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Mobile_Gateway/Mobile_homepage_formatting#MFSpecialCaseMainPage] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W10"/> 00:36, 3 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19816101 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Tech News: 2020-11]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new search word called <code>articletopic</code>. You can use it to search for articles on a specific topic. It is available on the Arabic, Czech, English and Vietnamese Wikipedias. It will come to more Wikipedias soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240559][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/ORES/Articletopic][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Search/articletopic] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 10 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 11 March. It will be on all wikis from 12 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is a plan for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New requirements for user signatures|new requirements for user signatures]]. You can [[mw:Talk:New requirements for user signatures|give feedback]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia Android app]] will do [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Push Notifications for editors|push notifications]] if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will come later this year. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146032] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W11"/> 17:15, 9 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19881740 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Tech News: 2020-12]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|API]] module for changing the content model of existing pages. Use <code>action=changecontentmodel</code> to specify the new model. You can read the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:ChangeContentModel|documentation on mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107174] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 March. It will be on all wikis from 19 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * If you edit a page at the same time as someone else you can get an edit conflict. There is [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Solution: Two Column Edit Conflict View|a new two-column interface]] to make it easier to solve this. It will soon be active by default on the German, Arabic, and Farsi Wikipedias. It will be on by default on more wikis within the next months. You will be able to opt out of the new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139601][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244863] * You can see [[:mw:Talk pages project/Updates#12 March 2020|a proposed design]] for replying to comments in an easier way. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W12"/> 21:13, 16 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19899639 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Tech News: 2020-13]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W13"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Some development will be slower than planned. This is because of the [[:w:2019–20 coronavirus pandemic|current pandemic]]. You can see [[:wikitech:Deployments/Covid-19|the new deployment guidelines]]. This is to avoid risks when some persons could be unavailable. * There was a problem when adding interwiki links. The tool you use to add interwiki links could suggest the wrong project to link to. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247712][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247562] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 March. It will be on all wikis from 26 March ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Growth|a project]] to make editing easier for newcomers. The developers are trying to understand what initiatives different Wikipedias have to welcome newcomers. They also want to know which templates are often used for maintenance activities. You can help this project by [[mw:Growth/March 2020 inventory|checking if your wiki's pages are listed on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/13|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W13"/> 17:08, 23 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19899639 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Tech News: 2020-14]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W14"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The beta version of the [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android can now help users [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 4.0 - Tag Commons images to improve search|add tags]] on Commons. These tags are called [[c:Commons:Depicts|depicts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239690] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 31 March. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 April. It will be on all wikis from 2 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The video player will change to be simpler and more modern. The current beta feature will become the video player for everyone. The old player will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * There is a project to make templates easier to use. The next few weeks the developers will present ideas on the [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|project page]]. You can watch that page if you are interested in giving feedback. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-March/093240.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/14|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W14"/> 17:26, 30 March 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19939500 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Tech News: 2020-15]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W15"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with user pages not being shown properly on desktop. This was because of a bug. It will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248141] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 April. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 April. It will be on all wikis from 9 April ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * MediaWiki will use a newer version of [[:w:en:Unicode|Unicode]]. Some characters that did not have an upper case equivalent before do now. Titles beginning with one of these characters will be moved. A list of these titles can be seen [[phab:P10817|on Phabricator]]. The titles will be renamed by the user <code>Maintenance script</code>. This will start on 13 April 2020. You can rename them before this if you wish and the new title can be different from the one the script would rename it to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219279] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/15|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W15"/> 19:03, 6 April 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19961136 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Tech News: 2020-16]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W16"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now use the <code>[[:mw:Help:CirrusSearch#Articletopic|articletopic]]</code> search word on all Wikipedias. It searches articles by topic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T240559] * You can see wiki tools in the new [https://tools.wmflabs.org/tools-gallery/ Tools Gallery]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Technical_Community_Newsletter/2020/April] * You can see edits from the [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud Services Introduction|Wikimedia Cloud Services]] in a new [https://wmcs-edits.wmflabs.org/#wmcs-edits dashboard]. * When you use filters on a history page you sometimes don't see any edits. There is a text explaining this now. Before it was just empty. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T227578] * There is a new [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Technical Blog]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_technical_blog_editorial_guidelines] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the Wikidata database last week. Some wikis went down for twenty minutes. Wikidata and other projects showed error messages. Interwiki links were not shown, some tools did not work and other problems. Some of this was fixed quickly. The developers are working on fixing the rest. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Wikidata:Project_chat&oldid=1153486952#Update_about_the_database_breakage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200407-Wikidata%27s_wb_items_per_site_table_dropped][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from April 14. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from April 15. It will be on all wikis from April 16 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Some graphs have not worked on mobile. This will soon be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T133085] * The article tab on talk pages of redirects links to the target of the redirect. It could link to the redirect page itself instead. You can [[phab:T5324|leave feedback on this]]. * For pages using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]], the use of the deprecated <code><nowiki><source></nowiki></code> tag, as well as the use of the deprecated <code>enclose</code> parameter, will add tracking categories. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/16|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W16"/> 15:31, 13 April 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=19979862 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Tech News: 2020-17]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W17"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 4 May 2020. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[m:Small wiki toolkits|small wiki toolkits]] is to help smaller wikis that need technical skills. They can learn and share technical skills. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-April/093296.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Over-qualified CSS selectors in Wikimedia skins have been removed. <code>div#content</code> is now <code>.mw-body</code>. <code>div.portal</code> is now <code>.portal</code>. <code>div#footer</code> is now <code>#footer</code>. This is so the skins can use [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]] elements. If your gadgets or user styles used them you will have to update them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248137] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 8|Internet Explorer 8]] in the future. Internet Explorer 8 was replaced in 2011. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248061] * The font in the diffs will change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T250393] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 28 April next week. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 29 April next week. It will be on all wikis from 30 April next week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W17"/> 18:46, 20 April 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20001327 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Tech News: 2020-19]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W19"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[phab:T251153|Some wikis]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 5 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200505T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251153] * [[phab:T251157|Some wikis]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 7 May. This will also affect [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CentralAuth|CentralAuth]]. This can for example affect global renames, password changes, changing or confirming your email address and logging in to new wikis. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200507T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251157] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can soon turn these notifications off for individual pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46787] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 5 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 6 May. It will be on all wikis from 7 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/19|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W19"/> 17:00, 4 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20041699 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Tech News: 2020-20]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W20"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Everyone can now import photos from [[w:en:Flickr|Flickr]] to Commons with the [[c:Special:UploadWizard|UploadWizard]]. Before this only autopatrollers on Commons could import photos from Flickr. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T90004] '''Problems''' * [[phab:T251502|Commons]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 12 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200512T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251502] * [[phab:T251984|Several wikis including Wikidata]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200519T05 05:00 UTC]. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200521T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251984][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251985] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 12 May. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 13 May. It will be on all wikis from 14 May ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] JavaScript scripts and gadgets can no longer check multiple keys at once via <code>mw.config.exists()</code> or <code>mw.user.tokens.exists()</code>. You can use <code>exists()</code> or <code>get()</code> to check one at a time instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251855] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/20|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W20"/> 20:42, 11 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20078394 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Tech News: 2020-21]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W21"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you forget your password you can ask for a new one to be sent to your email address. You need to know your email address or your username. You can choose that you need to enter both your email address and your username. This is a preference. This is to get fewer password reset emails someone else asked for. This is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Password_Reset_Update#May_11,_2020][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2020-May/094804.html] '''Problems''' * There is a bug that creates problems for iPhone users with [[:w:en:IOS 13|iOS 13]] and [[w:en:Safari (web browser)|Safari]]. If you use an iPhone to read or edit Wikipedia and see bugs on the mobile site you can [[mw:Skin talk:Minerva Neue|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252223] * [[phab:T251984|Several wikis including Wikidata]] will be on read-only for a few minutes on 19 May. This will happen around [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200519T05 05:00 UTC]. English Wikipedia will be on read-only for a few minutes on 21 May [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200521T05 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251984][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T251985] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android can let users [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested Edits 4.0 - Tag Commons images to improve search (to be released May 2020)|add]] [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Depicts|depicts]] on Commons. The beta version used [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data/Computer-aided tagging|computer-aided tagging]]. This was removed to get more specific depicts. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Suggested_Edits_4.0_-_Tag_Commons_images_to_improve_search_(to_be_released_May_2020)] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graphs]] will be [[:w:en:Rendering (computer graphics)|rendered]] in the reader's browser. This will use [[w:en:JavaScript|Javascript]]. Graphs will hopefully work better for everyone who uses Javascript. It will not work for users who don't use Javascript. This will not affect diagrams in image files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236892] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some CSS for the skins has been simplified. This affects <code>div#p-personal</code>, <code>div#p-navigation</code>, <code>div#p-interaction</code>, <code>div#p-tb</code>, <code>div#p-lang</code>, <code>div#p-namespaces</code>, <code>div#p-variants</code> and <code>div#footer</code>. They will have to remove <code>div</code>. You will have to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. This is so we can use [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252467] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some CSS for [[mw:Skin:Vector|the Vector skin]] has been changed. This affects <code>#p-variants</code>, <code>#p-namespaces</code>, <code>#p-personal</code>, <code>#p-views</code> and <code>#p-cactions</code>. They can no longer use <code>> ul</code>. You might need to update your gadgets, scripts or user styles. [[phab:T252447|See how]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/21|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W21"/> 17:20, 18 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20078394 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Tech News: 2020-22]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W22"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * The visual editor will now work in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Modern|Modern skin]]. The changes that needed to happen for this to work could cause problems for some scripts or gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177243] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from May 26. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from May 27. It will be on all wikis from May 28 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/22|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W22"/> 14:18, 25 May 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20114992 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Tech News: 2020-23]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W23"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new beta version of the [[:c:Commons:Mobile app|Wikimedia Commons app]] for Android. It has a new zoom function when you look at images. It can also suggest places when you upload geotagged photos. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-May/093431.html] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the Commons database on 27 May. Commons could not be edited for eight minutes. Because of this problem the database was moved. This caused another short read-only time on 29 May. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200528-s4_(commonswiki)_on_read-only_for_8_minutes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253808][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253825] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector skin]] had a problem where you couldn't add links to the article in other languages. You couldn't see the section if there were no links to other languages already. It also removed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation]] links and links to language settings. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252800] '''Changes later this week''' * You can get a notification when someone links to a page you created. You can turn these notifications off for individual pages. You can soon turn them off also in the notifications you get. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T46787] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.35|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 2 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 3 June. It will be on all wikis from 4 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/23|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W23"/> 22:32, 1 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20114992 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Tech News: 2020-24]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W24"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some articles have tables that can be sorted in different ways. For example a list of countries can be sorted alphabetically but you can click on the size column to sort them by size. If you clicked on the column a second time it would sort the countries from the bottom to the top instead. A third click will now take you back to the original sorting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226697] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint_errors/self-closed-tag|Self-closed tags]] now work as in the [[:w:en:HTML5|HTML5]] specifications. This means you should stop using some of them. <code><nowiki><b/></nowiki></code> is an example of a self-closed tag that won't work. <code>area, base, br, col, embed, hr, img, input, keygen, link, meta, param, source, track, wbr</code> can be self-closed. Pages with tags that should not be self-closed have been listed in [[:wikidata:Q25885956|a tracking category]] since 2016. They will be listed in [[Special:LintErrors/self-closed-tag]]. This doesn't affect <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki><ref /></nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134423] * There is a banner called <code>WikidataPageBanner</code>. It is for example used by the Wikivoyages, Wikimedia Russia and the Catalan, Basque, Galician and Turkish Wikipedias. It will now been seen by mobile visitors too. Before this it was only seen on desktop. The wikis should update instructions on <code>MediaWiki:Sitenotice</code> so that editors know to test and style for mobile too. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254534][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254295] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can now edit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] descriptions through the [[:w:en:Application programming interface|API]]. This is useful for tools and gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226929] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 9 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 10 June. It will be on all wikis from 11 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] instead. 118 wikis need to fix this. You can [[phab:T254287|read more and see if your wiki is affected]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254287] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W24"/> 21:12, 8 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20156271 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Tech News: 2020-25]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W25"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Toolforge|Toolforge]] hosts several tools created by the Wikimedia community like edit counters or enhanced editors. It is changing the domain from '''tools.wmflabs.org''' to '''toolforge.org'''. The routing scheme is moving from '''tools.wmflabs.org/toolname''' to '''toolname.toolforge.org'''. You can [[:wikitech:News/Toolforge.org|read the details]]. Tools that use OAuth will have to be updated to keep working. You can [[:wikitech:Help:Cloud_ Services Introduction|ask for help]]. '''Problems''' * There is a Wikidata item link in the sidebar on many pages. This disappeared for a couple of days for users who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook]] skin. This was because of a bug. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254485] * Editing, logging in and logging out didn't work properly for a short period of time last week. It was soon fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255179] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 16 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 17 June. It will be on all wikis from 18 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is a Python [[:w:en:Library (computing)|library]] to automate work on wikis. It will not support [[:w:en:Python (programming language)|Python 2]] after the new version in July. Support for Python 3.4 and MediaWiki below 1.19 will also be dropped. You should migrate to Python 3. You can [[:phab:T242120|ask for help]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot-announce/2020-June/000015.html] * The selectors <code>.menu</code> and <code>.vectorMenu</code> will no longer work in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector]] skin. This can affect gadgets and user scripts. <code>.menu</code> should be replaced by <code>ul</code>. <code>.vectorMenu</code> should be replaced by <code>.vector-menu</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254797] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/25|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W25"/> 21:38, 15 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20156271 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Tech News: 2020-26]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W26"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|new tools]] to make it easier for newcomers to start editing. They are available on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/growthexperiments.dblist some wikis]. These wikis had a problem with the visual editor for a short period of time last week. This was because of a bug in the new tools. It was soon fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255607] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some user scripts and gadgets stopped working because of a change to [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] selectors. <code>.vectorTabs</code> should be replaced with <code>.vector-menu-tabs</code> to fix this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T255718] '''Changes later this week''' * The developers are working on a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|new interface]] to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. This will be released on 24 June. You can [[mw:mw:Help talk:Paragraph-based Edit Conflict Interface|give feedback]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230231] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 23 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 24 June. It will be on all wikis from 25 June ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. It will not work after 13 July. Wikis should use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] instead. 91 wikis still need to fix this. You can [[phab:T254287|read more and see if your wiki is affected]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254287] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W26"/> 18:49, 22 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20156271 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Tech News: 2020-27]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W27"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Everyone was logged out. This was because a few users saw the wikis as if they were logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-June/093543.html] * Some readers didn't see new edits to pages. If the page had been recently changed they saw an older version of the page instead. This only affected readers who were logged out. It lasted for ten days. It has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.39|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 30 June. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 1 July. It will be on all wikis from 1 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Modern|Modern]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Monobook|Monobook]] skins use the ID <code>searchGoButton</code> for the go button. This is <code>searchButton</code> for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector]]. To have the same ID for all skins it will change to <code>searchButton</code> in Monobook and Modern too. This will affect gadgets and user scripts. It will happen on 23 July. They should be updated to use <code>searchButton</code>. You can [[phab:T255953|read more and see a list of affected scripts]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W27"/> 16:31, 29 June 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Tech News: 2020-28]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W28"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguageExtension:Score|Score]] extension has been disabled for now. This is because of a security issue. It will work again as soon as the security issue has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257066] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.40|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 7 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 8 July. It will be on all wikis from 9 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Abstract Wikipedia is a new Wikimedia project. It will collect language-independent information that can be easily read in different languages. It builds on Wikidata. The name is preliminary. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|read more]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093571.html] * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]] developers are thinking about new experimental tools. If you use an iPhone you can help them by [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/2020 survey|answering the survey]]. * Some [[mw:New requirements for user signatures#Outcome|rules for user signatures]] will soon be enforced. [[Special:LintErrors|Lint errors]] and invalid HTML will no longer be allowed in user signatures. Nested substitution will not be allowed. A link to your user page, user talk page or user contributions will be required. You can [https://signatures.toolforge.org/check check if your signature works with the new rules]. This is because the signatures can cause problems for tools or other text on the page. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/28|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W28"/> 20:19, 6 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Tech News: 2020-29]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W29"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users can [[mw:Extension:Thanks|thank]] others for their edits. [[mw:Extension:CheckUser|Checkusers]] can now see user data related to that action. This can help identify [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Sock puppetry|sock puppets]] who harass others using thanks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252226] '''Problems''' * Everyone was logged out a couple of weeks ago to fix a security problem. The problem was not entirely fixed. Because of this everyone was logged out once again last week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-June/093543.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2020-July/002327.html] '''Changes later this week''' * Wikis that are not for one specific language can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|translate]] pages. Sometimes parts of translations are outdated or missing. Outdated translations are marked with a <span style="background-color:#fdd">pink background</span>. Missing translations will also be marked in the future. This markup can sometimes break things. It can soon be disabled by using <code><translate nowrap></translate></code> on the source page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256625] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/wmf.41|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 14 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 15 July. It will be on all wikis from 16 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia code review plans to use [[:w:en:GitLab|GitLab]]. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093577.html][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Technical_Community_Newsletter/2020/July][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Topic:Vpbt50rwxgb2r6qn][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093607.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/29|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W29"/> 16:30, 13 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Tech News: 2020-30]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W30"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A temporary fix helped wikis make their main pages more mobile friendly. This was in 2012. It has not been recommended since 2017. The mobile main page special casing stopped working 14 July. 60 wikis now have main pages that don't work well on mobile. You can see which ones, how to fix it and how to get help [[phab:T254287|in Phabricator]]. This is the same problem that was reported in Tech News [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/24|2020/24]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/26|2020/26]]. '''Problems''' * There is a problem with the interlanguage links. The interlanguage links are the links that help you find a specific page in a different language. The sorting is broken. The developers are working on a solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257625] * Some users keep getting the notifications for the same event. Some of these are old events. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257714] * Some users have trouble logging in. This is probably a [[:w:en:HTTP cookie|browser cookie]] problem. The developers are working on understanding the problem. If you have trouble logging in you can see the details [[phab:T258121|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258121] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 21 July. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 22 July. It will be on all wikis from 23 July ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * There is a <code>{{int:printableversion}}</code> link. This will disappear. That is because web browsers today can create a printable version or show how it will look in print anyway. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T167956] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W30"/> 19:06, 20 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Tech News: 2020-31]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W31"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Small wiki toolkits/Starter kit|Starter kit]] is now available for wiki communities. This page lists technical resources, tools, and recommendations. These are essential to operate a wiki project. This is mostly useful for smaller wikis where the community has limited experience with this. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093633.html] * The first features of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project are available for logged-in users on all wikis. In order to use them, uncheck ''{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}'' in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|local]] or [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|global]] preferences in section ''{{int:prefs-skin-prefs}}''. More improvements are planned. [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Feedback is welcome]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] On multiple wikis, a UTCLiveClock gadget is available. For wikis that import the gadget [[:mw:MediaWiki:Gadget-UTCLiveClock.js|directly from mediawiki.org]], end users can now [[mw:MediaWiki_talk:Gadget-UTCLiveClock.js#Time_zones|choose a different timezone to show instead of UTC]]. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The deployment train for MediaWiki has been blocked this week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-July/093640.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257969] * Translation Notification Bot was sending the same message multiple times to every translator. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144780] * Some users were receiving the same notification multiple times. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257766] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from July 28. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from July 29. It will be on all wikis from JUly 30 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.35/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/31|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W31"/> 13:53, 27 July 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20228133 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Tech News: 2020-32]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W32"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * All queries to the [[mw:Wikidata Query Service|Wikidata Query Service]] failed between 17:50 and 17:59 UTC on Thursday 23 July. Some queries failed during a longer period. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200723-wdqs-outage] * Interlanguage links were ordered incorrectly for the past few weeks. This problem was also mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/30|Tech News two weeks ago]]. The problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257625] * There is a problem with the [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|global preferences]] for the "{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}" option. Developers are working on fixing it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258493] * A bug in the Wikibase extension had disabled the "move" and "create" types of protection in the main (Gallery) namespace on Wikimedia Commons. New protections could not be added, and existing protections were not enforced, allowing some page moves and page creations that should not have been possible. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258323] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS Player|video player]] will change to be simpler and more modern. This week, the current beta feature will become the video player for everyone on most non-Wikipedia wikis. The old player will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * Users' <code>global.js</code> and <code>global.css</code> pages will now also be loaded on the mobile site. You can read [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalCssJs#Per-skin_customization|documentation]] for how to avoid applying styles to the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138727] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook]] skin, the <code>searchGoButton</code> identifier is now <code>searchButton</code>. This may affect CSS and JS gadgets. Migration instructions can be found in [[phab:T255953|T255953]]. This was previously mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/27|issue 27]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bot operators can use Pywikibot to regularly archive discussions. The behavior when the bot uses <code>counter</code> to prevent large archives was changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215247] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 4. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 5. It will be on all wikis from August 6 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/32|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W32"/> 15:43, 3 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20336426 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Tech News: 2020-33]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W33"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileImporter and FileExporter]] became standard features on all Wikis during the first week of August. They help you transfer files from local wikis to Wikimedia Commons with the original file information and history intact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140462] '''Problems''' * The mobile skin displays a message at the bottom of the page about who edited last. This message showed raw wikitext. This has now been fixed. Some messages in [[mw:Structured Discussions|Structured Discussions]] and [[mw:Content translation|content translation]] may still appear as raw wikitext. Developers are working on it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259565] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from August 11. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from August 12. It will be on all wikis from August 13 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/33|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W33"/> 16:06, 10 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tech_News_target_list_8&oldid=20353642 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Tech News: 2020-34]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W34"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you revert an edit using the undo link your edit is marked with an <code>undo</code> tag. This will now only happen if you don't change anything in the edit window before publishing the undo. This is to keep users from marking edits as undos when they actually do something else. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259014] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OOUI|OOUI version]] will not work with [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 8|Internet Explorer 8]]. This means the wikis will look strange and not work well in Internet Explorer 8. This was reported in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/17|Tech/News/2020/17]]. This is because keeping the wikis working with very old browsers creates other problems. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-August/093718.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 18 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 19 August. It will be on all wikis from 20 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 13:30 and 15:30 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis next week. This is a reminder. You can help by [[m:Tech/Server switch 2020|translating the announcement message]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/34|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W34"/> 20:41, 17 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20366028 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Tech News: 2020-35]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 August. It will be on all wikis from 27 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W35"/> 17:59, 24 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20389773 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Tech News: 2020-35]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W35"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 25 August. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 26 August. It will be on all wikis from 27 August ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/35|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W35"/> 11:12, 26 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20389773 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Tech News: 2020-36]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * This is a reminder. All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 1. This is planned between 14:00 and 15:00 UTC. Please check on the details on [[m:Tech/Server switch 2020|the announcement message]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243314][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T244808] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W36"/> 20:12, 31 August 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20411995 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Tech News: 2020-37]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Normally pages can be moved to a title that has no existing page yet or to a page that has only one revision, which is a redirect to the page to be moved. A new user right allows editors to move pages over one-revision pages that redirect to anywhere. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239277] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 8 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 9 September. It will be on all wikis from 10 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] All MediaWiki [[:w:en:API|API]] modules will now use <code>watchlist</code> instead of <code>watch</code>. This was inconsistent before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247915] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] team might work on patrolling tools in the future. You can let them know what tools would be useful for you or for less experienced patrollers. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Patrolling conversation|page on mediawiki.org]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]] will be updated to a new version. This will probably take around two days. OTRS agents will not have access to the system during these days. Emails that come in during the update will be delivered when the update is done. The plan is to start around 08:00 UTC on 14 September. This could change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187984] * The Wikipedia Android app will send [[:mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/AppEditorTasks#Push Notifications for editors|push notifications]] if users want them. This could help you see for example when someone wrote on your talk page or your edit was reverted. This will need [[:w:en:Google Play Services|Google Play Services]] to work. It will also be possible to get the app without Google Play Services but push notifications will not work. Google Play Services is also used to make the app work for [[:w:en:Android KitKat|Android 4.4]] users. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android#Updates][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146032] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Wikimedia code review could move to [[:w:en:GitLab|GitLab]]. It would be hosted on Wikimedia servers. You can take part in the [[mw:GitLab consultation|consultation]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Dropdown menus in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|the Vector skin]] use a <code>.menu</code> class. This will not work in the future. Scripts can use <code>nav ul</code> instead. <code>.vectorTabs</code> and <code>.vectorMenu</code> will also not work. Some scripts need to be updated. You can [[phab:T262092|read more in Phabricator]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W37"/> 16:00, 7 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20427670 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Tech News: 2020-38]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia apps]] briefly showed pages without [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] last week. This meant they looked wrong. It was quickly fixed but cached pages without CSS were shown for a few hours. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200909-mobileapps_config_change][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262437] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 September. It will be on all wikis from 17 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W38"/> 16:19, 14 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20446737 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Tech News: 2020-38]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia apps]] briefly showed pages without [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] last week. This meant they looked wrong. It was quickly fixed but cached pages without CSS were shown for a few hours. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20200909-mobileapps_config_change][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262437] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 15 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 16 September. It will be on all wikis from 17 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W38"/> 00:19, 15 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20446737 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Tech News: 2020-39]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new tag for reverted edits. For example you can see it in the recent changes feed or in the article history. It is added to edits when they have been undone, rollbacked or manually reverted to an older version of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254074][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T164307] '''Changes later this week''' * The number of times you can do something in a period of time on wiki is limited. This could be the number of edits per minute or the number of users you email in a day. Some users are not affected by all limits because of their user rights. They could soon see the limit even if it does not affect them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258888] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 22 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 23 September. It will be on all wikis from 24 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W39"/> 21:28, 21 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20461072 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Tech News: 2020-40]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Admins can now see links to diffs of deleted revisions on [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. This uses the interface of [[Special:Undelete|Special:Undelete]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261630] * Editors are automatically added to some user groups. For example editors are added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Autoconfirmed users|autoconfirmed users]] when they have edited enough times and long enough. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|Abuse filters]] can hinder users from automatically getting user rights for a period of time. They can also remove rights user have. Wikis can now ask to change how long this period of time is for their wiki [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projectPHIDs=Wikimedia-Site-requests in Phabricator]. It is currently five days. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T231756] '''Problems''' * [[m:Tech/News/2019/34|Last year]] some abuse filters stopped working because of a new change. If they tried to use variables that were unavailable for that action they would fail. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T230256] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 September. It will be on all wikis from 1 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can't see the language links to other language versions from the talk page or history page. They are also not shown when you edit an article. This could change. It is not decided if for example the history page should link to another history page or to the article. You can take part in the [[phab:T262472|discussion in Phabricator]]. * The link colours could change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. You can [[phab:T213778|read more in Phabricator]]. * In your preferences you can choose to get different notifications on the web or by email. You will see <code>Apps</code> as one of the alternatives later this week. This is because the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Android and iOS Wikipedia apps]] will use push notifications for those who want them. You can see the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo preferences] on the test wiki. The goal is to have push notifications on Android in October and on iOS in early 2021. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262936] * You can soon put pages on your watchlist for a limited time. This could be useful if you want to watch something for a shorter time but don't want it on your watchlist forever. It now works on [[mw:MediaWiki|mediawiki.org]] and will come to more wikis later. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry|read more]] and [[m:Community Tech/Watchlist Expiry/Release Schedule|see when it will come to other wikis]]. * You can see what Wikimedians think are the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|best new technical tools this year]]. You can also nominate them. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W40"/> 21:24, 28 September 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20483264 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Tech News: 2020-41]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [https://consultation-stats.toolforge.org/ new tool] where you can see which home wiki users have in discussions on Meta. This can help show which communities are not part of the discussion on wikis where we make decisions that affect many other wikis. * You can now thank users for file uploads or for changing the language of a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254992] '''Problems''' * There were many errors with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was rolled back. Updates that should have happened last week are late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177] * Everyone was logged out. This was because a user reported being logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093922.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Many pages have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2020/09/28/diving-into-wikipedias-ocean-of-errors/ read more] and now [[:w:en:User:Jdlrobson/User scripts with client errors|see a list of user scripts with errors]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 October. It will be on all wikis from 8 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Letters immediately after a link are shown as part of the link. For example the entire word in <code><nowiki>[[Child]]ren</nowiki></code> is linked. On Arabic wikis this works at both the start and end of a word. Previously on Arabic wikis numbers and other non-letter Unicode characters were shown as part of the link at the start of a word but not at the end. Now only Latin and Arabic letters will extend links on Arabic wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263266] '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 27 October around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W41"/> 16:25, 5 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20515061 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Tech News: 2020-41]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [https://consultation-stats.toolforge.org/ new tool] where you can see which home wiki users have in discussions on Meta. This can help show which communities are not part of the discussion on wikis where we make decisions that affect many other wikis. * You can now thank users for file uploads or for changing the language of a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254992] '''Problems''' * There were many errors with the new MediaWiki version last week. The new version was rolled back. Updates that should have happened last week are late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177] * Everyone was logged out. This was because a user reported being logged in to someone else's account. The problem should be fixed now. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093922.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Many pages have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2020/09/28/diving-into-wikipedias-ocean-of-errors/ read more] and now [[:w:en:User:Jdlrobson/User scripts with client errors|see a list of user scripts with errors]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 October. It will be on all wikis from 8 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Letters immediately after a link are shown as part of the link. For example the entire word in <code><nowiki>[[Child]]ren</nowiki></code> is linked. On Arabic wikis this works at both the start and end of a word. Previously on Arabic wikis numbers and other non-letter Unicode characters were shown as part of the link at the start of a word but not at the end. Now only Latin and Arabic letters will extend links on Arabic wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263266] '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 27 October around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W41"/> 17:25, 5 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20515061 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Tech News: 2020-42]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Because of the problems with the MediaWiki version two weeks ago last week's updates are also late. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263177][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263178][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-October/093944.html] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live previews]] didn't show the templates used in the preview if you just edited a section. This has now been fixed. You can also test [[w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] pages even if you have the live preview enabled. Previously this didn't work well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T102286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 October. It will be on all wikis from 15 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A new stable version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] is coming soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/pywikibot/2020-October/010056.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W42"/> 15:25, 12 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20528295 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Tech News: 2020-43]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-10-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 {{#time:j xg|2020-10-27|en}} around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> function will be updated soon so that it does not remove the "space" character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> with <code dir=ltr>rmwhitespace()</code> wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024] * Some gadgets and user-scripts use the HTML div with the ID <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap;">#jump-to-nav</code>. This div will be removed soon. Maintainers should replace these uses with either <code dir=ltr>#siteSub</code> or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap;">#mw-content-text</code>. A list of affected scripts is at the top of [[phab:T265373]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W43"/> 16:32, 19 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20550811 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Tech News: 2020-44]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 October 27 around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] * Last week, links to "diffs" from mobile watchlists and recentchanges were linking to page-revisions instead of diffs. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265654] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Since the introduction of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]] user group in 2018, administrators couldn’t view the deleted history of CSS/JS pages. Now they can. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202989] * There was a problem with the [[Special:Tags|Change Tags]]. The software would apply the "{{int:Tag-mw-reverted}}" tag to any page actions such as page-protection changes if they came directly after a reverted edit. This has now been fixed for new edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265312] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias in November. Another announcement will be made once the date is finalized. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W44"/> 17:39, 26 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20574890 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Tech News: 2020-44]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit the wikis for up to an hour on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 October 27 around 14:00 (UTC)]. It will probably be shorter than an hour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264364] * Last week, links to "diffs" from mobile watchlists and recentchanges were linking to page-revisions instead of diffs. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265654] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Since the introduction of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrators]] user group in 2018, administrators couldn’t view the deleted history of CSS/JS pages. Now they can. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202989] * There was a problem with the [[Special:Tags|Change Tags]]. The software would apply the "{{int:Tag-mw-reverted}}" tag to any page actions such as page-protection changes if they came directly after a reverted edit. This has now been fixed for new edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265312] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias in November. Another announcement will be made once the date is finalized. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W44"/> 19:23, 26 October 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20574890 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Tech News: 2020-45]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can no longer read Wikimedia wikis if your browser uses very old [[:w:en:Transport Layer Security|TLS]]. This is because it is a security problem for everyone. It could lead to [[:w:en:Downgrade attack|downgrade attacks]]. Since October 29, 2020, users who use old TLS versions will not be able to connect to Wikimedia projects. A list of [[:wikitech:HTTPS/Browser Recommendations|browser recommendations]] is available. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258405] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new automatic [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking categories|tracking category]] available: [[:{{ns:14}}:{{MediaWiki:nonnumeric-formatnum}}|Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments]]. It collects pages which use the <code><nowiki>{{formatnum}}</nowiki></code> parser function with invalid (non-numeric) input, ''e.g.'' <code><nowiki>{{formatnum:TECHNEWS}}</nowiki></code>. Note that <code><nowiki>{{formatnum:123,456}}</nowiki></code> is also invalid input: as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#formatnum|documentation]], the argument should be <u>unformatted</u> so that it can be reliably and correctly localised. The tracking category will help identify problematic usage and double-formatting. The new tracking category's name can be [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&showMessage=nonnumeric-formatnum&group=core&optional=1&action=translate translated at translatewiki]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237467] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 3. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 4. It will be on all wikis from November 5 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Administrators and stewards will be able to use a special page (Special:CreateLocalAccount) to force local account creation for a global account. This is useful when account creation is blocked for that user (by a block or a filter). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259721] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|Reply tool]] will be offered as an opt-in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] on most Wikipedias on November 4. This change excludes the English, Russian, and German-language Wikipedias, plus a few smaller Wikipedias with special circumstances. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|the help page]] and [[mw:Help:DiscussionTools/Why can't I reply to this comment?|the troubleshooting guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266303] '''Future changes''' * A discussion has been restarted about using a Unicode minus sign (− U+2212) in the output of <code><nowiki>{{formatnum}}</nowiki></code> when it is given a negative argument. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T10327] * In the future [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|IP addresses of unregistered users will not be shown for everyone]]. They will get an alias instead. There will be a new user right or an opt-in function for more vandal fighters to see the IPs of unregistered users. There would be some criteria for who gets the user right or opt-in. There will also be other new tools to help handle vandalism. This is early in the process and the developers are still collecting information from the communities before they suggest solutions. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W45"/> 16:10, 2 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20604769 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Tech News: 2020-46]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * You can see [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|reference previews]]. This shows a preview of the footnote when you hover over it. This has been a [[mw:Beta Features|beta feature]]. It will move out of beta and be enabled by default. There will be an option not to use it. The developers are looking for small or medium-sized wikis to be the first ones. You can [[m:User talk:Michael Schönitzer (WMDE)|let them know]] if your wiki is interested. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2020-November/002373.html] * From November 16 the categories will not be sorted in order for a short time. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|internationalisation library]]. They will use a script to fix the existing categories. This can take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264991][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W46"/> 15:50, 9 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20634159 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Tech News: 2020-47]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 16 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for most languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T264991][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] '''Changes later this week''' * If you merged two pages in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespace]] where pages can't redirect this used to break the merge history. This will now be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T93469] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-11-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] is now open for proposals. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. You can post proposals from 16 to 30 November. You can vote on proposals from 8 December to 21 December. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W47"/> 15:37, 16 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20669023 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Tech News: 2020-48]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Timestamps in [[Special:Log|Special:Log]] are now links. They go to Special:Log for only that entry. This is how timestamps work on for example the history page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T207562] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2020 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from 1 December. Unclaimed projects can be deleted from 1 January. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-November/094054.html] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W48"/> 17:19, 23 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20698111 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Tech News: 2020-49]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]] will show readers more of the article history. They can see new updates and easier see how the article has changed over time. This is an experiment. It will first be shown only to some iOS app users as a [[:w:en:A/B testing|test]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241253][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Breaking_Down_the_Wall] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]] can be used for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries. You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry], [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] or other ways to do this. To make the Wiki Replicas stable there will be two changes. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work. You can also only query a database if you connect to it directly. This will happen in February 2021. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W49"/> 17:45, 30 November 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20728523 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Tech News: 2020-50]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now put pages on your watchlist for a limited period of time. Some wikis already had this function. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Tech/Watchlist_Expiry][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Watchlist_expiry] '''Changes later this week''' * Information from Wikidata that is used on a wiki page can be shown in recent changes and watchlists on a Wikimedia wiki. To see this you need to turn on showing Wikidata edits in your watchlist in the preferences. Changes to the Wikidata description in the language of a Wikimedia wiki will then be shown in recent changes and watchlists. This will not show edits to languages that are not relevant to your wiki. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2020-November/014402.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191831] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 8 December and 21 December. The survey decides what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W50"/> 16:15, 7 December 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20754641 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Tech News: 2020-51]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. It was released in India in September. It can now be downloaded in other countries too. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/12/10/growing-wikipedias-reach-with-an-app-for-kaios-feature-phones/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2020-12-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W51"/> 21:34, 14 December 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20803489 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Tech News: 2020-52]] == <section begin="technews-2020-W52"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 11 January 2021. '''Recent changes''' * The <code><nowiki>{{citation needed}}</nowiki></code> template shows when a statement in a Wikipedia article needs a source. If you click on it when you edit with the visual editor there is a popup that explains this. Now it can also show the reason and when it was added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270107] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * You can [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Ideas|propose and discuss]] what technical improvements should be done for geographic information. This could be coordinates, maps or other related things. * Some wikis use [[mw:Writing systems/LanguageConverter|LanguageConverter]] to switch between writing systems or variants of a language. This can only be done for the entire page. There will be a <code><nowiki><langconvert></nowiki></code> tag that can convert a piece of text on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263082] * Oversighters and stewards can hide entries in [[Special:AbuseLog|Special:AbuseLog]]. They can soon hide multiple entries at once using checkboxes. This works like hiding normal edits. It will happen in early January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2020/52|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2020-W52"/> 20:54, 21 December 2020 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20833836 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Tech News: 2021-02]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can choose to be reminded when you have not added an edit summary. This can be done in your preferences. This could conflict with the [[:w:en:CAPTCHA|CAPTCHA]]. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12729] * You can link to specific log entries. You can get these links for example by clicking the timestamps in the log. Until now, such links to private log entries showed no entry even if you had permission to view private log entries. The links now show the entry. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269761] * Admins can use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filter tool]] to automatically prevent bad edits. Three changes happened last week: ** The filter editing interface now shows syntax errors while you type. This is similar to JavaScript pages. It also shows a warning for regular expressions that match the empty string. New warnings will be added later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T187686] ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:Oversighters|Oversighters]] can now hide multiple filter log entries at once using checkboxes on [[Special:AbuseLog]]. This is how the usual revision deletion works. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260904] ** When a filter matches too many actions after it has been changed it is "throttled". The most powerful actions are disabled. This is to avoid many editors getting blocked when an administrator made a mistake. The administrator will now get a notification about this "throttle". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a new tool to [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/add build new skins]. You can also [https://skins.wmflabs.org/?#/ see] existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Skins|skins]]. You can [[mw:User talk:Jdlrobson|give feedback]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2020-December/094130.html] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Bots using the API no longer watch pages automatically based on account preferences. Setting the <code>watchlist</code> to <code>watch</code> will still work. This is to reduce the size of the watchlist data in the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258108] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto's]] [[:mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#File metadata|file metadata]] now includes length. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209679] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] and [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code pages now have link anchors to [https://patchdemo.wmflabs.org/wikis/40e4795d4448b55a6d8c46ff414bcf78/w/index.php/MediaWiki:En.js#L-125 line numbers]. You can use wikilinks like [[:w:en:MediaWiki:Common.js#L-50]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29531] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] There was a [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki last week. You can read [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.25/Changelog|a detailed log]] of all 763 changes. Most of them are very small and will not affect you. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W02"/> 15:42, 11 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20950047 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Tech News: 2021-03]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth team]] plans to add features to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer tasks/Experiment analysis, November 2020|get more visitors to edit]] to more Wikipedias. You can help [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-growthexperiments&language=&filter=&action=translate translating the interface]. * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|MassMessage]] posts could be automatically timestamped in the future. This is because MassMessage senders can now send pages using MassMessage. Pages are more difficult to sign. If there are times when a MassMessage post should not be timestamped you can [[phab:T270435|let the developers know]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W03"/> 16:10, 18 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=20974628 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W04"/> 18:31, 25 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21007423 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Tech News: 2021-04]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not to edit Wikimedia Commons for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210126T07 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}} at 07:00 (UTC)]. You will not be able to read or edit [[:wikitech:Main Page|Wikitech]] for a short time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210128T09 {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} at 09:00 (UTC)]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271791][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272388] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|Bracket matching]] will be added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] syntax highlighter on the first wikis. The first wikis are German and Catalan Wikipedia and maybe other Wikimedia wikis. This will happen on 27 January. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270238] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-01-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W04"/> 20:48, 25 January 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21007423 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Tech News: 2021-05]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[:w:en:IPv6|IPv6 addresses]] were written in lowercase letters in diffs. This caused dead links since [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] only accepted uppercase letters for the IPs. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272225] '''Changes later this week''' * You can soon use Wikidata to link to pages on the multilingual Wikisource. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138332] * Often editors use a "non-breaking space" to make a gap between two items when reading but still show them together. This can be used to avoid a line break. You will now be able to add new ones via the special character tool in the 2010, 2017, and visual editors. The character will be shown in the visual editor as a space with a grey background. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T70429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96666] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=| Advanced item]] Wikis use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to stop bad edits being made. Filter maintainers can now use syntax like <code>1.2.3.4 - 1.2.3.55</code> as well as the <code>1.2.3.4/27</code> syntax for IP ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T218074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] is the skin Wikimedia wikis use for mobile traffic. When a page is protected and you can't edit it you can normally read the source wikicode. This doesn't work on Minerva on mobile devices. This is being fixed. Some text might overlap. This is because your community needs to update [[MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext|MediaWiki:Protectedpagetext]] to work on mobile. You can [[phab:T208827|read more]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Inline_styles_should_not_use_properties_that_impact_sizing_and_positioning][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Avoid_tables_for_anything_except_data] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] will change the IP address they use to contact the wikis. The new IP address will be <code>185.15.56.1</code>. This will happen on February 8. You can [[:wikitech:News/CloudVPS NAT wikis|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W05"/> 22:39, 1 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21033195 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Tech News: 2021-06]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W06"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android now has watchlists and talk pages in the app. [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia] '''Changes later this week''' * You can see edits to chosen pages on [[Special:Watchlist|Special:Watchlist]]. You can add pages to your watchlist on every wiki you like. The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|GlobalWatchlist]] extension will come to Meta on 11 February. There you can see entries on watched pages on different wikis on the same page. The new watchlist will be found on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] on Meta. You can choose which wikis to watch and other preferences on [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings|Special:GlobalWatchlistSettings]] on Meta. You can watch up to five wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T260862] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * When admins [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protecting and unprotecting pages|protect]] pages the form will use the [[mw:UX standardization|OOUI look]]. [[Special:Import|Special:Import]] will also get the new look. This will make them easier to use on mobile phones. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235424][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108792] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[m:Tech/News/2021/05|Last week]] Tech News reported that the IP address [[:wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] and [[:wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] use to contact the wikis will change on 8 February. This is delayed. It will happen later instead. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/CloudVPS_NAT_wikis] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/06|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W06"/> 17:42, 8 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21082948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Tech News: 2021-07]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W07"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There were problems with recent versions of MediaWiki. Because the updates caused problems the developers rolled back to an earlier version. Some updates and new functions will come later than planned. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094255.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2021-February/094271.html] * Some services will not work for a short period of time from 07:00 UTC on 17 February. There might be problems with new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|short links]], new translations, new notifications, adding new items to your [[mw:Reading/Reading Lists|reading lists]] or recording [[:w:en:Email#Tracking of sent mail|email bounces]]. This is because of database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273758] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.31|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/07|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W07"/> 17:56, 15 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21105437 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Tech News: 2021-08]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The visual editor will now use [[:c:Commons:Structured data/Media search|MediaSearch]] to find images. You can search for images on Commons in the visual editor when you are looking for illustrations. This is to help editors find better images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259896] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighter]] now works with more languages: [[:w:en:Futhark (programming language)|Futhark]], [[:w:en:Graphviz|Graphviz]]/[[:w:en:DOT (graph description language)|DOT]], CDDL and AMDGPU. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274741] '''Problems''' * Editing a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EasyTimeline|timeline]] might have removed all text from it. This was because of a bug and has been fixed. You might need to edit the timeline again for it to show properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274822] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.32|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-02-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] There is a [[:m:Wikimedia Rust developers user group|user group]] for developers and users interested in working on Wikimedia wikis with the [[:w:en:Rust (programming language)|Rust programming language]]. You can join or tell others who want to make your wiki better in the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 00:18, 23 February 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21134058 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Tech News: 2021-09]] == <div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth team tools]] can now show the name of a newcomer's mentor anywhere [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship/Integrating_mentorship|through a magic word]]. This can be used for welcome messages or userboxes. * A new version of the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:VideoCutTool|VideoCutTool]] is now available. It enables cropping, trimming, audio disabling, and rotating video content. It is being created as part of the developer outreach programs. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Job queue|job queue]]. This meant some functions did not save changes and mass messages were delayed. This did not affect wiki edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275437] * Some editors may not be logged in to their accounts automatically in the latest versions of Firefox and Safari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T226797] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.33|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div> ---- 19:08, 1 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21161722 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Tech News: 2021-10]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W10"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section translation]] now works on Bengali Wikipedia. It helps mobile editors translate sections of articles. It will come to more wikis later. The first focus is active wikis with a smaller number of articles. You can [https://sx.wmflabs.org/index.php/Main_Page test it] and [[mw:Talk:Content translation/Section translation|leave feedback]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] now give admins the review right. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275293] * When someone links to a Wikipedia article on Twitter this will now show a preview of the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276185] '''Problems''' * Many graphs have [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] errors. Graph editors can check their graphs in their browser's developer console after editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275833] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Talk pages project/New discussion|New Discussion]] tool will soon be a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|discussion tools]] beta feature for on most Wikipedias. The goal is to make it easier to start new discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275257] '''Future changes''' * There will be a number of changes to make it easier to work with templates. Some will come to the first wikis in March. Other changes will come to the first wikis in June. This is both for those who use templates and those who create or maintain them. You can [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|read more]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on some wikis on 17 March. They will share a setting with [[mw:Page Previews|Page Previews]]. If you prefer the Reference Tooltips or Navigation-Popups gadget you can keep using them. If so Reference Previews won't be shown. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * New JavaScript-based functions will not work in [[:w:en:Internet Explorer 11|Internet Explorer 11]]. This is because Internet Explorer is an old browser that doesn't work with how JavaScript is written today. Everything that works in Internet Explorer 11 today will continue working in Internet Explorer for now. You can [[mw:Compatibility/IE11|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/10|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W10"/> 17:51, 8 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21175593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Tech News: 2021-11]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W11"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis that are part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|desktop improvements]] project can now use a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Search|search function]]. The desktop improvements and the new search will come to more wikis later. You can also [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#Deployment plan and timeline|test it early]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Editors who put up banners or change site-wide [[:w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] code should use the [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/000000566/overview?viewPanel=16&orgId=1 client error graph] to see that their changes has not caused problems. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/03/08/sailing-steady%e2%80%8a-%e2%80%8ahow-you-can-help-keep-wikimedia-sites-error-free read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276296] '''Problems''' * Due to [[phab:T276968|database issues]] the [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org Wikimedia Beta Cluster] was read-only for over a day. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.34|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can add a [[:w:en:Newline|newline]] or [[:w:en:Carriage return|carriage return]] character to a custom signature if you use a template. There is a proposal to not allow them in the future. This is because they can cause formatting problems. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/New_requirements_for_user_signatures#Additional_proposal_(2021)][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272322] * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|12 wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] You can use [https://quarry.wmflabs.org/ Quarry] for [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the [[wikitech:Wiki replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 23 March. There will be a new field to specify the database to connect to. If you think this affects you and you need help you can [[phab:T268498|post on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/PAWS PAWS] and other ways to do [[:w:en:SQL|SQL]] queries to the Wiki Replicas will be affected later. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Wiki_Replicas_2020_Redesign] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/11|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W11"/> 23:23, 15 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21226057 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Tech News: 2021-12]] == <section begin="technews-2021-W12"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a [[mw:Wikipedia for KaiOS|Wikipedia app]] for [[:w:en:KaiOS|KaiOS]] phones. They don't have a touch screen so readers navigate with the phone keys. There is now a [https://wikimedia.github.io/wikipedia-kaios/sim.html simulator] so you can see what it looks like. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|new discussion tool]] are now available as the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] in almost all wikis except German Wikipedia. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T276899|twelve wikis]] for a short period of time on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210323T06 {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} at 06:00 (UTC)]. This can also affect password changes, logging in to new wikis, global renames and changing or confirming emails. This could take 30 minutes but will probably be much faster. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.36|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[:w:en:Syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] colours will change to be easier to read. This will soon come to the [[phab:T276346|first wikis]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting] '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged revisions]] will no longer have multiple tags like "tone" or "depth". It will also only have one tier. This was changed because very few wikis used these features and they make the tool difficult to maintain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T185664][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277883] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts can access variables about the current page in JavaScript. In 2015 this was moved from <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> to <code dir=ltr>mw.config</code>. <code dir=ltr>wg*</code> will soon no longer work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T72470] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/12|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div></div> <section end="technews-2021-W12"/> 16:53, 22 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21244806 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to <code>irc.wikimedia.org</code> and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579] '''Problems''' * When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350] * Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:31, 29 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21267131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Tech News: 2021-13]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some very old [[:w:en:Web browser|web browsers]] [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility|don’t work]] well with the Wikimedia wikis. Some old code for browsers that used to be supported is being removed. This could cause issues in those browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277803] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:m:IRC/Channels#Raw_feeds|IRC recent changes feeds]] have been moved to a new server. Make sure all tools automatically reconnect to <code>irc.wikimedia.org</code> and not to the name of any specific server. Users should also consider switching to the more modern [[:wikitech:Event Platform/EventStreams|EventStreams]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T224579] '''Problems''' * When you move a page that many editors have on their watchlist the history can be split. It might also not be possible to move it again for a while. This is because of a [[:w:en:Job queue|job queue]] problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278350] * Some translatable pages on Meta could not be edited. This was because of a bug in the translation tool. The new MediaWiki version was delayed because of problems like this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278429][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T274940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.37|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-03-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 20:39, 29 March 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21267131 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Tech News: 2021-14]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors can collapse part of an article so you have to click on it to see it. When you click a link to a section inside collapsed content it will now expand to show the section. The browser will scroll down to the section. Previously such links didn't work unless you manually expanded the content first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276741] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] will use for example <code>2010-12-XX</code> instead of <code>2010-12</code> for dates with a month but no days. This is because <code>2010-12</code> could be confused with <code>2010-2012</code> instead of <code>December 2010</code>. This is called level 1 instead of level 0 in the [https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/ Extended Date/Time Format]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/wmf.38|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.36/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[:wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] can now connect to the new [[:wikitech:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]]. Cross-database <code>JOINS</code> will no longer work from 28 April. There is [[:wikitech:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign#How should I connect to databases in PAWS?|a new way to connect]] to the databases. Until 28 April both ways to connect to the databases will work. If you think this affects you and you need help you can post [[phab:T268498|on Phabricator]] or on [[wikitech:Talk:News/Wiki Replicas 2020 Redesign|Wikitech]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 19:41, 5 April 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21287348 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Tech News: 2021-16]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Email to the Wikimedia wikis are handled by groups of Wikimedia editors. These volunteer response teams now use [https://github.com/znuny/Znuny Znuny] instead of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/OTRS|OTRS]]. The functions and interface remain the same. The volunteer administrators will give more details about the next steps soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279303][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275294] * If you use [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighting]], you can see line numbers in the 2010 and 2017 wikitext editors when editing templates. This is to make it easier to see line breaks or talk about specific lines. Line numbers will soon come to all namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267911][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Line_Numbering] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Because of a technical change there could be problems with gadgets and scripts that have an edit summary area that looks [https://phab.wmfusercontent.org/file/data/llvdqqnb5zpsfzylbqcg/PHID-FILE-25vs4qowibmtysl7cbml/Screen_Shot_2021-04-06_at_2.34.04_PM.png similar to this one]. If they look strange they should use <code>mw.loader.using('mediawiki.action.edit.styles')</code> to go back to how they looked before. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278898] * The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.1|latest version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis last week. There was no Tech News issue last week. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in two weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:49, 19 April 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21356080 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Tech News: 2021-17]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Templates have parameters that can have specific values. It is possible to suggest values for editors with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TemplateData|TemplateData]]. You can soon see them as a drop-down list in the visual editor. This is to help template users find the right values faster. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273857][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-04-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 21:25, 26 April 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21391118 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346] * Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes <code dir=ltr>.error</code>, <code dir=ltr>.warning</code> and <code dir=ltr>.success</code> do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:44, 3 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21418010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Tech News: 2021-18]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Twinkle|Twinkle]] is a gadget on English Wikipedia. It can help with maintenance and patrolling. It can [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid/SD0001/Twinkle localisation/Report|now be used on other wikis]]. You can get Twinkle on your wiki using the [https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle-starter twinkle-starter] GitHub repository. '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|content translation tool]] did not work for many articles for a little while. This was because of a bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281346] * Some things will not work for about a minute on 5 May. This will happen [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210505T0600 around 06:00 UTC]. This will affect the content translation tool and notifications among other things. This is because of an upgrade to avoid crashes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281212] '''Changes later this week''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] will become a default feature on a number of wikis on 5 May. This is later than planned because of some changes. You can use it without using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|Page Previews]] if you want to. The earlier plan was to have the preference to use both or none. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271206][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:CSS|CSS]] classes <code dir=ltr>.error</code>, <code dir=ltr>.warning</code> and <code dir=ltr>.success</code> do not work for mobile readers if they have not been specifically defined on your wiki. From June they will not work for desktop readers. This can affect gadgets and templates. The classes can be defined in [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] or template styles instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280766] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 12:57, 4 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21418010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:10, 10 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21428676 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Tech News: 2021-19]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can see what participants plan to work on at the online [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2021|Wikimedia hackathon]] 22–23 May. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:26, 10 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21428676 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Tech News: 2021-20]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new toolbar in [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply tool]]. It works in the wikitext source mode. You can enable it in [[Special:Preferences#mw-htmlform-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276608] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#13_May_2021] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion#13_May_2021] * Wikimedia [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo mailing lists] are being moved to [[:w:en:GNU Mailman|Mailman 3]]. This is a newer version. For the [[:w:en:Character encoding|character encoding]] to work it will change from <code>[[:w:en:UTF-8|UTF-8]]</code> to <code>utf8mb3</code>. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IEYQ2HS3LZF2P3DAYMNZYQDGHWPVMTPY/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282621] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/14|earlier issue]] of Tech News said that the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|citoid]] [[:w:en:API|API]] would handle dates with a month but no days in a new way. This has been reverted for now. There needs to be more discussion of how it affects different wikis first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132308] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-blacklist</code> will be renamed <code>MediaWiki:Pageimages-denylist</code>. The list can be copied to the new name. It will happen on 19 May for some wikis and 20 May for some wikis. Most wikis don't use it. It lists images that should never be used as thumbnails for articles. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 13:50, 17 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21464279 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Tech News: 2021-21]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Wikimedia movement has been using [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC|IRC]] on a network called [[:w:en:Freenode|Freenode]]. There have been changes around who is in control of the network. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Group_Contacts|Wikimedia IRC Group Contacts]] have [[m:Special:Diff/21476411|decided]] to move to the new [[:w:en:Libera Chat|Libera Chat]] network instead. This is not a formal decision for the movement to move all channels but most Wikimedia IRC channels will probably leave Freenode. There is a [[:m:IRC/Migrating_to_Libera_Chat|migration guide]] and ongoing Wikimedia [[m:Wikimedia Forum#Freenode (IRC)|discussions about this]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-05-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:08, 24 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21477606 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Tech News: 2021-22]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was an issue on the Vector skin with the text size of categories and notices under the page title. It was fixed last Monday. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283206] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:06, 31 মে' 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21516076 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980] * Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for <code>Bedusz</code> doesn't find <code>Będusz</code> on German Wikipedia. The character <code>ę</code> isn't used in German so many would write <code>e</code> instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 20:03, 7 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21551759 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Tech News: 2021-23]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia movement uses [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] for technical tasks. This is where we collect technical suggestions, bugs and what developers are working on. The company behind Phabricator will stop working on it. This will not change anything for the Wikimedia movement now. It could lead to changes in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/YAXOD46INJLAODYYIJUVQWOZFIV54VUI/][https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283980] * Searching on Wikipedia will find more results in some languages. This is mainly true for when those who search do not use the correct [[:w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] because they are not seen as necessary in that language. For example searching for <code>Bedusz</code> doesn't find <code>Będusz</code> on German Wikipedia. The character <code>ę</code> isn't used in German so many would write <code>e</code> instead. This will work better in the future in some languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219550] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:w:en:Cross-site request forgery|CSRF token parameters]] in the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Main page|action API]] were changed in 2014. The old parameters from before 2014 will stop working soon. This can affect bots, gadgets and user scripts that still use the old parameters. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IMP43BNCI32C524O5YCUWMQYP4WVBQ2B/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280806] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 22:35, 7 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21551759 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Tech News: 2021-24]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Logged-in users on the mobile web can choose to use the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|advanced mobile mode]]. They now see categories in a similar way as users on desktop do. This means that some gadgets that have just been for desktop users could work for users of the mobile site too. If your wiki has such gadgets you could decide to turn them on for the mobile site too. Some gadgets probably need to be fixed to look good on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284763] * Language links on Wikidata now works for [[:oldwikisource:Main Page|multilingual Wikisource]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275958] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|can't show the IP]] of unregistered editors to everyone. This is because privacy regulations and norms have changed. There is now a rough draft of how [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#Updates|showing the IP to those who need to see it]] could work. * German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between 5:00 and 5:30 UTC. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 28 June. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 20:26, 14 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21587625 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Tech News: 2021-25]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The <code>otrs-member</code> group name is now <code>vrt-permissions</code>. This could affect abuse filters. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280615] '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit German Wikipedia, English Wikivoyage and 29 smaller wikis for a few minutes on 22 June. This is planned between [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210623T0500 5:00 and 5:30 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284530] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:50, 21 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21593987 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Tech News: 2021-26]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|Growth features]] now can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure Growth features directly on their wiki]]. This uses the new special page <code>Special:EditGrowthConfig</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285423] * Wikisources have a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/OCR Improvements|OCR tool]]. If you don't want to see the "extract text" button on Wikisource you can add <code>.ext-wikisource-ExtractTextWidget { display: none; }</code> to your [[Special:MyPage/common.css|common.css page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285311] '''Problems''' *You will be able to read but not edit the Wikimedia wikis for a few minutes on 29 June. This is planned at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210629T1400 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281515][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T281209] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-06-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * <code>Threshold for stub link formatting</code>, <code>thumbnail size</code> and <code>auto-number headings</code> can be set in preferences. They are expensive to maintain and few editors use them. The developers are planning to remove them. Removing them will make pages load faster. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User:SKim (WMF)/Performance Dependent User Preferences|read more and give feedback]]. * A toolbar will be added to the [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]]'s wikitext source mode. This will make it easier to link to pages and to ping other users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T276609][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Replying#Status_updates] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:32, 28 June 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21653312 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Tech News: 2021-27]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 19 July. '''Recent changes''' * [[:wikidata:Q4063270|AutoWikiBrowser]] is a tool to make repetitive tasks easier. It now uses [[:w:en:JSON|JSON]]. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPageJSON</code> and <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/Config</code>. <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/Version</code> has moved to <code>Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage/VersionJSON</code>. The tool will eventually be configured on the wiki so that you don't have to wait until the new version to add templates or regular expression fixes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T241196] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] helps saving online sources on some wikis. It adds them to [[:w:en:Wayback Machine|Wayback Machine]] and links to them there. This is so they don't disappear if the page that was linked to is removed. It currently has a problem with linking to the wrong date when it moves pages from <code>archive.is</code> to <code>web.archive.org</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T283432] '''Changes later this week''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] will be updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It will come to the first wikis on 7 July. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * Some Wikimedia wikis use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]] or pending changes. It hides edits from new and unregistered accounts for readers until they have been patrolled. The auto review action in Flagged Revisions will no longer be logged. All old logs of auto-review will be removed. This is because it creates a lot of logs that are not very useful. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285608] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 17:34, 5 July 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21694636 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Tech News: 2021-29]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The tool to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|find, add and remove templates]] was updated. This is to make it easier to find and use the right templates. It was supposed to come to the first wikis on 7 July. It was delayed to 12 July instead. It will come to more wikis later this year. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Removing_a_template_from_a_page_using_the_VisualEditor][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284553] * [[Special:UnconnectedPages|Special:UnconnectedPages]] lists pages that are not connected to Wikidata. This helps you find pages that can be connected to Wikidata items. Some pages should not be connected to Wikidata. You can use the magic word <code><nowiki>__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__</nowiki></code> on pages that should not be listed on the special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T97577] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the [[:w:en:Parsing|parser's]] HTML output will soon change. This can affect bots, gadgets, user scripts and extensions. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/L2UQJRHTFK5YG3IOZEC7JSLH2ZQNZRVU/ read more]. You can test it on [[:testwiki:Main Page|Testwiki]] or [[:test2wiki:Main Page|Testwiki 2]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:32, 19 July 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21755027 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Tech News: 2021-30]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki came to the Wikimedia wikis the week before last week. This was not in Tech News because there was no newsletter that week. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-07-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * If you use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MonoBook|Monobook skin]] you can choose to switch off [[:w:en:Responsive web design|responsive design]] on mobile. This will now work for more skins. If <code>{{int:monobook-responsive-label}}</code> is unticked you need to also untick the new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preference]] <code>{{int:prefs-skin-responsive}}</code>. Otherwise it will stop working. Interface admins can automate this process on your wiki. You can [[phab:T285991|read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 21:11, 26 July 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21771634 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Tech News: 2021-31]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] If your wiki uses markup like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl"></nowiki></code></bdi> without the required <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>dir</code></bdi> attribute, then these will no longer work in 2 weeks. There is a short-term fix that can be added to your local wiki's Common.css page, which is explained at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. From now on, all usages should include the full attributes, for example: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"></nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="mw-content-rtl" dir="rtl" lang="he"></nowiki></code></bdi>. This also applies to some other HTML tags, such as <code>span</code> or <code>code</code>. You can find existing examples on your wiki that need to be updated, using the instructions at [[phab:T287701|T287701]]. * Reminder: Wikimedia has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IRC/Migrating to Libera Chat|migrated to the Libera Chat IRC network]], from the old Freenode network. Local documentation should be updated. '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 30 minutes. There was a problem with generating dynamic lists of articles on the Russian Wikinews, due to the bulk import of 200,000+ new articles over 3 days, which led to database problems. The problematic feature has been disabled on that wiki and developers are discussing if it can be fixed properly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-07-26_ruwikinews_DynamicPageList] '''Changes later this week''' * When adding links to a page using [[mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] or the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]] will now only appear at the bottom of search results. This is because users do not often want to link to disambiguation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285510] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|team of the Wikipedia app for Android]] is working on communication in the app. The developers are working on how to talk to other editors and get notifications. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|read more]]. They are looking for users who want to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingJuly2021|test the plans]]. Any editor who has an Android phone and is willing to download the app can do this. * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} will be updated in the coming weeks. You will be able to [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications|subscribe to individual sections]] on a talk page at more wikis. You can test this now by adding <code>?dtenable=1</code> to the end of the talk page's URL ([https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Meta_talk:Sandbox?dtenable=1 example]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 20:48, 2 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21818289 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Tech News: 2021-32]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * You can read but not edit 17 wikis for a few minutes on 10 August. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1628571650 05:00 UTC]. This is because of work on the database. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287449] '''Changes later this week''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2021:Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place remotely on 13 August, starting at 5:00 UTC, for 24 hours. You can participate in many ways. You can still propose projects and sessions. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The old CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div class="visualClear"></div></nowiki></code></bdi> will not be supported after 12 August. Instead, templates and pages should use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><div style="clear:both;"></div></nowiki></code></bdi>. Please help to replace any existing uses on your wiki. There are global-search links available at [[phab:T287962|T287962]]. '''Future changes''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is a place for Wikipedia editors to get access to sources. There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TheWikipediaLibrary|extension]] which has a new function to tell users when they can take part in it. It will use notifications. It will start pinging the first users in September. It will ping more users later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288070] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] [[w:en:Vue.js|Vue.js]] will be the [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] framework for MediaWiki in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SOZREBYR36PUNFZXMIUBVAIOQI4N7PDU/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:21, 9 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21856726 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Tech News: 2021-33]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can add language links in the sidebar in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] '''Problems''' * There was a problem on wikis which use the Translate extension. Translations were not updated or were replaced with the English text. The problems have been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288700][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288683][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288719] '''Changes later this week''' * A [[mw:Help:Tags|revision tag]] will soon be added to edits that add links to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Disambiguator|disambiguation pages]]. This is because these links are usually added by accident. The tag will allow editors to easily find the broken links and fix them. If your wiki does not like this feature, it can be [[mw:Help:Tags#Deleting a tag added by the software|hidden]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287549] *Would you like to help improve the information about tools? Would you like to attend or help organize a small virtual meetup for your community to discuss the list of tools? Please get in touch on the [[m:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions|Toolhub Quality Signal Sessions]] talk page. We are also looking for feedback [[m:Talk:Toolhub/The Quality Signal Sessions#Discussion topic for "Quality Signal Sessions: The Tool Maintainers edition"|from tool maintainers]] on some specific questions. * In the past, edits to any page in your user talk space ignored your [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications#mute|mute list]], e.g. sub-pages. Starting this week, this is only true for edits to your talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288112] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 19:28, 16 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21889213 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Tech News: 2021-34]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score]] extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><score></nowiki></code></bdi> notation) has been re-enabled on public wikis and upgraded to a newer version. Some musical score functionality may no longer work because the extension is only enabled in "safe mode". The security issue has been fixed and an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score/2021 security advisory|advisory published]]. '''Problems''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289130|some wikis]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871217 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. During this time, operations on the CentralAuth will also not be possible. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 21:59, 23 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21923254 --> == Read-only reminder == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="MassMessage"/> A maintenance operation will be performed on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1629871231 {{#time: l F d H:i e|2021-08-25T06:00|en}}]. It should only last for a few minutes. This will affect your wiki as well as 11 other wikis. During this time, publishing edits will not be possible. Also during this time, operations on the CentralAuth will not be possible (GlobalRenames, changing/confirming e-mail addresses, logging into new wikis, password changes). For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check [[phab:T289130|on Phabricator]]. A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation. Please help your community to be aware of this maintenance operation. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}<section end="MassMessage"/> </div> 20:35, 24 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21927201 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Tech News: 2021-35]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Some musical score syntax no longer works and may needed to be updated, you can check [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:score-error-category}}]] on your wiki for a list of pages with errors. '''Problems''' * Musical scores were unable to render lyrics in some languages because of missing fonts. This has been fixed now. If your language would prefer a different font, please file a request in Phabricator. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289554] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The parameters for how you obtain [[mw:API:Tokens|tokens]] in the MediaWiki API were changed in 2014. The old way will no longer work from 1 September. Scripts, bots and tools that use the parameters from before the 2014 change need to be updated. You can [[phab:T280806#7215377|read more]] about this. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-08-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to read but not edit [[phab:T289660|Commons]] for a few minutes on {{#time:j xg|2021-09-06|en}}. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1630818058 05:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes in the week of 13 September. More information will be published in Tech News later. It will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:02, 30 August 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21954810 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Tech News: 2021-36]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The wikis that have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] deployed have been part of A/B testing since deployment, in which some newcomers did not receive the new features. Now, all of the newcomers on 21 of the smallest of those wikis will be receiving the features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289786] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In 2017, the provided jQuery library was upgraded from version 1 to 3, with a compatibility layer. The migration will soon finish, to make the site load faster for everyone. If you maintain a gadget or user script, check if you have any JQMIGRATE errors and fix them, or they will break. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280944][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/6Z2BVLOBBEC2QP4VV4KOOVQVE52P3HOP/] * Last year, the Portuguese Wikipedia community embarked on an experiment to make log-in compulsory for editing.  The [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Impact report for Login Required Experiment on Portuguese Wikipedia|impact report of this trial]] is ready. Moving forward, the Anti-Harassment Tools team is looking for projects that are willing to experiment with restricting IP editing on their wiki for a short-term experiment. [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Login Required Experiment|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:20, 6 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=21981010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Tech News: 2021-37]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * 45 new Wikipedias now have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289680] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|A majority of Wikipedias]] now have access to the Growth features. The Growth team [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ|has published an FAQ page]] about the features. This translatable FAQ covers the description of the features, how to use them, how to change the configuration, and more. '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 14 September. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628002 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287539] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.37/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting this week, Wikipedia in Italian will receive weekly software updates on Wednesdays. It used to receive the updates on Thursdays. Due to this change, bugs will be noticed and fixed sooner. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286664] * You can add language links in the sidebar in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|the new Vector skin]] again. You do this by connecting the page to a Wikidata item. The new Vector skin has moved the language links but the new language selector cannot add language links yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287206] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlight]] tool marks up code with different colours. It now can highlight 23 new code languages. Additionally, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>golang</code></bdi> can now be used as an alias for the [[d:Q37227|Go programming language]], and a special <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>output</code></bdi> mode has been added to show a program's output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280117][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/SyntaxHighlight_GeSHi/+/715277/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 15:36, 13 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22009517 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Tech News: 2021-38]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Growth features are now deployed to almost all Wikipedias. [[phab:T290582|For the majority of small Wikipedias]], the features are only available for experienced users, to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#enable|test the features]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/FAQ#config|configure them]]. Features will be available for newcomers starting on 20 September 2021. * MediaWiki had a feature that would highlight local links to short articles in a different style. Each user could pick the size at which "stubs" would be highlighted. This feature was very bad for performance, and following a consultation, has been removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284917] * A technical change was made to the MonoBook skin to allow for easier maintenance and upkeep. This has resulted in some minor changes to HTML that make MonoBook's HTML consistent with other skins. Efforts have been made to minimize the impact on editors, but please ping [[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]] on wiki or in [[phab:T290888|phabricator]] if any problems are reported. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of an accidental restart of the search servers. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-09-13_cirrussearch_restart] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[s:Special:ApiHelp/query+proofreadinfo|meta=proofreadpage API]] has changed. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>piprop</nowiki></code></bdi> parameter has been renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prpiprop</nowiki></code></bdi>. API users should update their code to avoid unrecognized parameter warnings. Pywikibot users should upgrade to 6.6.0. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290585] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki_1.37/Deprecation_of_legacy_API_token_parameters|previously announced]] change to how you obtain tokens from the API has been delayed to September 21 because of an incompatibility with Pywikibot. Bot operators using Pywikibot can follow [[phab:T291202|T291202]] for progress on a fix, and should plan to upgrade to 6.6.1 when it is released. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 18:33, 20 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22043415 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Tech News: 2021-39]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[w:en:IOS|iOS 15]] has a new function called [https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT212614 Private Relay] (Apple website). This can hide the user's IP when they use [[w:en:Safari (software)|Safari]] browser. This is like using a [[w:en:Virtual private network|VPN]] in that we see another IP address instead. It is opt-in and only for those who pay extra for [[w:en:ICloud|iCloud]]. It will come to Safari users on [[:w:en:OSX|OSX]] later. There is a [[phab:T289795|technical discussion]] about what this means for the Wikimedia wikis. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and user-scripts add items to the [[m:Customization:Explaining_skins#Portlets|portlets]] (article tools) part of the skin. A recent change to the HTML may have made those links a different font-size. This can be fixed by adding the CSS class <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.vector-menu-dropdown-noicon</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291438] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-09-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Onboarding_new_Wikipedians#New_experience|GettingStarted extension]] was built in 2013, and provides an onboarding process for new account holders in a few versions of Wikipedia. However, the recently developed [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] provide a better onboarding experience. Since the vast majority of Wikipedias now have access to the Growth features, GettingStarted will be deactivated starting on 4 October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T235752] * A small number of users will not be able to connect to the Wikimedia wikis after 30 September. This is because an old [[:w:en:root certificate|root certificate]] will no longer work. They will also have problems with many other websites. Users who have updated their software in the last five years are unlikely to have problems. Users in Europe, Africa and Asia are less likely to have immediate problems even if their software is too old. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/HTTPS/2021 Let's Encrypt root expiry|read more]]. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications|receive notifications]] when someone leaves a comment on user talk page or mentions you in a talk page comment. Clicking the notification link will now bring you to the comment and highlight it. Previously, doing so brought you to the top of the section that contained the comment. You can find [[phab:T282029|more information in T282029.]] '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Replying|Reply tool]] will be deployed to the remaining wikis in the coming weeks. It is currently part of "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta features]] at most wikis. You will be able to turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Editing Preferences]]. [[phab:T288485|See the list of wikis.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262331] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W39"/> </div> 22:24, 27 September 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22077885 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Tech News: 2021-40]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="tech-newsletter-content"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them has been enabled for the following 10 wikis: mediawiki.org, the Italian, Catalan, Hebrew and Vietnamese Wikipedias, French Wikisource, and English Wikivoygage, Wikibooks, Wiktionary and Wikinews. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist on those wikis you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Some gadgets and bots that use the API to read the AbuseFilter log might break. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hidden</code></bdi> property will no longer say an entry is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>implicit</code></bdi> for unsuppressed log entries about suppressed edits. If your bot needs to know this, do a separate revision query. Additionally, the property will have the value <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>false</code></bdi> for visible entries; previously, it wasn't included in the response. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291718] * A more efficient way of sending changes from Wikidata to Wikimedia wikis that show them will be enabled for ''all production wikis''. If you notice anything strange about how changes from Wikidata appear in recent changes or your watchlist you can [[phab:T48643|let the developers know]]. '''Future changes''' * You can soon get cross-wiki notifications in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|iOS Wikipedia app]]. You can also get notifications as push notifications. More notification updates will follow in later versions. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Notifications#September_2021_update] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgExtraSignatureNamespaces</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgLegalTitleChars</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgIllegalFileChars</code></bdi> will soon be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi>. These are not part of the "stable" variables available for use in wiki JavaScript. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292011] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The JavaScript variables <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePrefix</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieDomain</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookiePath</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>wgCookieExpiration</code></bdi> will soon be removed from mw.config. Scripts should instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.cookie</code></bdi> from the "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#mediawiki.cookie|mediawiki.cookie]]</bdi>" module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291760] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="tech-newsletter-content"/> </div> 16:33, 4 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22101208 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Tech News: 2021-41]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Manual:Table_of_contents#Auto-numbering|"auto-number headings" preference]] is being removed. You can read [[phab:T284921]] for the reasons and discussion. This change was [[m:Tech/News/2021/26|previously]] announced. [[mw:Snippets/Auto-number_headings|A JavaScript snippet]] is available which can be used to create a Gadget on wikis that still want to support auto-numbering. '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. A demonstration version of the [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|newest feature]] will be shown. The event will take place on Tuesday, 12 October at 16:00 UTC. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web/12-10-2021|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W41"/> </div> 15:31, 11 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22152137 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Tech News: 2021-42]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *[[m:Toolhub|Toolhub]] is a catalogue to make it easier to find software tools that can be used for working on the Wikimedia projects. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LF4SSR4QRCKV6NPRFGUAQWUFQISVIPTS/ read more]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers of the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia Android app]] are working on [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|communication in the app]]. You can now answer questions in [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication/UsertestingOctober2021|survey]] to help the development. * 3–5% of editors may be blocked in the next few months. This is because of a new service in Safari, which is similar to a [[w:en:Proxy server|proxy]] or a [[w:en:VPN|VPN]]. It is called iCloud Private Relay. There is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|discussion about this]] on Meta. The goal is to learn what iCloud Private Relay could mean for the communities. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] is a new [[w:en:API|API]] for those who use a lot of information from the Wikimedia projects on other sites. It is a way to get big commercial users to pay for the data. There will soon be a copy of the Wikimedia Enterprise dataset. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/message/B2AX6PWH5MBKB4L63NFZY3ADBQG7MSBA/ read more]. You can also ask the team questions [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88994018553 on Zoom] on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=15&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=10&year=2021 22 October 15:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W42"/> </div> 20:54, 18 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22176877 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Tech News: 2021-43]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 27 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-10-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff|Diff pages]] will have an improved copy and pasting experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Copy paste diffs|The changes]] will allow the text in the diff for before and after to be treated as separate columns and will remove any unwanted syntax. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T192526] * The version of the [[w:en:Liberation fonts|Liberation fonts]] used in SVG files will be upgraded. Only new thumbnails will be affected. Liberation Sans Narrow will not change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253600] '''Meetings''' * You can join a meeting about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. News about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes will be shown. The event will take place on Wednesday, 27 October at 14:30 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/Talk to Us|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W43"/> </div> 20:08, 25 October 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22232718 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Tech News: 2021-44]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a limit on the amount of emails a user can send each day. This limit is now global instead of per-wiki. This change is to prevent abuse. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293866] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W44"/> </div> 20:28, 1 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22269406 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Tech News: 2021-45]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile IP editors are now able to receive warning notices indicating they have a talk page message on the mobile website (similar to the orange banners available on desktop). These notices will be displayed on every page outside of the main namespace and every time the user attempts to edit. The notice on desktop now has a slightly different colour. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284642][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278105] '''Changes later this week''' * [[phab:T294321|Wikidata will be read-only]] for a few minutes on 11 November. This will happen around [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1636610400 06:00 UTC]. This is for database maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294321] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Future changes''' * In the future, unregistered editors will be given an identity that is not their [[:w:en:IP address|IP address]]. This is for legal reasons. A new user right will let editors who need to know the IPs of unregistered accounts to fight vandalism, spam, and harassment, see the IP. You can read the [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|suggestions for how that identity could work]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|discuss on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W45"/> </div> 20:37, 8 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22311003 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Tech News: 2021-46]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Most [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Maximum_file_size#MAXTHUMB|large file uploads]] errors that had messages like "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>stashfailed</code></bdi>" or "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>DBQueryError</code></bdi>" have now been fixed. An [[wikitech:Incident documentation/2021-11-04 large file upload timeouts|incident report]] is available. '''Problems''' * Sometimes, edits made on iOS using the visual editor save groups of numbers as telephone number links, because of a feature in the operating system. This problem is under investigation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116525] * There was a problem with search last week. Many search requests did not work for 2 hours because of a configuration error. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2021-11-10_cirrussearch_commonsfile_outage] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W46"/> </div> 22:07, 15 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22338097 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Tech News: 2021-47]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. *The template dialog in VisualEditor and in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|new wikitext mode]] Beta feature will be [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|heavily improved]] on [[phab:T286992|a few wikis]]. Your [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|feedback is welcome]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W47"/> </div> 20:03, 22 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22366010 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Tech News: 2021-48]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-11-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W48"/> </div> 21:15, 29 November 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22375666 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Tech News: 2021-49]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * MediaWiki 1.38-wmf.11 was scheduled to be deployed on some wikis last week. The deployment was delayed because of unexpected problems. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * At all Wikipedias, a Mentor Dashboard is now available at <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MentorDashboard</nowiki></code></bdi>. It allows registered mentors, who take care of newcomers' first steps, to monitor their assigned newcomers' activity. It is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]]. You can learn more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How_to_configure_the_mentors%27_list|activating the mentor list]] on your wiki and about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor dashboard|the mentor dashboard project]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The predecessor to the current [[mw:API|MediaWiki Action API]] (which was created in 2008), <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=ajax</nowiki></code></bdi>, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to the corresponding API module. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T42786] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] An old ResourceLoader module, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>jquery.jStorage</nowiki></code></bdi>, which was deprecated in 2016, will be removed this week. Any scripts or bots using it will need to switch to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.storage</nowiki></code></bdi> instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143034] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W49"/> </div> 21:59, 6 December 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22413926 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Tech News: 2021-50]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There are now default [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespace#Other_namespace_aliases|short aliases]] for the "Project:" namespace on most wikis. E.g. On Wikibooks wikis, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[WB:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> will go to the local language default for the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>[[Project:]]</nowiki></code></bdi> namespace. This change is intended to help the smaller communities have easy access to this feature. Additional local aliases can still be requested via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|the usual process]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293839] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2021-12-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W50"/> </div> 22:28, 13 December 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22441074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Tech News: 2021-51]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2021-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 10 January 2022. '''Recent changes''' * Queries made by the DynamicPageList extension (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><DynamicPageList></nowiki></code></bdi>) are now only allowed to run for 10 seconds and error if they take longer. This is in response to multiple outages where long-running queries caused an outage on all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287380#7575719] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Future changes''' * The developers of the Wikipedia iOS app are looking for testers who edit in multiple languages. You can [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/202112 testing|read more and let them know if you are interested]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The Wikimedia [[wikitech:Portal:Cloud VPS|Cloud VPS]] hosts technical projects for the Wikimedia movement. Developers need to [[wikitech:News/Cloud VPS 2021 Purge|claim projects]] they use. This is because old and unused projects are removed once a year. Unclaimed projects can be shut down from February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2B7KYL5VLQNHGQQHMYLW7KTUKXKAYY3T/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2021-W51"/> </div> 22:06, 20 December 2021 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22465395 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Tech News: 2022-02]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] A <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>oauth_consumer</code></bdi> variable has been added to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] to enable identifying changes made by specific tools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298281] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#Package_Gadgets|now able to directly include JSON pages]]. This means some gadgets can now be configured by administrators without needing the interface administrator permission, such as with the Geonotice gadget. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T198758] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets [[mw:Extension:Gadgets#Options|can now specify page actions]] on which they are available. For example, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|actions=edit,history</code></bdi> will load a gadget only while editing and on history pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T63007] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] Gadgets can now be loaded on demand with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter. This can be used to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Snippets/Load JS and CSS by URL|an earlier snippet]] that typically looks like <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withJS</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>withCSS</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] At wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|the Mentorship system is configured]], you can now use the Action API to get a list of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|mentor's]] mentees. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291966] * The heading on the main page can now be configured using <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title-loggedin]]</span> for logged-in users and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Mainpage-title]]</span> for logged-out users. Any CSS that was previously used to hide the heading should be removed. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Small_wiki_toolkits/Starter_kit/Main_page_customization#hide-heading] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298715] * Four special pages (and their API counterparts) now have a maximum database query execution time of 30 seconds. These special pages are: RecentChanges, Watchlist, Contributions, and Log. This change will help with site performance and stability. You can read [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPJNO75HYAQWIGTHI5LJHTDVLVOC4LJP/ more details about this change] including some possible solutions if this affects your workflows. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297708] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|sticky header]] has been deployed for 50% of logged-in users on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions#pilot-wikis|more than 10 wikis]]. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Participate|how to take part in the project]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] begins. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W02"/> </div> 01:24, 11 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22562156 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Tech News: 2022-03]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|WikiEditor]] (also known as the 2010 wikitext editor), people will now see a warning if they link to disambiguation pages. If you click "{{int:Disambiguator-review-link}}" in the warning, it will ask you to correct the link to a more specific term. You can [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages#Jan 12, 2021: Turning on the changes for all Wikis|read more information]] about this completed 2021 Community Wishlist item. * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#subscribe|automatically subscribe to all of the talk page discussions]] that you start or comment in using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|DiscussionTools]]. You will receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when another editor replies. This is available at most wikis. Go to your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]] and turn on "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263819] * When asked to create a new page or talk page section, input fields can be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating_pages_with_preloaded_text|"preloaded" with some text]]. This feature is now limited to wikitext pages. This is so users can't be tricked into making malicious edits. There is a discussion about [[phab:T297725|if this feature should be re-enabled]] for some content types. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]] continues. All contributors to the Wikimedia projects can propose for tools and platform improvements. The proposal phase takes place from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-10|en}} 18:00 UTC to {{#time:j xg|2022-01-23|en}} 18:00 UTC. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/FAQ|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W03"/> </div> 19:55, 17 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22620285 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Tech News: 2022-04]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-01-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The following languages can now be used with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|syntax highlighting]]: BDD, Elpi, LilyPond, Maxima, Rita, Savi, Sed, Sophia, Spice, .SRCINFO. * You can now access your watchlist from outside of the user menu in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|new Vector skin]]. The watchlist link appears next to the notification icons if you are at the top of the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T289619] '''Events''' * You can see the results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award 2021]] and learn more about 14 tools which were selected this year. * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translate, promote]], or comment on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Proposals|the proposals]] in the Community Wishlist Survey. Voting will begin on {{#time:j xg|2022-01-28|en}}. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W04"/> </div> 21:38, 24 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22644148 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Tech News: 2022-05]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] If a gadget should support the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?withgadget</code></bdi> URL parameter that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/02|announced]] 3 weeks ago, then it must now also specify <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>supportsUrlLoad</code></bdi> in the gadget definition ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#supportsUrlLoad|documentation]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29766] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * A change that was [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2021/16|announced]] last year was delayed. It is now ready to move ahead: ** The user group <code>oversight</code> will be renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. This is the technical name. It doesn't affect what you call the editors with this user right on your wiki. This is planned to happen in three weeks. You can comment [[phab:T112147|in Phabricator]] if you have objections. As usual, these labels can be translated on translatewiki ([[phab:T112147|direct links are available]]) or by administrators on your wiki. '''Events''' * You can vote on proposals in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022|Community Wishlist Survey]] between 28 January and 11 February. The survey decides what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W05"/> </div> 17:42, 31 January 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22721804 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Tech News: 2022-06]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * English Wikipedia recently set up a gadget for dark mode. You can enable it there, or request help from an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface administrator]] to set it up on your wiki ([[w:en:Wikipedia:Dark mode (gadget)|instructions and screenshot]]). * Category counts are sometimes wrong. They will now be completely recounted at the beginning of every month. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299823] '''Problems''' * A code-change last week to fix a bug with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Live preview|Live Preview]] may have caused problems with some local gadgets and user-scripts. Any code with skin-specific behaviour for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector</code></bdi> should be updated to also check for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>vector-2022</code></bdi>. [[phab:T300987|A code-snippet, global search, and example are available]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W06"/> </div> 21:16, 7 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22765948 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Tech News: 2022-07]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Purge|Purging]] a category page with fewer than 5,000 members will now recount it completely. This will allow editors to fix incorrect counts when it is wrong. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85696] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, the <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> function has been updated so that it does not remove the "space" character. Wikis are advised to wrap all the uses of <code dir=ltr>rmspecials()</code> with <code dir=ltr>rmwhitespace()</code> wherever necessary to keep filters' behavior unchanged. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263024] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W07"/> </div> 19:19, 14 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22821788 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Tech News: 2022-08]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[Special:Nuke|Special:Nuke]] will now provide the standard deletion reasons (editable at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]]</bdi>) to use when mass-deleting pages. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Admins and patrollers/Mass-delete to offer drop-down of standard reasons, or templated reasons.|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T25020] * At Wikipedias, all new accounts now get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] by default when creating an account. Communities are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Account_creation|update their help resources]]. Previously, only 80% of new accounts would get the Growth features. A few Wikipedias remain unaffected by this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301820] * You can now prevent specific images that are used in a page from appearing in other locations, such as within PagePreviews or Search results. This is done with the markup <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>class=notpageimage</nowiki></code></bdi>. For example, <code><nowiki>[[File:Example.png|class=notpageimage]]</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There has been a change to the HTML of Special:Contributions, Special:MergeHistory, and History pages, to support the grouping of changes by date in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva_Neue|the mobile skin]]. While unlikely, this may affect gadgets and user scripts. A [[phab:T298638|list of all the HTML changes]] is on Phabricator. '''Events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey results]] have been published. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2022 results#leaderboard|ranking of prioritized proposals]] is also available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-02-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The software to play videos and audio files on pages will change soon on all wikis. The old player will be removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Toolforge's underlying operating system is being updated. If you maintain any tools there, there are two options for migrating your tools into the new system. There are [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Stretch deprecation|details, deadlines, and instructions]] on Wikitech. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EPJFISC52T7OOEFH5YYMZNL57O4VGSPR/] * Administrators will soon have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete]] the associated "talk" page when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option will also be available. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|a request from the 2021 Wishlist Survey]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W08"/> </div> 19:12, 21 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22847768 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Tech News: 2022-09]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When searching for edits by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tags|change tags]], e.g. in page history or user contributions, there is now a dropdown list of possible tags. This was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Miscellaneous/Improve plain-text change tag selector|a request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27909] * Mentors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Mentor_dashboard|Growth Mentor dashboard]] will now see newcomers assigned to them who have made at least one edit, up to 200 edits. Previously, all newcomers assigned to the mentor were visible on the dashboard, even ones without any edit or ones who made hundred of edits. Mentors can still change these values using the filters on their dashboard. Also, the last choice of filters will now be saved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301268][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T294460] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The user group <code>oversight</code> was renamed <code>suppress</code>. This is for [[phab:T109327|technical reasons]]. You may need to update any local references to the old name, e.g. gadgets, links to Special:Listusers, or uses of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words|NUMBERINGROUP]]. '''Problems''' * The recent change to the HTML of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tracking changes|tracking changes]] pages caused some problems for screenreaders. This is being fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298638] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Working with templates will become easier. [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Templates|Several improvements]] are planned for March 9 on most wikis and on March 16 on English Wikipedia. The improvements include: Bracket matching, syntax highlighting colors, finding and inserting templates, and related visual editor features. * If you are a template developer or an interface administrator, and you are intentionally overriding or using the default CSS styles of user feedback boxes (the classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox, messagebox, errorbox, warningbox</code>), please note that these classes and associated CSS will soon be removed from MediaWiki core. This is to prevent problems when the same class-names are also used on a wiki. Please let us know by commenting at [[phab:T300314]] if you think you might be affected. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W09"/> </div> 23:00, 28 February 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22902593 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Tech News: 2022-10]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * There was a problem with some interface labels last week. It will be fixed this week. This change was part of ongoing work to simplify the support for skins which do not have active maintainers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301203] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-08|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-09|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-10|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W10"/> </div> 21:16, 7 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22958074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Tech News: 2022-11]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Wikipedia Android app [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Communication#Updates|it is now possible]] to change the toolbar at the bottom so the tools you use more often are easier to click on. The app now also has a focused reading mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296753][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254771] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with the collection of some page-view data from June 2021 to January 2022 on all wikis. This means the statistics are incomplete. To help calculate which projects and regions were most affected, relevant datasets are being retained for 30 extra days. You can [[m:Talk:Data_retention_guidelines#Added_exception_for_page_views_investigation|read more on Meta-wiki]]. * There was a problem with the databases on March 10. All wikis were unreachable for logged-in users for 12 minutes. Logged-out users could read pages but could not edit or access uncached content then. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/2022-03-10_MediaWiki_availability] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.38/Roadmap|calendar]]). * When [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message#Finding_messages_and_documentation|using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>uselang=qqx</code></bdi> to find localisation messages]], it will now show all possible message keys for navigation tabs such as "{{int:vector-view-history}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300069] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Access to [[{{#special:RevisionDelete}}]] has been expanded to include users who have <code dir=ltr>deletelogentry</code> and <code dir=ltr>deletedhistory</code> rights through their group memberships. Before, only those with the <code dir=ltr>deleterevision</code> right could access this special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301928] * On the [[{{#special:Undelete}}]] pages for diffs and revisions, there will be a link back to the main Undelete page with the list of revisions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284114] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has announced the IP Masking implementation strategy and next steps. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#feb25|announcement can be read here]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Android FAQ|Wikipedia Android app]] developers are working on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Communication|new functions]] for user talk pages and article talk pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T297617] '''Events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place as a hybrid event on 20-22 May 2022. The Hackathon will be held online and there are grants available to support local in-person meetups around the world. Grants can be requested until 20 March. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W11"/> </div> 22:08, 14 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=22993074 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Tech News: 2022-12]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translations]] are available. '''New code release schedule for this week''' * There will be four MediaWiki releases this week, instead of just one. This is an experiment which should lead to fewer problems and to faster feature updates. The releases will be on all wikis, at different times, on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Release Engineering Team/Trainsperiment week|read more about this project]]. '''Recent changes''' * You can now set how many search results to show by default in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|your Preferences]]. This was the 12th most popular wish in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Results|Community Wishlist Survey 2022]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T215716] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Jupyter notebooks tool [[wikitech:PAWS|PAWS]] has been updated to a new interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295043] '''Future changes''' * Interactive maps via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will soon work on wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions]] extension. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Kartographer-Workflows-EN/ Please tell us] which improvements you want to see in Kartographer. You can take this survey in simple English. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W12"/> </div> 16:01, 21 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23034693 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Tech News: 2022-13]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a simple new Wikimedia Commons upload tool available for macOS users, [[c:Commons:Sunflower|Sunflower]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of regular database maintenance. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-29|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-03-31|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301850][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W13"/> </div> 19:55, 28 March 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23073711 --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Tech News: 2022-14]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, edits that were suggested to newcomers were not tagged in the [[{{#special:recentchanges}}]] feed. This bug has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304747] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * Starting next week, Tech News' title will be translatable. When the newsletter is distributed, its title may not be <code dir=ltr>Tech News: 2022-14</code> anymore. It may affect some filters that have been set up by some communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302920] * Over the next few months, the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" Growth feature [[phab:T304110|will become available to more Wikipedias]]. Each week, a few wikis will get the feature. You can test this tool at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth#deploymentstable|a few wikis where "Link recommendation" is already available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W14"/> </div> 21:01, 4 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23097604 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new public status page at <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimediastatus.net/ www.wikimediastatus.net]</span>. This site shows five automated high-level metrics where you can see the overall health and performance of our wikis' technical environment. It also contains manually-written updates for widespread incidents, which are written as quickly as the engineers are able to do so while also fixing the actual problem. The site is separated from our production infrastructure and hosted by an external service, so that it can be accessed even if the wikis are briefly unavailable. You can [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/03/31/announcing-www-wikimediastatus-net/ read more about this project]. * On Wiktionary wikis, the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W15"/> </div> 19:45, 11 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23124108 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-19|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-21|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * Administrators will now have [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/(Un)delete associated talk page|the option to delete/undelete the associated "Talk" page]] when they are deleting a given page. An API endpoint with this option is also available. This concludes the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Admins and patrollers/(Un)delete associated talk page|11th wish of the 2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * On [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#test-wikis|selected wikis]], 50% of logged-in users will see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Table of contents|table of contents]]. When scrolling up and down the page, the table of contents will stay in the same place on the screen. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Desktop Improvements]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304169] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Message boxes produced by MediaWiki code will no longer have these CSS classes: <code dir=ltr>successbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>errorbox</code>, <code dir=ltr>warningbox</code>. The styles for those classes and <code dir=ltr>messagebox</code> will be removed from MediaWiki core. This only affects wikis that use these classes in wikitext, or change their appearance within site-wide CSS. Please review any local usage and definitions for these classes you may have. This was previously announced in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/09|28 February issue of Tech News]]. '''Future changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] will become compatible with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevisions page stabilization]]. Kartographer maps will also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions] The Kartographer documentation has been thoroughly updated. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Getting_started] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/Maps] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W16"/> </div> 23:12, 18 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23167004 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group1.dblist many wikis] (group 1), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-04-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-04-26|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). * Some very old browsers and operating systems are no longer supported. Some things on the wikis might look weird or not work in very old browsers like Internet Explorer 9 or 10, Android 4, or Firefox 38 or older. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306486] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W17"/> </div> 22:56, 25 April 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23187115 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/dblists/group2.dblist all remaining wikis] (group 2), the software to play videos and audio files on pages has now changed. The old player has been removed. Some audio players will become wider after this change. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/VideoJS_Player|The new player]] has been a beta feature for over four years. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100106][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248418] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The developers are working on talk pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS|Wikipedia app for iOS]]. You can [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9GBcHczQGLbQWTY give feedback]. You can take the survey in English, German, Hebrew or Chinese. * [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements#Status_and_next_steps|Most wikis]] will receive an [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/VisualEditor_template_dialog_improvements|improved template dialog]] in VisualEditor and New Wikitext mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T296759] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306967] * If you use syntax highlighting while editing wikitext, you can soon activate a [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Improved_Color_Scheme_of_Syntax_Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|colorblind-friendly color scheme]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306867] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Several CSS IDs related to MediaWiki interface messages will be removed. Technical editors should please [[phab:T304363|review the list of IDs and links to their existing uses]]. These include <code dir=ltr>#mw-anon-edit-warning</code>, <code dir=ltr>#mw-undelete-revision</code> and 3 others. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W18"/> </div> 19:34, 2 মে' 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23232924 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see categories in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia app for Android]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73966] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem with Wikidata's search autocomplete. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307586] * Last week, all wikis had slow access or no access for 20 minutes, for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a problem with a database change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307647] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305217#7894966] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation#Current issues|Incompatibility issues]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] and the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]] will be fixed: Deployment is planned for May 10 on all wikis. Kartographer will then be enabled on the [[phab:T307348|five wikis which have not yet enabled the extension]] on May 24. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] skin will be set as the default on several more wikis, including Arabic and Catalan Wikipedias. Logged-in users will be able to switch back to the old Vector (2010). See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|latest update]] about Vector (2022). '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place on 17 May. The following meetings are currently planned for: 7 June, 21 June, 5 July, 19 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W19"/> </div> 15:23, 9 মে' 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23256717 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * Some wikis can soon use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|add a link]] feature. This will start on Wednesday. The wikis are {{int:project-localized-name-cawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-svwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}. This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022|Wikimedia Hackathon 2022]] will take place online on May 20–22. It will be in English. There are also local [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2022/Meetups|hackathon meetups]] in Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Nigeria and the United States. Technically interested Wikimedians can work on software projects and learn new skills. You can also host a session or post a project you want to work on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You can soon edit translatable pages in the visual editor. Translatable pages exist on for examples Meta and Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/05/12/mediawiki-1-38-brings-support-for-editing-translatable-pages-with-the-visual-editor/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W20"/> </div> 18:58, 16 মে' 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23291515 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Administrators using the mobile web interface can now access Special:Block directly from user pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307341] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wiktionary.org/ www.wiktionary.org]</span> portal page now uses an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304629] '''Problems''' * The Growth team maintains a mentorship program for newcomers. Previously, newcomers weren't able to opt out from the program. Starting May 19, 2022, newcomers are able to fully opt out from Growth mentorship, in case they do not wish to have any mentor at all. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287915] * Some editors cannot access the content translation tool if they load it by clicking from the contributions menu. This problem is being worked on. It should still work properly if accessed directly via Special:ContentTranslation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308802] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and user scripts developers are invited to give feedback on a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Extension:Gadget/Policy|proposed technical policy]] aiming to improve support from MediaWiki developers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308686] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W21"/> </div> 00:21, 24 May 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23317250 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] extension, an <code dir=ltr>ip_in_ranges()</code> function has been introduced to check if an IP is in any of the ranges. Wikis are advised to combine multiple <code dir=ltr>ip_in_range()</code> expressions joined by <code>|</code> into a single expression for better performance. You can use the search function on [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]] to locate its usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T305017] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature|IP Info feature]] which helps abuse fighters access information about IPs, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May 24, 2022|has been deployed]] to all wikis as a beta feature. This comes after weeks of beta testing on test.wikipedia.org. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-05-31|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at most wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|Advanced item]] The [[:mw:Special:ApiHelp/query+usercontribs|list=usercontribs API]] will support fetching contributions from an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Range blocks#Non-technical explanation|IP range]] soon. API users can set the <code>uciprange</code> parameter to get contributions from any IP range within [[:mw:Manual:$wgRangeContributionsCIDRLimit|the limit]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T177150] * A new parser function will be introduced: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{=}}</nowiki></code></bdi>. It will replace existing templates named "=". It will insert an [[w:en:Equals sign|equal sign]]. This can be used to escape the equal sign in the parameter values of templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T91154] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W22"/> </div> 20:29, 30 May 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23340178 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>str_replace_regexp()</code></bdi> function can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to replace parts of text using a [[w:en:Regular expression|regular expression]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285468] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W23"/> </div> 02:46, 7 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23366979 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * All wikis can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps. Kartographer maps now also work on pages with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Project_descriptions][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307348] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-14|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300471] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-abwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-acewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-adywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-akwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-alswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-amwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-anwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-angwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-arzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-astwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-atjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-avwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-aywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-azbwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304548] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New topic tool|New Topic Tool]] will be deployed for all editors at Commons, Wikidata, and some other wikis soon. You will be able to opt out from within the tool and in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|Preferences]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/New_discussion][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287804] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place today (13 June). The following meetings will take place on: 28 June, 12 July, 26 July. '''Future changes''' * By the end of July, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]] skin should be ready to become the default across all wikis. Discussions on how to adjust it to the communities' needs will begin in the next weeks. It will always be possible to revert to the previous version on an individual basis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2022-04 for the largest wikis|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W24"/> </div> 16:59, 13 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23389956 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android|Wikipedia App for Android]] now has an option for editing the whole page at once, located in the overflow menu (three-dots menu [[File:Ic more vert 36px.svg|15px|link=|alt=]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T103622] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some recent database changes may affect queries using the [[m:Research:Quarry|Quarry tool]]. Queries for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>site_stats</code></bdi> at English Wikipedia, Commons, and Wikidata will need to be updated. [[phab:T306589|Read more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>user_global_editcount</code></bdi> variable can be used in [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] to avoid affecting globally active users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T130439] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Users of non-responsive skins (e.g. MonoBook or Vector) on mobile devices may notice a slight change in the default zoom level. This is intended to optimize zooming and ensure all interface elements are present on the page (for example the table of contents on Vector 2022). In the unlikely event this causes any problems with how you use the site, we'd love to understand better, please ping <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Jon (WMF)|Jon (WMF)]]</span> to any on-wiki conversations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306910] '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid's HTML output will soon stop annotating file links with different <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>typeof</code></bdi> attribute values, and instead use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:File</code></bdi> for all types. Tool authors should adjust any code that expects: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Image</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Audio</code></bdi>, or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw:Video</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273505] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W25"/> </div> 20:18, 20 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23425855 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] API service now has self-service accounts with free on-demand requests and monthly snapshots ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/ API documentation]). Community access [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#community-access|via database dumps & Wikimedia Cloud Services]] continues. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary#lua|All Wikimedia wikis can now use Wikidata Lexemes in Lua]] after creating local modules and templates. Discussions are welcome [[d:Wikidata_talk:Lexicographical_data#You_can_now_reuse_Wikidata_Lexemes_on_all_wikis|on the project talk page]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-28|en}} at 06:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311033] * Some global and cross-wiki services will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-06-30|en}} at 06:00 UTC. This will impact ContentTranslation, Echo, StructuredDiscussions, Growth experiments and a few more services. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T300472] * Users will be able to sort columns within sortable tables in the mobile skin. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233340] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (28 June). The following meetings will take place on 12 July and 26 July. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W26"/> </div> 20:03, 27 June 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23453785 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-05|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-07|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] This change only affects pages in the main namespace in Wikisource. The Javascript config variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>proofreadpage_source_href</code></bdi> will be removed from <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/JavaScript#mw.config|mw.config]]</code></bdi> and be replaced with the variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpSourceIndexPage</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309490] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W27"/> </div> 19:32, 4 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23466250 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], the page title is now displayed above the tabs such as Discussion, Read, Edit, View history, or More. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates#Page title/tabs switch|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] It is now possible to easily view most of the configuration settings that apply to just one wiki, and to compare settings between two wikis if those settings are different. For example: [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=jawiktionary Japanese Wiktionary settings], or [https://noc.wikimedia.org/wiki.php?wiki=eswiki&compare=eowiki settings that are different between the Spanish and Esperanto Wikipedias]. Local communities may want to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting_wiki_configuration_changes|discuss and propose changes]] to their local settings. Details about each of the named settings can be found by [[mw:Special:Search|searching MediaWiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308932] *The Anti-Harassment Tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#May|recently deployed]] the IP Info Feature as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature at all wikis]]. This feature allows abuse fighters to access information about IP addresses. Please check our update on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Info feature#April|how to find and use the tool]]. Please share your feedback using a link you will be given within the tool itself. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-07-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout July. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W28"/> </div> 19:25, 11 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23502519 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * The feature on mobile web for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:NearbyPages|Nearby Pages]] was missing last week. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312864] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Forum|Technical Decision Forum]] is seeking [[mw:Technical_decision_making/Community_representation|community representatives]]. You can apply on wiki or by emailing <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">TDFSupport@wikimedia.org</span> before 12 August. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W29"/> </div> 23:00, 18 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23517957 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikibooks.org/ www.wikibooks.org]</span> and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiquote.org/ www.wikiquote.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. Other [[m:Project_portals|project portals]] will be updated over the next few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Problems''' * Last week, some wikis were in read-only mode for a few minutes because of an emergency switch of their main database ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313383] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-07-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The external link icon will change slightly in the skins Vector legacy and Vector 2022. The new icon uses simpler shapes to be more recognizable on low-fidelity screens. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T261391] * Administrators will now see buttons on user pages for "{{int:changeblockip}}" and "{{int:unblockip}}" instead of just "{{int:blockip}}" if the user is already blocked. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308570] '''Future meetings''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|open meeting with the Web team]] about Vector (2022) will take place tomorrow (26 July). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W30"/> </div> 19:27, 25 July 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23545370 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Improved [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Phantom|LaTeX capabilities for math rendering]] are now available in the wikis thanks to supporting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Phantom</code></bdi> tags. This completes part of [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Editing/Missing_LaTeX_capabilities_for_math_rendering|the #59 wish]] of the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup0.dblist Group 0]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. '''Future meetings''' * This week, three meetings about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector (2022)]] with live interpretation will take place. On Tuesday, interpretation in Russian will be provided. On Thursday, meetings for Arabic and Spanish speakers will take place. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/Talk to Web|See how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W31"/> </div> 21:22, 1 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23615613 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] copies the information from [[{{#special:GadgetUsage}}]] to an on-wiki page so you can review its history. If your project isn't already listed on the [[d:Q113143828|Wikidata entry for Project:GUS2Wiki]] you can either run GUS2Wiki yourself or [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script#Opting|make a request to receive updates]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121049] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-09|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-11|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future meetings''' * The [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon|Wikimania Hackathon]] will take place online from August 12–14. Don't miss [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|the pre-hacking showcase]] to learn about projects and find collaborators. Anyone can [[phab:/project/board/6030/|propose a project]] or [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Schedule|host a session]]. [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/Hackathon/Newcomers|Newcomers are welcome]]! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W32"/> </div> 19:50, 8 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23627807 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Persian (Farsi) Wikipedia community decided to block IP editing from October 2021 to April 2022. The Wikimedia Foundation's Product Analytics team tracked the impact of this change. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/IP Editing Restriction Study/Farsi Wikipedia|An impact report]] is now available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-16|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-18|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s8.dblist targeted wikis]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] will be available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup1.dblist Group 1]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. '''Future changes''' * The Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated throughout August. Discussions will look different. You can see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Prototype|some of the proposed changes]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#4_August_2022][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312672] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W33"/> </div> 21:09, 15 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23658001 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Two problems with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps have been fixed. Maps are no longer shown as empty when a geoline was created via VisualEditor. Geolines consisting of points with QIDs (e.g., subway lines) are no longer shown with pushpins. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292613][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308560] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-25|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * The colours of links and visited links will change. This is to make the difference between links and other text more clear. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T213778] '''Future changes''' * The new [{{int:discussiontools-topicsubscription-button-subscribe}}] button [[mw:Talk pages project/Notifications#12 August 2022|helps newcomers get answers]]. The Editing team is enabling this tool everywhere. You can turn it off in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T284489] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W34"/> </div> 00:13, 23 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23675501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor/Realtime_Preview|Realtime Preview]] is available as a Beta Feature on wikis in [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists%2Fgroup2.dblist Group 2]. This feature was built in order to fulfill [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2021/Real_Time_Preview_for_Wikitext|one of the Community Wishlist Survey proposals]]. Please note that when this Beta feature is enabled, it may cause conflicts with some wiki-specific Gadgets. '''Problems''' * In recent months, there have been inaccurate numbers shown for various [[{{#special:statistics}}]] at Commons, Wikidata, and English Wikipedia. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315693] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-08-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-08-30|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-01|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation wants to improve how Wikimedia communities report harmful incidents by building the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System|Private Incident Reporting System (PIRS)]] to make it easy and safe for users to make reports. You can leave comments on the talk page, by answering the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System#Phase 1|questions provided]]. If you have ever faced a harmful situation that you wanted to report/reported, join a PIRS interview to share your experience. To sign up [[m:Special:EmailUser/MAna_(WMF)|please email]] <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:MAna (WMF)|Madalina Ana]]</span>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W35"/> </div> 23:06, 29 August 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23725814 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-06|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-09-08|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On Special pages that only have one tab, the tab-bar's row will be hidden in the Vector-2022 skin to save space. The row will still show if Gadgets use it. Gadgets that currently append directly to the CSS id of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-namespaces</code></bdi> should be updated to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortletLink|mw.util.addPortletLink]]</code></bdi> function instead. Gadgets that style this id should consider also targeting <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#p-associated-pages</code></bdi>, the new id for this row. [[phab:T316908|Examples are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316908][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313409] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W36"/> </div> 23:22, 5 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23757743 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The search servers have been upgraded to a new major version. If you notice any issues with searching, please report them on [[phab:project/view/1849/|Phabricator]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/XPCTYYTN67FVFKN6XOHULJVGUO44J662] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|Syntax highlighting]] is now tracked as an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:$wgExpensiveParserFunctionLimit|expensive parser function]]. Only 500 expensive function calls can be used on a single page. Pages that exceed the limit are added to a [[:Category:{{MediaWiki:expensive-parserfunction-category}}|tracking category]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316858] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W37"/> </div> 01:50, 13 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23787318 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two database fields in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>templatelinks</nowiki></code></bdi> table are now being dropped: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_namespace</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_title</nowiki></code></bdi>. Any queries that rely on these fields need to be changed to use the new normalization field called <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tl_target_id</nowiki></code></bdi>. See <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T299417|T299417]]</span> for more information. This is part of [[w:Database normalization|normalization]] of links tables. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/U2U6TXIBABU3KDCVUOITIGI5OJ4COBSW/][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:ASarabadani_(WMF)/Database_for_devs_toolkit/Concepts/Normalization] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * In [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps, you can use icons on markers for common points of interest. On Tuesday, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer/Icons|previous icon set]] will be updated to [https://de.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Hilfe:Extension:Kartographer/Icons version maki 7.2]. That means, around 100 new icons will be available. Additionally, all existing icons were updated for clarity and to make them work better in international contexts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302861][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation#Update_maki_icons] '''Future changes''' * In a [[m:Content_Partnerships_Hub/Software/Volunteer_developers_discussion_at_Wikimania_2022|group discussion at Wikimania]], more than 30 people talked about how to make content partnership software in the Wikimedia movement more sustainable. What kind of support is acceptable for volunteer developers? Read the summary and [[m:Talk:Content Partnerships Hub/Software/Volunteer developers discussion at Wikimania 2022|leave your feedback]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W38"/> </div> <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</span> 22:16, 19 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23826293 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Parsoid clients should be updated to allow for space-separated multi-values in the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>rel</code></bdi> attribute of links. Further details are in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T315209|T315209]]</bdi>. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-09-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|Visual diffs]] will become available to all users, except at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * In the [[mw:Lua/Scripting|{{ns:828}}]] namespace, pages ending with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>.json</code></bdi> will be treated as JSON, just like they already are in the {{ns:2}} and {{ns:8}} namespaces. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144475] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:30, 27 September 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23860085 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now show geopoints from Wikidata, via QID or SPARQL query. Previously, this was only possible for geoshapes and geolines. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T307695] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints_via_QID] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award 2022]] is looking for nominations. You can recommend tools until 12 October. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|Talk pages on the mobile site]] will change at the Arabic, Bangla, Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Korean, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. They should be easier to use and provide more information. (Last week's release was delayed) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318302] [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Mobile] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>scribunto-console</code></bdi> API module will require a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Tokens|CSRF token]]. This module is documented as internal and use of it is not supported. [[phab:T212071|[5]]] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikimedia projects. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#Deployment_plan_and_timeline|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:24, 4 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23885489 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * On some wikis, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps in full size view will be able to display nearby articles. After a feedback period, more wikis will follow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316782][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W41"/> </div> 14:09, 10 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23912412 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The recently implemented feature of [[phab:T306883|article thumbnails in Special:Search]] will be limited to Wikipedia projects only. Further details are in [[phab:T320510|T320510]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Data_Across_Wikimedia/Search_Improvements] * A bug that caused problems in loading article thumbnails in Special:Search has been fixed. Further details are in [[phab:T320406|T320406]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.39/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#mw.loadJsonData|mw.loadJsonData()]]</code></bdi> to load data from JSON pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217500] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Lua module authors can enable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual#Strict_library|require( "strict" )]]</code></bdi> to add errors for some possible code problems. This replaces "[[wikidata:Q16748603|Module:No globals]]" on most wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T209310] '''Future changes''' * The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] will be updated at most wikis. The "{{int:discussiontools-replylink}}" button will look different after this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320683] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:46, 17 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23943992 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There have been some minor visual fixes in Special:Search, regarding audio player alignment and image placeholder height. Further details are in [[phab:T319230|T319230]]. * On Wikipedias, a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|preference]] has been added to hide article thumbnails in Special:Search. Full details are in [[phab:T320337|T320337]]. '''Problems''' * Last week, three wikis ({{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruwiki/en}}) had read-only access for 25 minutes. This was caused by a hardware problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320990] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-25|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-10-27|en}} at 7:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s4.dblist targeted wikis]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-aswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-banwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-barwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bat smgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bclwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-be x oldwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-biwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bjnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bpywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-brwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bxrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304549] * Starting on Wednesday October 26, 2022, the list of mentors will be upgraded [[d:Q14339834 | at wikis where Growth mentorship is available]]. The mentorship system will continue to work as it does now. The signup process [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#add|will be replaced]], and a new management option will be provided. Also, this change simplifies [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list#create|the creation of mentorship systems at Wikipedias]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314858][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T310905][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured_mentor_list] * Pages with titles that start with a lower-case letter according to Unicode 11 will be renamed or deleted. There is a list of affected pages at <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:Unicode 11 case map migration]]</bdi>. More information can be found at [[phab:T292552|T292552]]. * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default across the smallest Wikipedias. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements#smallest-1|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|New Topic tool]] will soon get a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Special characters|special characters menu]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249072] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:23, 24 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23975411 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * When using keyboard navigation on a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map, the focus will become more visible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T315997] * In {{#special:RecentChanges}}, you can now hide the log entries for new user creations with the filter for "{{int:rcfilters-filter-newuserlogactions-label}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321155] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|maps dialog]] in VisualEditor now has some help texts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318818] * It is now possible to select the language of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor via a dropdown menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318817] * It is now possible to add a caption to a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318815] * It is now possible to hide the frame of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map in VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318813] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:16, 31 October 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=23977539 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An updated version of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/EventCenter/Registration|Event Registration]] tool is now available for testing at [[testwiki:|testwiki]] and [[test2wiki:| test2wiki]]. The tool provides features for event organizers and participants. Your feedback is welcome at our [[m:Talk:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|project talkpage]]. More information about [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Registration|the project]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318592] '''Problems''' * Twice last week, for about 45 minutes, some files and thumbnails failed to load and uploads failed, mostly for logged-in users. The cause is being investigated and an incident report will be available soon. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:32, 8 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24001035 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At Wikidata, an interwiki link can now point to a redirect page if certain conditions are met. This new feature is called [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Sitelinks_to_redirects|sitelinks to redirects]]. It is needed when one wiki uses one page to cover multiple concepts but another wiki uses more pages to cover the same concepts. Your [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata talk:Sitelinks to redirects|feedback on the talkpage]] of the new proposed guideline is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T278962] * The <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikinews.org/ www.wikinews.org]</span>, <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikiversity.org/ www.wikiversity.org]</span>, and <span class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikivoyage.org/ www.wikivoyage.org]</span> portal pages now use an automated update system. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273179] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * There will be a new link to directly "Edit template data" on Template pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316759] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis where mobile [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] are enabled ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Deployment Status|these ones]]) will soon use full CSS styling to display any templates that are placed at the top of talk pages. To adapt these “talk page boxes” for narrow mobile devices you can use media queries, such as in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/tmbox.css&oldid=1097618699#L-69 this example]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312309] * Starting in January 2023, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2023 Changes Update|running the Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) every two years]]. This means that in 2024, there will be no new proposals or voting. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:55, 14 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The display of non-free media in the search bar and for article thumbnails in Special:Search has been deactivated. Further details are in [[phab:T320661|T320661]]. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-22|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s2.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-24|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s7.dblist targeted wikis]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:22, 21 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24071290 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * A new preference, “Enable limited width mode”, has been added to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Vector 2022 skin]]. The preference is also available as a toggle on every page if your monitor is 1600 pixels or wider. It allows for increasing the width of the page for logged-out and logged-in users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319449] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-11-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2022-11-29|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s3.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2022-12-01|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s1.dblist targeted wikis]). * Mathematical formulas shown in SVG image format will no longer have PNG fall-backs for browsers that don't support them. This is part of work to modernise the generation system. Showing only PNG versions was the default option until in February 2018. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3BGOKWJIZGL4TC4HJ22ICRU2SEPWGCR4/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311620][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T186327] * On [[phab:P40224|some wikis]] that use flagged revisions, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:FlaggedRevs#Special:Contributions|a new checkbox will be added]] to Special:Contributions that enables you to see only the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Pending changes|pending changes]] by a user. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321445] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change early next week at [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train#Wednesday group1 wikis] (but not Wikimedia Commons or Meta-Wiki). This change improves the accessibility of content, and makes it easier to write related CSS. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:03, 28 November 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24114342 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Wikisources use a tool called ProofreadPage. ProofreadPage uses OpenSeadragon which is an open source tool. The OpenSeadragon JavaScript API has been significantly re-written to support dynamically loading images. The functionality provided by the older version of the API should still work but it is no longer supported. User scripts and gadgets should migrate over to the newer version of the API. The functionality provided by the newer version of the API is [[mw:Extension:Proofread_Page/Page_viewer#JS_API|documented on MediaWiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Proofread_Page/Edit-in-Sequence] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:41, 6 December 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24151590 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * An [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|A/B test has begun]] at 15 Wikipedias for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools on mobile]]. Half of the editors on the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile|mobile web site]] will have access to the {{int:discussiontools-replybutton}} tool and other features. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321961] * The character <code>=</code> cannot be used in new usernames, to make usernames work better with templates. Existing usernames are not affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T254045] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2022-12-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Phase_1:_Topic_containers|show discussion metadata below section headings]] will be inserted after these headings, not inside of them. This change improves the accessibility of discussion pages for screen reader software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314714] '''Events''' * The fourth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award]] will happen online on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1671210002 Friday 16 December 2022 at 17:00 UTC]! The event will be live-streamed on YouTube in the [https://www.youtube.com/user/watchmediawiki MediaWiki channel] and added to Commons afterwards. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:35, 12 December 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24216570 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2022-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2022-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2023. '''Recent changes''' * On a user's contributions page, you can filter it for edits with a tag like 'reverted'. Now, you can also filter for all edits that are not tagged like that. This was part of a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T119072] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] A new function has been used for gadget developers to add content underneath the title on article pages. This is considered a stable API that should work across all skins. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addSubtitle|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316830] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[test2wiki:|One of our test wikis]] is now being served from a new infrastructure powered by [[w:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] ([[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more]]). More Wikis will switch to this new infrastructure in early 2023. Please test and let us know of any issues. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290536] '''Problems''' * Last week, all wikis had no edit access for 9 minutes. This was caused by a database problem. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2022-12-13_sessionstore] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. * The word "{{int:discussiontools-replybutton}}" is very short in some languages, such as Arabic ("<bdi lang="ar">ردّ</bdi>"). This makes the {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} button on talk pages difficult to use. An arrow icon will be added to those languages. This will only be visible to editors who have the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] turned on. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323537] '''Future changes''' * Edits can be automatically "tagged" by the system software or the {{int:Abusefilter}} system. Those tags link to a help page about the tags. Soon they will also link to Recent Changes to let you see other edits tagged this way. This was a Community Wishlist 2022 request. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T301063] * The Trust & Safety tools team [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Private Incident Reporting System/Timeline and Updates|have shared new plans]] for building the Private Incident Reporting System. The system will make it easier for editors to ask for help if they are harassed or abused. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime Preview for Wikitext]] is coming out of beta as an enabled feature for every user of the 2010 Wikitext [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editor|editor]] in the week of January 9, 2023. It will be available to use via the toolbar in the 2010 Wikitext editor. The feature was the 4th most popular wish of the Community Wishlist Survey 2021. '''Events''' * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2023/Participate|register for the Wikimedia Hackathon 2023]], taking place on May 19–21 in Athens, Greece. You can also apply for a scholarship until January 14th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2022/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2022-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:00, 20 December 2022 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24258101 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-02</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can use tags to filter edits in the recent changes feed or on your watchlist. You can now use tags to filter out edits you don't want to see. Previously you could only use tags to focus on the edits with those tags. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T174349] * [[Special:WhatLinksHere|Special:WhatLinksHere]] shows all pages that link to a specific page. There is now a [https://wlh.toolforge.org prototype] for how to sort those pages alphabetically. You can see the discussion in the [[phab:T4306|Phabricator ticket]]. * You can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thanks]] function on your watchlist and the user contribution page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T51541] * A wiki page can be moved to give it a new name. You can now get a dropdown menu with common reasons when you move a page. This is so you don't have to write the explanation every time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325257] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Matrix.org|Matrix]] is a chat tool. You can now use <code>matrix:</code> to create Matrix links on wiki pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326021] * You can filter out translations when you look at the recent changes on multilingual wikis. This didn't hide translation pages. You can now also hide subpages which are translation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T233493] '''Changes later this week''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|Realtime preview for wikitext]] is a tool which lets editors preview the page when they edit wikitext. It will be enabled for all users of the 2010 wikitext editor. You will find it in the editor toolbar. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] Some wikis will be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. It will be performed on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist targeted wikis]) and on {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} at 07:00 UTC ([https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s6.dblist targeted wikis]). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W02"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:08, 10 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24342971 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The URLs in "{{int:last}}" links on page history now contain <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=prev&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi> in place of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>diff=[revision ID]&oldid=[revision ID]</nowiki></code></bdi>. This is to fix a problem with links pointing to incorrect diffs when history was filtered by a tag. Some user scripts may break as a result of this change. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243569] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|changes to the appearance of talk pages]] have only been available on <code>{{ns:1}}:</code> and <code>{{ns:3}}:</code> namespaces. These will be extended to other talk namespaces, such as <code>{{ns:5}}:</code>. They will continue to be unavailable in non-talk namespaces, including <code>{{ns:4}}:</code> pages (e.g., at the Village Pump). You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|change your preferences]] ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T325417] *On Wikisources, when an image is zoomed or panned in the Page: namespace, the same zoom and pan settings will be remembered for all Page: namespace pages that are linked to a particular Index: namespace page. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/ProofreadPage/+/868841] * The Vector 2022 skin will become the default for the English Wikipedia desktop users. The change will take place on January 18 at 15:00 UTC. [[:en:w:Wikipedia:Vector 2022|Learn more]]. '''Future changes''' * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]], which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts next week on 23 January 2023 at 18:00 UTC. You can start drafting your proposals in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:11, 17 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24381020 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, all wikis were unreachable for logged-in users and non-cached pages. This was caused by a timing issue. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-17_MediaWiki] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * If you have the Beta Feature for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|DiscussionTools]] enabled, the appearance of talk pages will add more information about discussion activity. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Usability#Status][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317907] * The 2023 edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey]] (CWS), which invites contributors to make technical proposals and vote for tools and improvements, starts on Monday 23 January 2023 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496814 18:00 UTC]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:46, 23 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24418874 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, for ~15 minutes, some users were unable to log in or edit pages. This was caused by a problem with session storage. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-01-24_sessionstore_quorum_issues] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-01-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Wikis that use localized numbering schemes for references need to add new CSS. This will help to show citation numbers the same way in all reading and editing modes. If your wiki would prefer to do it yourselves, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|details and example CSS to copy from]], and also add your wiki to the list. Otherwise, the developers will directly help out starting the week of February 5. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:06, 31 January 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24455949 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022 skin]], logged-out users using the full-width toggle will be able to see the setting of their choice even after refreshing pages or opening new ones. This only applies to wikis where Vector 2022 is the default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321498] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Previously, we announced when some wikis would be in read-only for a few minutes because of a switch of their main database. These switches will not be announced any more, as the read-only time has become non-significant. Switches will continue to happen at 7AM UTC on Tuesdays and Thursdays. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T292543#8568433] * Across all the wikis, in the Vector 2022 skin, logged-in users will see the page-related links such as "What links here" in a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Page_tools|new side menu]]. It will be displayed on the other side of the screen. This change had previously been made on Czech, English, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328692] *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] will stop receiving new proposals on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1675706431 Monday, 6 February 2023, at 18:00 UTC]. Proposers should complete any edits by then, to give time for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey/Help_us|translations]] and review. Voting will begin on Friday, 10 February. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets and user scripts will be changing to load on desktop and mobile sites. Previously they would only load on the desktop site. It is recommended that wiki administrators audit the [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition|gadget definitions]] prior to this change, and add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins=…</code></bdi> for any gadgets which should not load on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610 More details are available]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10:21, 6 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24491749 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * On wikis where patrolled edits are enabled, changes made to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Communities/How to configure the mentors' list|mentor list]] by autopatrolled mentors are not correctly marked as patrolled. It will be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328444] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Reply tool and other parts of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Mobile|DiscussionTools]] will be deployed for all editors using the mobile site. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|read more about this decision]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298060] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:49, 14 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24540832 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, during planned maintenance of Cloud Services, unforeseen complications forced the team to turn off all tools for 2–3 hours to prevent data corruption. Work is ongoing to prevent similar problems in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329535] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). *The voting phase for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]] ends on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677261621 24 February at 18:00 UTC]. The results of the survey will be announced on 28 February. '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328287][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327920][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:58, 21 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24570514 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, in some areas of the world, there were problems with loading pages for 20 minutes and saving edits for 55 minutes. These issues were caused by a problem with our caching servers due to unforseen events during a routine maintenance task. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_wiki_outage][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-02-22_read_only] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-02-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 1. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1677679222 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 27 February 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24634242 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Community Wishlist Survey 2023 edition has been concluded. Community Tech has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|published the results]] of the survey and will provide an update on what is next in April 2023. * On wikis which use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Writing_systems|LanguageConverter]] to handle multiple writing systems, articles which used custom conversion rules in the wikitext (primarily on Chinese Wikipedia) would have these rules applied inconsistently in the table of contents, especially in the Vector 2022 skin. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306862] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * A search system has been added to the [[Special:Preferences|Preferences screen]]. This will let you find different options more easily. Making it work on mobile devices will happen soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313804] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 6 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24676916 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-cbk_zamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cdowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cebwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-chywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ckbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-csbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304542][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304550] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:20, 13 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24700189 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Last week, some users experienced issues loading image thumbnails. This was due to incorrectly cached images. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331820] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will appear on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] — some user scripts which previously added this link may cause conflicts. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Admins and patrollers/Add link to CentralAuth on Special:Contributions|voted #17 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[{{#special:AbuseFilter}}]] edit window will be resizable and larger by default. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Make the AbuseFilter edit window resizable and larger by default|voted #80 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. * There will be a new option for Administrators when they are unblocking a user, to add the unblocked user’s user page to their watchlist. This will work both via [[{{#special:Unblock}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T257662] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679677204 24 March at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Office Hours|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:26, 21 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24732558 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609] * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521] * Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:14, 28 March 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24780854 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.hoverIntent</code></bdi> module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hover()</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>on()</code></bdi> instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194] * Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242] * You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__ARCHIVEDTALK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. There will also be a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mw-archivedtalk</code></bdi> CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221] '''Future changes''' * The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:40, 3 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24820268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the "{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}" option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 10 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24851886 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature "{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}". Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for "{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}" for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246] '''Problems''' * At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:55, 18 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24881071 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316] '''Problems''' * Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940] * For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794] '''Changes later this week''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:04, 24 April 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24933592 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits] * The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:45, 2 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24966974 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>wikitext</code></bdi> as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html5</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>moin</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html+handlebars</code></bdi>, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&section=new&preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>preload=MediaWiki:July</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337] '''Problems''' * Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like <bdi lang="de" dir="ltr">[[:de:Modul:Graph]]</bdi>. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750] '''Future changes''' * During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805] * There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] <code>jquery.tipsy</code> will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with <code>.tipsy(</code> can be commented out. <code>OO.ui.PopupWidget</code> can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:36, 9 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24998636 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] '''Future changes''' * There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi>. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:45, 15 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25011501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The "recent edits" time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250] '''Changes later this week''' * An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W21"/> </div> 16:55, 22 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25028325 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has "{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}" options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - "check all" checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252] '''Problems''' * For a few days earlier this month, the "Add interlanguage link" item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:04, 29 May 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25079963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750] * Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for "{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}". This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081] '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:52, 5 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25114640 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341] * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937] * The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064] '''Problems''' * For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101] * Currently, the "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing <code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code> keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#wpReason</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;"><code>#wpReason > input</code></bdi>. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&diff=22859956&oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''Future changes''' * From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:52, 12 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25133779 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing <code>\</code> or pressing <code>ctrl + shift + p</code>. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:09, 19 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25159510 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>/</code></bdi> to all <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prop=extlinks</code></bdi> responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the <code>externallinks</code> database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994] '''Problems''' * Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mbox-text</code></bdi> CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|targets=</code></bdi> parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|skins=</code></bdi> parameter in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition</bdi>) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268] * All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126] * The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:19, 26 June 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25202311 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:51, 3 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25231546 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159] * [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431] * The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&messages=&x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the "Completion" for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810] * [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218] '''Future changes''' * There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] * There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:54, 10 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25278797 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-ca</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-gb</code></bdi> subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthsetmentorstatus</code></bdi> API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthmanagementorlist</code></bdi> API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:08, 17 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25289122 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:20, 25 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25332248 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates. * The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338] * The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open "office hours"|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] '''Problems''' * It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:54, 31 July 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25362228 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on "{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}" in your settings and use the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" button in the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:21, 7 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25420038 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] <!-- TODO replace wiki codes --> '''Future changes''' * A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 06:00, 15 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25428668 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868] * From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages. ** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created: *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|<code>wikt:blk:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540] *** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|<code>s:su:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539] ** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are: *** Wikifunctions ([[f:|<code>f:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|<code>wikt:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|<code>w:gpe:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969] *** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|<code>n:guw:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|<code>wikt:kbd:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|<code>w:fat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W34"/> </div> 15:25, 21 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25497111 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166] * Wikisource users can now use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpbengalicurrency</code></bdi> label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><pagelist></nowiki></code></bdi> tag. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932] * Two preferences have been relocated. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}" is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|"{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab at some wikis. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}" is now also shown on the "{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab at all wikis, instead of the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]</bdi>, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]]. * All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><=></code></bdi> symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]]. * A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:00, 28 August 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25510866 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294] * One new wiki has been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|<code>w:tly:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:34, 4 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25566983 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, "{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}" and "{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}"), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115] * When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called "[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]". Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely "newsworthy" topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:08, 11 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25589064 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 18 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25623533 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui</nowiki></code></bdi> modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there. * Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "namespaces" option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces. '''Future changes''' * New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_groups</bdi></code> and <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_editcount</bdi></code>. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:51, 26 September 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25655264 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for "{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}". This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "<var>contentModels</var>" option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">wikitext</bdi></code> or <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">css</bdi></code>. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:27, 3 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25686930 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|<code>w:fon:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139] * At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under "Images recommendations" [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#page-actions</nowiki></code></bdi> will be replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-views</nowiki></code></bdi>. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:39, 9 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25712895 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click "Log in" or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-namespaces</nowiki></code></bdi> that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the "Discussion" tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:47, 16 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25745824 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:17, 23 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25782286 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]). * The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] * Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]]. * The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:21, 30 October 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25801989 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:06, 6 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25838105 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Four new wikis have been created: ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|<code>w:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|<code>w:dga:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|<code>w:bbc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320] ** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|<code>q:bjn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217] '''Problems''' * Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695] * Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>meta.domain == "canary"</nowiki></code></bdi>. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:52, 13 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25859263 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] * The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:55, 21 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25884616 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499] * The deployment of "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]" announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:09, 27 November 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25906379 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754] * The "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code></bdi> keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for "{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}" will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__NEWSECTIONLINK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/] * Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]]. '''Events''' * Registration & Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:50, 4 December 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25914435 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the "choosing own vs not own work" step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709] '''Problems''' * There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the "impact module" and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:13, 12 December 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25945501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The "Move Page" feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]]. * The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:18, 18 December 2023 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25959059 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-02</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W02"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:20, 9 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26026251 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as "ES2015") and ES7 ("ES2016"). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>requiresES6</nowiki></code></bdi> option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957] * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388] * An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> module was deprecated and replaced with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi> module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966] '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:13, 16 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26074460 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:04, 23 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26096197 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].<!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011] * There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the "Tools" menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>targets</code></bdi> option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins</code></bdi> option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:31, 29 January 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26137870 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]]. *On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about "action blocks"]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199] '''Future changes''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:22, 5 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26180971 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation] '''Problems''' *There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:49, 13 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26223994 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you have the "{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}" option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984] * There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively. *Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]]. *The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid. * The CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]</code></bdi> property can now be used in HTML <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>style</code></bdi> attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:37, 19 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26254282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value <code>wgGlobalGroups</code> now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get("wgGlobalGroups")))</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>changetags</code></bdi>) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:23, 26 February 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26294125 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Special:Book</code></bdi> page (as well as the associated "Create a book" functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437] * [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace. Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details. * Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget_definition</code></bdi> namespaces and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>gadgets-definition-edit</code></bdi> user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272] * A usability improvement to the "Add a citation" in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233] * The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?useparsoid=1</code></bdi> to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]). * '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:47, 4 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26329807 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498] *The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 11 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26374013 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The notice "Language links are at the top of the page" that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/] * Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:40, 18 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26410165 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:57, 25 March 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26446209 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:36, 2 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26462933 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey. * Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727] * Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:38, 8 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the "{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}" tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435] * A new variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>page_last_edit_age</code></bdi> will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769] '''Future changes''' * Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter_history</code></bdi> tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:29, 15 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086] * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:28, 22 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26647188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491] * Seven new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|<code>w:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|<code>w:kus:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|<code>w:igl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|<code>wikt:kaa:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|<code>s:my:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|<code>s:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|<code>s:ka:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085] * You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501] * Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]]. '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mapstyle="osm"</nowiki></code></bdi>. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 03:34, 30 April 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26689057 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the <code>SiteAdminHelper</code>. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled "All public logs", but it only shows some logs. This label will now say "Main public logs". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729] '''Future changes''' * A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension. * Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]". This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:45, 6 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26729363 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__</code></bdi> to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214] * If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] "{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}", then the template-page feature "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907] * [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. This is identical in usage to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137] * The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]" feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295] '''Future changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]</code></bdi> database table (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_title</code></bdi>) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]</code></bdi> table instead (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_title</code></bdi>). In your existing SQL queries: *# Replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN linktarget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_</code></bdi> in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>ON</code></bdi> statement *# Below that add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id</code></bdi> ** See <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T222224]]</bdi> for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 13 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26762074 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351] * New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:04, 20 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26786311 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.collapsible</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.multicol</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.reflist</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.coordinates</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.topicon</code></bdi>. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:15, 28 May 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26832205 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086] * The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>" to "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>". [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|<code>w:dtp:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:35, 3 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26844397 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-reference-text</code></bdi> class, Parsoid now also adds the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>reference-text</code></bdi> class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705] '''Problems''' * There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><span class="mw-cite-backlink"></nowiki></code></bdi> wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] * On multilingual wikis that use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><translate></nowiki></code></bdi> system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:20, 10 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26893898 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954] * The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370] '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph] * Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]<!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:49, 17 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26911987 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717] * The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515] '''Problems''' * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:33, 24 June 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26989424 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364] * Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] * If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode] * Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458] * Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|<code>w:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] '''Problems''' * Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119] '''Future changes''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:59, 1 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27038456 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. * Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia. * Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects. '''Problems''' * A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. '''Future changes''' * The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:32, 8 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27080357 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page. * The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]]. * Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]]. * Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. '''Changes later this week''' * This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895] * Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:31, 16 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27124561 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available. '''Feature News''' * Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public. * Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] * Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329] * Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. * Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/] '''Project Updates''' * Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language. '''Learn more''' * Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. * How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:05, 23 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27142915 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]]. '''Bugs status''' * Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing. * Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week. '''Project updates''' * There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]]. * There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|<code>voy:cs:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] '''Learn more''' * There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times. * There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images. * Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:11, 29 July 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27164109 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. These will reduce the need for <code>Template:Dir</code> and <code>Template:BCP47</code> on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the "what links here" database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces. * The tracking category "Pages using Timeline" has been renamed to "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. '''Project updates''' * Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Learn more''' * There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]]. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available. * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:44, 5 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses. '''Project updates''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|<code>w:bdr:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:22, 12 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27253654 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]]. * Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">categories</bdi></code> property of <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]</bdi></code>. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372] '''Bugs status''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with <code>Talk:WP:</code> so that their titles start with <code>Wikipedia talk:</code>), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]</bdi> instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]]. * Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee. '''Learn more''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:55, 20 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27307284 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. * Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Bugs status''' * Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization. * Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013. '''Learn more''' * If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]]. * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:34, 26 August 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27341211 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts. '''Feature news''' * Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|<code dir="ltr"><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__</nowiki></code>]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633] * Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243] * Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]]. '''Project updates''' * A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded. '''Learn more''' * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:08, 3 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27390268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>entity:getSitelink()</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)</code></bdi> will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356] '''Project updates''' * Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] * Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS</code></bdi> namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mos</code></bdi>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 9 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27424457 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available. '''Improvements and Maintenance''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]]. * The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag "Edit Check (references) activated" was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692] * It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-message-box</code></bdi> need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&regex=1&namespaces=&title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>cdx-message</code></bdi> group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&diff=prev&oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499] '''Technical project updates''' * Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] '''Tech in depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task. ** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:03, 17 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27460876 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]] * Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]". Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]]. * The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax <code><nowiki>{{…}}</nowiki></code> are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166] * Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223] * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: ** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too. ** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content. '''In depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the "[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]" and "[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]" subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:37, 23 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27493779 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month. * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding <code dir=ltr>?veaction=editsource</code> to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796] * For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the "donate" link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to "Create an account". This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585] * The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]]. * View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis. '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/] '''Meetings and events''' * October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa * November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:21, 30 September 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27530062 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new "Revert Risk" machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934] '''Updates for editors''' * Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422] * View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * It is now possible for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code></bdi> code blocks to offer readers a "Copy" button if the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>copy=1</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932] * Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]]. * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|<code>w:kge:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|<code>m:mos:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|<code>wikt:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|<code>q:gor:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|<code>n:shn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:43, 7 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27557422 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722] * WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''hastemplate''</bdi> and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''incategory''</bdi> keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29] * View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the "search engine" option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a <code><nowiki><bdi></nowiki></code> element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975] '''In depth''' * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:22, 14 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27597254 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the "Donate" button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years. [[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]] '''Updates for editors''' * Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]]. * Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]]. * View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556] * It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new <code dir="ltr">{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}</code> parser function. For example, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#timef:now|date|en}}</nowiki></code> will show as "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#timef:now|date|en}}</bdi>". Previously, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#time:…}}</nowiki></code> could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. <code dir="ltr">#timef</code> (or <code dir="ltr">#timefl</code> for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{USERLANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code> instead of using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{int:lang}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects. * The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content. '''Meetings and events''' * 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel. * 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:53, 21 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27634672 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia]. * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set <code>emitTransitionOnStep</code> to <code>true</code> to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag <code>allowAutomaticBack</code> to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528] * Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the "Nuke" tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:57, 28 October 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27668811 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949] * Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help. * The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446] * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/] '''In depth''' * Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:51, 4 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27693917 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:08, 12 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27732268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:01, 19 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. * The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> for bold and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to "protected" [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> and un-selecting "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:42, 25 November 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Two new parser functions were added this week. The <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the <code>mos</code> language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]]. * Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the "Download as PDF" system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:23, 2 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">#wikimedia-techdocs</bdi> IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted. * The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the "[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=specialcx&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=collections&active-list=suggestions&from=es&to=en All collection]" category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><page-collection> </page-collection></nowiki></code> tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion. * The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365] * The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, <code dir=ltr>archiveUrl</code> and <code dir=ltr>archiveDate</code>, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&diff=1261320172&oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&regex=1&title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|<code>voy:id:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726] * Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[git:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system. * The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:16, 9 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27919424 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history. * Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information. * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:25, 16 December 2024 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27942374 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the <code dir=ltr>inproject:</code> keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|<code>w:tig:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise. * Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its <code>sub</code> field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139] * Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi> until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:42, 14 January 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28048614 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846] * On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as "manually patrolled" instead of "autopatrolled", which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's "Insert link" feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912] * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:37, 21 January 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28129769 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year. '''Updates for editors''' * iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145] * Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki_user_history</code></bdi> dump, the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>anonymous</code></bdi> field will be renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>is_anonymous</code></bdi>. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:15, 27 January 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28149374 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use the "Special characters" editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722] * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert <code><nowiki><code></nowiki></code> tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements. * Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki. ** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json</code> to include entries for <code dir=ltr>preprint</code>, <code dir=ltr>standard</code>, and <code dir=ltr>dataset</code>; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1189164774&oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1270832208&oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. ** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270829051&oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270831369&oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are <code dir=ltr>archiveID</code>, <code dir=ltr>identifier</code>, <code dir=ltr>repository</code>, <code dir=ltr>organization</code>, <code dir=ltr>repositoryLocation</code>, <code dir=ltr>committee</code>, and <code dir=ltr>versionNumber</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|<code>w:knc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:09, 4 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28203495 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February. '''Updates for editors''' * The "Special pages" portlet link will be moved from the "Toolbox" into the "Navigation" section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211] * As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (<code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]</code>, and <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]</code>). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a "default for all languages"]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511] * The function <code dir="ltr">getDescription</code> was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660] * As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the <code dir="ltr">/page/related</code> endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the "<code dir="ltr">morelike</code>" action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the "Contribute" menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. * The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:12, 11 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28231022 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the <code>{{#special:Homepage}}</code> for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at <code>{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}</code>. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]] * Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102] * You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324] * When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like "1.23" or localized alphabetic markers like "a b c" in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed. As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like "1.23" once the alphabetic markers are all used. * The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements. * A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488] * Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640] * Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> is deprecated. Tools requiring <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> must explicitly declare <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.Uri</code> as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native <code dir=ltr>URL</code> API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:17, 17 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28275610 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348] * The <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]</bdi> portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]</bdi>, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|<code>wikt:sat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289] '''Meetings and events''' * The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:42, 25 February 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28296129 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" link is accessible from the "{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180] * Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching "<code dir="ltr">mw-ref</code>" from their local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi>. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&regex=1&namespaces=8&title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers ("<code dir="ltr">[1]</code>") are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks ("<code dir="ltr">mw:referencedBy</code>") should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you. * When editors embed a file (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:MediaWiki.png]]</nowiki></code>) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}</nowiki></code>) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109] * When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010] * When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline. * Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|<code>w:syl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 02:31, 4 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28334563 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844] * The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline & Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">aramadan@wikimedia.org</bdi>! * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors. * An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:10, 10 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28372257 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC]. '''Updates for editors''' * The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=ig&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as "Collections", from wiki-projects and campaigns. * On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard. * The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]]. * Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation. * The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:49, 17 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28412594 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). * Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time. * Administrators at wikis that have a customized <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]</bdi> should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">* specialpages-url|specialpages</code>. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927] * The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]]. * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>mw.Api</code> JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the <code dir=ltr>userAgent</code> parameter: <code dir=ltr>var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );</code>. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:43, 24 March 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28443127 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]</bdi> - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:06, 1 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28473566 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">font-size</code>, <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">line-height</code>, and <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">size-icon</code>. * The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]  are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:53, 7 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28507470 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] * File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. * To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662] * "Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?" This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies. * On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi>. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;">[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]</bdi>, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi> endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]]. * The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:25, 15 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28540654 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16] * A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Following its publication on HuggingFace, the "Structured Contents" dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings and events''' * The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect "peacock" or "overly-promotional" or "non-neutral" language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:01, 21 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28578245 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]]. * Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of <code dir="ltr">ipblocks</code>, <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_ipindex</code>, and <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_compat</code> are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]</code> and <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]</code> new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on "Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects". You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:32, 28 April 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28585685 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May. '''Updates for editors''' * For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released: ** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities. ** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the <code dir=ltr>Intl</code> library or the new <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.DateFormatter</code> library. The <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]]. * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (<code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">wbt_*</code>) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:15, 6 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28665011 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|"Get shortened URL"]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]]. * Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]]. * The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|<code>w:nup:</code>]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references. * The <code dir="ltr">/page/data-parsoid</code> REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6. '''Meetings and events''' * The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:38, 12 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28714188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test. '''Updates for editors''' * From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]]. * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. * Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * The <code dir=ltr>mw.title</code> object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named <code dir=ltr>isDisambiguationPage</code>. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with <code dir=ltr>mw.loader.load</code>. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">gitlab.wikimedia.org</bdi> without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:13, 19 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28724712 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. '''Updates for editors''' * Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new <code>+</code> toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]</code> parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019] * This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future. * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The previously deprecated <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]</code> views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]</code> and <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]</code> views instead. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:05, 26 May 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28788673 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]]. '''Updates for editors''' * It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the <code dir=ltr>_default</code> key in the local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]</bdi> page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> or <code dir=ltr>action=clientlogin</code> will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205] * From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:55, 2 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28819186 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716] [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121] * Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492] * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]]. * Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named <code dir=ltr>pageImage</code> and <code dir=ltr>pageAssessments</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:17, 10 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28846858 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:39, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> 21qytg7fzj3k4i2w7gnb9utdhzpa7lt 0 41943 518591 421541 2025-06-16T17:43:08Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization |name = বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় অনুদান আয়োগ |image = UGC India Logo.png |image_border = |size = |alt = <!-- alt text; see [[WP:ALT]] --> |caption = |map = <!-- optional --> |msize = <!-- map size, optional, default 200px --> |malt = <!-- map alt text --> |mcaption = <!-- optional --> |abbreviation = ইউজিচি |motto = জ্ঞান বিজ্ঞান বিমুক্তয়ে |formation = {{Start date|1953|12|28}} |extinction = <!-- date of extinction, optional --> |type = <!-- GO, NGO, IGO, INGO, etc --> |status = <!-- ad hoc, treaty, foundation, etc --> |purpose = <!-- focus as e.g. humanitarian, peacekeeping, etc --> |headquarters = নতুন [[দিল্লী]] |location = [[ভাৰত]] |coords = <!-- Coordinates of location using a coordinates template --> |region_served = |membership = |language = <!-- official languages --> |leader_title = চেয়াৰমেন |leader_name = অধ্যাপক বেদ প্ৰকাশ<ref>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/orgn/commision.html Commission]</ref> |main_organ = <!-- gral. assembly, board of directors, etc --> |parent_organization = <!-- if one --> |affiliations = উচ্চশিক্ষা বিভাগ , মানৱ সম্পদ উন্নয়ন মন্ত্ৰণালয়]] |num_staff = |num_volunteers = |budget = |website = [http://www.ugc.ac.in/ www.ugc.ac.in] |remarks = }} '''বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় অনুদান আয়োগ''' [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতৰ]] [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ|কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰে ]] স্থাপন কৰা এটি বিধিবদ্ধ সংস্থা। ১৯৫৬ চনত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় অনুদান আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হয়। ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয সমূহৰ মাজত সংহতি স্থাপন, মান নিৰ্ণয় আৰু পৰিচৰ্যা ইয়াৰ কাম। বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় অনুদান আয়োগে ভাৰতৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় সমূহক অনুমোদন দিয়ে আৰু চৰকাৰী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু মহাবিদ্যালয় সমূহক অৰ্থসাহায্য প্ৰদান কৰে। ইয়াৰ প্ৰধান কাৰ্য্যালয় নতুন [[দিল্লী]]ত অৱস্থিত। [[পুনে]], [[ভূপাল]], [[কলকাতা]], [[হায়দৰাবাদ]], [[গুৱাহাটী]] আৰু [[বেংগালুৰু]]ত ইয়াৰ ছয়টা আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্য্যালয় অৱস্থিত।<ref>[http://india.gov.in/sectors/education/uni_commission.php University Grants Commission] [[Govt. of India]] website.</ref> == ইতিহাস == স্বাধীনতাৰ পিছতে ১৯৪৮ চনত ডঃ এছ ৰাধাকৃষ্ণাণৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় শিক্ষা আয়োগ গঠন কৰা হৈছিল "ভাৰতীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় শিক্ষা সম্পৰ্কে প্ৰতিবেদন প্ৰস্তুত কৰাৰ আৰু দেশৰ বৰ্তমান আৰু ভৱিষ্যতৰ প্ৰয়োজন আৰু আকাংক্ষাক সমৰ্থন কৰাৰ বাবে উন্নতি আৰু বিস্তাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ প্ৰদান কৰাৰ" উদ্দেশ্যে। এই আয়োগে পৰামৰ্শ দিছিল যে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় মঞ্চ সমিতিটোক পুনৰ গঠন কৰা হওক আৰু ইয়াক ইউনাইটেড কিঙডমৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় মঞ্চ আয়োগৰ মডেলত এক পূৰ্ণ-সময়ৰ অধ্যক্ষ আৰু অন্য সদস্যসকলক খ্যাতনামা শিক্ষাবিদসকলৰ মাজৰ পৰা নিযুক্তি দিয়াৰ পৰা গঠিত কৰা হওক। ১৯৫২ চনত কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰে নিৰ্ণয় গ্ৰহণ কৰে যে কেন্দ্ৰীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়সমূহ আৰু অন্যান্য বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহলৈ ৰাজহুৱাৰ্থ ফাণ্ডৰ পৰা অনুদান বিতৰণৰ সকলো বিষয়সমূহ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় মঞ্চ আয়োগলৈ প্ৰেৰণ কৰা হওক। ফলস্বৰূপে, ১৯৫৩ চনৰ ২৮ ডিচেম্বৰত তেতিয়াৰ শিক্ষামন্ত্ৰী, প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদ আৰু বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণা মন্ত্ৰী শ্ৰী মওলানা আবুল কালাম আজাদৰ দ্বাৰা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় মঞ্চ আয়োগ (ইউ জি চি) আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে উদ্বোধন কৰা হৈছিল। কিন্তু ইউ জি চি আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ১৯৫৬ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰ মাহত সংসদৰ আইনৰ দ্বাৰা ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ এক আইনগত সংস্থা হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় শিক্ষাৰ সমন্বয়, নিৰ্ধাৰণ আৰু মানদণ্ডৰ ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণৰ বাবে। ইউ জি চিৰ কাৰ্যালয়সমূহ দিল্লীৰ তিনিখন স্থানত অৱস্থিত: নৱ দিল্লীৰ বাহাদুৰ শাহ জাফৰ মাৰ্গ, ৩৫, ফিৰোজ শ্বাহ ৰোড আৰু দিল্লী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ দক্ষিণ কেম্পাছ।<ref>[https://www.ugc.gov.in/Aboutus/Genesis University Grants Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523170109/https://www.ugc.gov.in/Aboutus/Genesis |date=2024-05-23 }} [[University Grants Commission]] website.</ref> == বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ভাগসমূহ== <!-- The types of universities controlled by the UGC include: * [[Central University, India|Central universities]], or Union universities, are established by an Act of Parliament and are under the purview of the [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]] in the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Union Human Resource Development Ministry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/central_univ_eng |title=Central Universities |work=mhrd.gov.in |accessdate=13 March 2012 |publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Union Human Resource Development Ministry]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303143139/http://mhrd.gov.in/central_univ_eng |archivedate=3 March 2012 }}</ref> {{as of|2018|12|12}}, The list of central universities published by the UGC includes 49 central universities.<ref name=Central>{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Consolidated_CENTRAL_UNIVERSITIES_List.pdf|format=PDF|title=Consolidated list of Central Universities as on 12.12.2018|date=12 December 2018|accessdate=13 January 2019|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]}}</ref> * [[State university (India)|State universities]] are run by the state government of each of the [[states and territories of India]] and are usually established by a local legislative assembly act. {{as of|2017|10|6}}, the UGC lists 370 state universities.<ref name=State>{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/State%20University/State%20University%20as%20on%2006-10-2017.pdf|title=List of State Universities as on 06.10.2017|date=6 October 2017|accessdate=30 October 2017|format=PDF|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]}}</ref> The oldest establishment date listed by the UGC is 1857, shared by the [[University of Mumbai]], the [[University of Madras]] and the [[University of Calcutta]]. Most State Universities are [[affiliating universities]] in that they administer many [[affiliated college]]s (many located in very small towns) that typically offer a range of undergraduate courses, but may also offer post-graduate courses. More established colleges may even offer Ph.D. programs in some departments with the approval of the affiliating university. * [[Deemed university]], or "Deemed to be University", is a status of autonomy granted by the Department of Higher Education on the advice of the UGC, under Section 3 of the UGC Act.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IISST) Thiruvanathapuram Declared as Deemed to be University |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=40292 |date=14 July 2008 |publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Union Human Resource Development Ministry]], Press Information Bureau|accessdate=3 September 2011}}</ref> {{as of|2017|10|6}}, the UGC lists 123 deemed universities.<ref name=Deemed>{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Deemed%20University/Deemed%20University%20Final%20List%20as%20on%2006-10-2017.pdf|title=List of Institutions of higher education which have been declared as Deemed to be Universities as on 06.10.2017|date=6 October 2017|accessdate=30 October 2017|format=PDF|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]}}</ref> According to this list, the first institute to be granted deemed university status was [[Indian Institute of Science]], which was granted this status on 12 May 1958. In many cases, the same listing by the UGC covers several institutes. For example, the listing for [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]] covers the [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai|Institute of Mathematical Sciences]], the [[Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research]] and other institutes.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemed%20universities/homibaba.html |title= Listing of Homi Bhabha National Institute as deemed university |work=ugc.ac.in |accessdate=13 September 2011|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]}}</ref> * [[Private university#India|Private universities]] are approved by the UGC. They can grant degrees but they are not allowed to have off-campus affiliated colleges. {{as of|2017|10|6}}, the UGC list of private universities lists 282 universities.<ref name=Private>{{cite web|title=State-wise List of Private Universities as on 6.10.2017|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Private%20University/Private%20University%20Consolidated%20List%20Private%20Universities%20as%20on%2006.10.2017.pdf|website=www.ugc.ac.in|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|accessdate=30 October 2017|date=6 October 2017}}</ref> The University Grants Commission (UGC) has also released the list of 24 fake Universities operating in India. UGC has said that these 24 self-styled, unrecognized institutions functioning in contravention of the UGC Act have been declared as fake and are not entitled to confer any degrees.<ref>{{cite press release|title=UGC releases list of 24 fake universities |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=178917 |website=pib.nic.in |accessdate=12 May 2019|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]|date=25 April 2018}}</ref> --> == বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় অনুদান আয়োগ আইন, ১৯৫৬ == বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় অনুদাশ আয়োগ আইন, ১৯৫৬ আৰু আইনৰ অধীনৰ নিয়মাবলী আৰু বিধি এই প্ৰকাশন ইউ জি চি আৰু ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ দিশ আৰু নিয়ন্ত্ৰণৰ অধীনত মুদ্ৰিত হৈছে আৰু ভাৰত চৰকাৰক ইউ জি চি আইন, ১৯৫৬ আৰু আইনৰ অধীনৰ নিয়মাবলী আৰু বিধিৰ এই প্ৰতিলিপিত পুনঃমুদ্রিত সামগ্ৰীৰ বাবে দায়ী বুলি গণ্য কৰা নহ'ব, যি কঠোৰভাৱে চৰকাৰী ব্যৱহাৰৰ বাবে নিৰ্ধাৰিত আৰু বাণিজ্যিক উদ্দেশ্যে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা নহ'ব। [https://www.ugc.gov.in/Aboutus/UGC_ACT]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} <ref>[https://www.ugc.gov.in/Aboutus/UGC_ACT ইউ জি চি আইন, ১৯৫৬] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626131451/https://www.ugc.gov.in/Aboutus/UGC_ACT |date=2024-06-26 }} [[ভাৰতীয় সৰকাৰ]]ৰ ওয়েবচাইট।</ref> == তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{reflist}} ==বহিঃ সংযোগ== * [http://www.ugc.ac.in বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় অনুদান আয়োগ] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী সংস্থা]] kh29nljxk6ww3dfegp6hq8tfpy4gokq 0 42152 518708 515114 2025-06-17T01:28:23Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518708 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:5-striped New Gay Male Pride Flag.svg|thumb|right| গে' গৌৰৱ পতাকা]] [[File:Winning Orange-Pink Lesbian Pride Flag.png|thumb|right| লেছবিয়ান গৌৰৱ পতাকা]] {{এলজিবিটি}} '''সমকামিতা''' ({{Lang-en|Homosexuality}}) মানে হ'ল এক প্ৰকাৰৰ চাৰিত্ৰিক বৈশিষ্ট্য যত কোনো এজন ব্যক্তি বা কোনো জীৱই নিজৰ সৈতে একে লিংগৰ কোনোবাৰ প্ৰতি শাৰীৰিক, [[প্ৰেম]] তথা আবেগিক ভাবে আকৰ্ষিত হয়। ই একপ্ৰকাৰৰ [[যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] আৰু [[প্ৰেম অভিমুখিতা]] ([[:en:Romantic orientation|Romantic orientation]]) লগতে এটা আকৰ্ষণ ভিক্তিক পৰিচয় হয়। <ref name="apahelp">{{cite web|title=Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality|publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]|accessdate=August 10, 2013|url=http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx|archivedate=August 8, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808032050/http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/sexual-orientation.aspx|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=amici2>{{cite web |url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/Amer_Psychological_Assn_Amicus_Curiae_Brief.pdf |page=30 |title=Case No. S147999 in the Supreme Court of the State of California, In re Marriage Cases Judicial Council Coordination Proceeding No. 4365 (...) – APA California Amicus Brief&nbsp; — As Filed |format=PDF |accessdate=21 December 2010 |archivedate=18 January 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118184353/http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/Amer_Psychological_Assn_Amicus_Curiae_Brief.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref>বৰ্তমান বৃহৎ সংখ্যক [[চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞান]] আৰু [[মনোবিজ্ঞান|মনোবিজ্ঞানৰ]] গৱেষণাই প্ৰমাণ কৰি দেখুৱাইছে যে [[গে']] বা [[লেছবিয়ান]] হোৱাটো মানসিকভাৱে আৰু সামাজিকভাৱে সাধাৰণ।<ref>'''Royal College of Psychiatrists - Submission to the Church of England’s Listening Exercise on Human Sexuality.''' http://www.thinkinganglicans.org.uk/uploads/rcp.html</ref>[[ভাৰত|ভাৰতত]] বৰ্তমান সমকামী সম্পৰ্ক বৈধ। আৰু সমকামিতা ভিত্তিত বৈষম্য দেশজুৰি নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/homosexuality-not-a-ground-to-sack-employee-allahabad-high-court-1767795-2021-02-10 Homosexuality not a ground to sack employee, rules Allahabad High Court]</ref><ref>[https://www.mondaq.com/india/human-rights/737300/supreme-court-recognizes-rights-of-the-lgbt-community India: Supreme Court Recognizes Rights Of The LGBT Community]</ref> [[একে লিংগৰ বিবাহ]] প্ৰায় বোৰ উন্নত দেশতে বৈধ। আধুনিক অধ্যয়ন অনুসৰি প্ৰায় ২% ৰ পৰা ১৩% সমকামী জনসংখ্যা আমাৰ মাজত আছে।<ref>Billy, JO; Tanfer, K.; Grady, WR; Klepinger, DH (1993). "The sexual behavior of men in the United States" 2 ed. ''Family Planning Perspectives''. '''25''' . ISSN  0014-7354 . </ref> মানুহৰ উপৰি ৫,০০০ ভিন্ন জীৱৰ মাজতো সমকামিতা দেখা গৈছে যি [[স্তন্যপায়ী]], [[চৰাই]] আৰু ফিটাপেলুৰ দৰে ভিন্ন জীৱৰ মাজত অন্তৰ্গত।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090616122106.htm|title=Same-sex Behavior Seen In Nearly All Animals, Review Finds|work=ScienceDaily}}</ref> মূল আন্তৰ্জাতিক স্বাস্থ্য সংগঠনসমূহ আৰু মনোবিজ্ঞান সংস্থাসমূহে সমকামিতাক সম্পূৰ্ণ সাধাৰণ আৰু প্ৰাকৃতিক বুলি ঘোষণা কৰিছে। লগতে কোনো ব্যক্তিক নিজৰ সমকামিতাক সলনি কৰিবলৈ প্ৰয়াস নকৰিবলৈ কৈছে কাৰণ ই সম্ভৱ নহয় লগতে ব্যক্তিজনৰ মানসিক অৱস্থাত ক্ষতি হ'ব পাৰে।<ref>[https://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/just-the-facts| মনোবিজ্ঞান সংস্থা| ] </ref><ref name=amici /> ==প্ৰকাৰ আৰু পৰিচয় == {{Main|কামিং আউট|গে' স্বীকাৰাত্মক মনোচিকিৎসা}} সমকামিতা মূলতঃ দুই প্ৰকাৰৰ। সমকামী পুৰুষ সকলক [[গে']] আৰু সমকামী মহিলা সকলক [[লেছবিয়ান]] বুলি কোৱা হয়। বহু লোক যি একে লিংগৰ প্ৰতি আকৰ্ষিত হয় তেওঁলোকে জীৱনত '''[[কামিং আউট]]''' বুলি কোৱা এটা অৱস্থাৰ সন্মুখীন হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title={{!}}নিউমান, কেৰিন ই (২০০৪) |url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/outing.html |access-date=2007-06-09 |archivedate=2007-06-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609220520/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/outing.html |deadurl=no }}</ref> য'ত কোনো এজন সমকামী ব্যক্তিয়ে নিজৰ প্ৰেম তথা যৌন অভিমুখিতাৰ বিষয়ে সমাজৰ আগত খোলাকৈ প্ৰকাশ কৰে। সাধাৰণতে প্ৰথমে কুমলীয়া বয়সত নিজৰ পৰিয়ালৰ নাইবা বন্ধুৰ আগত নিজক প্ৰকাশ কৰা দেখা যায় আৰু পাছলৈ সমাজৰ আগত নিজক প্ৰকাশ কৰি [[কামিং আউট]] হোৱা দেখা যায়।<ref>Maggio, Rosalie (1991). The dictionary of bias-free usage: a guide to nondiscriminatory language . Phoenix: Oryx Press. ISBN 9780897746533</ref> সাধাৰণতে, কামিং আউট তিনিটা অৱস্থাৰ মাজেৰে যায়। প্ৰথমটো হ'ল '''নিজক জনা অৱস্থা''' য'ত মানুহজনে [[একে লিংগৰ সম্পৰ্ক]]ত আহিবলৈ দৃঢ় হয় (ইয়াক ওলাই অহা বা আন্তৰিক সিদ্ধান্ত বুলিও কোৱা হয়); দ্বিতীয় অৱস্থাত মানুহজনে নিজৰ পৰিয়াল, বন্ধু বা সহকৰ্মী আদিৰ আগত নিজকে [[গে']] বা [[লেছবিয়ান]] বুলি প্ৰকাশ কৰে; তৃতীয় অৱস্থাত একে লিংগৰ ব্যক্তি এজনৰ সৈতে সামাজিক ভাবে সম্পৰ্কত আহি ব্যক্তিজনৰ সৈতে একেলগে বাস কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |title={{!}}কমিঙ আউটৰ ধাৰাবাহিকতা, ৱেব আৰ্কিভ dev.hrc.org . Human Rights Campaign . May 4, 2007 |url=http://dev.hrc.org/issues/3333.htm |access-date=November 2, 2007 |archivedate=November 2, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102101657/http://dev.hrc.org/issues/3333.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref>[[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কামিঙআউট দিৱস]] (National comingout day) আন্তৰ্জাতিকভাৱে ১১ অক্টোবৰ তাৰিখে উদযাপন কৰা হয়।[[গে' স্বীকাৰাত্মক মনোচিকিৎসা]]দ্বাৰা নিজৰ বিশ্বাসযোগ্যতা আৰু নিজক গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ শিকোৱা হয় যাতে ব্যক্তিজনে নিজৰ যৌন আৰু প্ৰেম অভিমুখীতাক সলনি কৰিবলৈ নিবিচাৰে বা একে লিংগৰ প্ৰতি থকা প্ৰেম আৰু আকৰ্ষণক শেষ কৰিবলৈ বা দবাই ৰাখিবলৈ চেষ্টা নকৰে। == শব্দতত্ত্ব == অসমীয়া শব্দ সমকামিতা দুটা শব্দ ''সম'' (অৰ্থ:সমান) আৰু ''কাম'' (অৰ্থ:যৌন চাহিদা) লগ হৈ সৃষ্টি হৈছে।<ref>[http://www.xobdo.org/dic/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE| অসমীয়া অভিধানত]</ref> ইংৰাজীত Homosexuality গ্ৰীক শব্দ ''Homo'' (অৰ্থ:সমধৰ্মী বা একে ধৰণ) আৰু লেটিন শব্দ ''Sexus''(অৰ্থ :যৌনতা) পৰা সৃষ্টি হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=ৱাটাৰলু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ব্যাখ্যা |url=http://www.drama.uwaterloo.ca/Gross%20Indecency/homosexuality_word.shtml%7C |access-date=2003-07-25 |archivedate=2003-07-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030725170852/http://www.drama.uwaterloo.ca/Gross%20Indecency/homosexuality_word.shtml%7C |deadurl=no }}</ref> ==জনসংখ্যা== আধুনিক পাশ্চাত্য জগতত বিভিন্ন গৱেষণাৰ ফলত অনুমিত হয় যে সমকামী বা সমলৈঙ্গিক প্ৰণয় আৰু ৰতিক্ৰীয়াৰ অভিজ্ঞতাসম্পন্ন ব্যক্তি মুঠ জনসংখ্যাৰ ২% ৰ পৰা ১৩% পৰ্যন্ত।<ref name = ACSF1992>ACSF Investigators (1992). AIDS and sexual behaviour in France. ''Nature, 360,'' 407–409.</ref><ref name = Billy1993>Billy, J. O. G., Tanfer, K., Grady, W. R., & Klepinger, D. H. (1993). The sexual behavior of men in the United States. ''Family Planning Perspectives, 25,'' 52–60.</ref><ref name = Binson1995>Binson, D., Michaels, S., Stall, R., Coates, T. J., Gagnon, & Catania, J. A. (1995). Prevalence and social distribution of men who have sex with men: United States and its urban centers. ''Journal of Sex Research, 32,'' 245–254.</ref><ref name="Bogaert2004">Bogaert, A. F. (2004). The prevalence of male homosexuality: The effect of fraternal birth order and variation in family size. ''Journal of Theoretical Biology, 230,'' 33–37. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WMD-4CP12C3-2&_user=1069287&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000051273&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1069287&md5=bf01088ebb68ca801a0a08011876fb5d] Bogaert argues that: "The prevalence of male homosexuality is debated. One widely reported early estimate was 10% (e.g., Marmor, 1980; Voeller, 1990). Some recent data provided support for this estimate (Bagley and Tremblay, 1998), but most recent large national samples suggest that the prevalence of male homosexuality in modern western societies, including the United States, is lower than this early estimate (e.g., 1–2% in Billy et al., 1993; 2–3% in Laumann et al., 1994; 6% in Sell et al., 1995; 1–3% in Wellings et al., 1994). It is of note, however, that homosexuality is defined in different ways in these studies. For example, some use same-sex behavior and not same-sex attraction as the operational definition of homosexuality (e.g., Billy et al., 1993); many sex researchers (e.g., Bailey et al., 2000; Bogaert, 2003; Money, 1988; Zucker and Bradley, 1995) now emphasize attraction over overt behavior in conceptualizing sexual orientation." (p. 33) Also: "...the prevalence of male homosexuality (in particular, same-sex attraction) varies over time and across societies (and hence is a ''moving target'') in part because of two effects: (1) variations in fertility rate or family size; and (2) the fraternal birth order effect. Thus, even if accurately measured in one country at one time, the rate of male homosexuality is subject to change and is not generalizable over time or across societies." (p. 33)</ref><ref name = Fay1989>{{cite journal |author=Fay RE, Turner CF, Klassen AD, Gagnon JH |title=Prevalence and patterns of same-gender sexual contact among men |journal=Science |volume=243 |issue=4889 |pages=338–48 |year=1989 |month=January |pmid=2911744 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2911744}}</ref><ref name = Johnson1992>{{cite journal |author=Johnson AM, Wadsworth J, Wellings K, Bradshaw S, Field J |title=Sexual lifestyles and HIV risk |journal=Nature |volume=360 |issue=6403 |pages=410–2 |year=1992 |month=December |pmid=1448163 |doi=10.1038/360410a0 }}</ref><ref name = Laumann1994>Laumann, E. O., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T., & Michaels, S. (1994). ''The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</ref><ref name = Sell1995>{{cite journal |author=Sell RL, Wells JA, Wypij D |title=The prevalence of homosexual behavior and attraction in the United States, the United Kingdom and France: results of national population-based samples |journal=Arch Sex Behav |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=235–48 |year=1995 |month=June |pmid=7611844 }}</ref><ref name = Wellings1994>Wellings, K., Field, J., Johnson, A., & Wadsworth, J. (1994). ''Sexual behavior in Britain: The national survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles.'' London, UK: Penguin Books.</ref><ref name="aftenposten">[http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article633160.ece Norway world leader in casual sex, Aftenposten]</ref><ref name="guardianpoll1">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2008/oct/26/relationships Sex uncovered poll: Homosexuality, Guardian]</ref> ২০০৬ চনৰ এক গৱেষণাত দেখা যায়, জনসংখ্যাৰ প্ৰায় ২০% সমকামীয়ে নিজৰ নাম প্ৰকাশ নকৰি নিজৰ মাজতেই সমকামী অনুভূতিৰ কথা স্বীকাৰ কৰিছে; যদিও গৱেষণাকাৰী সকলৰ আগত অতি কম সংখ্যক লোকে নিজক সমকামীৰূপে চিহ্নিত কৰিছে।<ref name="McConaghy et al">McConaghy et al., 2006</ref>২০০৮ চনৰ সমীক্ষা অনুযায়ী, ব্ৰিটিছ জনগণৰ ১৩% লোকৰ জীৱনৰ কোনো কোনো সময়ত সমলিঙ্গীয় যৌন অভিজ্ঞতা আছে আৰু ইয়াৰে ভিতৰত ৬% নিজকে সমকামী বা উভকামী হিচাপে পৰিচয় দিছে।<ref name=guardianpoll>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2008/oct/26/relationships |title=Sex uncovered poll: Homosexuality |publisher=Guardian |date= 26 October 2008|accessdate=24 August 2010 | location=London}}</ref> সেইদৰে ২০১০ চনৰ আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ অফিছ ফৰ নেশ্বন্স ষ্টেটিষ্টিকে কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত ৯৫% ব্ৰিটিছ ব্যক্তিয়ে নিজক বিপৰীতকামী হিচাপে পৰিচয় দিয়ে, ১.৫% যে "মই নাজানো", "আন কিবা" বা প্ৰশ্নৰ উত্তৰ দিয়া নাই।<ref name="more-or-less-2010-10-01">{{cite web|last=Harford|first=Tim|title=More or Less examines Office for National Statistics figures on gay, lesbian and bisexual people|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tznbk|publisher=BBC|date=1 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Measuring Sexual Identity : Evaluation Report, 2010|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ethnicity/measuring-sexual-identity---evaluation-report/2010/index.html|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]|date=23 September 2010}}</ref> <!-- An October 2012 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] poll provided unprecedented demographic information about those who identify as LGBT, arriving at the conclusion that 3.4%, with a margin of error of ±1%, of all U.S. adults identify as LGBT.<ref name=gallup>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/158066/special-report-adults-identify-lgbt.aspx |title=Special Report: 3.4% of U.S. Adults Identify as LGBT |last1=Gates |first1=Gary J. |last2=Newport |first2=Frank |date=2012-10-18 |website=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] |publisher= |accessdate=2015-01-13}}</ref> The study is the nation's largest in counting LGBT.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/gallup-survey-claims-34-percent-in-us-are-lgbt |title=Gallup survey claims 3.4 percent in U.S. are LGBT |date=2012-10-18 |website=[[CBS News]] |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=2015-01-13}}<br>{{cite web |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/10/18/adults-lesbian-gay-bisexual/1642203 |title=New survey: 3.4% of U.S. adults are LGBT |last1=Jayson |first1=Sharon |date=2012-10-19 |website=[[USA Today]] |publisher= |accessdate=2015-01-13}}</ref> Gallup found that those 18-29 are about twice as likely as those 30-49 to identify as LGBT in the United States (6.4% to 3.2%, ±1%) and about three times as likely as those ages 65 or older. (6.4% to 1.9% ±1%) Among 18- to 29-year-olds, women were found to be almost twice as likely to identify as LGBT than men, 8.3% to 4.6%, ±1%; overall, there was no significant difference between the sexes, with 3.6% of women and 3.3% of men identifying as LGBT, ±1%.<ref name=gallup/>--> {| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" ! width="80"|বয়স ! width="50"|হয় ! width="50"|নহয় ! width="80"|নাজানে<br>প্ৰত্যাখ্যান |- | '''১৮-২৯''' |align="center"|৬.৪% |align="center"|৯০.১% |align="center"|৩.৫% |- | '''৩০-৪৯''' |align="center"|৩.২% |align="center"|৯৩.৬% |align="center"|৩.২% |- | '''৫০-৬৪''' |align="center"|২.৬% |align="center"|৯৩.১% |align="center"|৪.৩% |- | '''৬৫+''' |align="center"|১.৯% |align="center"|৯১.৫% |align="center"|৬.৫% |- |colspan="4" align="center" height="20px"| |- | '''১৮-২৯, নাৰী''' |align="center"|৮.৩% |align="center"|৮৮.০% |align="center"|৩.৮% |- | '''১৮-২৯, পুৰুষ''' |align="center"|৪.৬% |align="center"|৯২.১% |align="center"|৩.৩% |} উল্লেখযোগ্য যে এই জৰীপ বা সমীক্ষাৰ দ্বাৰা বাস্তৱ চিত্ৰায়ন কৰা সম্ভৱ নহয়। যিহেতু মানুহে নিজৰ যৌন অভিমুখীতা সাধাৰণতে প্ৰকাশ কৰিব নিবিচাৰে। বিজ্ঞানী সকলে বাস্তৱ সংখ্যা ইয়াতকৈ বহুত বেছি বুলি অনুমান কৰিছে। ==ইতিহাস== [[চিত্ৰ:Samurai kiss.jpg|thumb|প্ৰাচীন জাপানী চ'মুৰাই সমকামী দম্পতী]] মানৱ ইতিহাসৰ বিভিন্ন স্তৰত বিভিন্ন ৰূপে সমকামিতাৰ অস্তিত্ব পোৱা যায়। কোনো কোনো ঠাইত সমকামী যৌনাচৰণৰ চৰ্চা গুপ্ত বিনোদন হিচাপে, আকৌ কোনো কোনো ঠাইত সংস্কৃতিৰ অংশ হিচাপে সমকামিতা উদযাপন কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীচৰ পাইদেৰাস্ত্ৰিয়া, বা এৰাস্তেছ আৰু এৰূমেনোচৰ সম্পৰ্ক সমূহ ইয়াৰে ভিতৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য। বহু প্ৰাচীন কালৰ সাহিত্যত সমকামিতাৰ উল্লেখ আছে। হোমাৰত বৰ্ণিত আকিলিছ আৰু পেট্ৰ'ক্লুছৰ সম্পৰ্ক, প্লেটোৰ দাৰ্শনিক গ্ৰন্থ চিম্পোজিয়ামত ফায়াডেৰাছ, পছানিয়াছ, এগাথন, এৰিষ্ট'ফেনেছ, এৰিস্কিমাচুচৰ নানা বক্তব্য আৰু ছক্ৰেটিছৰ লগত আলকিবিয়াডচৰ প্লেটোনিক সম্পৰ্কত বহু বিশেষজ্ঞই সমকামিতাৰ দৃষ্টান্ত হিচাপে প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ছয় শতিকাত গ্ৰীচৰ লেছব' দ্বীপৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য বাসিন্দা ছাঁপোয়ে নাৰীৰ সৌন্দৰ্যক লৈ কাব্য ৰচনা কৰিছিল<ref name="Homosexuality and Civilization">{{cite book |last=Crompton |first=Louis |authorlink=Louis Crompton |title=Homosexuality and Civilization |publisher=[[Belknap Press]] |year=2003 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=067401197X }}</ref>। এই লেছব' শব্দৰ পৰায়ে ''লেছবিয়ান'' (নাৰী সমকামিতা) শব্দটো আহিছে। বহু ৰোমান সম্ৰাট - যেনে [[জুলিয়াছ চিজাৰ]], হাদ্ৰিয়ন, কম'ডাছ, এলাগাবালাছ, ফিলিপ দা এৰাবিয়ান সহ অনেক সম্ৰাটৰ সমকামৰ প্ৰতি আসক্তি আছিল বুলি ইতিহাসত উল্লিখিত আছে।<ref>[Edward Gibbon. History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Vol. 1, London. 1898, p. 313.]</ref> ৰেনেচাৰ সময়ত বহু খ্যাতনামা ইউৰোপীয় শিল্পী যেনে, দোনাতেল্লো, বত্তিচেল্লী, [[লিঅ'নাৰ্ড' দা ভিন্সি]] আৰু [[মাইকেলেঞ্জেল']]ৰ সমকাম প্ৰৱণতাৰ উল্লেখ আছে। চৈনিক সভ্যতা আৰু ভাৰতীয় সংস্কৃতিত সমকামিতাৰ উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়। [[বিষ্ণু|বিষ্ণুৰ]] মোহিনী অৱতাৰ ৰূপে আহি [[শিৱ|শিৱক]] আকৰ্ষিত কৰাৰ কাহিনী ইয়াৰ এটি দৃষ্টান্ত। বিষ্ণু (হৰি) আৰু শিৱৰ (হৰ) মিলনৰ ফলত জন্ম হোৱা ভগৱান অয়াপ্পানক হৰিহৰপুত্ৰ নামে সম্বোধন কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি অষ্টবক্ৰ, শিখণ্ডী আৰু বৃহন্নলাৰ উদাহৰণ সমূহ সমকামিতা আৰু ৰূপান্তৰকামিতাৰ দৃষ্টান্ত হিচাপে প্ৰাচীন ভাৰতীয় সাহিত্যত পোৱা যায়। ইয়াৰ বাহিৰেও [[আব্ৰাহামীয় ধৰ্ম|আব্ৰাহামীয় ধৰ্মৰ]] প্ৰথাগত ইতিহাসত লূত নবীৰ সম্প্ৰদায় ছডোম আৰু গোমোৰাহ নামৰ জাতিৰ নেতিবাচক যৌনাচাৰ হিচাপে ইংগিত কৰি সমকামিতাৰ কথা বিচাৰি পোৱা যায়, যত সমকামিতা আৰু অজাচাৰ ত্যাগ নকৰাৰ অপৰাধত ঐশ্বৰিক বিপৰ্যয় কৰ্তৃক তেওঁলোকক ধ্বংস কৰাৰ ঘটনা বৰ্ণিত আছে। ==স্বীকৃৰ্তি,আইন আৰু সমাজ== {{Main|একে লিংগৰ বিবাহ|একে লিংগৰ সম্পৰ্ক}} [[Image:World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|'''সমকামিতা বৈধ''' {{legend|#025|[[একে লিংগৰ বিবাহ]] বৈধ}} {{legend|#06f|[[আইনী দম্পতী]] বৈধ}} {{legend|#90c| আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিবাহ অনুজ্ঞা পত্ৰক স্বীকৃৰ্তি}} {{legend|#9cf|সীমিত বৈধতা}} ''' সমকামিতা অবৈধ ''' {{legend|#f9dc36|নিম্নতম শাস্তি }} {{legend|#ec8028| কঠোৰ শাস্তি}} {{legend|#e73e21|আজীৱন কাৰাবাস}} {{legend|#8c210f|মৃত্যু দণ্ড }}<div align="right"><small></small></div>]] ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰায় সকলোসময়ত সমকামী সম্পৰ্ক আৰু আচৰণ নিন্দিত হৈ আহিছে। কেতিয়াবা সামাজিক উদাৰতা আৰু আনুকূল বুলিও পৰিলক্ষিত হৈছে। এই প্ৰশংসা আৰু নিন্দা নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি স্থানভেদে সমকামিতাৰ বহিৰ্প্ৰকাশৰ ৰূপ, সমসাময়িক বিভিন্ন ধৰ্মবিশ্বাসৰ প্ৰভাৱ আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক মানসিকতাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল।<ref>{{cite book |last=Murray |first=Stephen O. |title=Homosexualities |publisher=University of Chicago |year=2000}}</ref> অধিকাংশ [[সমাজ|সমাজ]] আৰু চৰকাৰ ব্যৱস্থাত সমকামী আচৰণক দণ্ডণীয় অপৰাধ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয় <ref name="ILGA 2014">[http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_SSHR_2014_Eng.pdf State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults] The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, authored by Lucas Paoli Itaborahy, May 2014</ref> সহ দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ ৭তা দেশৰ সংবিধানত ৩৭৭ ধাৰা আৰু ১৯তা দেশত সমপৰ্যায়ৰ ধাৰা বা সম্পূৰক ধাৰা মতে সমকামিতা আৰু পশুকামিতা প্ৰকৃতিবিৰোধী যৌনাচাৰ হিচাপে শাস্তিযোগ্য আৰু দণ্ডনীয় ফৌজদাৰী অপৰাধ।<ref name="ILGA 2014"/> ২০১৫ চনৰ জুলাইৰ এটি পৰিসংখ্যান অনুযায়ী, পৃথিৱীৰ মুঠ ৭২খন দেশত {{efn|Countries with laws criminalizing homosexuality are: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuada, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Bhutan, Botswana, Brunei, Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Dominica, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guyana, India, Iran, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Zambia and Zimbabwe.}} আৰু পাঁচখন দেশৰ উপ-জাতীয় আইনী বিধিমালাত{{efn| These five sub-national jurisdictions are: the provinces of Aceh and South Sumatra (Indonesia), the Cook Islands (New Zealand), Gaza (Palestine) and Marawi City (the Philippines).}} সমকামিতা চৰকাৰী ভাবে অবৈধ, যাৰ অধিকাংশই [[এছিয়া]] আৰু [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ত অৱস্থিত। ইয়াৰে ভিতৰত কিছুমান দেশত সমকামী আচৰণৰ অপৰাধত মৃত্যুদণ্ড দিয়াৰো বিধান আছে। সমকামিতা আৱহমানকাল ধৰি অসামাজিক বিবেচিত হোৱাৰ প্ৰধান কাৰণ সমূহ হল; এই যৌনাচৰণ মাধ্যমত সন্তানৰ জন্মদান সম্ভৱ নহয়, ফলত মানুহৰ বংশৰক্ষা সম্ভৱ নহয়। তদুপৰি পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰায় বোৰ প্ৰধান ধৰ্মই সমকামী যৌনাচৰণ নিষিদ্ধ কৰিছে।<ref name=reli/> বৰ্তমান সমাজতো অধিকাংশ ক্ষেত্ৰত সমকামী যৌনাচৰণ একপ্ৰকাৰ যৌনবিকৃতি হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। ১৯৭৩ চনত পাশ্চাত্য মনস্তাত্ত্বিক সকলে 'সমকাম প্ৰৱণতা'ক মানসিক ৰোগৰ তালিকাৰ পৰা বাদ দিয়ে। ১৯৭৫ চনত [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ|যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ]] আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মনস্তত্ত্ব ফেডাৰেচনে 'সমকাম প্ৰৱণতা'ক স্বাভাৱিক বুলি দাবী কৰে। পাশ্চাত্য আৰু উন্নত কিছু দেশৰ বাহিৰে পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰায় সকলো দেশত সমকামী যৌনাচাৰণৰ প্ৰতি সাধাৰণ মানুহৰ বৈৰীভাৱ বিৰাজমান। অধিকাংশ সমাজে সমকামী যৌনাচাৰণক এক অস্বাভাৱিক আৰু নেতিবাচক প্ৰবৃত্তি হিচাপে লজ্জাৰ কাৰণ আৰু ধিক্কাৰযোগ্য বুলি বিবেচনা কৰে। [[ধৰ্ম]]<ref name=reli>{{cite journal|last1=McDermott|first1=Ryon C.|last2=Schwartz|first2=Jonathan P.|last3=Lindley|first3=Lori D.|last4=Proietti|first4=Josiah S.|title=Exploring men's homophobia: Associations with religious fundamentalism and gender role conflict domains|journal=Psychology of Men & Masculinity|volume=15|issue=2|pages=191–200|doi=10.1037/a0032788|year=2014}}</ref><ref name=AACC_coe>{{cite web|title=Code of Ethics, American Association of Christian Counselors|url=http://aacc.net/files/AACC%20Code%20of%20Ethics%20-%20Master%20Document.pdf#page=15|website=www.aacc.net|publisher=American Association of Christian Counselors|accessdate=May 2015}}</ref> আৰু [[আইন|আইনৰ]] বিধান আৰু সামাজিক অনুশাসনৰ কাৰণে কাৰ্যকলাপ তথা সমকামী যৌনসংগম বিশ্বৰ অধিকাংশ স্থানত অবৈধ আৰু গুপ্ত আচৰণ হিচাপে সংঘটিত হয়। বিংশ শতিকাৰ দ্বিতীয় দশকত ইউৰোপ আৰু পাশ্চাত্যেৰ কিছুমান দেশে সমকামী যৌনাচাৰণৰ অবৈধতা উঠাই দিয়ে। কিছুমান দেশত সমকামী ব্যক্তি সকলৰ বিবাহ আইনসিদ্ধ বুলিও ঘোষণা কৰা হয়। ২০১৫ চন অনুযায়ী এই দেশসমূহৰ সংখ্যা ১৮ (পূৰ্ণ বা আংশিক), ইয়াৰ অধিকাংশই আমেৰিকা, পশ্চিম ইউৰোপ, আৰু আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰত অৱস্থিত{{efn|Countries with same-sex marriage recognized nationwide are: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark,{{efn|Excluding the Faroe Islands}} France, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,{{efn|Excluding Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten}} New Zealand,{{efn|Excluding Niue, Tokelau and the Cook Islands}} Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom,{{efn|Exlcuding Northern Ireland, the Crown dependencies and most British Overseas Territories. (Same-sex marriage is legal in the Pitcairn Islands).}} the United States {{efn|Excluding most [[Same-sex marriage under United States tribal jurisdictions|Native American tribes]]. (Same-sex marriage is legal in at least 24 of them). Application to American Samoa unclear.}} and Uruguay.}}। ষ্টনৱাল ঘটনাৰ পিছৰ পৰা<ref>Adam, p. 82.</ref> সমকামী ব্যক্তি সকলে এলজিবিটি সামাজিক আন্দোলনৰ সূচনা ঘটায়। এই আন্দোলনৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল সমকামী সকলৰ প্ৰতি সমাজৰ দৃষ্টি আকৰ্ষণ, স্বীকৃতি, আইনী অধিকাৰদান আৰু একে লগে সমলিঙ্গৰ [[বিবাহ]], দত্তকগ্ৰহণ, সন্তানপালন, বৈষম্যবিৰোধী আইন প্ৰয়োগ, সেৱা আৰু স্বাস্থ্য বৈষম্যেৰ বিৰোদ্ধে অধিকাৰ প্ৰদানৰ দাবী উত্থাপন। তদুপৰি একে সময়ে ধৰ্ম আৰু ৰাজনীতি প্ৰভাৱিত কিছু প্ৰাক্তন সমকামী বা এক্স-গে সংগঠনৰ সূচনা ঘটাই সমকামী অভিমুখীতা পৰিবৰ্তনৰ মাধ্যমত মনোভাৱ দূৰীকৰণ আৰু সমকামী প্ৰৱণতা প্ৰতিকাৰৰ বাবে প্ৰতিষ্ঠানিকভাৱে উদ্যোগ গ্ৰহণ আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref name="apa2009">American Psychological Association: [http://www.apa.org/about/governance/council/policy/sexual-orientation.aspx Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts]</ref>[[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ]] প্ৰধান ধৰ্মগ্ৰন্থ সমূহত সমকামিতাৰ সুস্পষ্ট উল্লেখ নাই।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religionfacts.com/homosexuality/hinduism.htm|title=Homosexuality and Hinduism}}</ref> ভাৰতৰ প্ৰধান ধৰ্মবিশ্বাসত সমকামিতাৰ অৱস্থান কত, তাক লৈ গৱেষক সকলৰ মাজত দ্বিমত আছে। কোনো কোনোৰ মতে প্ৰচীন হিন্দু সমাজত সমকামিতা কেৱল প্ৰাসংগিক আছিল তেনে নহয়, বৰং তা গ্ৰহণীয়ও আছিল।<ref>"Same Sex love in India" by [[Ruth Vanita]] and [[Saleem Kidwai]] (MacMillan, Delhi, 2000)</ref> খাজুৰাহো, অজন্তা-ইলৰাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য, প্ৰাচীন ভাৰতীয় গ্ৰন্থত কিছুমান সমলিংগৰ উল্লেখ আৰু সমকামৰ আভাস, বিভিন্ন সমকামিতাৰ লক্ষণ বহনকাৰী চৰিত্ৰ আদিয়ে ইয়াকে প্ৰমাণ কৰে। বাৎসায়নৰ কামসূত্ৰ গ্ৰন্থতো সমকামিতাৰ বৰ্ণনা আছে। [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ]] প্ৰধান ধৰ্মগ্ৰন্থ সমূহত সমকামিতাৰ সুস্পষ্ট উল্লেখ নাই।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religionfacts.com/homosexuality/hinduism.htm|title=Homosexuality and Hinduism}}</ref> ভাৰতৰ প্ৰধান ধৰ্মবিশ্বাসত সমকামিতাৰ অৱস্থান কত, তাক লৈ গৱেষক সকলৰ মাজত দ্বিমত আছে। কোনো কোনোৰ মতে প্ৰচীন হিন্দু সমাজত সমকামিতা কেৱল প্ৰাসংগিক আছিল তেনে নহয়, বৰং তা গ্ৰহণীয়ও আছিল।<ref>"Same Sex love in India" by [[Ruth Vanita]] and [[Saleem Kidwai]] (MacMillan, Delhi, 2000)</ref> খাজুৰাহো, অজন্তা-ইলৰাৰ ভাস্কৰ্য, প্ৰাচীন ভাৰতীয় গ্ৰন্থত কিছুমান সমলিংগৰ উল্লেখ আৰু সমকামৰ আভাস, বিভিন্ন সমকামিতাৰ লক্ষণ বহনকাৰী চৰিত্ৰ আদিয়ে ইয়াকে প্ৰমাণ কৰে। বাৎসায়নৰ কামসূত্ৰ গ্ৰন্থতো সমকামিতাৰ বৰ্ণনা আছে। == বিজ্ঞান == ===মনোবিজ্ঞান=== {{Main|সমকামিতা আৰু মনোবিজ্ঞান}} পূৰ্বৰ কেইবাশতিকা জুৰি সমকামিতাক মনোবিজ্ঞানৰ এক স্বতন্ত্ৰ দশা হিচাপে গৱেষণা কৰা হৈ আহিছে। বিংশ শতিকালৈ চিকিৎসা মনোবিজ্ঞান, আচৰণ বিজ্ঞান আৰু সামাজিক বিজ্ঞানৰ বহু অভিজ্ঞ বিশেষজ্ঞ সমকামিতাক মানসিক অসুস্থতা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৭০ চনৰ পিছৰ পৰা বিশ্বজুৰী বহু স্বাস্থ্য আৰু মানসিক স্বাস্থ্য বিশেষজ্ঞ আৰু আচৰণগত-সমাজবিজ্ঞান বিশেষজ্ঞ সকলে সমকামিতাক মানৱ অভিমুখীতাৰ এটি স্বাভাৱিক আৰু সুস্থ প্ৰকাৰ হিচাপে দেখুৱাই যদিও কিছু বিশেষজ্ঞই ইয়াক অসুস্থতা হিচাপে বহাল ৰাখে।<ref>American Psychological Association: [http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/therapeutic-response.pdf Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation]</ref>বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাৰ ফলস্বৰূপে আমেৰিকা মনোৰোগ সংস্থাই ১৯৭৩ চনত "মানসিক ৰোগৰ নিৰ্ণায়ক আৰু পৰিসাংখ্যিক হাতপুথি"ৰ তৃতীয় সংস্কৰণৰ পৰা সমকামিতাক আঁতৰাই দিয়ে।<ref>[http://m.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/204/transcript This American Life]</ref><ref name=amici>{{Cite web |title=Case No. S147999 in the Supreme Court of the State of California, In re Marriage Cases Judicial Council Coordination Proceeding No. 4365 (…) |url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/Amer_Psychological_Assn_Amicus_Curiae_Brief.pdf |access-date=2016-09-21 |archivedate=2012-01-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118184353/http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/Amer_Psychological_Assn_Amicus_Curiae_Brief.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ১৯৭৩ চনত, সমকামী অধিকাৰ সংগঠন সমূহৰ ব্যাপক হেঁচাৰ ফলশ্ৰুতিত<ref>[https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/former-president-of-apa-says-organization-controlled-by-gay-rights-movement Former president of APA says Organization controlled by gay rights movement lobbed for the removal of homosexuality as disorder.] [[LifeSiteNews.com]]</ref> আমেৰিকান মনোচিকিৎসক সমিতিৰ প্ৰতিনিধি কাউন্সিল ১৯৯৫ চনত<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bayer |first=Ronald |title=Homosexuality and American Psychiatry: The Politics of Diagnosis |year=1987 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=0-691-02837-0}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> আৰু ইয়াৰ পিছত অন্যান্য সংস্থা সমূহে এই নতুন সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰণ আৰম্ভ কৰে। [[বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থা]]ই ১৯৯০ চনত ৪৩তম বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সমাৰোহৰ সমৰ্থনত সমকামিতাক সুস্থ বুলি ব্যক্ত কৰে। ===জীৱবিজ্ঞান=== বিজ্ঞানে সমকামিতাৰ কাৰণ বিচাৰিব চেষ্টা কৰি আছে। ইয়াৰ ফলস্ৰূপে জৈৱিক আৰু পৰিৱেশগত কাৰণসমূহ ইয়াৰ প্ৰধান কাৰণ ওলাই পৰিছে। জৈৱিক কাৰণ সম্বন্ধে গৱেষণা হৈছে সেইবোৰৰ হল জিনগত আৰু হৰমনগত, বিশেষকৈ [[ভ্ৰূণ| ভ্ৰূণৰ]] বিকাশৰ সময়ত যিবোৰ পৰিবৰ্তনৰ ফলত [[মস্তিষ্ক|মস্তিষ্কৰ]] গঠনগত আৰু কাৰ্যগত পৰিবৰ্তন ঘটে আৰু সোঁহতীয়া বা বাওঁহতীয়া হোৱাৰ প্ৰৱণতা ইত্যাদি অন্য কোনো কোনো স্বভাৱগত বৈশিষ্ট্যও নিৰ্ধাৰিত হয়।<ref name="Frankowski"/><ref name="rcp2007"/> পৰিৱেশৰ প্ৰত্যক্ষ আৰু পৰোক্ষ প্ৰভাৱ (সামাজিক, মানসিক) আৰু জৈৱিক বিষয় যৌন অভিমুখীতাক প্ৰভৱিত কৰে। যদিও অনেক গৱেষকৰ মতে মূলত প্ৰকৃতি আৰু প্ৰতিপালন — এই দুটাৰ জটিল সংমিশ্ৰণৰ ফলত এই অৱস্থা নিৰ্ধাৰিত হয়।<ref name="apahelp"/><ref name="Frankowski"/> সমলিঙ্গৰ প্ৰতি যৌন আচৰণৰ প্ৰভাৱক হিচাপে একে পৰিৱেশত থকাৰ ভূমিকা মহিলাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত নগণ্য আৰু পুৰুষৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত শূন্য।<ref name="Långström2010"/> বিজ্ঞানীসকলে সমকামিতাৰ প্ৰকৃত কাৰণ এতিয়ালৈকে ঠাৱৰ কৰিব পৰা নাই। কিন্তু তেওঁলোকে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে, জিনগত, হৰমনগত আৰু পৰিৱেশগত কাৰকসমূহৰ এক জটিল আন্তঃক্ৰিয়াৰ ফলত এই অৱস্থা সৃষ্টি হয়।<ref name="apahelp"/><ref name="Frankowski">{{cite journal|doi=10.1542/peds.113.6.1827|author=Frankowski BL|author2=American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence|title=Sexual orientation and adolescents|journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]]|volume=113|issue=6 |pages=1827–32 |date=June 2004|pmid=15173519|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/6/1827.long}}</ref> ইয়াত মানুহৰ ইচ্ছা-অনিচ্ছাৰ লগত কোনো সম্পৰ্ক নাই।<ref name="apahelp"/> তেওঁলোকে জীৱবিজ্ঞান নিৰ্ভৰশীল তত্ত্ব সমূহক বেছি সমৰ্থন কৰে।<ref name="Frankowski"/> ইয়াৰে ভিতৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য কিছুমান হল জিন, মাতৃগৰ্ভৰ পৰিৱেশ আৰু এই দুই প্ৰভাৱৰ মেলবন্ধন অথবা এই গোটেই সমূহৰ লগত সামাজিক প্ৰভাৱৰ মেলবন্ধন।<ref name="rcp2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/workinpsychiatry/specialinterestgroups/gaylesbian/submissiontothecofe.aspx|title=Submission to the Church of England's Listening Exercise on Human Sexuality|publisher=The Royal College of Psychiatrists|accessdate=13 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Långström2010">{{Cite doi|10.1007/s10508-008-9386-1}}</ref> যৌন অভিমুখীতা নিৰ্ধাৰণত সন্তানপালন বা শৈশৱৰ অভিজ্ঞতাৰ কোনো ভূমিকা আছে নে নাই এতিয়ালৈকে প্ৰমাণ হোৱা নাই।<ref name="rcp2007"/> কোনো কোনোৱে সমকামী যৌন আচৰণক অপ্ৰাকৃতিক বুলিলেও<ref name="religioustolerance">{{cite web|last = Robinson|first = B. A.|title = Divergent beliefs about the nature of homosexuality | publisher = Religious Tolerance.org | year = 2010| url =http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_fixe.htm | accessdate = 12 September 2011}}</ref> বৈজ্ঞানিক গৱেষণাত দেখা গৈছে যে, সমকামিতা মানৱ যৌনতাৰ এটি সাধাৰণ আৰু প্ৰাকৃতিক প্ৰকৰণ আৰু অন্য কোনো প্ৰভাৱৰ অস্তিত্বক এৰি ই কোনো নেতিবাচক মনস্তাত্ত্বিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া সৃষ্টি নকৰে।<ref name="apahelp"/><ref name=PAHO>{{cite web|title="Therapies" to change sexual orientation lack medical justification and threaten health|url=http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6803&Itemid=1926|publisher=Pan American Health Organization|accessdate=26 May 2012|archivedate=13 January 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113141618/http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content|deadurl=unfit}}archived here .</ref> যৌন অভিমুখীতা পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ বিভিন্ন কৰ্মসূচীৰ কাৰ্যকাৰিতা সম্পৰ্কে যথেষ্ট প্ৰমাণ নাই।<ref name="apa2009"/> আমেৰিকান শিশুৰোগ বিশেষজ্ঞ একাডেমী ২০০৪ ত ''পেডিয়াট্ৰিস্ক'' পত্ৰিকাত কৈছে: {{cquote|যৌন অভিমুখীতা সম্ভৱত কোনো এটা কাৰণত নিৰ্ধাৰিত নহয়,বৰং ই জিনগত, হৰমনগত আৰু পৰিৱেশগত একাধিক কাৰণৰ সমষ্টিগত প্ৰভাৱৰ ফল। সাম্প্ৰতিক দশক সমূহত বিশেষজ্ঞে সকলে জীৱবিদ্যা ভিত্তিক তত্ত্ব সমূহক সমৰ্থন কৰে। [...] নানা প্ৰকাৰ মানৱ যৌনতাৰ উৎপত্তিৰ বিষয়ত প্ৰচুৰ বিতৰ্ক আৰু অনিশ্চয়তা থাকিলেও এতিয়াও এই ক্ষেত্ৰত বৈজ্ঞানিক প্ৰমাণ পোৱা যোৱা নাই যে অস্বাভাৱিক সন্তানপালন, যৌন অত্যাচাৰ বা অন্যান্য পীড়াদায়ক অভিজ্ঞতা যৌন অভিমুখীতাক প্ৰভাৱিত কৰে। বৰ্তমানে জ্ঞাত তথ্য বিশ্লেষণ কৰি বুজা যায় যে সাধাৰণত শৈশৱৰ সূচনাতেই যৌন অভিমুখীতা নিৰ্ধাৰিত হয়।<ref name="Frankowski"/><ref name="perrin2002">{{Cite book | last = Perrin | first = E. C. | title = Sexual Orientation in Child and Adolescent Health Care | publisher = Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers | year = 2002 | location = New York | isbn = 0-306-46761-5 }}</ref>}} আমেৰিকান মনোবিদ্যা সমিতি, আমেৰিকান মনোচিকিৎসক সমিতি আৰু জাতীয় সমাজ সেৱক সমিতি ২০০৬ য়ে এক যৌথ বিবৃতিত জানায যে়: {{cquote|আপাতত এজন মানুহৰ সমকামী, বিপৰীতকামী বা উভকামী হয় উঠাৰ পিছত নিৰ্দিষ্ট কি কি কাৰণ থাকিব পাৰে সেই বিষয়ত, তথা সম্ভাৱ্য জৈৱিক, মানসিক বা পিতৃ-মাতৃৰ যৌন অভিমুখীতাৰ ভূমিকাৰ বিষয়ে কোনো বৈজ্ঞানিক ঐকমত নাই। যদিও, উপস্থিত প্ৰমাণৰ পৰা ইমানখিনি বুজা যায় যে প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক সমকামী জনসাধাৰণৰ মাজত অধিকাংশই বিপৰীতকামী পিতৃ-মাতৃৰ সন্তান আৰু সমকামী পিতৃ-মাতৃৰ সন্তানৰ মাজত অধিকাংশই ডাঙৰ হৈ বিপৰীতকামী হয়।<ref name=amici />}} ২০১৪ চনত ৰয়াল কলেজ অফ চাইকিয়াত্ৰিষ্টযে জনাই যে : {{cquote| ৰয়াল কলেজ অফ চাইকিয়াত্ৰিষ্টৰ মতে যৌন অভিমুখীতা হল একাধিক জৈৱিক আৰু জন্ম-পৰৱৰ্তী পৰিৱেশগত কাৰণৰ মিলিত প্ৰভাৱৰ ফল। যৌন অভিমুখীতাৰ কাৰণ হিচাপে ব্যক্তিগত পছন্দ-অপছন্দক দায়ী কৰাৰ কোনো তথ্য-প্ৰমাণ এতিয়াও পোৱা নাই।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/PS02_2014.pdf|title=Royal College of Psychiatrists' statement on sexual orientation|publisher=Royal College of Psychiatrists' statement on sexual orientation|accessdate=31 March 2015|archivedate=9 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809182830/http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/PS02_2014.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref>}} আমেৰিকান মনোবিদ্যা সমিতিৰ মতে "ব্যক্তিবিশেষৰ যৌন অভিমুখীতাৰ অনেক সম্ভাৱ্য কাৰণ থাকিব পাৰে, যি ক্ষণ সমূহ ভিন্ন ভিন্ন ব্যক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ভিন্ন ভিন্ন হব পাৰে। " তেওঁলোকে আৰু কয় যে অধিকাংশ ক্ষেত্ৰত মানুহৰ যৌন অভিমুখীতা কম বয়সতে নিৰ্ধাৰিত হয়।<ref name=apahelp /> পুৰুষৰ মাজত জিনগত বা জন্ম-পূৰ্বৱৰ্তী অন্যান্য প্ৰভাৱকৰ দ্বাৰা কেনেকৈ যৌন অভিমুখীতা নিৰ্ধাৰিত হয়, এই সংক্ৰান্ত গৱেষণা সমকামিতাৰ ৰাজনৈতিক আৰু সামাজিক বিতৰ্কত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে, আৰু চিকিৎসা-জিনতত্ত্ব সম্বন্ধেও নতুনকৈ ভাবিবলৈ বাধ্য কৰায়।<ref name=chicagotribune>{{citation |url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2007/aug/12/news/chi-gaygene_bd12aug12 |title=Study of gay brothers may find clues about sexuality |first=Robert |last=Mitchum |periodical=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=12 August 2007 |accessdate=4 May 2007 |archivedate=23 October 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023155659/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2007/aug/12/news/chi-gaygene_bd12aug12 }}</ref> ===ক্ৰমবিকাশীয় বিজ্ঞান=== ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰকাশিত এখন গৱেষণাপত্ৰত বিবৃতি এইদৰে বিবৃত্তি দিয়া হয়: "মানুহৰ যৌন অভিমুখীতা নিৰ্ধাৰণত যে জিনৰ প্ৰভাৱ আছে সেই সম্পৰ্কে যথেষ্ট প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে। [[প্ৰজনন|প্ৰজননগত]] সাফল্যৰ হাৰ কমাই দিয়াৰ সত্ত্বেও সমকামিতা কিদৰে জনসংখ্যাৰ অপেক্ষাকৃত বেদি অংশত ইয়াক দেখা যায় তাৰ কাৰণ জ্ঞাত নহয়। " তেওঁলোকে অনুমান কৰে যে "সমকামিতাৰ জিন সমকামী সকলৰ প্ৰজননগত সাফল্যৰ হাৰ কমাই দিয়াৰ সত্ত্বেও সমস্ত বিপৰীতকামীয়ে সেই জিনসমূহ বহন কৰিবই তেওঁলোকক নিশ্চয়ই কিছু সুবিধা কৰি দিয়ে। " এই গৱেষণাৰ ফলাফলৰ পৰা ইঙ্গিত পোৱা যায় যে "সমকামিতাৰ বাবে দায়ী জিনসমূহ সম্ভৱত বিপৰীতকামী সকলৰ কোনো প্ৰজননগত সুবিধা দিয়ে, যাৰ ফলত জনসংখ্যাত সমকামী সকলৰ বিৱৰ্তন আৰু ধাৰাবাহিকতা সম্ভৱ হৈছে। "<ref>Zietsch et al. (2008)</ref> ২০০৯ চনৰ এক গৱেষণাত দেখা যায় যে মাতৃৰ পৰা সমকামী ব্যক্তিৰ লগত সম্পৰ্কিত মহিলাৰ যৌন ফলপ্ৰসূতা বেছি হয়।<ref>{{Cite journal|title=New Evidence of Genetic Factors Influencing Sexual Orientation in Men: Female Fecundity Increase in the Maternal Line |author=Iemmola, Francesca and Camperio Ciani, Andrea|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|publisher=Springer Netherlands|year=2009|volume=38}}</ref> প্ৰাণীজগতত সমকামী যৌনাচৰণ সম্পৰ্কিত বেইলি আৰু মাৰ্লিন জুকৰ এক পুনৰীক্ষণত সমকামিতাৰ প্ৰজনন-হ্ৰাসৰ তত্ত্বক প্ৰত্যবাহ্বান জনায়। সমকামী যৌনাচাৰ কেনেকৈ অভিযোজিত হব পাৰে তাৰ অনেক সম্ভাৱ্য কাৰণ ইয়াত উল্লেখ কৰা হয়। প্ৰজাতিভেদে এই কাৰণ সমূহ বেলেগ বেলেগ হব পাৰে। বেইলি আৰু জুক আৰু কয় যে ভৱিষ্যতে গৱেষক সকলে কেৱল সমকামিতাৰ উৎস অনুসন্ধান নকৰি তাৰ বিৱৰ্তনীয় পৰিণতি সম্বন্ধে আৰু গৱেষণা কৰা উচিত।<ref name="Bailey et al.">Bailey, N. W., & Zuk, M. (2009). Same-sex sexual behavior and evolution. Trends In Ecology & Evolution, 24 (8), 439–446. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.014 [http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~mzuk/Bailey%20and%20Zuk%202009%20Same%20sex%20behaviour.pdf]</ref> ==ভাৰতত সমকামিতা== [[File:Bangalore Gay Pride Parade (15).jpg|right|thumb|ভাৰতৰ বেংগালুৰু চহৰত অনুষ্ঠিত সমকামী গৌৰৱ (Gay Pride) শোভাযাত্ৰা (২০১৩)]] বৰ্তমান ভাৰতত সমকামিতা বৈধ। আৰু সমকামী লোকৰ বিৰূদ্ধে বৈষম্য নিষিদ্ধ।<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/11/us-india-rights-gay-idUSBRE9BA05620131211</ref> ভাৰতত সমকামিতাক লৈ সাধাৰণ আলোচনাৰ সুযোগ কম। যদিও সাম্প্ৰতিক বছৰ সমূহত সমকামিতাৰ প্ৰতি ভাৰতীয় শোকৰ মনোভাৱ কিছু পৰিৱৰ্তন লক্ষ্য কৰা হৈছে। বিশেষত, ভাৰতৰ সংবাদমাধ্যম আৰু [[বলিউড|বলিউডত]] সমকামিতাৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন আৰু ইয়াৰ সংক্ৰান্ত আলোচনা বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। <ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/UN_body_slams_India_on_rights_of_gays/articleshow/2977196.cms UN body slams India on rights of gays [[The Times of India]], 24 April 2008]</ref><ref name="BBC Article">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4304081.stm|title=Fear and loathing in gay India |publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-04-17}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031231150227/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/html/uncomp/articleshow?msid=187403 Why should homosexuality be a crime?] [[The Times of India]], 18 September 2003</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.opencultures.net/queer/|title=Queering Bollywood}}</ref> ২০০৯ চনৰ ২ জুলাইত দিল্লী উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ে এটি ৰায়ত স্পষ্টকৈ জনাই যে : প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক সকলৰ মাজত সম্মতিক্ৰমে সমকামিতাৰ আচৰণ অপৰাধৰ আওতাত নপৰে। এই ৰায়ত আৰু কোৱা হৈছে যে ভাৰতীয় দণ্ডবিধি আইনৰ ৩৭৭ ধাৰা ভাৰতীয় সংবিধানৰ মৌলিক অধিকাৰ ৰক্ষা নীতিৰ পৰিপন্থী।<ref>[http://www.examiner.com/x-15043-Austin-International-Travel-Examiner~y2009m7d2-Its-OK-to-be-gay-in-India-New-Delhi-court-decriminalizes-consensual-homosexual-sex It's OK to be gay in India: Delhi High Court decriminalises homosexual sex ][[Examiner.com]]<span>, 2 July 2009</span></ref> ২০১৩ চনৰ ১১ ডিচেম্বৰত পুনৰাই সমকামিতাক ভাৰতৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ে অবৈধ ঘোষণা কৰে আৰু ৩৭৭ ধাৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখে।<ref>http://edition.cnn.com/2013/12/11/world/asia/india-same-sex-relationship/</ref> এই ৩৭৭ ধাৰা মতে সমকামিতা আৰু পায়ুমৈথুন শাস্তিযোগ্য ফৌজদাৰী অপৰাধ। ইয়াৰ বাবে শাস্তি দহ বছৰৰ পৰা আজীবন কাৰাদণ্ড আৰু লগতে জৰিমনাও হব পাৰে।<ref name=law/> {{quote|'''৩৭৭. প্ৰকৃতিবিৰুদ্ধ অপৰাধ''': কোনো ব্যক্তি যদি স্বেচ্ছাই কোনো পুৰুষ, নাৰী বা পশুৰ লগত প্ৰকৃতিৰ নিয়মৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যৌন সংগম কৰে, তেন্তে তেওঁক আজীৱন কাৰাদণ্ড দিয়া হব, অথবা বৰ্ণনা অনুযায়ী নিৰ্দিষ্ট কালৰ কাৰাদণ্ড প্ৰদান কৰা হব যি দহ বছৰ পৰ্যন্ত কাৰাদণ্ড হব পাৰে, আৰু ইয়াৰ লগত নিৰ্দিষ্ট অংকৰ আৰ্থিক জৰিমনাও দিব লাগিব। '''ব্যাখ্যা''': ধাৰা অনুযায়ী অপৰাধ প্ৰমাণত যৌন সংগমৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয় প্ৰমাণ হিচাপে লিংগ প্ৰৱেশৰ প্ৰমাণ যথেষ্ট।<ref name=law>{{cite news | title =Sodomy Laws Around the World | date =24 April 2007 | url =http://www.sodomylaws.org/world/india/india.htm | accessdate =1 September 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://districtcourtallahabad.up.nic.in/articles/IPC.pdf|title=Indian Penal Code|publisher=District Court Allahabad|accessdate=11 December 2013|archivedate=11 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211040454/http://districtcourtallahabad.up.nic.in/articles/IPC.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref>}} ৩৭৭ ধাৰাৰ ব্যাখ্যাত পায়ুসংগমজনিত যি কোনো যৌথ যৌন কাৰ্যকলাপকক ইয়াৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। পৰস্পৰ সম্মতিক্ৰমে বিপৰীতকামী মুখকাম আৰু পায়ুসংগম উক্ত আইন অনুযায়ী শাস্তিযোগ্য অপৰাধ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰিব পাৰি।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,BGD,,4dd1122f2,0.html |title=Bangladesh: Treatment of homosexuals including legislation, availability of state protection and support services |publisher=www.unhcr.org |accessdate=9 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unodc.org/tldb/pdf/Bangladesh_Penal_Code_1860_Full_text.pdf |title=Bangladesh_Penal_Code_1860_Full_text.pdf (application/pdf Object) |publisher=www.unodc.org |accessdate=9 December 2012 |archivedate=12 March 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312212811/https://www.unodc.org/tldb/pdf/Bangladesh_Penal_Code_1860_Full_text.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> বিভিন্ন দল-সংগঠনে, অনুষ্ঠান আৰু ব্যক্তিয়ে উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ত এই ধাৰাৰ অৱসান ঘটাবলৈ পুনৰ বিচাৰ কৰিব আবেদব জনাইছে। ইয়াৰ সপক্ষে আৰু বিপক্ষে সমানে যুক্তি আৰু সমৰ্থনকাৰী আছে। বৰ্তমান এই ধাৰা উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ত পুনৰ বিচাৰৰ অধীনত। ২০১৮ চনৰ ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ তাৰিখৰ [[ভাৰতৰ উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়]]ৰ পাঁচজন সংবিধানিক বিচাৰপীঠে ভাৰতীয় দণ্ডবিধি আইনৰ দফা ৩৭৭ পাৰ্শ্বীয়ভাবে অসংবিধানীক হিচাপে ৰায়দান কৰে। উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ মুখ্যন্যায়াধীশ [[দীপক মিশ্ৰ]]য়ে কয় যে {{quote|'''সংখ্যা গৰিষ্ঠ নৈতিকতাতকৈ সাংবিধানিক নৈতিকতা বহু উৰ্ধত'''}} সেইদৰে ন্যায়াধীশ [[ইন্দু মলহোত্ৰা]]য়ে কয় {{quote|'''ইতিহাসে এই সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ লোকসকল আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পৰিয়ালৰ ওচৰত ক্ষমা খোজা উচিত। সমকামিতা মানৱ যৌন অভিমুখীতাৰ অন্যতম অংশ। ভাৰতৰ সকলো নাগৰিকৰ আত্মসন্মানেৰে জীয়াই থকাৰ অধিকাৰ আছে। পৰস্পৰৰ সহমতিৰ দ্বাৰা দুজন প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক ব্যক্তিৰ ঘটা যৌন কাৰ্য অপৰাধ নহয়'''}} এই ৰায়দানৰ দ্বাৰা দুজন প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক ব্যক্তিৰ ঘটা যৌন কাৰ্য অপৰাধ নহয় বুলি ঘোষণা কৰা হল। লগতে সমকামী আৰু আন আন লিংগীক সংখ্যালঘু সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ অধিকাৰক সাংবিধানিক ৰক্ষা কৱচ দিয়া হল। লগতে উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ে চৰকাৰক এই সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে ভিন ভিন উপায় লবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিলে। ==প্ৰাণীজগতত সমকামিতা== বহু প্ৰজাতিৰ প্ৰাণীৰ সমকামী, [[উভকামিতা|উভকামী]] আৰু [[ৰূপান্তৰকামী]] আচৰণ দেখা যায়।<ref name="Evolution's Rainbow">{{cite book |last=Roughgarden |first=Joan |authorlink=Joan Roughgarden |title=Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |month=May | year=2004 |location=Berkeley, CA |isbn=0520240731 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''1,500 animal species practice homosexuality''. ''The Medical News'', 23 October 2006 |url=http://www.news-medical.net/news/2006/10/23/20718.aspx |access-date=21 September 2016 |archivedate=10 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210172226/http://www.news-medical.net/news/2006/10/23/20718.aspx |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>Sommer, Volker & Paul L. Vasey (2006), Homosexual Behaviour in Animals, An Evolutionary Perspective. [[Cambridge University Press]], Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-86446-1</ref><ref name=Bagemihl>{{harv|Bagemihl|1999}}</ref><ref name="Biological Exuberance: Animal">{{cite web |last=Harrold |first=Max |title=Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity |publisher=[[The Advocate]], reprinted in Highbeam Encyclopedia |date=16 February 1999 |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Biological+Exuberance:+Animal+Homosexuality+and+Natural+Diversity.-a053877996 |accessdate=10 September 2007}}</ref>এইবোৰ আচৰণৰ অন্তৰ্গত হল :যৌন ক্ৰিয়া, প্ৰেম, স্নেহ, যুগলবন্ধন আৰু সন্তানপালন।<ref name=Bagemihl/> এই আচৰণ সমূহ প্ৰাণীসমূহৰ মাজত ব্যাপকভাবে বিস্তৃত। গৱেষক ব্ৰুছ বেগমিলেৰ ১৯৯৯-ৰ এক পৰ্যবেক্ষণত দেখা যায় যে, ফিতাকৃমিৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি প্ৰাইমেট পৰ্যন্ত প্ৰায় পাঁচশ প্ৰজাতিত সমকামিতাৰ অস্তিত্বৰ প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে।<ref name=Bagemihl/><ref name="Biological Exuberance: Animal"/> প্ৰাণীৰ যৌন আচৰণ বিভিন্ন ৰূপ পৰিলক্ষিত হয়, আনকি একে প্ৰজাতিৰ প্ৰাণীৰ মাজতো এই ব্যতিক্ৰম দেখা যায়। এই আচৰণ সমূহৰ কাৰণ আৰু ইয়াৰ পৰা উপনীত হোৱা সিদ্ধান্ত সমূহ এতিয়াও সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে বুজি পোৱা যোৱা নাই। কাৰণ এতিয়াও অধিকাংশ প্ৰজাতিৰ ওপৰত পূৰ্ণ গৱেষণা কৰাৰ থল এতিয়াও বাকী হৈয়ে আছে।<ref name="'Catalogue of Life' reaches">{{cite web |last=Gordon |first=Dr Dennis | title='Catalogue of Life' reaches one million species |publisher=[[National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research]] |date=10 April 2007 |url=http://www.niwascience.co.nz/pubs/mr/archive/2007-04-10-3 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713004634/http://www.niwascience.co.nz/pubs/mr/archive/2007-04-10-3 |archivedate=13 July 2007 |accessdate=10 September 2007}}</ref> বেগমিলেৰ বক্তব্য অনুযায়ী, "পূৰ্বে অধিকাংশ বৈজ্ঞানিক সম্প্ৰদায় আৰু সমাজ যিমানখিনি স্বীকাৰ কৰিব বিচাৰিছিল, প্ৰাণীজগতত এই আচৰণ তাতকৈ ব্যাপক যৌন বিচিত্ৰৰ লগত জড়িত - যাৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হল সমকামী, উভকামী আৰু অ-প্ৰজননশীল যৌনতা। "<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990201/26501-gay-lib-for-the-animals-a-new-look-at-homosexuality-in-nature-.html |title=Gay Lib for the Animals: A New Look At Homosexuality in Nature – 2/1/1999 – Publishers Weekly |publisher=Publishersweekly.com |accessdate=2 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729131204/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19990201/26501-gay-lib-for-the-animals-a-new-look-at-homosexuality-in-nature-.html |archivedate=29 July 2012 }}</ref> ==তথ্য উৎস== {{reflist|30em}} === টোকা === <references group="lower-alpha"/> === অনলাইন প্ৰবন্ধ === * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/55169.stm BBC News (Feb 1998)]: Fingerprints Study * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/325979.stm BBC News (Apr 1999)]: Doubt cast on 'gay gene' * [http://my.webmd.com/content/article/22/1728_56075?src=Inktomi&condition=Home%20&%20Top%20Stories WebMD (March 2000)]: Pointing the Finger at Androgen as a Cause of Homosexuality * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3735668.stm BBC News (Oct 2004)]: Genetics of homosexuality * James Davidson, ''[[London Review of Books]]'', June 2, 2005, [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n11/davi02_.html "Mr and Mr and Mrs and Mrs"] - detailed review of ''The Friend'', by Alan Bray, a history of same-sex marriage and other same-sex formal bonds * [http://semgai.free.fr/doc_et_pdf/africa_A4.pdf Murray, Stephen; ''Homosexuality in traditional Sub-Saharan Africa''] == বহিঃসংযোগ == * {{dmoz|Society/Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Bisexual/History/|Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual/History}} * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy&nbsp; – Homosexuality] * [http://bishorgo.shomoynirman.com/user/99/post/246 অনুভূতিহীনতা, সমকামিতা আৰু শিশুকামিতা] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312165102/http://bishorgo.shomoynirman.com/user/99/post/246 |date=2016-03-12 }} * [http://www.sachalayatan.com/avijit/10683 সমকামিতাঃ এক বৈজ্ঞানিক আৰু সমাজ-মনঃস্তাত্ত্বিক আলোচনা] - সচলায়তন * [http://drmushfique.wordpress.com/2011/06/11/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%83-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87/ প্ৰসঙ্গঃ সমকামিতা আৰু মিথ্যাচাৰ] * [http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/Pradip_deb/proshongo_samokamita.htm প্ৰসঙ্গ সমকামিতা] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016065448/https://mukto-mona.com/Articles/Pradip_deb/proshongo_samokamita.htm |date=2016-10-16 }} - মুক্তমনা [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] 7vvu6g4hq39navx0wyds4pz83khfl6x 0 42454 518527 424186 2025-06-16T13:02:00Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |name = তু ইউইউ |native_name = 屠呦呦 (Tú Yōuyōu) |native_name_lang = zh |image = Tu Youyou 5012-1-2015.jpg |image_size = 250px |caption = ষ্টক'হম চহৰত তু ইউইউ, ২০১৫ |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1930|12|30}} |birth_place =নিঙব', ঝেজিয়াং, [[চীন]] |residence = [[বেইজিং]] |citizenship = [[চীন]] |nationality = [[চীন|চীনা]] |ethnicity = হান |fields = ঔষধিক ৰসায়ন বিজ্ঞান <br />চীনা বনৌষধি বিজ্ঞান <br />মেলেৰিয়া প্ৰতিষেধক <br /> পৰম্পৰাগত গৱেষণা |workplaces = পৰম্পৰাগত চীনা ঔষধ একাডেমী<ref>{{cite web |title = Youyou Tu - Facts |url = http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2015/tu-facts.html |accessdate = 11 October 2015}}</ref>{{efn|The Beijing-based Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (中医研究院) was established in 1955 and renamed the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (中国中医研究院) in 1985 and then the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences (中国中医科学院) in 2005. Tu Youyou has been working at the Academy since 1955. The Academy was subsidiary to the [[Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Health]] and is now directly under the [[State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine]]. |name="CACMS"}} |alma_mater = পেকিং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় মেডিকেল স্কুল / বেইজিং মেডিকেল কলেজ (বৰ্তমান পেকিং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় স্বাস্থ্য বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ){{efn|Peking University Medical School (北京大学医学院) became the independent Beijing Medical College (北京医学院) in 1952. Tu Youyou attended it between 1951 and 1955. Later in 1985 it was renamed Beijing Medical University (北京医科大学), and was returned to [[Peking University]] as [[Peking University Health Science Center]] (北京大学医学部) since 2005.<ref name="Peking University Health Science Center history">{{cite web |url = http://english.bjmu.edu.cn/administration/aintroduction/index.htm |title = Introduction |publisher = [[Peking University Health Science Center]] |date = 27 October 2010 |accessdate = 10 October 2015 }}</ref> |name="Medical_School"}} |doctoral_advisor = |academic_advisors =লৌ ঝিচেন |doctoral_students = |notable_students = |known_for = প্ৰজেক্ট ৫২৩ ত আৰ্টেমীচিনিন আৰু ডাইহাইড্ৰ আৰ্টেমীচিনিন আৱিষ্কাৰ |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = লৌ ঝিচেন (ফাৰ্মাকগনচি)<br />গে হং (চীনা বনৌষধ বিজ্ঞান)<br />মাও জেডং (পৰম্পৰাগত চীনা ঔষধ বিজ্ঞান ) |influenced = প্ৰজেক্ট ৫২৩ |awards = লাস্কেৰ ডেবাকী ক্লিনিকেল মেডিকেল ৰিচাৰ্ছ বঁটা (২০১৫)<br />ৱাৰৰেন আলপাৰ্ট ফাউণ্ডেচন পুৰস্কাৰ (২০১৫)<br />চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ [[নোবেল বঁটা]] (২০১৫) |religion = |signature = <!--(filename only)--> |footnotes = }} {{Infobox Chinese |c = 屠呦呦 |p = Tú Yōuyōu |w = T'u² Yu¹-yu¹ |mi = {{IPAc-cmn|t|u|2|-|you|1|.|you|1}} |wuu = Du¹ Ieu¹ Ieu¹ |l = [[wikt:屠|屠]] [[Tu (surname)|(Tú, surname)]]<br /> [[wikt:呦|呦]] (yōu): (the sound of) deer bleating<br /> [[#Name|''See details...'']] }} '''তু ইউইউ''' ({{zh|屠呦呦}}; জন্মঃ ৩০ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৩০) এগৰাকী [[চীন|চীনা]] চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানী, চিকিৎসা ৰসায়নবিদ আৰু প্ৰশিক্ষক। তেওঁ আৰ্টেমীচিনিন( Artemisinin বা Qinghaosu) আৰু ডাইহাইড্ৰআৰ্টেমীচিনিন (Dihydroartemisinin) আৱিষ্কাৰৰ বাবে আটাইতকৈ বেছি জনপ্ৰিয়। এই দুবিধ মেলেৰিয়া চিকিৎসাত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি লাখ লাখ মানুহৰ জীৱন বচাব পৰা গৈছে। ক্ৰান্তীয় অঞ্চলৰ দক্ষিণ [[এছিয়া]], [[আফ্ৰিকা]] আৰু [[দক্ষিণ আমেৰিকা|দক্ষিণ আমেৰিকাৰ ]] উন্নয়নশীল দেশসমূহৰ মানুহৰ স্বাস্থ্য উন্নয়নত আৰ্টেমীচিনিন আৱিষ্কাৰ আৰু মেলেৰিয়া প্ৰতিৰোধত ইয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বিংশ শতিকাৰ ক্ৰান্তীয় মেডিচিনত এক যুগান্তকাৰী ঘটনা হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। তেওঁৰ কৰ্মৰাজিৰ স্বীকৃতি স্বৰূপে ২০১১ চনত তেওঁক ক্লিনিকেল মেডিচিনত এলবাৰ্ট লাস্কেৰ ক্লিনিকেল মেডিচিন ৰিচাৰ্ছ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হয়। ২০১৫ চনত তু ইউইউয়ে চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ [[নোবেল বঁটা]] লাভ কৰে। চীনত শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰা আৰু গৱেষণা চীনা ভাষাত কৰা তু ইতিহাসৰ প্ৰথম লাস্কেৰ পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী।<ref name="Miller and Su">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.024|title=Artemisinin: Discovery from the Chinese Herbal Garden|year=2011|last1=Miller|first1=Louis H.|last2=Su|first2=Xinzhuan|journal=Cell|volume=146|issue=6|pages=855–8|pmid=21907397|pmc=3414217}}</ref> ==জীৱনী== ১৯৩০ চনৰ ৩০ ডিচেম্বৰত [[চীন]]ৰ ঝেজিয়াং প্ৰদেশৰ নিংবো অঞ্চলত তু ইউইউয়ে জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref name="Tu_ifeng">{{cite web|url=http://news.ifeng.com/history/1/200703/0316_335_88997_2.shtml |title=Magic Drug Saved Half Billion People |publisher=[[Phoenix Television]] News, Hong Kong |date=16 March 2007 |accessdate=13 September 2011 |language=zh}}</ref> ১৯৫১ চনত তেওঁ পেকিং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় স্কুল অফ মেডিচিনৰ পৰা মেট্ৰিকুলেচন পাছ কৰে। ১৯৫২ চনত মেডিকেল স্কুলখন বেইজিং মেডিকেল কলেজ নামেৰে স্বায়ত্তশাসিত প্ৰতিষ্ঠানত পৰিণত হয়। ১৯৮৫ চনত ইয়াৰ নাম পৰিবৰ্তন কৰি বেইজিং মেডিকেল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ৰখা হয়। ২০০০ চনৰ ৩ এপ্ৰিল তাৰিখে পেকিং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হোৱাত ই বৰ্তমান পেকিং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় স্বাস্থ্যবিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ নামে পৰিচিত।<ref name="Peking University Health Science Center history"/> ফাৰ্মাকিউটিকেল অনুষদত অধ্যয়ন কৰি তুয়ে ১৯৫৫ চনত স্নাতকডিগ্ৰী অৰ্জন কৰে। তাৰপাছত তেওঁ আঢ়ৈ বছৰ পৰম্পৰাগত চীনা মেডিচিনৰ ওপৰত প্ৰশিক্ষণ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। স্নাতকৰ পাছত তেওঁ [[বেইজিং]]ৰ একাডেমী অফ চাইনিজ মেডিচিনত কাম কাজ আৰম্ভ কৰে। বৰ্তমান ইয়াৰ নাম চাইনা একাডেমী অফ চাইনিজ মেডিকেল ৰিচাৰ্ছ। চীনা অৰ্থনীতিৰ পুনৰ গঠনৰ পাছত ১৯৮০ চনত তেওঁ ইয়াত এগৰাকী গৱেষকৰ পদত উন্নীত হয়। ২০০১ চনত তেওঁ ডক্টৰেট প্ৰত্যাশীসকলৰ একাডেমীক উপদেষ্টা হিচাপে নিয়োজিত হয়। বৰ্তমান তেওঁ এই একাডেমীৰ প্ৰধান গৱেষক।<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Biography|url=http://www.icmm.ac.cn/zsyjy/201101/11.html|publisher=China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences|accessdate=14 September 2011|language=zh|archivedate=6 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906013716/http://www.icmm.ac.cn/zsyjy/201101/11.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০০৭ চনৰ পৰা দংচেং জিলা, বেইজিংৰ এক পুৰাতন দালানত তেওঁ অফিচৰ কাৰ্যক্ৰম পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref name="Tu_ifeng" /> ২০১১ চনৰ পূৰ্বে তু ইউইউ লোকচক্ষুৰ আঁতৰত আছিল। সেয়ে “মানুহে তেওঁক প্ৰায় পাহৰি পেলাইছে” বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name="Tu_Wen Wei Po">{{cite web |url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2011/09/15/YO1109150008.htm |title=屠呦呦膺世界級醫學大獎 |publisher=[[Hong Kong]] ''[[Wen Wei Po]]'' |accessdate=13 September 2011 |language=zh |archivedate=1 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001040202/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2011/09/15/YO1109150008.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> তেওঁ কোনো বিশিষ্ট অধ্যাপক নহয়, লগতে তেওঁৰ স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰীও নাই, (সেইসময়ত চীনত স্নাতকোত্তৰ শিক্ষাৰ সুবিধা নাছিল), তেওঁৰ কোনো বিদেশত গৱেষণাৰ অভিজ্ঞতাও নাই। তেওঁ কোনো চীনা জাতীয় একাডেমীৰ যেনে চাইনিজ একাডেমী অফ চাইন্স আৰু চাইনিজ একাডেমী অফ ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিং সদস্যও নহয়। কেৱল পৰম্পৰাগত চীনা মেডিচিনৰ জ্ঞানেৰে তেওঁ আজিৰ পৰ্যায় লাভ কৰিছে।<ref name="Tu_Sohu1">{{cite web|url=http://roll.sohu.com/20110913/n319211381.shtml |title=屠呦呦获拉斯克奖 评论认为离诺奖只一步之遥 |publisher=[[Sohu]] News |date=13 September 2011 |accessdate=13 September 2011 |language=zh}}</ref> ১৯৭৯ চনৰ পূৰ্বে চীনত স্নাতকোত্তৰ শিক্ষাৰ কোনো সুযোগ নাছিল। তদুপৰি সেইসময়ত চীন বিশ্বৰ বাকী অংশৰ পৰা প্ৰায় বিছিন্ন আছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত চীন প্ৰজাতন্ত্ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ পাছত তু ইউইউয়ে প্ৰথমে চীনা চিকিৎসা পদ্ধতিত গৱেষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="Tu_Sohu2">{{cite web|url=http://health.sohu.com/20090929/n267089753.shtml |title=屠呦呦：新中国第一代药学家 研发青蒿素 |publisher=[[Sohu]] News |date=29 September 2009 |accessdate=13 September 2011 |language=zh}}</ref> === পৰিয়াল === তু আৰু তেওঁৰ স্বামী, লী টিংঝাও বেইজিংত বাস কৰে। লী টিংঝাও এজন ধাতুবিজ্ঞান অভিযন্তা। চিয়াওচি মিডিল স্কুলত তেওঁ আৰু তু ইউইউ একেলগে পঢ়িছিল। তেওঁলোকৰ সৰু জীয়েক বেইজিংত থাকে। তেওঁলোকৰ ডাঙৰ জীয়েক তাইৰ স্বামী আৰু জীয়েকৰ সৈতে আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰত থাকে। তুৰ মাতামহ য়েও য়ংবাই (姚咏白|姚咏白), ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ট্ৰেজাৰী প্ৰশাসনৰ প্ৰথম ডাইৰেক্টৰ আছিল। তেওঁৰ খুড়া য়েও কইংচান (姚庆三|姚庆三) চীনৰ এজন বিখ্যাত অৰ্থনীতিবিদ, বেংকাৰ আৰু কিনেছিয়ান। == বঁটা == * ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিজ্ঞান কংগ্ৰেছ বঁটা, চীন ১৯৭৮<ref name="Tu – ChinaVita">{{cite web |url = http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Tu_Youyou |title = Tu Youyou 屠呦呦 |publisher = [[China Vitae]] |date = |accessdate = 7 March 2012 |archivedate = 29 November 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111129005934/http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Tu_Youyou |deadurl = yes }}</ref> * ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্ভাৱক বঁটা, চীন ১৯৭৯ * চীনৰ শীৰ্ষ দহ বিধ বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰযুক্তিৰ অৱদানৰ ভিতৰত এটা, ১৯৯২<ref name="Tu – ChinaVita" /> * চীনৰ শীৰ্ষ দহ বিধ ৰাজহুৱা স্বাস্থ্য অৱদানৰ ভিতৰত এটা, ১৯৯৭<ref name="Tu – ChinaVita" /> * জীৱবিজ্ঞানৰ সৰ্বকৃষ্ট অৱদানৰ গ্লাছ'স্মিথক্লিন বঁটা, ২০১১<ref name="Tu – GSK">{{cite web |url = http://www.womenofchina.com.cn/html/report/3091-1.htm |title = Chen Zhili Congratulates Lasker Award Winner Tu Youyou |publisher = ''Women of China'' |date = 22 September 2011 |accessdate = 7 March 2012 |archivedate = 6 October 2015 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151006020805/http://www.womenofchina.com.cn/html/report/3091-1.htm |deadurl = yes }}</ref> * লাস্কেৰ ডিবাকী ক্লিনিকেল মেডিকেল ৰিচাৰ্ছ বঁটা, ২০১১<ref name="Tu – Lasker">{{cite web |url = http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/2011clinical.htm |title = Tu Youyou |publisher = [[Lasker Foundation]] |date = 12 September 2011 |accessdate = 12 September 2011 }}</ref> * সৰ্বকৃষ্ট অৱদান বঁটা, চাইনা একাডেমী অফ চাইনীজ মেডিকেল চাইন্স, ২০১১<ref name="Tu – Outstanding Contribution Award">{{cite web |url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2011-11/15/c_111169318.htm |title = Tu is awarded Outstanding Contribution Award by CACMR |publisher = [[Xinhua News Agency]] |date = 15 November 2011 |accessdate = 10 February 2012 |language = zh}}</ref> * শ্ৰেষ্ঠ দহ গৰাকী মহিলাৰ ভিতৰত এগৰাকী, চীন, ২০১২<ref name="Tu – Outstanding Female">{{cite web |url = http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2012-02-28/073224018743.shtml |title = 吴菊萍屠呦呦获授三八红旗手标兵 |publisher = [[Sina.com]] News |date = 28 February 2012 |accessdate = 7 March 2012 |language = zh}}</ref> * ৱাৰৰেন আলপাৰ্ট ফাউণ্ডেচন বঁটা, ২০১৫<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.warrenalpert.org/news/2015-waren-alpert-foundation-prize-recognizes-malaria-breakthroughs |title = Alpert Prize Recognizes Malaria Breakthroughs |publisher = Warren Alpert Foundation |date = 4 June 2015 |accessdate = 14 June 2015 |archivedate = 14 June 2015 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150614234849/http://www.warrenalpert.org/news/2015-waren-alpert-foundation-prize-recognizes-malaria-breakthroughs |deadurl = yes }}</ref> * চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ [[নোবেল বঁটা]], ২০১৫<ref name="Nobel">{{cite web |title = Nobel Prize announcement |url = http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2015/press.pdf |publisher = [[Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet]] |website = NobelPrize.org |accessdate = 5 October 2015}}</ref> ==টোকা== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==তথ্য উৎস== {{reflist}} == বহিঃসংযোগ == {{Commons category|Tu Youyou|তু ইউইউ}} * [http://www.rugusavay.com/tu-youyou-quotes-with-pictures/ তু ইউইউৰ চিত্ৰৰে সৈতে উক্তি ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113103647/http://www.rugusavay.com/tu-youyou-quotes-with-pictures/ |date=2017-11-13 }} {{২০১৫ চনৰ ন'বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:চীনৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:চিকিৎসাবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ৰসায়নবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানৰ ন'বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী]] 0c3db8100p47vo7pgf7i9hry8ucwcy0 0 50957 518718 403202 2025-06-17T04:24:50Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company|name=ৰয়েল ছ’ছায়িটি ফৰ প্ৰটেকশ্যন অব বাৰ্ডছ|logo=<!-- [[File:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds logo.svg|RSPB logo]] -->|type=[[Wildlife conservation|Conservation]] [[charitable organisation|charity]]|area_served=United Kingdom|key_people={{Plainlist| * [[Kevin Cox]] {{small|(Chairman)}} * [[Miranda Krestovnikoff]] {{small|(President)}} * Dr Mike Clarke<br>{{small|(Chief Executive)}}<ref name="annual">[http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/trusteereport2005-2006_tcm9-132482.pdf RSPB Annual Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128161540/http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/trusteereport2005-2006_tcm9-132482.pdf |date=28 November 2007 }}, 2005–2006. Retrieved 19 February 2007.</ref> }}|revenue={{increase}} £88.28 million [[GBP]] (2006)<ref name="annual"/>|operating_income={{increase}} £69.7 million GBP (2006)<ref name="annual"/>|net_income={{decrease}} £3.68 million GBP (2006)<ref name="annual"/>|num_employees={{Plainlist| * 1,545 paid staff<ref name="annual"/> * 18,750 [[volunteering|volunteers]]<ref name="annual"/> }}|foundation={{Start date|1889}}, [[Fletcher Moss Botanical Garden]], [[Manchester]]|location=[[RSPB The Lodge|The Lodge]], Sandy, Bedfordshire, England<br />2 Lochside View, Edinburgh, Scotland|homepage={{url|http://www.rspb.org.uk/}}}} '''ৰয়েল ছ’ছায়িটি ফৰ প্ৰটেকশ্যন অব বাৰ্ডছ''' ({{Lang-en|Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)}}) ইংলেণ্ড, ৱেলছ আৰু স্কটলেণ্ডত পঞ্জীভূক্ত এটা দাতব্য সংগঠন (charitable organisation)।<ref>{{EW charity|207076}}</ref><ref>{{Scottish charity|SC037654}}</ref> এই সংগঠনটো ১৮৮৯ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। সংগঠনটোৰ মূল উদেশ্য হৈছে জনসাধাৰণৰ মাজত সজাগতা আনি আৰু যুক্তৰাজ্যত অৱস্থিত সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চলসমূহৰ সঠিক পৰিচালনাৰ যোগেদি পক্ষীকূল আৰু জৈববৈচিত্ৰ্যৰ সংৰক্ষণ সুনিশ্চিত কৰা।<ref name="do?">{{cite web|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/about/fdIII/what_does_the_rspb_do_.asp|title=What does the RSPB do?|publisher=''RSPB''|accessdate=19 February 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102193600/http://www.rspb.org.uk/about/fdIII/what_does_the_rspb_do_.asp <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archivedate=2 January 2007}}</ref> আৰ এছ পি বিৰ মুঠ কৰ্মকৰ্ত্তা ১৩০০ গৰাকী। তদুপৰি সংগঠনটোৰ ১৮০০০ স্বেচ্ছাসেৱী আৰু এক মিলিয়নৰ অধিক সদস্যৰে এই সংগঠনটো ইউৰোপৰ ভিতৰতে সৰ্ববৃহৎ বন্যপ্ৰাণী সংৰক্ষণ সংগঠন।<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/about/|title=About the RSPB|publisher=''RSPB''|accessdate=19 February 2007}}</ref> এই সংগঠনে ২০০খন সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref name="reserves">{{cite web|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/reserves/|title=Reserves & events|publisher=''RSPB''|accessdate=13 February 2010}}</ref>{{TOC limit|4}} == ইতিহাস == [[চিত্ৰ:Fletcher_moss_croft2.jpg|thumb|Plaque at Fletcher Moss Park, Manchester, commemorating the foundation of the RSPB]] আৰ এছ পি বিৰ জন্ম হয় ১৮৮৯ চনত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা দুটা পৃথক মহিলা সংগঠনৰ যোগেদি। ইয়াৰে প্ৰথমটো সংগঠন দ্য প্লুমেজ লীগ (The Plumage League), মহিলাৰ সাজসজ্জাত চৰাইৰ পাখি আৰু ছাল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাৰ বিৰুদ্ধে জনমত গঢ়াৰ উদেশ্যেৰে মানচেষ্টাৰৰ দিদছবাৰিত এমিলি ৱিলিয়ামছন (Emily Williamson) নামৰ এগৰাকী মহিলাই নিজৰ ঘৰতে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল। {{sfnp|Penna|1999|p=99}}<ref name="milestones">{{cite web|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/about/history/milestones.asp|title=Milestones|publisher=''RSPB''|accessdate=19 February 2007}}</ref> দ্বিতীয়টো সংগঠন ফাৰ, ফিন এণ্ড ফেডাৰ ফক (Fur, Fin and Feather Folk) প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল এলিজা ফিলিপ (Eliza Phillips),এটা লেমন (Etta Lemon) আৰু কেথৰিন হল (Catherine Hall) নামৰ মহিলা কেইগৰাকীয়ে। এই দুয়োটা সংগঠন ১৮৯১ চনত সংযুক্ত হৈ লণ্ডনত ছ’ছাইটি ফৰ দ্য প্ৰটেকশ্যন অফ বাৰ্ডছ (Society for the Protection of Birds in London) গঠন কৰে।<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/whatwedo/history/index.aspx|title=A history of the RSPB, from its humble beginnings, to the thriving far-reaching organisation it is today.|publisher=Royal Society for the Protection of Birds|accessdate=13 February 2017}}</ref> ১৯০৪ চনত এই ছ’ছাইটিয়ে ৰ’য়েল চাৰ্টাৰ ( Royal Charter) লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|title=Charter and Statutes|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/about/run/charter_statutes.aspx|publisher=RSPB|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref> আৰ এছ পি বিৰ মূল সদস্য সকলোবোৰ সেইসময়ৰ মহিলাৰ ফেশ্বনৰূপে টুপীত চৰাইৰ ৰংবিৰঙী পাখিৰ ব্যৱহাৰৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰা মহিলাসকল আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ww2.rspb.org.uk/community/ourwork/b/natureshomemagazine/archive/2018/07/26/five-women-who-founded-the-rspb.aspx|title=Five women who founded the RSPB - Natures Home magazine uncovered - Our work - The RSPB Community|website=ww2.rspb.org.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref> জন্মৰ সময়ত আৰ এছ পি বিৰ মূল উদেশ্য দুটা আছিল-<ref name="history" /> * সংগঠনৰ সদস্যাসকলে চৰাইৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে অৱদান আগবঢ়াব। * কোনো সদস্যাই সেইসময়ৰ অন্য মহিলাৰ দৰে টুপীত চৰাইৰ পাখি ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰিব। এই সংগঠন প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱাৰ সময়ত মহিলাৰ টুপীত চৰাইৰ পাখিৰ ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছিল। তথ্য অনুসৰি ১৮৮৪ চনত ভাৰত আৰু ব্ৰাজিলৰ পৰা ইংলেণ্ডলৈ ৭০০০ bird-of-paradise ৰ পাখি আৰু ৪০০,০০০ ৰো অধিক অন্য চৰাইৰ পাখি আমদানি কৰা হৈছিল। {{sfnp|Adams|2004|p=189}} ১৮৯০ চনত এই সংগঠনে ''Destruction of Ornamental-Plumaged Birds'' নামেৰে প্ৰথমখন পত্ৰিকা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref>{{cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Eliza|title=Destruction of Ornamental-Plumaged Birds|year=1890|publisher=}}</ref> এই পত্ৰিকাত বগলীৰ পাখিৰ ফেশ্বনত ব্যৱহাৰে চৰাইবিধৰ প্ৰতি নমাই অনা আশংকা প্ৰকাশ কৰে। পৰৱৰ্ত্তী সময়ত ১৮৯৭ ত প্ৰকাশ কৰা ''Bird Food in Winter'' শীতকালত সাজসজ্জাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা বেৰী য়ে চৰাইৰ খাদ্যউৎস ধ্বংস কৰাৰ বিষয়ে আলোকপাত কৰে আৰু কৃত্ৰিম ফল ব্যৱহাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ আগবঢ়ায়।<ref>{{cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Eliza|title=Bird Food in Winter|year=1897}}</ref> ১৮৯৮ চনলৈ আৰ এছ পি বিৰ সদস্যসংখ্যা ২০,০০০ জনলৈ বৃদ্ধি পালে আৰু ১৮৯৭ বছৰটোতে সংগঠনটোৱে প্ৰায় ১৬,০০০খন চিঠি আৰু ৫০,০০০খন পত্ৰিকা বিতৰণ কৰে।<ref name="ODNB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/50752|title=Phillips <nowiki>[</nowiki>née Barron<nowiki>]</nowiki>, Eliza <nowiki>[</nowiki>known as Mrs Edward Phillips<nowiki>]</nowiki> (1822/3–1916)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|author=Jonathan Burt|accessdate=19 October 2012}}</ref> সংগঠনটোৱে উচ্চ সমাজৰ কিছু আদৰণীয় মহিলাৰ সমৰ্থন লাভ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত পৰ্টলেণ্ডৰ ডাচ্ছেছ (Duchess of Portland, যি পৰৱৰ্ত্তীকালত আৰ এছ পি বিৰে প্ৰথম সভানেত্ৰী হয়) আৰু ছাৰাৱাকৰ ৰাণী (Ranee of Sarawak) উল্লেখযোগ্য। ১৯০৪ চনত আৰ এছ পি বিয়ে ৰাজকীয় চাৰ্টাৰ (Royal Charter) লাভ কৰে।<ref name="history" /> এই সময়ৰ ভিতৰতে সংগঠনটোৱে কাপোৰত চৰাইৰ পাখিৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বন্ধ কৰিবলৈ যুক্তৰাজ্যৰ সদনত আবেদনো দাখিল কৰে।<ref name="milestones" /> ১৯৬১ চনত সংগঠনটোৱে ইংলেণ্ডৰ বেডফৰ্ডশ্বায়াৰৰ ছেণ্ডিত মূল কাৰ্যালয় স্থাপন কৰে।<ref name="milestones" /> এই সংগঠনৰ প্ৰতীক (logo) এভ’ছেট (Avocet) নামৰ চৰাইবিধ। এই প্ৰতীকটো পোনপ্ৰথমে ৰৱাৰ্ট গিলম’ৰে(Robert Gillmor) আৰ্হি তৈয়াৰ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Gillmor">{{Cite episode|title=&nbsp;|series=Springwatch|serieslink=Springwatch|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b611k8|accessdate=4 June 2018|network=[[BBC Television]]|date=4 June 2018|season=2018|number=5|transcript=|transcripturl=}}</ref> == অৱদান == [[চিত্ৰ:Avocet_-_Minsmere_(5681376618)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|An [[Avocet]] at the RSPB's [[RSPB Minsmere|Minsmere reserve]]. This species is used in the RSPB's logo.]] বৰ্তমান এই সংগঠনে পৰিৱেশ আৰু জৈৱবৈচিত্ৰ্য সংৰক্ষণৰ বাবে জনসাধাৰণ আৰু চৰকাৰক পৰামৰ্শ আগবঢ়ায়। এই সংগঠনে অন্য কেইবাটাও সংগঠনৰ লগত যুটীয়াভাৱে যুক্তৰাজ্যত চৰাইৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ বৰ্তমান অৱস্থা ( conservation status) সম্পৰ্কীয় তালিকা প্ৰস্তুত কৰে।<ref name="Gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/policy/waterwetlands/workingtogether/government.asp|title=Working Together: Government|publisher=''RSPB''|accessdate=19 February 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103074629/http://www.rspb.org.uk/policy/waterwetlands/workingtogether/government.asp <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archivedate=3 January 2007}}</ref> এই সংগঠনে চৰাইৰ বাবে চিকিৎসালয় বা চৰাইৰ উদ্ধাৰ আদি কাৰ্য্যত অংশ নলয়।<ref name="FAQ-health">{{cite web|title=Frequently asked questions|url=https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/read-and-learn/helping-birds/health/faqs.aspx|publisher=RSPB|accessdate=19 October 2017}}</ref> === সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল === [[চিত্ৰ:The_RSPB's_Ellin's_Tower_from_the_road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_902755.jpg|thumb|[[South Stack]] reserve, [[Anglesey]], with Ellin's Tower, housing a [[visitor centre]]]] [[চিত্ৰ:SumburghHead_webcam.jpg|thumb|A [[webcam]] installed near [[Sumburgh Head]] lighthouse, (Shetland). The cliffs are home to large numbers of seabirds and the area is an RSPB nature reserve.]] আৰ এছ পি বিৰ বৰ্তমান সমগ্ৰ যুক্তৰাজ্য জুৰি ২০০খন সংৰক্ষিত বনাঞ্চল আছে।<ref name="reserves" /> covering a wide range of [[Habitat|habitats]], from [[Estuary|estuaries]] and [[Mudflat|mudflats]] to [[Forest|forests]] and [[Urban ecology|urban habitats]].<ref name="Habitat">{{cite web|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/reserves/habitat/index.asp|title=Reserves by habitat|publisher=''RSPB''|accessdate=20 February 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220235704/http://www.rspb.org.uk/reserves/habitat/index.asp|archivedate=20 February 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The reserves often have [[Bird hide|bird hides]] provided for [[Birdwatching|birdwatchers]] and many provide [[Visitor centre|visitor centres]], which include information about the wildlife that can be seen there.<ref name="FAQ-reserves">{{cite web|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/reserves/faq.asp|title=Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=''RSPB''|accessdate=20 February 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220235558/http://www.rspb.org.uk/reserves/faq.asp|archivedate=20 February 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> === বঁটা === The RSPB confers awards, including the President's Award, for volunteers who make a notable contribution to the work of the society. ==== RSPB Medal ==== According to the RSPB:<blockquote>The RSPB Medal is the Society's most prestigious award. It is presented to an individual in recognition of wild bird protection and countryside conservation. It is usually awarded annually to one or occasionally two people.<ref name="Gifted">{{cite web|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/media/releases/175798-gifted-naturalist-is-awarded-prestigious-rspb-medal|title=Gifted naturalist is awarded prestigious RSPB medal|last=Reynolds|first=James|date=23 August 2007|publisher=RSPB|accessdate=10 October 2011}}</ref></blockquote> === আলোচনী === The RSPB has published a members-only magazine for over a century. ==== ''Bird Notes'' ==== {{Infobox journal|italic title=no|title=Bird Notes|cover=|caption=Cover of Autumn 1946 issue of ''Bird Notes'', Vol. 23, No. 3|discipline=Ornithology|language=English|abbreviation=Bird Notes|publisher=RSPB|country=United Kingdom|history={{Start date|1903}}–1966|ISSN=0406-3392}} [[চিত্ৰ:RSPB_advert_1934.jpg|right|thumb|Advert for ''Bird Notes and News'' from the March 1934 edition of ''North Western Naturalist'' magazine. Note early logo.]] ''Bird Notes and News'' ({{ISSN|0406-3392}}) was first published in April 1903. The title changed to ''Bird Notes'' in 1947. In the 1950s, there were four copies per year (one for each season, published on the 1st of each third month, March, June, September and December). Each volume covered two years, spread over three calendar years. For example, volume XXV (25), number one was dated Winter 1951, and number eight in the same volume was dated Autumn 1953. From the mid-1950s, many of the covers were by [[Charles Tunnicliffe]]. Two of the originals are on long-term loan to the Tunnicliffe gallery at [[Oriel Ynys Môn]], but in 1995 the RSPB sold 114 at a [[Sotheby's]] auction, raising £210,000, the most expensive being a picture of a partridge which sold for £6,440.<ref name="Birds16:01">RSPB ''Birds'' magazine, Vol 16 No 01, February–April 1996, page 10</ref> From January 1964 (vol. 31, no. 1), publication increased to six per year, (issued in the odd-numbered months, January, March and so on, but dated "January–February", "March–April", etc.). Volumes again covered two years, so vol. 30, covering 1962–63, therefore included nine issues, ending with the "Winter 1963–64" edition instead of eight. The final edition, vol. 31 no. 12, was published in late 1965. ===== সম্পাদক ===== {{Expand list|date=August 2008}} * Miss M. G. Davies, BA, MBOU (for many years, until vol. 30 no. 9) * John Clegg (from vol. 31 No. 1 – vol. 31 no. 3) * Jeremy Boswell (from vol. 31 no. 4 – vol. 31 no. 12) ==== ''Birds'' ==== {{Infobox journal|italic title=no|title=Birds|cover=|editor=Mark Ward|discipline=Ornithology|language=English|abbreviation=Birds|publisher=RSPB|country=United Kingdom|frequency=Quarterly|history={{Start date|1966}}–{{End date|2013}}|impact=|impact-year=|website=http://rspb.org.uk/birdsmagazine|ISSN=1367-983X|eISSN=|boxwidth=}}''Bird Notes''' successor ''Birds'' ({{ISSN|1367-983X}}) replaced it immediately, with volume 1, number 1 being the January–February 1966 edition. Issues were published quarterly, numbered so that a new volume started every other year. The Autumn 2013 edition, dated August–October 2013, being vol. 25 no. 7, was the last.<ref name="Ward">{{cite journal|last=Ward|first=Mark|date=Autumn 2013|title=Introducing your new magazine, ''Nature's Voice''|journal=Birds|volume=25|issue=7|issn=1367-983X}}</ref> ==== ''Nature's Home'' ==== {{Infobox journal|italic title=no|title=Nature's Home|cover=|editor=Mark Ward|discipline=Ornithology|language=English|abbreviation=Nat.'s Home|publisher=RSPB|country=United Kingdom|frequency=Quarterly|history={{Start date|2013}}–present|impact=|impact-year=|website=http://www.rspb.org.uk/natureshome/|ISSN=2054-3433|eISSN=|boxwidth=}}In Winter 2013 ''Birds'' was replaced by a new magazine, ''Nature's Home''. The editor was Mark Ward. The magazine had an ABC-certified circulation of 600,885.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/community/ourwork/b/natureshomemagazine/archive/2013/09/30/nature-39-s-home-is-coming.aspx|title=Nature's Home is coming...|date=30 September 2013|publisher=RSPB|first=Mark|last=Ward|accessdate=15 October 2013}}</ref> === বিগ গাৰ্ডেন পক্ষী নিৰীক্ষণ === RSPB organises bird record data collection in annual collective birdwatching days in Britain. RSPB claims this is the "world's biggest wildlife survey" and helps that society to get a better knowledge on bird population trends in Britain.<ref name="Birds 25">''Birds. Spring 2013'' vol. 25, nº5. February – April 2013. page 18.</ref> That activity was launched in 1979 as an activity for kids, although from 2001 is a survey open to adults too. In 2011 over 600,000 people took part, being only 37% RSPB's members. The usual date for this birdwatching collective activity is the January's last weekend. From the start of this annual survey records for [[Sparrow|sparrows]] show a decline of 60%, while [[starling]] population's decline is about 80% from 1979 to 2012.<ref name="Birds 25" /> === বাৰ্ডট্ৰেক === [[BirdTrack]] is an online [[citizen science]] website, operated by the [[British Trust for Ornithology]] (BTO) on behalf of a partnership of the BTO, the RSPB, [[BirdWatch Ireland]], the [[Scottish Ornithologists' Club]] and the [[Welsh Ornithological Society]] ({{lang-cy|Cymdeithas Adaryddol Cymru}}).<ref name="partners">{{cite web|url=http://www.bto.org/volunteer-surveys/birdtrack/about/partners|title=BirdTrack partners|publisher=[[British Trust for Ornithology]]|accessdate=25 April 2016}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="NBN">{{cite web|url=http://nbn.org.uk/biological-recording-scheme/bird-track/|title=Bird Track|publisher=[[National Biodiversity Network]]|accessdate=25 April 2016}}</ref> == অৰ্থনীতি == [[চিত্ৰ:RSPB_at_the_Great_British_Beer_Festival_2016.jpg|left|thumb|Fund-raising at the [[Great British Beer Festival|Great British Beer Festival 2016]].]] The RSPB is funded primarily by its members; in 2006, over 50% of the society's £88 million income came from [[Subscription|subscriptions]], [[Donation|donations]] and [[Inheritance|legacies]], worth a total of £53.669 million.<ref name="annual" /> As a [[registered charity]], the organisation is entitled to [[gift aid]] worth an extra £0.28 on every £1.00 donated by [[income tax]] payers.<ref name="GA">{{cite web|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/supporting/giftaid/index.asp|title=Gift Aid|publisher=RSPB|accessdate=19 February 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222173947/http://www.rspb.org.uk/supporting/giftaid/index.asp|archivedate=22 February 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It also receives contractual payments from [[Sustainable energy|clean energy]] utilities and financiers of [[renewable energy]] solutions, when its members sign up as clients.<ref name="dm">{{cite news|last=Dellingpole|first=James|title=RSPB makes a killing... from windfarm giants behind turbines accused of destroying rare birds|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2305197/RSPB-makes-killing--windfarm-giants-turbines-accused-destroying-rare-birds.html|accessdate=23 December 2013|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=7 April 2013}}</ref> The bulk of the income (£63.757 million in 2006) is spent on conservation projects, maintenance of the reserves and on education projects, with the rest going on fundraising efforts and reducing the pension deficit, worth £19.8 million in 2006. == বিজ্ঞাপন == It was reported in an article in ''[[The Daily Mail]]'' on 2 November 2014 that claims that the charity "was spending 90 per cent of its income on conservation" by the [[Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)|UK Advertising Standards Authority]] were incorrect. The article claimed that the true figure was closer to 26%. The [[Charity Commission]] investigated the claims, and contacted the RSPB to get it to clarify its web statement. The RSPB complied, with the clarification that 90% of its net income (after expenses, not gross income as received) was spent on conservation, and that conservation activities were diverse, not limited to spending on its own nature reserves. This was accepted by the Charity Commission.<ref name="CharityCommission">{{cite web|last1=Iles|first1=Harry|title=RSPB - 207076|url=https://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/response-to-issues-in-mail_tcm9-388842.pdf|publisher=Charity Commission|accessdate=15 May 2016}}</ref> == সভাপতি == [[চিত্ৰ:Laszlo_-_Winifred_Anna_Cavendish-Bentinck_(née_Dallas-Yorke),_6th_Duchess_of_Portland,_1912.jpg|thumb|[[Winifred Cavendish-Bentinck, Duchess of Portland|Winifred Cavendish-Bentinck]], Duchess of Portland, painted by [[Philip Alexius de László]] in 1912]] * [[Winifred Cavendish-Bentinck, Duchess of Portland]] 1891–1954 * [[Cyril Hurcomb, 1st Baron Hurcomb|Cyril Hurcomb]] * Colonel Sir [[Tufton Beamish, Baron Chelwood|Tufton Beamish]] * [[Derek Barber, Baron Barber of Tewkesbury]] * [[Robert Dougall]] <!-- re-elected in 1975 --> * [[Edward Max Nicholson|Max Nicholson]] 1980–1985 * [[Magnus Magnusson]] 1985–1990 * Sir [[Derek Barber]] 1990–1991<ref name="Birds13:7">RSPB ''Birds'' magazine, Vol 13 No 7, Autumn 1991</ref> <!-- Profile. Birds Summer 1977 --> * [[Ian Prestt]] 1991–1994<ref name="Birds13:7" /> * [[Julian Pettifer]] 1994–? * [[Jonathan Dimbleby]] 2001–? * [[Julian Pettifer]] 2004–2009 * [[Kate Humble]] 2009<ref>{{cite news|title=Springwatch star Kate Humble appointed president of RSPB|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/6257616/Springwatch-star-Kate-Humble-appointed-president-of-RSPB.html|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|publisher=www.telegraph.co.uk|date=3 October 2009|accessdate=4 October 2009|first=Alastair|last=Jamieson}}</ref>–2013 * [[Miranda Krestovnikoff]] 2013–(incumbent)<ref name="RSPB Press Release">{{cite press release|last=Hogg|first=Gemma|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/media/releases/355188-miranda-krestovnikoff-becomes-rspb-president|title=Miranda Krestovnikoff becomes RSPB President|publisher=RSPB|date=12 October 2013}}</ref> == মূল বিষয়ববীয়া == এই সংগঠনৰ মূল বিষয়ববীয়াৰ পদবীৰ নাম সময়ৰ লগে লগে সলনি হৈ আহিছে।<ref name="milestones" /><ref name="Birds13:7" /> * ৱিলিয়াম হেনৰী হাড্চন (William Henry Hudson) – কমিটি চেয়াৰমেন ১৮৯৪ Chairman of Committee 1894 * ছাৰ মণ্টাগু শ্বাৰ্প (Sir Montagu Sharpe, KBE DL) – কমিটি চেয়াৰমেন ১৮৯৫-১৯৪২ Chairman of Committee 1895–1942 * ফিলিপ ব্ৰাউন (Phillip Brown) * পিটাৰ কনডাৰ (Peter Conder OBE) – সম্পাদক, ১৯৬৩ (Secretary 1963); পৰিচালক, ১৯৬৪-১৯৭৫ (Director 1964–1975) * আয়ান প্ৰেছট (Ian Prestt CBE) – সাধাৰণ পৰিচালক, ১৯৭৫-১৯৯১ (Director General 1975–1991) * বাৰবাৰা য়ুং (Barbara Young) – চি ই অ’ ১৯৯১-১৯৯৮ (CEO 1991–1998) * ছাৰ গ্ৰাহাম ৱাইন (Sir Graham Wynne) –চি ই অ’ ১৯৯৮-২০১০ (CEO 1998–2010) * মাইক ক্লাৰ্ক (Mike Clarke) – Chief Executive 2010–present == সহযোগী সংগঠন == আৰ এছ পি বি Wildlife and Countryside Link নামৰ নেটৱৰ্কৰ সদস্য।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcl.org.uk/our-members.asp|title=Wildlife and Countryside Link, Our members|publisher=Wcl.org.uk|date=|accessdate=31 January 2014}}</ref> আৰ এছ পি বি যুক্তৰাজ্যৰ বাৰ্ডলাইফ ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল (BirdLife International) নামৰ সংগঠনৰ সহযোগী।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/international/birdlife.asp|title=RSPB, Our partnership with BirdLife International|publisher=Rspb.org.uk|date=|accessdate=31 January 2014}}</ref> তদুপৰি এই সংগঠনে সহযোগী দেশৰ চৰকাৰৰ হৈ দক্ষিণ আটলাণ্টিক অপকাৰী প্ৰজাতি প্ৰকল্প (South Atlantic Invasive Species Project) পৰিচালনা কৰে। * == টোকা == {{reflist|30em|refs=}}'''লগতে চাওক'''{{refbegin}} *{{cite book|last=Adams|first=William Mark|title=Against Extinction: The Story of Conservation|year=2004|location=London Sterling, VA|publisher=[[Earthscan]]|isbn=978-1-84407-055-8|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Boardman|first=Robert|title=The International Politics of Bird Conservation: Biodiversity, Regionalism And Global Governance|location=Cheltenham, UK Northampton, MA|year=2006|publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84542-403-9|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Penna|first=Anthony N.|location=Armonk, N.Y. U.S.A.|title=Nature's Bounty: Historical and Modern Environmental Perspectives|year=1999|publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|isbn=978-0-7656-0187-2|ref=harv}} {{refend}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{official website|https://www.rspb.org.uk/}} * [https://www.rspb-images.com RSPB Images] * {{youtube|u=rspbvideo|suffix='}} [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] 54kl2dj1a19cf37zqjtnhcja02mxb5g 0 59320 518687 503943 2025-06-16T20:11:51Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox electricity sector | country = ভাৰত | image = | coverage = ৯৯.৭% <small>(৯ জানুৱাৰী ২০১৯)</small><ref name="hh">{{cite web | url=https://saubhagya.gov.in/ | title=saubhagya | accessdate=24 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=WEO - Energy access database |url=http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/energyaccessdatabase/ |website=worldenergyoutlook.org |accessdate=11 November 2016}}</ref> | continuity = | capacity = ৩৭০.১১ গিগাৱাট<ref name="capacity"/> | fossilshare = ৭৯.৮% | Nuclearfuelshare = ২.৯% | renewableshare = ১৭.৩% | greenhouse = ২,১৯৪.৭৪ মেগাটন কাৰ্বন ডাই অক্সাইড<ref name=IEA2015>{{cite web|title=Scenarios/CO2 emissions/India|url=https://www.iea.org/weo/|website=International Energy Agency|accessdate=8 March 2019}}</ref> | greenhouseyear = ২০১৭ | use = ১,১৮১ কিলোৱাট-আৱাৰ প্ৰতিজন | useyear = ২০১৮-১৯ | tdlosses = ২১.০৪%<ref name=GES/> | tdlossesyear = ২০১৭-১৮ | residential = ২৪.৭৬ | residentialyear = ২০১৮-১৯<ref name=GES/> | industrial = ৪১.১৬%<ref name=GES/> | industrialyear = ২০১৮-১৯ | agriculture = ১৭.৬৯%<ref name=GES/> | agricultureyear = ২০১৮-১৯ | commercialpublic = | commercialpublicyear = | commercial = ৮.২৪%<ref name=GES/> | commercialyear = ২০১৮-১৯ | public = | publicyear = | traction = ১.৫২%<ref name=GES/> | tractionyear = ২০১৮-১৯ | rural = | ruralyear = | rtariff = | rtariffyear = | itariff = | itariffyear = | ctariff = | ctariffyear = | investment = | investmentyear = | selffinance = | selffinanceyear = | governmentfinance = | governmentfinanceyear = | privatefinance = | privatefinanceyear = | unbundling = | privategen = ৪৬% <small> (মাৰ্চ ২০১৯)</small> | privatetrans = | privatedist = | largeusers = | residentialusers = | providers = | transmission = | regulation = | policy = ভাৰতৰ শক্তি মন্ত্ৰণালয় | renewableenergy = নতুন আৰু নবীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তিৰ মন্ত্ৰণালয় | environment = পৰিৱেশ, বন আৰু জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ মন্ত্ৰণালয় | law = বিদ্যুৎ আইন, ২০০৩ | renewablelaw = | cdm = }}[[File:A electical wire Tower in a village near BINA MADHYAPRADESH INDIA.jpg|thumb|300px|মধ্যপ্ৰদেশৰ গ্ৰাম্য এলেকাত থকা এটা বৈদ্যুতিক টাৱাৰ]] [[ভাৰত]] বিশ্বৰ তৃতীয় বৃহত্তম বিদ্যুৎ উৎপাদনকাৰী দেশ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/bp%20statistical%20review%20of%20world%20energy%202021.pdf|title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021 (page 63)|access-date=23 November 2021|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212103703/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/bp%20statistical%20review%20of%20world%20energy%202021.pdf|url-status=dead|archivedate=12 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212103703/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/bp%20statistical%20review%20of%20world%20energy%202021.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০২৩–২৪ চনৰ বিত্তীয় বৰ্ষত (বিত্তীয় বছৰ) দেশত মুঠ বিদ্যুৎ উৎপাদন আছিল ১,৯৪৯ টেৰাৱাট ঘণ্টা৷ ইয়াৰে ১,৭৩৪ টেৰাৱাট ঘণ্টা ইউটিলিটিৰ দ্বাৰা উৎপাদন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="exmaa" /> ২০২৩-২৪ বিত্তীয় বৰ্ষত জনমূৰি মুঠ বিদ্যুৎ উৎপাদন আছিল ১,৩৯৫ কিলোৱাট ঘণ্টা।<ref name="exmaa" /> ২০১৫ বিত্তীয় বৰ্ষত কৃষিক্ষেত্ৰত বৈদ্যুতিক শক্তিৰ ব্যৱহাৰ বিশ্বজুৰি সৰ্বাধিক (১৭.৮৯%) বুলি লিপিবদ্ধ কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="GES">{{cite web |url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/pdm/2020/12/growth_2020.pdf |title=Growth of Electricity Sector in India from 1947–2020 |publisher=[[Central Electricity Authority (India)|Central Electricity Authority]] |date=October 2020 |access-date=22 September 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027125432/https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/pdm/2020/12/growth_2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ভাৰতত বিদ্যুতৰ শুল্ক কম হোৱাৰ পিছতো আন বেছিভাগ দেশৰ তুলনাত জনমূৰি বিদ্যুতৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কম।<ref>{{cite web |title=Tariff & duty of electricity supply in India |url=http://www.slideshare.net/ashishverma061/tariff-and-duty-of-electricity-supply-in-various-state-of-indiaa-review-by-cea |work=report |publisher=CEA, Govt. of India |date=March 2014 |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-date=26 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826192254/http://www.slideshare.net/ashishverma061/tariff-and-duty-of-electricity-supply-in-various-state-of-indiaa-review-by-cea |url-status=live }}</ref> ভাৰতীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বৈদ্যুতিক গ্ৰীডৰ স্থাপন ক্ষমতা ২০২৪ চনৰ ৩১ মাৰ্চলৈকে ৪৪২.০ গিগাৱাট।<ref name="exma">{{cite web |url=https://cea.nic.in/executive-summary-report/?lang=en |title=Executive Summary of Power Sector, March 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref> নবীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তি উদ্যোগসমূহে, য’ত বৃহৎ [[জলবিদ্যুৎ|জলবিদ্যুৎ শক্তি]] কেন্দ্ৰসমূহো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে, মুঠ স্থাপন কৰা ক্ষমতাৰ ৪৩%। ভাৰতৰ বিদ্যুৎ উৎপাদন বিশ্বৰ গড় (৪৮০ gCO2/kWh)তকৈ অধিক কাৰ্বন-নিবিড় (৭১৩ গ্ৰাম CO2 প্ৰতি কিলোৱাট ঘণ্টাত) আৰু ২০২৩ চনত কয়লাৰ উৎপাদনৰ তিনি চতুৰ্থাংশ।<ref name="emb2023">{{cite web |title=Report - Global Electricity Report 2024 (page 131)|url=https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2024/supporting-material/ |publisher=EMBER|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=India - Countries & Regions |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/india/electricity|access-date=2024-04-19 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Koyala Darpan / Coal Dashboard |url=https://coaldashboard.cmpdi.co.in/dashboard.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216204644/https://coaldashboard.cmpdi.co.in/dashboard.php |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=17 February 2022 |archivedate=16 February 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216204644/https://coaldashboard.cmpdi.co.in/dashboard.php |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 March 2021 |title=Global electricity review-India |url=https://ember-climate.org/global-electricity-review-2021/g20-profiles/india/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329033038/https://ember-climate.org/global-electricity-review-2021/g20-profiles/india/ |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref> নবীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তিৰ বিনিয়োগ বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে চৰকাৰে প্ৰচেষ্টা ঘোষণা কৰে। চৰকাৰৰ ২০২৩-২০২৭ চনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিদ্যুৎ পৰিকল্পনাৰ অধীনত ভাৰতে বৰ্তমান নিৰ্মাণৰত জীৱাশ্ম ইন্ধন শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰৰ বাহিৰেও ইউটিলিটি খণ্ডত কোনো নতুন জীৱাশ্ম ইন্ধন শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ নকৰে।<ref>{{cite news |title=National Electricity Plan, 2022-27 |date=September 2022 |url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/irp/2022/09/DRAFT_NATIONAL_ELECTRICITY_PLAN_9_SEP_2022_2-1.pdf |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914182122/https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/irp/2022/09/DRAFT_NATIONAL_ELECTRICITY_PLAN_9_SEP_2022_2-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CSM-NEP2023">{{Cite web |title=Next green leader? India halts new coal plant construction. |last=Arasu |first=Sibi |work=The Christian Science Monitor |date=1 June 2023 |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2023/0601/Next-green-leader-India-halts-new-coal-plant-construction |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815025302/https://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2023/0601/Next-green-leader-India-halts-new-coal-plant-construction |url-status=live }}</ref> আশা কৰা হৈছে যে ২০২৯–৩০ চনৰ ভিতৰত অজীৱাশ্ম ইন্ধন উৎপাদনৰ অৱদান মুঠ মুঠ বিদ্যুৎ উৎপাদনৰ প্ৰায় ৪৪.৭% হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা আছে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Optimal generation capacity mix |url=https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/irp/2020/12/Optimal_mix_report_2029-30_FINAL.pdf |publisher=CEA, Govt. of India |date=January 2020 |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702224900/https://cea.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/irp/2020/12/Optimal_mix_report_2029-30_FINAL.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> == ইতিহাস == {{Image frame |width = 264 |align = left |pos = top |content =<div style="background-color: #F9F9F9; font-size: 0.85em; text-align: left; padding: 8px 0; margin: 0;"> {{#invoke:Chart |pie chart |radius = 130 |slices = ( 205,134.5 : কয়লা : #050404 : [[Coal in India]] ) ( 45,699.22 : বৃহৎ জলবিদ্যুৎ : #4189f4 : [[Hydroelectric power in India]] ) ( 4,683.16 : ক্ষুদ্ৰ জলবিদ্যুৎ : #000090 ) ( 37,693.75 : বতাহ শক্তি : #66ccff ) ( 34,627.82 : সৌৰশক্তি : #ffff57 : [[Solar power in India]] ) ( 10,022.95 : জৈৱভৰ (Biomass): #009a39 ) ( 6,780.00 : নিউক্লিয়াৰ : #de2821 : [[Nuclear power in India]] ) ( 24,955.36 : গেছ : #a6b41c) ( 509.71 : ডিজেল : #ad1cb4) |units suffix = _মেগাৱাট |percent = true }}</div> |caption='''৩১ মাৰ্চ ২০২০ পৰ্যন্ত ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন উৎসৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপিত বহনক্ষমতা'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/2020/installed_capacity-03.pdf |title=Location wise regional summary of all India installed capacity of utility power stations}}</ref>}} ১৮৭৯ চনৰ ২৪ জুলাইত [[কলিকতা]]ত পোনপ্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে বৈদ্যুতিক বাল্ব অৰ্থাৎ বিজুলী-চাকিৰ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হৈছিল। সম্পন্ন কৰিছিল পি.ডব্লিউ. ফ্লিউৰি আৰু কোম্পানীয়ে। ১৮৯৭ চনৰ ৭ জানুৱাৰীত কিলবাৰ্ণ এণ্ড কোম্পানীয়ে ইণ্ডিয়ান ইলেক্ট্ৰিক কোম্পানীৰ প্ৰতিনিধি হিচাপে কলিকতাৰ বৈদ্যুতিকীকৰণৰ অনুজ্ঞা পত্ৰ লাভ কৰে, যাৰ পঞ্জীয়ন হৈছিল ১৮৯৭ চনৰ ১৫ জানুৱাৰীত, লণ্ডনত। এমাহৰ পিছত এই কোম্পানীটোক ''কলিকতা বৈদ্যুতিক যোগান নিগম'' হিচাপে নামাংকিত কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে কোম্পানীৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণটো ১৯৭০ চনতহে লণ্ডনৰ পৰা কলিকতালৈ বদলি কৰা হয়। যি কি নহওক, [[কলিকতা]]ত বিদ্যুৎ বিতৰণে লাভ কৰা সফলতাৰ পাছত [[বোম্বাই]]ত (এতিয়া [[মুম্বাই]])লৈ বিদ্যুৎ শক্তি অনা হ'ল।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090426/jsp/calcutta/story_10866828.jsp |title=Let there be light|work=The Telegraph |date=26 April 2009}}</ref> ১৮৮২ চনত মুম্বাইৰ ক্ৰফৰ্ড বজাৰত পোনপ্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে বিদ্যুৎ প্ৰজ্বলন প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা হয়। ১৯০৫ চনত ''বোম্বাই বিদ্যুৎ যোগান আৰু ট্ৰামৱেইছ কোম্পানী (BEST)''-এ ট্ৰামপথত (Tramways) শক্তি যোগানৰ বাবে এটা উৎপাদন কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bestundertaking.com/mumbai.asp |title=Electricity arrives in Mumbai |access-date=1 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202092127/http://www.bestundertaking.com/mumbai.asp |archive-date=2 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archivedate=2 February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202092127/http://www.bestundertaking.com/mumbai.asp |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ১৮৯৭ চনত দাৰ্জিলিঙ পৌৰনিগমৰ বাবে ছিদ্ৰাপঙৰ এখন চাহ-বাগিচাৰ কাষত ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমটো প্ৰকল্প ''ছিদ্ৰাপংগ জলবিদ্যুৎ প্ৰকল্প'' স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theiet.org/resources/library/archives/featured/darjeeling.cfm|title=Archives Darjeeling Hydro Power System - IET history - The IET|publisher=|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref> ১৯০৫ চনৰ ৫ আগষ্টত [[বাংগালোৰ]]ত এছিয়াৰ প্ৰথমটো বৈদ্যুতিক পথ-চাকি (Street-Light) স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>http://www.nyoooz.com/bangalore/118780/bengalurus-first-lamp-post-set-up-in-1905-stands-forgotten</ref>১৯২৫ চনৰ ৩ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমখন বৈদ্যুতিক ৰে'ল চলে। ৰে'লখন চলিছিল মুম্বাইৰ হাৰ্বাৰ লাইনত; ভিক্টোৰিয়া টাৰ্মিনাছৰ পৰা পৰা কুৰ্লা ৰে'লৱে ষ্টেচনলৈকে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_relic-of-indias-first-electric-railway-to-be-dismantled_1614956 |title=Relic of India's first electric railway to be dismantled |author=Daily News & Analysis|date=20 November 2011 |work=dna |accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref> ২০১৫ চনৰ ১৮ আগষ্টত, CIAL সৌৰশক্তি প্ৰকল্পটো শুভাৰম্ভণিৰ লগেলগেই ''কোচী আন্তৰ্জাতিক বিমানবন্দৰ''টো সৌৰশক্তিৰে চালিত পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰথমটো পূৰ্ণপৰ্যায়ৰ বিমানবন্দৰ হৈ পৰে।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/nYRV0SGkot3GIOvQrqhBXL/Worlds-first-solarrun-airport-in-Kochi.html |title=Cochin International Airport set to become worlds's first fully solar powered major airport|work=LiveMint|date=18 August 2015 |location=Kochi, India}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|last=Menon |first=Supriya |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34421419 |title=How is the world's first solar powered airport faring? - BBC News |publisher=Bbc.com |date= |accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref> ১৯৬০ চনত ভাৰতে গ্ৰীড-পৰিচালনাৰ ধাৰণাটোক আঞ্চলিক পৰ্যায়লৈ লৈ আহে। ৰাজ্যিক গ্ৰীডসমূহ সম্পৰ্কিত কৰি ৫টা আঞ্চলিক গ্ৰীড সজা হয়। যিয়ে ভাৰতৰ উত্তৰ, দক্ষিণ, পূব, পশ্চিম আৰু উত্তৰ-পূবক সংলগ্ন কৰিলে। প্ৰতিটো খণ্ডৰে ৰাজ্যসমূহত অতিৰিক্তভাৱে বিদ্যুৎ শক্তিৰ সংবহন কৰিবলৈকে এই আঞ্চলিক গ্ৰীডসমূহ সংযুক্ত কৰা হ'ল। ১৯৯০ চনত ভাৰত চৰকাৰে এখন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ্ৰীডৰ পৰিকল্পনা প্ৰস্তুত কৰে। আঞ্চলিক গ্ৰীডসমূহ পোনপ্ৰথমতে অসমলয়ী উচ্চবিভৱভেদ একমুখী প্ৰৱাহ (Asynchronous High Voltage Direct Current, HVDC)ৰ জৰিয়তে সংযুক্ত কৰা হ'ল আৰু সীমিত পৰিমাণৰ নিয়মীয়া শক্তিৰ বিনিময় কৰাৰ বাটটো মুকলি কৰা হ'ল। এই লিংক বা সংযোগবিন্দুসমূহ পৰ্যায়ক্ৰমে উন্নীতকৰণ হৈ থাকিল আৰু এসময়ত উচ্চক্ষমতাৰ সমলয়ী সংযোগবিন্দুলৈ তাক বিকশিত কৰা হ'ল।<ref name="One Nation-One Grid"/> ১৯৯১ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত আঞ্চলিক গ্ৰীডসমূহৰ মাজত প্ৰথমটো আন্তঃসংযোগ স্থাপন কৰা হ'ল যেতিয়া উত্তৰ-পূব আৰু আৰু পূব গ্ৰীডৰ মাজত সংযোগটো স্থাপন হ'ল। ২০০৩ চনৰ মাৰ্চত পশ্চিম গ্ৰীডটোক ইয়াৰ লগত সংযুক্তকৰণ হ'ল। ২০০৬ চনৰ আগষ্টত উত্তৰ গ্ৰীডটোকো ইয়াৰ লগত জড়িত কৰা হ'ল যাৰফলত একেটা কম্পনাংকতে চালিত হৈ থকা এটা কেন্দ্ৰীয় গ্ৰীড ভাৰতত তৈয়াৰ হ'ল।<ref name="One Nation-One Grid"/> ২০১৩ চনৰ ৩১ ডিচেম্বৰত ৭৬৫ কিলোভল্ট ৰায়চোৰ-চোলাপুৰ সংবহন তাঁৰৰ মাজেৰে প্ৰৱাহ চালিত কৰাৰ লগেলগে অৱশিষ্ট দক্ষিণ গ্ৰীডটোও কেন্দ্ৰীয় গ্ৰীডৰ লগত সংযুক্ত হৈ পৰিল।<ref name="One Nation-One Grid">{{cite web|title=One Nation-One Grid|url=http://www.powergridindia.com/_layouts/PowerGrid/User/ContentPage.aspx?PId=78&LangID=english|website=Power Grid Corporation of India|accessdate=2 December 2016|archivedate=26 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226175901/http://www.powergridindia.com/_layouts/PowerGrid/User/ContentPage.aspx?PId=78&LangID=English|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name = "largest">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/All-India-Power-Engineers-Federation-Indian-power-system/articleshow/28294988.cms|title=Indian power system becomes largest operating synchronous grid in the world|last=|first=|date=|work=|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-12-02|via=}}</ref> জলবিদ্যুৎ উৎপাদনৰ কিছু বিফলতা সত্ত্বেও ২০১৫ কেলেণ্ডাৰ বৰ্ষৰ সমাপ্তি পৰ্যন্ত, ভাৰত এখন শক্তি-অতিৰিক্ত দেশ (Power Surplus Nation) হৈ পৰে।<ref name=dnep>{{cite web| title=Draft National Electricity Plan, 2016, CEA| url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/committee/nep/nep_dec.pdf| accessdate=11 December 2016| archivedate=20 December 2016| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220133152/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/committee/nep/nep_dec.pdf| deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="surplu">{{cite web | url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/will-try-to-keep-power-prices-lower-says-piyush-goyal/50525720 | title=surplu | accessdate=24 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="plus">{{cite web | url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/dark-future-ahead-11000-mw-thermal-power-capacity-lying-idle-largest-outage-is-in-the-north/50556138 | title=Dark future ahead? 11,000 mw thermal power capacity lying idle, largest outage is in the north | accessdate=24 April 2020}}</ref> ২০১৭ চনৰ ২৯ মাৰ্চত, কেন্দ্ৰীয় বিদ্যুৎ শক্তি কৰ্তৃপক্ষ (CEA)-য়ে জনোৱা মতে, পোনপ্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ভাৰত বিদ্যুৎ শক্তিৰ ৰপ্তানিকাৰী হৈ পৰিছে। ৫,৫৮৫ মিলিয়ন ইউনিট শক্তি আমদানি কৰাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে ৫,৭৯৮ মিলিয়ন ইউনিট শক্তি ভাৰতে ইয়াৰ চুবুৰীয়া দেশসমূহলৈ ৰপ্তানি কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছে।<ref>https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=160105</ref> {{-}} ==প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপিত বহনক্ষমতা== ===ৰাজহুৱা শক্তি=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |+ ভাৰতত প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপিত বহনক্ষমতাৰ বিকাশ<ref name="GES" /> ! rowspan="2"|তাৰিখ<br/> ! colspan="4"|তাপবিদ্যুৎ (মেগাৱাট) ! rowspan="2"|নিউক্লিয়াৰ<br/>(মেগাৱাট) ! colspan="3"|নৱীকৰণযোগ্য (মেগাৱাট) ! data-sort-type="numeric" rowspan="2" style="background-color: #dfd;"|মুঠ(মেগাৱাট) ! data-sort-type="numeric" rowspan="2"|বিকাশৰ শতাংশ<br/><small>(বৰ্ষভিত্তিত)</small> |- ! data-sort-type="numeric"|কয়লা ! data-sort-type="numeric"|গেছ ! data-sort-type="numeric"|ডিজেল ! data-sort-type="numeric" style="background-color: #ddf;"|সৰ্বমুঠ<br/>তাপ ! data-sort-type="numeric"|জল ! data-sort-type="numeric"|অন্যান্য<br/>নৱীকৰণযোগ্য ! data-sort-type="numeric" style="background-color: #ddf;"|সৰ্বমুঠ<br/>নৱীকৰণযোগ্য |- | align=left |31-Dec-1947 || 756 || align="center"|- || 98 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 854 || align="center"|- || 508 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 508 || style="background-color: #dfd;" | 1,362 || align="center"|- |- | align=left |31-Dec-1950 || 1,004 || align="center"|- || 149 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 1,153 || align="center"|- || 560 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 560 || style="background-color: #dfd;" | 1,713 || 8.59% |- | align=left |31-Mar-1956 || 1,597 || align="center"|- || 228 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 1,825 || align="center"|- || 1,061 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 1,061 || style="background-color: #dfd;" | 2,886 || 13.04% |- | align=left |31-Mar-1961 || 2,436 || align="center"|- || 300 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 2,736 || align="center"|- || 1,917 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 1,917 || style="background-color: #dfd;"| 4,653 || 12.25% |- | align=left |31-Mar-1966 || 4,417 || 137 || 352 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 4,903 || align="center"|- || 4,124 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 4,124 || style="background-color: #dfd;" |9,027 || 18.80% |- | align=left |31-Mar-1974 || 8,652 || 165 || 241 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 9,058 || 640 || 6,966 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 6,966 || style="background-color: #dfd;" | 16,664 || 10.58% |- | align=left |31-Mar-1979 || 14,875 || 168 || 164 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 15,207 || 640 || 10,833 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 10,833 || style="background-color: #dfd;" | 26,680 || 12.02% |- | align=left |31-Mar-1985 || 26,311 || 542 || 177 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 27,030 || 1,095 || 14,460 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 14,460 || style="background-color: #dfd;"| 42,585 || 9.94% |- | align=left |31-Mar-1990 || 41,236 || 2,343 || 165 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 43,764 || 1,565 || 18,307 || align="center"|- || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 18,307 || style="background-color: #dfd;" |63,636 || 9.89% |- | align=left |31-Mar-1997 || 54,154 || 6,562 || 294 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 61,010 || 2,225 || 21,658 || 902 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 22,560 || style="background-color: #dfd;"| 85,795 || 4.94% |- | align=left |31-Mar-2002 || 62,131 || 11,163 || 1,135 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 74,429 || 2,720 || 26,269 || 1,628 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 27,897 || style="background-color: #dfd;" | 105,046 || 4.49% |- | align=left |31-Mar-2007 || 71,121 || 13,692 || 1,202 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 86,015 || 3,900 || 34,654 || 7,760 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 42,414 || style="background-color: #dfd;" | 132,329 || 5.19% |- | align=left |31-Mar-2012 || 112,022 || 18,381 || 1,200 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 131,603 || 4,780 || 38,990 || 24,503 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 63,493 || style="background-color: #dfd;" | 199,877 || 9.00% |- | align=left |31-Mar-2017 || 192,163 || 25,329 || 838 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 218,330|| 6,780 || 44,478 || 57,260 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 101,138 || style="background-color: #dfd;"| 326,841 || 10.31% |- | align=left |31-Mar-2018 || 197,171 || 24,897 || 838 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 222,906|| 6,780 || 45,293 || 69,022 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 114,315 || style="background-color: #dfd;"| 344,002 || 5.25% |- | align=left |31-Mar-2019<ref name="capacity"/> || 200,704 || 24,937 || 637 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 226,279|| 6,780 || 45,399 || 77,641 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 123,040 || style="background-color: #dfd;"| 356,100 || 3.52% |} নিষ্ক্ৰিয় অৱস্থাত থকা বহনক্ষমতাক(য'তেই প্ৰযোজ্য) বিয়োগ কৰিহে এইখন প্ৰস্তুত কৰা হৈছে। ৩১ মাৰ্চ ২০১৯ পৰ্যন্ত প্ৰায় ৪০,০০০ মেগাৱাট শক্তি নিৰ্মীয়মান পৰ্যায়ত আছে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/broadstatus/2019/broad_status-04.pdf |title=Broad status of thermal power projects |publisher=Central Electricity Authority |date=April 2019 |accessdate=3 May 2019 |archivedate=1 September 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901024832/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/broadstatus/2019/broad_status-04.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ===খণ্ড আৰু প্ৰকাৰ ভিত্তিত উৎপাদনভিত্তিক বহনক্ষমতা(ব্যৱহাৰ্য)=== ২০১৯ চনৰ ৩১ জুলাই পৰ্যন্ত বিদ্যুৎ শক্তিৰ (ব্যৱহাৰ্য) উৎপাদনভিত্তিক বহনক্ষমতা, খণ্ড আৰু প্ৰকাৰ হিচাপে তলত দিয়া হৈছে- <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2019/exe_summary-07.pdf|title= Executive summary of Power sector, July 2019|accessdate= 25 August 2019|archivedate= 27 August 2019|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190827102007/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2019/exe_summary-07.pdf|deadurl= yes}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right" |+খণ্ড আৰু প্ৰকাৰ ভিত্তিত মুঠ বহনক্ষমতা(ৰাজহুৱা) ! rowspan="2"|খণ্ড ! colspan="5"|তাপ (মেগাৱাট) ! rowspan="2"|নিউক্লিয়াৰ<br/>(মেগাৱাট) ! colspan="2"|নৱীকৰণযোগ্য (মেগাৱাট) ! data-sort-type="numeric" rowspan="2" style="background-color: #dfd;"|সৰ্বমুঠ (মেগাৱাট) !rowspan="2"|% |- ! data-sort-type="numeric"|কয়লা ! data-sort-type="numeric"|লিগনাইট ! data-sort-type="numeric"|গেছ ! data-sort-type="numeric"|ডিজেল ! data-sort-type="numeric" style="background-color: #ddf;"|Sub-Total<br/>তাপ ! data-sort-type="numeric"|জল ! data-sort-type="numeric"|অন্যান্য<br/>নৱীকৰণযোগ্য |- | align=left |ৰাজ্য চৰকাৰসমূহ || 64,736.50||1,290.00 || 7,118.71 || 363.93 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 73,509.13 || 0.00 || align="right" | 26,958.50 || 2,349.98 || style="background-color: #dfd;" | 102,817.61 ||29 |- | align=left |কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰ || 56,340.00 ||3,140.00|| 7,237.91 || 0.00 || style="background-color: #ddf;" align="right" | 66,717.91 || align="right" |6,780.00 || 15,046.72 || align="right" |1,632.30 || style="background-color: #dfd;" | 90,176.93||25 |- | align=left |ব্যক্তিগত || 74,733.00 ||1,830.00 || 10,580.60 || 273.70 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 87,417.30 || 0.00 || 3,394.00 || 76,650.52 || style="background-color: #dfd;" align="right" | 167,461.82||46 |- | align=left |সৰ্বভাৰতীয় || 195,809.50 ||6,260.00 || 24,937.22|| 637.63 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 227,644.34 || 6,780.00 || 45,399.22 || style="background-color: #ddf;"| 80,632.80|| style="background-color: #dfd;" | 360,456.37 ||100 |- |} ===আবদ্ধ শক্তি=== ৩১ মাৰ্চ ২০১৯ পৰ্যন্ত উদ্যোগ-নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত(১ মেগাৱাটতকৈ ঊৰ্ধৰ) [[আবদ্ধ শক্তি কেন্দ্ৰ]]ৰ মুঠ বহনক্ষমতা হৈছে ৫৮,০০০ মেগাৱাট। ২০১৮-১৯ ৰাজহবৰ্ষত মুঠ ১৭৫,০০০ গিগাৱাট-ঘণ্টা শক্তি ইয়াত উৎপাদন হৈছিল।<ref name=GES/><ref>{{cite web|url= https://powerline.net.in/2017/10/03/captive-power-market/|title= List of major captive power plants |accessdate=13 May 2018}}</ref>৭৫,০০০ মেগাৱাটৰ শক্তিসম্পন্ন ডিজেল জেনেৰেটৰৰ ছেটো দেশত স্থাপিত হৈছে।<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/gensets-add-up-to-under-half-of-installed-power-capacity/|title= Gensets add up to under half of installed power capacity; August, 2014 |accessdate=13 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="zz">{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/no-central-help-to-debt-ridden-state-run-power-discoms-piyush-goyal/articleshow/47579813.cms | title=No central help to debt-ridden state-run power discoms: Piyush Goyal Read more at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/no-central-help-to-debt-ridden-state-run-power-discoms-piyush-goyal/articleshow/47579813.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst | accessdate=30 April 2020}}</ref> ইয়াৰ লগতে ১০০ কে.ভি.এ.তকৈ কমশক্তিসম্পন্ন বহুতো ডিজেল জেনেৰেটৰো স্থাপিত হৈ আছে- যিবোৰে সকলোধৰণৰ খণ্ডতে হ'ব পৰা জৰুৰীকালীন অৱস্থাৰ মোকাবিলা কৰিবলৈ সাজু হৈ থাকে। <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gsma.com/membership/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/true-cost-providing-energy-telecom-towers-india.pdf|title= The True Cost of Providing Energy to Telecom Towers in India |accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |+ আবদ্ধ শক্তি খণ্ড |- !ক্ৰমাংক ! উৎস!! আবদ্ধ শক্তিৰ বহনক্ষমতা (মেগাৱাট)!! অংশীদাৰিত্ব!! উৎপাদিত শক্তি (গিগাৱাট-ঘণ্টা)!! অংশীদাৰিত্ব |- |১ | কয়লা || align="right"|34,833 || align="right"|60.06%||align="right"|141,137 ||align="right"|80.64% |- |২ | জলবিদ্যুৎ || align="right"|48 || align="right"|0.08%||align="right"|97 ||align="right"|0.09% |- |৩ | নৱীকৰণযোগ্য শক্তিৰ উৎস || align="right"|1,881 || align="right"|3.24%||align="right"|2,258||align="right"|1.28% |- |৪ | প্ৰাকৃতিক গেছ|| align="right"|7,753 || align="right"|13.37%||align="right"|23,785||align="right"|13.58% |- |৫ | তেল || align="right"|13,485 || align="right"|23.25%||align="right"|7,723||align="right"|4.41% |- | | '''মুঠ''' || align="right"|'''58,000''' || align="right"|100.00%||align="right"|''' 175,000''' ||align="right"|100.00% |} ==চাহিদা== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" |+ Growth of Electricity Consumption in India<ref name=GES/> ! rowspan="2"| Year* ! rowspan="2"|Population <br/>(millions) ! rowspan="2"|Consumption <br/>(GWh) ! colspan="6"|% of Total ! rowspan="2"|Per-Capita Consumption<br/>(in [[Kilowatt hour|kWh]]) |- ! Domestic!! Commercial!! Industrial!! Traction!! Agriculture!! Misc |- | 1947** || align="right"|330|| align="right" |4,182 || align="right"|10.11% || align="right"|4.26% || align="right"|70.78% || align="right"|6.62% || align="right"|2.99% || align="right"|5.24% || align="right"|16.3 |- | 1950** || align="right"|376|| align="right"|5,610 || align="right"|9.36% || align="right"|5.51% || align="right"|72.32% || align="right"|5.49% || align="right"|2.89% || align="right"|4.44% || align="right"|18.2 |- | 1956 || align="right"|417|| align="right" |10,150 || align="right"|9.20% || align="right"|5.38% || align="right"|74.03% || align="right"|3.99% || align="right"|3.11% || align="right"|4.29% || align="right"|30.9 |- | 1961 || align="right"|458|| align="right" |16,804 || align="right"|8.88% || align="right"|5.05% || align="right"|74.67% || align="right"|2.70% || align="right"|4.96% || align="right"|3.75% || align="right"|45.9 |- | 1966 || align="right"|508|| align="right" |30,455 || align="right"|7.73% || align="right"|5.42% || align="right"|74.19% || align="right"|3.47% || align="right"|6.21% || align="right"|2.97% || align="right"|73.9 |- | 1974 || align="right"|607|| align="right" |55,557 || align="right"|8.36% || align="right"|5.38% || align="right"|68.02% || align="right"|2.76% || align="right"|11.36% || align="right"|4.13% || align="right"|126.2 |- | 1979 || align="right"|681|| align="right" |84,005 || align="right"|9.02% || align="right"|5.15% || align="right"|64.81% || align="right"|2.60% || align="right"|14.32% || align="right"|4.10% || align="right"|171.6 |- | 1985 || align="right"|781|| align="right" |124,569 || align="right"|12.45% || align="right"|5.57% || align="right"|59.02% || align="right"|2.31% || align="right"|16.83% || align="right"|3.83% || align="right"|228.7 |- | 1990 || align="right"|870|| align="right" |195,098 || align="right"|15.16% || align="right"|4.89% || align="right"|51.45% || align="right"|2.09% || align="right"|22.58% || align="right"|3.83% || align="right"|329.2 |- | 1997 || align="right"|997|| align="right" |315,294 || align="right"|17.53% || align="right"|5.56% || align="right"|44.17% || align="right"|2.09% || align="right"|26.65% || align="right"|4.01% || align="right"|464.6 |- | 2002 || align="right"|1089|| align="right" |374,670 || align="right"|21.27% || align="right"|6.44% || align="right"|42.57% || align="right"|2.16% || align="right"|21.80% || align="right"|5.75% || align="right"|671.9 |- | 2007 || align="right"|1179|| align="right" |525,672 || align="right"|21.12% || align="right"|7.65% || align="right"|45.89% || align="right"|2.05% || align="right"|18.84% || align="right"|4.45% || align="right"|559.2 |- | 2012 || align="right"|1,220|| align="right"|785,194 || align="right"|22.00% || align="right"|8.00% || align="right"|45.00% || align="right"|2.00% || align="right"|18.00% || align="right"|5.00% || align="right"|883.6 |- | 2013 || align="right"|1,235 || align="right"|824,301 || align="right"|22.29% || align="right"|8.83% || align="right"|44.40% || align="right"|1.71% || align="right"|17.89% || align="right"|4.88% || align="right"|914.4 |- | 2014 || align="right"|1,251 || align="right"|881,562 || align="right"|22.95% || align="right"|8.80% || align="right"|43.17% || align="right"|1.75% || align="right"|18.19% || align="right"|5.14% || align="right"|957 |- | 2015 || align="right"|1,267 || align="right"|938,823 || align="right"|23.53% || align="right"|8.77% || align="right"|42.10% || align="right"|1.79% || align="right"|18.45% || align="right"|5.37% || align="right"|1010.0 |- | 2016 || align="right"|1,283 || align="right"|1,001,191 || align="right"|23.86% || align="right"|8.59% || align="right"|42.30% || align="right"|1.66% || align="right"|17.30% || align="right"|6.29% || align="right"|1075 |- | 2017|| align="right"|1,299 || align="right"|1,066,268 || align="right"|24.32% || align="right"|9.22% || align="right"|40.01% || align="right"|1.61% || align="right"|18.33% || align="right"|6.50% || align="right"|1122 |- | 2018 || align="right"|1,322 || align="right"|1,130,244 || align="right"|24.20% || align="right"|8.51% || align="right"|41.48% || align="right"|1.27% || align="right"|18.08% || align="right"|6.47% || align="right"|1149 |- | 2019 || align="right"|1,345 || align="right"|1,196,309 || align="right"|24.76% || align="right"|8.24% || align="right"|41.16% || align="right"|1.52% || align="right"|17.69% || align="right"|6.63% || align="right"|1181 |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Data from fiscal year ending on 31 March of each year.<br/>** Refers to fiscal year ending on 31 December. Note: Per Capita Consumption=(gross electricity generation by all sources plus net import) / mid year population. 'Consumption' is 'gross electricity generation by all sources plus net import' after subtracting transmission loses and auxiliary consumption in electricity generation. The per capita annual domestic electricity consumption in India during the year 2009 was 96 kWh in rural areas and 288 kWh in urban areas for those with access to electricity. Globally the per capita annual average is 2,600 kWh and in the European Union it is 6,200 kWh.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Energy Outlook 2011: Energy for All |publisher=International Energy Agency |date=October 2011 |url=http://www.iea.org/papers/2011/weo2011_energy_for_all.pdf}}</ref> ===জনমূৰি ব্যৱহাৰ=== [[File:Electricity India 1985-2012.png|upright=2|thumb|Electricity Generation from 1985 to 2012]] [[File:Electricity generation chart.jpg|upright=2|thumb|Electricity generation in India from 2009 to 2019 (data source: powermin.nic.in)]] {{Image frame |width = 264 |align = right |pos = top |content =<div style="background-color: #F9F9F9; font-size: 0.85em; text-align: left; padding: 8px 0; margin: 0;"> {{#invoke:Chart |pie chart |radius = 130 |slices = ( 1,021,997 : Coal : #050404 : [[Coal in India]] ) ( 135,040 : Large Hydro : #4189f4 : [[Hydroelectric power in India]] ) ( 8,703 : Small Hydro : #000090 ) ( 62,036 : Wind Power : #66ccff ) ( 39,268 : Solar Power : #ffff57 : [[Solar power in India]] ) ( 16,750 : Biomass & other RE : #009a39 ) ( 37,706 : Nuclear : #de2821 : [[Nuclear power in India]] ) ( 49,886 : Gas : #a6b41c) ( 129 : Diesel : #ad1cb4) |units suffix = _GWh |percent = true }}</div> |caption='''Electricity generation (utility sector) by source in India in FY 2018-19'''}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Per-Capita [[Electricity consumption]] (kWh) in 2016-2017<ref name="perCapitaElectricConsumption">{{cite web| title=Rajya Sabha - Starred Question No. 6375 (Annexure-II| publisher=Ministry of Power, Govt. of India| url=https://powermin.nic.in/sites/default/files/uploads/LS05042018_Eng.pdf| accessdate=2 February 2019| archivedate=4 February 2019| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204015059/https://powermin.nic.in/sites/default/files/uploads/LS05042018_Eng.pdf| deadurl=yes}}</ref> ! [[States of India|State]]/[[Union territory]]!! Region!! Per-Capita Consumption<br/>(kWh/year) |- | [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] || Western || align="right"|15,783 |- | [[Daman and Diu]] || Western || align="right"|7,965 |- | [[Goa]] || Western || align="right"|2,466 |- | [[Gujarat]] || Western || align="right"|2,279 |- | [[Chhattisgarh]] || Western || align="right"|2,016 |- | [[Maharashtra]] || Western || align="right"|1,307 |- | [[Madhya Pradesh]] || Western || align="right"|989 |- | [[Puducherry]] || Southern || align="right"|1,784 |- | [[Tamil Nadu]] || Southern || align="right"|1,847 |- | [[Power sector of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Consumer wise real Time AP Power Supply Position|url=http://www.apvidyutpravah.in/|accessdate=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619080940/http://www.apvidyutpravah.in/|archive-date=19 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Southern || align="right"|1,319 |- | [[Telangana]] || Southern || align="right"|1,551 |- | [[Karnataka]] || Southern || align="right"|1,367 |- | [[Kerala]] || Southern || align="right"|763 |- | [[Lakshadweep]] || Southern || align="right"|633 |- | [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || Northern || align="right"|2,028 |- | [[Haryana]] || Northern || align="right"|1,975 |- | [[Delhi]] || Northern || align="right"|1,574 |- | [[Himachal Pradesh]] || Northern || align="right"|1,340 |- | [[Uttarakhand]] || Northern || align="right"|1,454 |- | [[Chandigarh]] || Northern || align="right"|1,128 |- | [[Jammu and Kashmir]] || Northern || align="right"|1,282 |- | [[Rajasthan]] || Northern || align="right"|1,166 |- | [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Northern || align="right"|585 |- | [[Odisha]] || Eastern || align="right"|1,622 |- | [[Sikkim]] || Eastern || align="right"|806 |- | [[Jharkhand]] || Eastern || align="right"|915 |- | [[West Bengal]] || Eastern || align="right"|665 |- | [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] || Eastern || align="right"|370 |- | [[Bihar]] || Eastern || align="right"|272 |- | [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || North Eastern || align="right"|648 |- | [[Meghalaya]] || North Eastern || align="right"|832 |- | [[Mizoram]] || North Eastern || align="right"|523 |- | [[Nagaland]] || North Eastern || align="right"|345 |- | [[Tripura]] || North Eastern || align="right"|470 |- | [[Assam]] || North Eastern || align="right"|339 |- | [[Manipur]] || North Eastern || align="right"|326 |- ! ''National''!!!! ''1,122'' |} Note: Per capita consumption = (gross electricity generation + net import) / mid year population. ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ অৰ্থনীতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:উদ্যোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতত বিদ্যুৎ শক্তি]] g13b84jxpj17efo7sgoeachsxiy2f5f 0 59360 518565 466054 2025-06-16T16:43:27Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=300 | image1 = কপৌ ফুলFoxtail Orchid.jpg | image2 = Bihu Dance 123.jpg | image3 = Cherryblossoms Canada 03.jpg | image4 = Easter Eggs And Flowers (6695488).jpeg | footer = বসন্ত ঋতুৰ আগমন (ওপৰৰ পৰা [[দক্ষিণাবৰ্তে]]): [[অসম]]ৰ হাবিত ফুলা কপৌ ফুল; [[ব'হাগ বিহু]]ৰ সময়ত অসমৰ ডেকা-গাভৰুৰ [[বিহু নৃত্য]]; [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম|খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মামম্বীসকলৰ]] [[ইষ্টাৰ]] উদযাপন; [[কানাডা]]ৰ পথত ফুলা চেৰি ফুল }} {{বতৰ}} '''বসন্ত ঋতু''' ({{Lang-en|Spring}}) ছয় ঋতুৰ শেষ ঋতু। [[ফাগুন]] মাহৰ শেষ ভাগৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈ সম্পূৰ্ণ [[চ'ত]] আৰু [[ব'হাগ]] মাহৰ প্ৰায় শেষলৈকে বসন্ত কাল অনুভূত হয়। গ্ৰীষ্ম মণ্ডলটো [[সূৰ্য]]ৰ সমুখলৈ ঢাল খোৱা বাবে গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলৰ ঠাই সমূহত এই সময়ত উত্তাপ লাহে লাহে বৃদ্ধি হয় আৰু দুই এজাক পাতলীয়াৰ পৰা মজলীয়া ধৰণৰ বৰষুণ হয়। এই ঋতুত গছত কুঁহি পাত ওলায় আৰু বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ ফুল ফুলে। গছ-গছনি ফলে-ফুলে জাতিষ্কাৰ হৈ পৰে। এই সময়ত শীতকালত শীতনিদ্ৰা কৰা জীৱ সমূহ সাৰ পায়। এই সময়ত বহু জীৱ-জন্তু যৌন মিলনত লিপ্ত হৈ বংশ বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে তৈয়াৰ হয়। এই সময়ত অসমৰ হাবিত [[কুলি]]-[[কেতেকী]]ৰ মাত শুনিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। [[কপৌ ফুল]]ৰ দৰে বিভিন্ন প্ৰজাতিৰ [[অৰ্কিড]] ফুলিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলত এই সময়ত বসন্ত উৎসৱ পালন কৰা দেখা যায়। অসমত এই সময়ত বহাগ বা ৰঙালী বিহু পালন কৰা হয়। প্ৰকৃতিৰ মনোমোহা ৰূপৰ বাবে এই ঋতুক ''ঋতুৰাজ বসন্ত'' বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/entertainment/article/451345/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4|title=বসন্ত আহিছে|author=নিজা প্ৰতিবেদক|work=prothom-alo.com|accessdate=14February 2015|archivedate=2015-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216123801/http://www.prothom-alo.com/entertainment/article/451345/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==প্ৰাকৃতিক লক্ষণসমূহ== বতৰ বিজ্ঞানী সকলে কোনো এক জলবায়ু ক্ষেত্ৰক আন্তৰ্জাতিক পদ্ধতিৰে মুঠ চাৰিটা ঋতুত ভাগ কৰিছে। সেয়া হ'ল বসন্ত ঋতু, [[গ্ৰীষ্ম ঋতু]], [[শৰৎ ঋতু]] আৰু [[শীত ঋতু]]। এই ঋতুসমূহ মাহৰ আধাৰত বিভক্ত। প্ৰতিটো ঋতুৱে তিনিটাকৈ মাহক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সেয়ে হ'লেও অসমীয়া লেখৰে মুঠ [[ঋতু]] ছটা হোৱা বাবে প্ৰতিটো ঋতুৱে দুটা মাহক সামৰি লয়। দুটা সকলোতকৈ গৰম মাহ গ্ৰীষ্ম ঋতুৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত, একেবাৰে শীতল দুই মাহ শীত ঋতুৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হোৱাৰ বিপৰীতে গৰম ঠাণ্ডাৰ সমতাৰ সময় খিনিতে বৰ্ষা, শৰৎ, হেমন্ত, আৰু বসন্ত ঋতু অনুভূত হয়। ঠাই বিশেষে এই ঋতু সমূহ বিভিন্ন তিথিত আৰম্ভ হয়। [[আমেৰিকা]] আৰু [[যুক্তৰাজ্য|ব্ৰিটেইন]]ৰ লোকে [[মাৰ্চ]] আৰু [[এপ্ৰিল]] মাহৰ সময়ত বসন্ত ঋতু অনুভৱ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Spring |title=Spring|work=Glossary of Meteorology|accessdate=5 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Met Office: Spring|url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/seasons/spring|accessdate=5 March 2018}}</ref> [[নিউজিলেণ্ড]] আৰু [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]]ত বসন্ত ঋতু পাৰম্পৰিক ৰূপত ১ [[ছেপ্টেম্বৰ]]ত আৰম্ভ হৈ ৩০[[নৱেম্বৰ]]ৰ ভিতৰত শেষ হয়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherwatch.co.nz/content/poll-do-you-want-dates-our-seasons-changed |title=Do you want the dates of our seasons changed? |publisher=New Zealand weatherwatch |accessdate=9 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Australian Bureau of Meteorology – Climate Glossary – Seasons|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/glossary/seasons.shtml|website=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|publisher=bom.gov.au|accessdate=30 March 2018}}</ref> গোলকীয় কেলেণ্ডাৰ অনুসৰি [[আয়াৰলেণ্ড]]ত [[ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী]], [[মাৰ্চ]] আৰু [[এপ্ৰিল]] মাহ বসন্ত কালৰ সময়।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/sean-moncrieff-when-does-spring-start-i-don-t-know-and-neither-do-you-1.3784168|title=Sean Moncrieff: ‘When does spring start? I don't know and neither do you'|first=Sean|last=Moncrieff|website=The Irish Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.durbanresidence.com/blog/seasons-in-ireland/|title=Get ready for the seasons in Ireland|website=www.durbanresidence.com|access-date=2020-04-24|archivedate=2020-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607094811/https://www.durbanresidence.com/blog/seasons-in-ireland/|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/readme/when-does-spring-really-start-1299726-Feb2014/|title=Column: When does spring really start? Let's clear this is up once and for all.|first=Conor|last=Farrell|website=TheJournal.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sciencewows.ie/blog/spring-officially-arrive-northern-hemisphere-year-march-20-16-47-gmt-spring-equinox-spring-start/|title=The first day of Spring – the Spring Equinox ... or is it?|date=13 March 2014}}</ref> উত্তৰ গোলাৰ্ধৰ দেশ কিছুমানৰ লোকসংস্কৃতিত মহাবিষুৱৰ দিনটোক (১৯ আৰু ২১ মাৰ্চৰ ভিতৰৰ)<ref>{{cite web |title=Met Office: Spring|url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/seasons/spring|accessdate=5 March 2018}}</ref> বসন্তৰ প্ৰথম দিন বুলি ধৰা হয় উত্তৰায়ণৰ দিনটোক গ্ৰীষ্মৰ প্ৰথম দিন হিচাপেধৰা হয়। পাৰ্চীয়ান পৰম্পৰা অনুসৰি বসন্তৰ প্ৰথম দিনটোক বছৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ প্ৰথম মাহৰ প্ৰথম দিন বুলি ধৰা হয়। চীন দেশৰ পৰম্পৰাগত কেলেণ্ডাৰত বসন্ত ঋতু লি্ চুন (৩-৫ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী)ৰ দিনত আৰম্ভ হয়, চুন্ ফেন (২০-২২ মাৰ্চ)ত মধ্যভাগ পাই আৰু লিচ্ য়া (৫-৭ মে')ত শেষ হয়। দুপৰীয়াৰ সূৰ্যৰ পোহৰ তাপৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি কেল্টিক পৰম্পৰাত ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীৰ আগভাগত আৰম্ভ হৈ বসন্ত ঋতু মে'ৰ আগভাগলৈ চলে। [[ভাৰত]] তথা [[অসম]]ত বসন্ত ঋতুৰ সময় মাৰ্চ আৰু এপ্ৰিল মাহ। গড় হিচাপে এই সময়ৰ তাপমাত্ৰা প্ৰায় ৩২° চেলচিয়াছ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gupshups.org/seasons-in-india/|title=Seasons in India {{!}} Different types of seasons in India with months|last=|first=|date=|website=gupshups|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|archivedate=2020-04-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420140604/https://gupshups.org/seasons-in-india/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> বসন্ত ঋতুৰ সময়ত অসমৰ হাবিত নানাবিধ অৰ্কিড ফুলা দেখা যায়। ইয়াৰ লগতে এই সময়ত অসমৰ মাটিত গজা আৰু ফুলা [[কেতেকী ফুল|কেতেকী]], [[নাহৰ]] আৰু [[তগৰ]] ফুলো আন তিনিবিধ সুগন্ধি ফুল। প্ৰায় সকলোবোৰ গছৰে নতুন পাত ওলাই, বৰষুণ আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু বতাহৰ গতিবেগ বাঢ়ে। এই সময় চোৱাত অসমৰ হাবিত বিশেষকৈ [[কুলি]] আৰু [[কেতেকী]]ৰ শুৱলা মাত শুনিবলৈ পোৱা যায়। এই সময় খেতিৰ প্ৰস্তুতিৰ সময়। এই ঋতুৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দ-মাটিৰ বাবে বাওঁ ধান সিঁচা হয় আৰু শেষৰ ফালে ৰাইজে কঠীয়া সিঁচাৰ কাম আৰম্ভ কৰে। বিশেষকৈ যিবোৰ ধানৰ কৃষি কাল দীঘলীয়া অৰ্থাৎ কঠীয়া ৰোৱাৰ পৰা চপোৱালৈকে ৫ মাহমান সময় লাগে, সেইবোৰ জাতৰ বীজ এই ঋতুৰ ভিতৰতে সিঁচিব লাগে। ==উৎসৱ-পাৰ্বন== [[File:ALMIGHTY IN THEIR HEART.jpg|thumb|right|বৰপেটা কীৰ্তনঘৰ ত ফল্গু উৎসৱ উদযাপনৰ এক দৃশ্য]] বসন্ত ঋতুৰ সময়ত বিভিন্ন উৎসৱ আদি উদযাপন কৰা হয়: * '''ফাঁকুৱা''' : হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ লোকসকলে উদযাপন কৰা ৰঙৰ উৎসৱ হৈছে [[ফাঁকুৱা]]। ফাঁকুৱা ফাগুন বা চ'ত মাহৰ পূৰ্ণিমা তিথিত পালন কৰা হয়। হিন্দুসকলৰ আৰাধ্য দেৱতা [[শ্ৰীকৃষ্ণ]] বা [[বিষ্ণু]]ৰ উদ্দেশ্য কৰি এই উৎসৱ পালন কৰা হয়। ধৰ্মীয় আৰু লৌকিক পৰম্পৰাৰে পালন কৰা ফাঁকুৱা বা হোলী উৎসৱৰ সৃষ্টিৰ সৈতে বহুতো পৌৰাণিক আখ্যান জড়িত হৈ আছে।<ref name=axom>ৰংগে ফাগু খেলে চৈতন্য বনমালী, ৰূপলেখা দেৱী, [[আজিৰ দৈনিক বাতৰি]], গুৱাহাটী, ৮ মাৰ্চ ২০১২</ref> * '''বসন্ত পঞ্চমী''' : বসন্ত পঞ্চমী বা [[সৰস্বতী পূজা]] হিন্দুসকলে জ্ঞান আৰু শিক্ষাৰ দেৱী সৰস্বতীৰ বন্দনা কৰিবৰ কাৰণে অনুষ্ঠিত কৰে। এই উৎসৱে বসন্ত আগমনৰ বাবে প্ৰস্তুতিৰ চিহ্নিত কৰে। * '''বাসন্তী পূজা''' : চ'ত মাহৰ শুক্ল পক্ষত অৰ্থাৎ বসন্তকালত অসমৰ কোনো কোনো লোকে দুৰ্গাপূজা পালন কৰে। এই পূজাক বাসন্তী দুৰ্গা পূজা বুলি কোৱা হয়। সাধাৰণতে চ'তৰ শুক্ল পক্ষৰ ষষ্ঠ তম দিন তথা ষষ্ঠীৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈ দশমী পৰ্যন্ত থাকে এই দুৰ্গোৎসৱ। এই পাঁচ দিন যথাক্ৰমে দুৰ্গা ষষ্ঠী, মহাসপ্তমী, মহাষ্টমী, মহানৱমী আৰু বিজয়া দশমী নামে জনাজাত। * '''ব'হাগ বিহু''' : অসমৰ জাতীয় উৎসৱ। বসন্তৰ আগমণত উদযাপন কৰা [[ব'হাগ বিহু]] বা ৰঙালী বিহু, অসমৰ মূল বিহু উৎসৱ। কৃষি সংস্কৃতিৰ আৰম্ভণিৰে পৰা এনেধৰণৰ উৎসৱ চলি আহিছে। যৌৱনৰ লগত খেতি মাটিৰ উৰ্বৰতাৰ সম্বন্ধ আছে বুলি মানুহে বিশ্বাস কৰে। সেয়ে খেতি আৰম্ভ কৰাৰ আগে আগে পালন কৰা ৰঙালী বিহুৰ কৃষিৰ লগত ওতপ্ৰোত সম্বন্ধ আছে। ব'হাগ বা ৰঙালী বিহু, একেৰাহে সাতদিন ধৰি উদযাপন কৰা হয়। চ'তৰ সংক্ৰান্তিৰ দিনাৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি বহাগৰ ৬ তাৰিখলৈ সাত দিন ধৰি থাকে। প্ৰত্যেক দিনাৰ বিহুৰে সুকীয়া নাম আছে। ইয়াক সাত বিহু বুলি জনা যায়। চ'তৰ দোমাহীৰ দিনা গৰু বিহুৰে আৰম্ভ হৈ ক্ৰমে, মানুহ বিহু, হাত বিহু, চেনেহী বিহু, মাইকী বিহু, ৰঙালী বিহু আৰু শেষৰ দিনা চেৰা বিহুৰে ব'হাগ বিহু সামৰা হয়। ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰৰ উত্তৰ পাৰে তাৰে এটা দিন গোসাঁই বিহু বুলিও পালন কৰা যায়। * '''ইষ্টাৰ''' : ইষ্টাৰ বা পুনৰুত্থান দিৱস খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মামম্বীসকলে বসন্ত কালত পালন কৰে। * '''আলি আঃয়ে লৃগাং''' : [[মিচিং জনগোষ্ঠী]]ৰ লোকসকলে পালন কৰা বসন্ত উৎসৱ হৈছে [[আলি আঃয়ে লৃগাং]]। প্ৰতি বছৰে ফাগুন মাহৰ প্ৰথম বুধবাৰটোত এই উৎসৱ পালন কৰা হয়। এই উৎসৱক শস্য বা কঠীয়া সিঁচাৰ আৰম্ভণি উৎসৱ বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ==বসন্ত কালত ফুলা ফুল== বসন্ত কালত অসমৰ হাবিত বিভিন্ন ফুলৰ পয়োভৰ লক্ষ্য কৰিব পাৰি: {{multicol}} *[[কাঞ্চন]] *[[অশোক ফুল]] *[[ইউক্যালিপটাছ]] *[[চম্পা]] *[[গমাৰী]] {{col-break}} *[[ ঘোড়ানিম]] *[[দেবদাৰু]] *[[নাগেশ্বৰ]] *[[মণিমালা]] *[[মহুৱা]] {{col-break}} *[[মুচকুন্দ]] *[[ৰুদ্ৰপলাশ]] *[[শাল গছ]]ৰ ফুল *[[স্বৰ্ণশিমলু]] *[[ক্যামেলিয়া]] {{col-break}} *[[কপৌ ফুল]] *[[ভাটৌ ফুল]] *[[কেতেকী ফুল]] *[[পলাশ]] *[[শিমলু]] {{col-break}} *[[মদাৰ]] *[[নাহৰ]] *[[তগৰ]] *[[নেৱালী]] *[[নাৰ্জী]] {{col-break}} *[[গোলাপ]] *[[খৰিকাজাই]] *[[গুটিমালী ফুল]] *[[বেলি ফুল]] *[[জৱা]] {{col-end}} ===চিত্ৰ সম্ভাৰ=== <gallery> File:Rosa chinensis 04-08-2012 01.jpg|গোলাপ ফুল File:Ixora coccinea (Rubiaceae).jpg|ৰাঙল ফুল Image:STS 001 Butea monosperma.jpg|পলাশ ফুল File:Jasminum multiflorum 0001.jpg|গুটিমালী ফুল চিত্ৰ:নাহৰ.jpg|নাহৰ ফুল File:Kanchan ful white orchid flower camel's foot tree.jpg|বগা কাঞ্চন ফুল File:Kanchan ful2 white orchid flower camel's foot tree.jpg| ৰক্ত কাঞ্চন ফুল File:তগৰ ফুল Gardenia jasminoides.jpg|তগৰ ফুল File:Papilionanthe teres (16414817512).jpg|ভাটৌ ফুল File:Rhynchostylis retusa, West Java.jpg|কপৌ ফুল File:Sita-Ashok (Saraca asoca) flowers in Kolkata W IMG 4146.jpg|অশোক ফুল File:Tagetes erecta, Burdwan, West Bengal, India 30 01 2013.jpg|নাৰ্জী ফুল File:Rainbow Lorikeet with Red Silk Cotton Flowers - AndrewMercer IMG41440.jpg|শিমলু ফুল File:Mandarah (Sanskrit- मन्दारः) (4486202137).jpg|মদাৰ ফুল </gallery> ==উৎপাদিত ফল আৰু পাচলি== [[File:Kothalor musi jackfruit.jpg|right|200px|কঁঠালৰ মুচি]] বসন্ত কালত অসমৰ খেতিয়কে কম পৰিমাণৰ পানী প্ৰয়োজন হোৱা পাচলি যেনে: [[ভেণ্ডি]],[[ জিকা]], [[ তিতা কেৰেলা]], [[তিঁয়হ]], [[স্কোৱাছ]], [[জাতিলাও]], [[ৰঙালাও]], [[লেচেৰা মাহ]], [[বিলাহী]], [[চজিনা]], [[বীণ]] ইত্যাদিৰ খেতি কৰে। এই সমূহৰ লগতে সেউজীয়া শাক যেনে: খুঁতৰা, মৰলীয়া, ভতুৱা, জিলমিল, ধনীয়া ইত্যাদি আৰু ফলমূলৰ ভিতৰত বগৰী,তৰমুজ, চিৰাল আদি উপলব্ধ হয়। এই সময়ত আমে মলিয়াই আৰু কঁঠালে মুচি পেলাই। বসন্তৰ শেষলৈ আম-কঠাল খাব পৰা হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ঋতু]] 0t7s89cdu7iifiem9b2n97iwr49n48l 0 61005 518703 387755 2025-06-17T00:20:22Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox school |name = শালকাটা জনপ্ৰিয় উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয় |image = [[চিত্ৰ:Salkata JPHS School.jpg|250px]] |caption = বিদ্যালয়ৰ কাৰ্য্যালয় |established = ১৯৭৯ |type = উচ্চ আৰু উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয় |motto = |state = শালকাটা, [[ধুবুৰী জিলা|ধুবুৰী]], [[অসম]]<ref name="Salkata Janapriya H.s. School School- Barkalia Sershow School">{{cite web | url=https://liko.in/schools-in-india/school-id-36340 | title=Salkata Janapriya H.s. School School- Barkalia Sershow School | publisher=liko.in | accessdate=4 June 2020}}</ref> |country = [[ভাৰত]] |campus = গাওঁ অঞ্চল |principal = |staff = |students = আনুমানিক ৩৫০ |medium = অসমীয়া |Boards =[[Board of Secondary Education, Assam and Assam Higher Secondary Education Council]] |gender= পুৰুষ-মহিলা |grades= অষ্টম শ্ৰেণীৰ পৰা দ্বাদশ শ্ৰেণী |houses=অধ্যক্ষ কোঠা, শ্ৰেণীকোঠা, |নীতিবাক্য= |postalcode=৭৮৩৩৩০ |principal1=হতেম আলী সেখ |principal2=আব্দুৰ ৰেজ্জাক মোল্ল্যা |principal_label1=প্ৰথম অধ্যক্ষ |principal_label2=দ্বিতীয় অধ্যক্ষ |image size= |image_caption=কাৰ্যালয় |Principal=অনিল চন্দ্ৰ সাহা|principal_label=বৰ্তমান অধ্যক্ষ|principal3=নূৰ ইছলাম|principal_label3=তৃতীয় অধ্যক্ষ}} '''শালকাটা জনপ্ৰিয় উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়''' (চমুকৈ শালকাটা জঃপঃউঃমাঃ বিদ্যালয়)খন [[ধুবুৰী জিলা]]ৰ [[দক্ষিণ শালমাৰা-মানকাচৰ জিলা|দক্ষিণ শালমাৰা]] সমষ্টিৰ অন্তৰ্গত শালকাটা গাঁ‌ৱত অৱস্থিত। এই বিদ্যালয়খন ১৯৭৯ চনত আজগৰ আলী চাহাবৰ নেতৃত্বত স্থাপণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক">{{cite book | title=বিদ্যালয়ৰ নেতৃত্বত আজগৰ আলী (শুভেচ্ছা বাণী| publisher=অসম চৰকাৰ বিত্তীয় অনুদানেৰে | author=আখেৰ আলী | authorlink= | year=২০১২-১৩ | location=শালকাটা | pages=J}}</ref> ==ঠিকনা== [[চিত্ৰ:Salkata JPHS School 2.jpg|thumb|শালকাটা জনপ্ৰিয় উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ ছোৱালী জিৰণী কোঠা।]] শালকাটা গাঁ‌ৱৰ পৰা ০ কিঃমিঃ দূৰৈত, [[বৰকলীয়া নস্কৰা|বৰকলীয়া নস্কৰা গাঁ‌ৱ]]ৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ৪ কিঃমিঃ পশ্চিমত, ফুলবাৰী ([[মেঘালয়]])ৰ পৰা প্ৰায় ১০ কিঃমিঃ উত্তৰ-পূৱ অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত।<ref name="Google Map">{{cite web | url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Salkata+j.p+High+School/@25.9213782,90.0524452,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3758091514dc2d4d:0x2584ff49772841cb!8m2!3d25.9213734!4d90.0546339 | title=Address of Salkata Janapria Higher Secondary School | publisher=Google Map | Date=04 June 2020}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== [[চিত্ৰ:Salkata JPHS School 4.jpg|left|thumb|খেল পথাৰ]] [[ধুবুৰী জিলা]]ৰ দক্ষিণ পাৰত অৱস্থিত শালকাটা অঞ্চলটো এসময়ত অতিকৈ পিছপৰা আৰু বন্যভূমি আছিল। পিছে [[ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নদ|ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ]]ৰ গঢ়াখহনীয়াত প্ৰব্ৰজন হৈ আহি বসবাস কৰিবলৈ লোৱা প্ৰয়াত আজগৰ আলী (B.Sc) মহোদয়ৰ নেতৃত্বত আৰু শিক্ষানুৰাগী সহযোগী সকলৰ সহায়ত এইখন মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষানুষ্ঠান গঢ়ি উঠিছিল। এই শিক্ষানুষ্ঠানখন গঢ়াত বিশেষভাৱে সহায় কৰিছিল নাছেৰ আলী সেখ (অধিবক্তা), আঃ গণি জোদ্দাৰ, ৰমজান আলী সৰকাৰ, হোছেন আলী দেওৱানী, আবুল হোছেন, আঃ কাশেম মণ্ডল, আব্দুল হক, হাজি মিনহাজ উদ্দিন আহমেদ, আঃ গণি দেওৱানী, ডাঃ বুজৰক আলী মণ্ডল, তামিজ উদ্দিন জোদ্দাৰ, আমজাদ হোসেন ভূঞা, আলহাজ আঃ আজিজ আনছাৰী আদি ব্যক্তিৰ প্ৰচেষ্টাত শালকাটা জনপ্ৰিয় উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল। যিখন বিদ্যালয় আজি তেখেত সকলৰ প্ৰেৰণাৰে উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়লৈ উন্নত কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="প্ৰধান শিক্ষকৰ কলমৰ পৰা">{{cite book | title=জ্ঞান জ্যোতি | publisher=অসম চৰকাৰৰ বিত্তীয় অনুদানৰ সহায়ত প্ৰকাশিত | author=আব্দুৰ ৰেজ্জাক মোল্ল্যা (প্ৰধান শিক্ষকৰ কলমৰ পৰা)| authorlink= | year=2012-13 | location=শালকাটা | pages=D-E}}</ref> ১৯৭৯ চনত স্থাপিত হোৱা উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়খন অতি কম সময়ৰ ভিতৰত দোপতদোপে চৰকাৰৰ অনুমতি তথা স্বীকৃতি পাই ১৯৯১ চনত চৰকাৰীকৰণ হৈছে আৰু বৰ্তমান বিদ্যালয়খন উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়লৈ উন্নীত হৈছে যদিও এতিয়ালৈকে চৰকাৰীকৰণ হোৱা নাই।<ref name="establised">{{cite web | url=https://vidhyant.com/schools/1650310/Salkata-Janapriya-H-S-School | title=SALKATA JANAPRIYA H.S. SCHOO | publisher=VIDHYANT | accessdate=4 June 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="HSLC আৰু HSSLC ৰ ফলাফল">{{cite book | title=HSLC আৰু HSSLC ৰ ফলাফল | publisher=অসম চৰকাৰৰ বিত্তীয় অনুদানৰ সহায়ত প্ৰকাশিত | author=শালকাটা জনপ্ৰিয় উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয় | authorlink=শালকাটা জনপ্ৰিয় উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয় | year=2012-13 | location=Salkata | pages=52}}</ref> বিদ্যালয়খনৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ পৰাই উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষান্ত পৰীক্ষা আৰু উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিকৰ চূড়ান্ত পৰীক্ষাত প্ৰতিবছৰে ১০/১১ টাকৈ লেটাৰ মাৰ্ক, ষ্টাৰ মাৰ্ক পাই প্ৰায় এশ শতাংশ ছাত্ৰী-ছাত্ৰী উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈ আহিছে। ==পাঠদান দিয়া বিষয়সমূহ== ===উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক=== [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী]], [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী ভাষা|হিন্দী]], [[আৰবী ভাষা|আৰবী]], [[গণিত]], সমাজ বিজ্ঞান, [[বিজ্ঞান|সাধাৰণ বিজ্ঞান]], উচ্চ গণিত, [[ভূগোল]], কাঠমিস্ত্ৰী-শিল্প ইত্যাদি। ===উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক=== বিদ্যালয়খনত কেৱল কলাশাখাৰ বিষয়সমূহ পঢ়ুৱা হয়। বৰ্তমান বিজ্ঞান শাখাৰ কোনো পাঠ্য পঢ়ুৱা হৈ থকা নাই। [[চিত্ৰ:Salkata JPHS School 3.jpg|thumb|শ্ৰেণী কোঠাা।]] [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]], [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী]], [[ৰাজনীতি|ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞান]], [[অৰ্থনীতি|অৰ্থনীতি বিজ্ঞান]], [[বুৰঞ্জী]], [[আৰবী ভাষা|আৰবী]], [[শিক্ষা]], [[দৰ্শন]] আৰু [[তৰ্কবিজ্ঞান]]। ==সুবিধা সমূহ== বিদ্যালয়খনত পাঠদানৰ বাবে ৮টা শ্ৰেণীকোঠা, এখন কম্পিউটাৰ কোঠা (য'ত ১৫টা [[কম্পিউটাৰ]] উপলব্ধ) এটা ছোৱালীৰ জিৰণীকোঠা, প্ৰধান শিক্ষকৰ কাৰ্যালয়, শিক্ষকসকলৰ জিৰণী কোঠা, ল'ৰা আৰু ছোৱালীৰ বাবে সুকীয়া শৌচালয়, বিশুদ্ধ খোৱাপানীৰ ব্যৱস্থা আৰু এখন সুবিশাল খেলপথাৰ আছে।<ref name="SALKATA JANAPRIYA H.S. SCHOOL">{{cite web | url=https://schools.org.in/dhubri/18020700431/salkata-janapriya-h-s-school.html | title=About SALKATA JANAPRIYA H.S. SCHOOL | publisher=schools.org.in | accessdate=4 June 2020}}</ref> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== [[শ্ৰেণী:অসমৰ বিদ্যালয়সমূহ]] f9rzgi4ucdijn2has025h0og3zhraq9 0 72641 518563 381893 2025-06-16T16:22:53Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software|name=ফিগমা|logo=[[file:Figma-logo.svg|80px]]|developer=ফিগমা, ইনক'ৰ্পৰেশ্যন|website={{URL|https://www.figma.com}}|platform=[[Web application|ৱেব এপ্লিকেশ্যন]]|operating system=[[লিনাক্স]], [[macOS|মেকঅ'এছ]], [[ৱিণ্ড'জ]], [[Chrome OS|ক্ৰ'ম অ'এছ]]|license=[[Proprietary software|স্বত্বাধিকাৰী]]|genre={{Plainlist | *[[Collaborative software|সহযোগিতামূলক ছফ্টৱেৰ]] **[[Vector graphics editor|ভেক্টৰ গ্ৰাফিক্স সম্পাদক]]}}|released={{Start date and age|2016|9|27}}}}'''ফিগমা''' হৈছে এক [[Web application|ৱেব-ভিত্তিক]] [[Vector graphics editor|ভেক্টৰ গ্ৰাফিক্স সম্পাদক]] আৰু [[Software prototyping|প্ৰ'ট'টাইপিং]] সঁজুলি। অথচ [[MacOS|মেকঅ'এছ]] আৰু [[ৱিণ্ড'জ]]ৰ বাবে নিৰ্মিত ডেস্কটপ এপ্লিকেশ্যনত কিছুমান অতিৰিক্ত অফলাইন সুবিধা পোৱা যায়। [[এণ্ড্ৰইড]] আৰু [[IOS|আইঅ'এছ]]-ৰ বাবে নিৰ্মিত ফিগমা মিৰ'ৰ কম্পেনিয়ন এপৰ জৰিয়তে ম'বাইল ডিভাইচসমূহত বাস্তৱ-সময়ত ফিগমা প্ৰ'ট'টাইপসমূহ চাব পাৰি। বাস্তৱ-সময়ত সহযোগিতা কৰিব পৰা সুবিধা থকা এই এপ্লিকেশ্যনটো বিশেষভাৱে [[User interface design|ব্যৱহাৰকাৰী আন্তঃপৃষ্ঠ]] আৰু [[User experience design|ব্যৱহাৰকাৰী অভিজ্ঞতা]] ৰূপাংকণৰ বাবে তৈয়াৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gonzalez|first=Robbie|date=July 25, 2017|title=Figma Wants Designers to Collaborate Google-Docs Style|url=https://www.wired.com/story/figma-updates/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020042828/https://www.wired.com/story/figma-updates/|archivedate=October 20, 2020|accessdate=June 1, 2020|work=WIRED|publisher=WIRED}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == ডাইলান ফীল্ড আৰু ইভান ৱালেছে ২০১২ চনত ফিগমাৰ ওপৰত কাম কৰা আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Crook|first=Jordan|date=February 15, 2019|title=Figma gets $40 million Series C to put design tools in the cloud|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2019/02/14/figma-gets-40-million-series-c-to-put-design-tools-in-the-cloud/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231140/https://techcrunch.com/2019/02/14/figma-gets-40-million-series-c-to-put-design-tools-in-the-cloud/|archive-date=November 7, 2020|access-date=November 15, 2020|website=TechCrunch|archivedate=November 7, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231140/https://techcrunch.com/2019/02/14/figma-gets-40-million-series-c-to-put-design-tools-in-the-cloud/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> [[Brown University|ব্ৰাউন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ত অধ্যয়ন কৰি থাকোঁতে ফীল্ড আৰু ৱালেছে ২০১১ চনত আন কেইবাটাও প্ৰকল্পৰ লগতে ৱেব-ভিত্তিক ৰূপাংকণ সঁজুলি প্ৰস্তুত কৰাৰ কথা চিন্তা-চৰ্চা কৰে। ২০১২ চনত ৱালেছে ব্ৰাউন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে আৰু ফীল্ডে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় এৰি [[Thiel Fellowship|থিয়েল ফেল'শ্বিপ]] গ্ৰহণ কৰে যিয়ে তেওঁক নিজৰ ষ্টাৰ্টআপৰ ওপৰত কাম কৰিবলৈ $100,000 টকাৰ আৰ্থিক সাহাৰ্য প্ৰদান কৰে। ফিগমাৰ ওপৰত পূৰ্ণকালীনভাৱে কাম কৰিবলৈ দুয়ো ছেন ফ্ৰাঞ্চিস্ক'লৈ গুচি যায়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cheng|first=Michelle|date=April 18, 2019|title=Why Teams at Uber and Slack Use This Powerful Design Tool|url=https://www.inc.com/michelle-cheng/figma-design-cloud-collaboration-google-docs-30-under-30-2019.html|access-date=November 15, 2020|website=Inc.com|language=en}}</ref> ফিগমাই ৩ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০১৫ তাৰিখে কেৱল আমন্ত্ৰিত লোকলৈ বিনামূলীয়া পূৰ্বলোকন কাৰ্যসূচী আগবঢ়োৱা আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|last1=Constine|first1=Josh|title=23-Year-Old’s Design Collaboration Tool Figma Launches With $14M To Fight Adobe|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/12/03/figma-vs-goliath/|website=TechCrunch|publisher=TechCrunch|accessdate=June 1, 2020}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনৰ ২৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰত ৰাজহুৱাকৈ ফিগমা মুকলি কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web|title=Figma Releases: Figma 1.0.0|url=https://releases.figma.com/2016/09/figma-100.html|website=Figma|accessdate=June 1, 2020|archivedate=October 1, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001035829/https://releases.figma.com/2016/09/figma-100.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২২ অক্টোবৰ, ২০১৯ তাৰিখে ফিগমাই ফিগমা কমিউনিটী মুকলি কৰে য'ত ডিজাইনাৰসকলে নিজৰ কাম প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে আৰু আনে সেইবোৰ চাব আৰু ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lee|first1=Dami|title=Figma’s new community profiles let users view and remix design files|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/22/20920929/figma-community-profiles-collaborative-design-beta|website=The Verge|publisher=The Verge|accessdate=June 1, 2020}}</ref> == প্ৰতিযোগী == * [[স্কেট্‌চ (ছফ্টৱেৰ)|স্কেট্‌চ]] * [[এড'বী এক্সডি]] * [[Balsamiq#Balsamiq Wireframes|বালছামিক ৱায়াৰফ্ৰেম]] == তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ ==  {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Official website|https://www.figma.com}} * [http://madebyevan.com ইভান ৱালেছৰ ব্যক্তিগত ৱেবছাইট] [[শ্ৰেণী:ছফ্টৱেৰ]] akhax5lampasc725bzt52ypvhtsl7r3 0 74136 518566 411604 2025-06-16T16:47:15Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Anthropology of kinship|image=Draupadi and Pandavas.jpg |imagealt=দ্ৰৌপদীৰ দৃষ্টান্ত, এগৰাকী ৰাজকুমাৰী আৰু ৰাণী[[প্ৰাচীন ভাৰত]]"মহাভাৰত", পাঁচজন স্বামীৰ সৈতে |caption=[[দ্ৰৌপদী]], প্ৰাচীন ভাৰতীয় মহাকাব্য '[[মহাভাৰত]]'ত এগৰাকী ৰাজকুমাৰী আৰু ৰাণী, তেওঁৰ পাঁচজন স্বামীৰ ('[[পাণ্ডৱ]]' সৈতে)}} '''বহুপতি প্ৰথা''' ({{lang-en|Polyandry}}) হৈছে এক প্ৰকাৰৰ বহুবিবাহ য'ত এগৰাকী মহিলাৰ একে সময়তে দুই বা ততোধিক স্বামী থাকে।<ref>Pizzari, T., & Wedell, N. (2013). The polyandry revolution.</ref> বহুপতি হৈছে বহুস্ত্ৰী বিবাহৰ বিপৰীত, য'ত এজন পুৰুষৰ দুই বা ততোধিক স্ত্ৰী থাকে। এক প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি এই পৃথিৱীত, ৫০তকৈও অধিক সমাজে বহুপতি প্ৰথা অনুশীলন কৰে।<ref name="Starkweather/Hames 2012">{{cite journal |last2=Hames |first2=Raymond |last1=Starkweather |first1=Katherine|title=A survey of non-classical polyandry |journal=Human Nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) |year=2012 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=149–150|doi=10.1007/s12110-012-9144-x |pmid=22688804 |s2cid=2008559 |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=anthropologyfacpub }}</ref> [[নেপাল]] আৰু [[চীন]]ৰ কিছু অংশত তিব্বতীসকলৰ মাজত ভ্ৰাতৃত্বপূৰ্ণ বহুপতিত্বৰ প্ৰচলন দেখা যায়, য'ত দুই বা ততোধিক ভাতৃ একে পত্নীৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়, আৰু পত্নীয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ সৈতে সমান যৌন সম্বন্ধৰ অধিকাৰ লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Dreger |first1=A. |title=When Taking Multiple Husbands Makes Sense |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/02/when-taking-multiple-husbands-makes-sense/272726/ |accessdate=31 July 2018 |magazine=The Atlantic |date=2013}}</ref><ref name="Gielen1993">Gielen, U. P. (1993). Gender Roles in traditional Tibetan cultures. In L. L. Adler (Ed.), ''International handbook on gender roles'' (pp. 413-437). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.</ref> ই এক সাংস্কৃতিক বিশ্বাস যে এটা শিশুৰ একাধিক পিতৃ থাকিব পাৰে<ref name="Starkweather/Hames 2012"/> আৰু কেতিয়াবা থকাটো সুবিধাজনক। অভাৱপূৰ্ণ সমাজবোৰত বহুপতি হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা অধিক বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। ই মানুহৰ জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি সীমিত কৰে আৰু শিশুৰ স্বাস্থ্য আৰু জীয়াই থকাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বৃদ্ধি কৰে বুলি অধ্যয়নবোৰে প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="Gielen1993" /><ref name="Stone2006">(Linda Stone, ''Kinship and Gender'', 2006, Westview, 3rd ed., ch. 6) [http://www.case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanSociety/marriage.htm The Center for Research on Tibet] Papers on Tibetan Marriage and Polyandry (accessed October 1, 2006).</ref> এইটো বিবাহৰ এক বিৰল প্ৰকাৰ যি কেৱল কৃষক পৰিয়ালৰ মাজতেই নহয় অভিজাত পৰিয়ালবোৰৰ মাজতো বিদ্যমান।<ref>Goldstein, "Pahari and Tibetan Polyandry Revisited" in ''[[Ethnology (journal)|Ethnology]]'' 17(3): 325–327 (1978) ([http://www.case.edu/affil/tibet/tibetanSociety/marriage.htm The Center for Research on Tibet]; accessed October 1, 2007).</ref> উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, [[হিমালয়]] পৰ্বতমালাৰ বহুপতি প্ৰথাৰ ভূমিৰ অভাৱৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক। একেগৰাকী পত্নীৰ সৈতে পৰিয়ালৰ সকলো ভাতৃৰ বিবাহে পৰিয়ালৰ ভূমি অক্ষুণ্ণ আৰু অবিভক্ত হৈ থাকিবলৈ দিয়ে। যদি প্ৰতিজন ভাতৃয়ে পৃথকে বিবাহ পাশত আৱদ্ধ হয় আৰু পৃথক স্ত্ৰীৰ সন্তান লাভ কৰে, তেতিয়া পাৰিবাৰিক ভূমি আৰু সম্পত্তি বিভক্ত হয়। ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে, ভূমিৰ গৰাকী নোহোৱা অতি দৰিদ্ৰ ব্যক্তিসকলৰ মাজত এই প্ৰথা কম চলে, যেনে বৌদ্ধ [[লাডাখ]] আৰু জাংস্কাৰ অঞ্চল।<ref name="Gielen1993" /> [[ইউৰোপ]]ত, প্ৰদানযোগ্য উত্তৰাধিকাৰৰ সামাজিক প্ৰথাৰ জৰিয়তে ভূমিবিভাজন প্ৰতিহত কৰা হৈছিল। বেছিভাগ ভাই-ভনী উত্তৰাধিকাৰী নোহোৱাৰ বাবে, তেওঁলোকৰ বহুতে ব্ৰহ্মচাৰী সন্ন্যাসী আৰু পুৰোহিত হৈ পৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite book |last=Levine |first=Nancy |title=The Dynamics of polyandry: kinship, domesticity, and population on the Tibetan border |year=1998 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago}}</ref> প্ৰাণীজগতত একাধিক পুৰুষ সঙ্গীৰ সৈতে মিলন এক সাধাৰণ ঘটনা।<ref>Neff, B. D., & Svensson, E. I. (2013). Polyandry and alternative mating tactics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 368(1613), 20120045.</ref> ==প্ৰকাৰসমূহ== ===ভ্ৰাতৃত্বপূৰ্ণ বহুপতি=== ভ্ৰাতৃত্বপূৰ্ণ বহুপতি প্ৰথা হৈছে এক প্ৰকাৰৰ বহুপতি প্ৰথা য'ত এগৰাকী মহিলাই ভাতৃ দুজন বা ততোধিক পুৰুষৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আৱদ্ধ হয়। তিব্বত, নেপাল উত্তৰ ভাৰতৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত, আৰু মধ্য আফ্ৰিকাত ভ্ৰাতৃত্বপূৰ্ণ বহুপতি দেখা গৈছিল (আৰু কেতিয়াবা এতিয়াও দেখা যায়)।<ref>Banerjee, Partha S. (21 April 2002). "Wild, Windy and Harsh, yet Stunningly Beautiful". The Sunday Tribune.</ref> সেই ঠাইবোৰত ইয়াক সামাজিক অনুশীলন হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Gielen1993" /><ref name="Levine, Nancy">Levine, Nancy, ''The Dynamics of Polyandry: Kinship, domesticity and population on the Tibetan border'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.{{Page needed|date=August 2011}}</ref> দক্ষিণ ভাৰতৰ টোডা লোকসকলে ভ্ৰাতৃত্বপূৰ্ণ বহুমুখী অনুশীলন কৰে, কিন্তু শেহতীয়াকৈ একবিবাহ প্ৰচলিত হৈছে।<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sidner|first1=Sara|title=Brothers Share Wife to Secure Family Land|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/10/24/polygamy.investigation/index.html|work=CNN}}</ref> সমসাময়িক হিন্দু সমাজত পঞ্জাবৰ মালৱা অঞ্চলৰ কৃষকসমাজত বহুমুখী বিবাহ কৃষিভূমিৰ বিভাজন পৰিহাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে হোৱা দেখা যায়।<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1172638,prtpage-1.cms Draupadis bloom in rural Punjab] ''[[Times of India]]'', Jul 16, 2005.</ref> উনবিংশ শতিকাৰ ইংলেণ্ডত ভ্ৰাতৃত্বপূৰ্ণ বহুপতিৰ ইংগিত দিয়ে। [[:en:Primogeniture|প্ৰিমোজেনিচাৰ]]ৰ সংজ্ঞা অনুসৰি ঘৰৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ পুত্ৰই পাৰিবাৰিক সম্পত্তিৰ উত্তৰাধিকাৰী হৈছিল, আনহাতে সৰু পুত্ৰসকলে ঘৰ এৰি নিজৰ চাকৰি বিচাৰিব লগা হৈছিল। প্ৰিমোজেনিচাৰে প্ৰতি প্ৰজন্মত মাত্ৰ এজন উত্তৰাধিকাৰীক অনুমতি দি প্ৰজন্মজুৰি পাৰিবাৰিক সম্পত্তি অক্ষুণ্ণ ৰাখিছিল। ভ্ৰাতৃত্বপূৰ্ণ বহুগুণে ইয়াক সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে, কিন্তু সকলো ভাতৃক মাত্ৰ এগৰাকী পত্নীৰ সৈতে একেলগে ৰাখি এনে কৰে যাতে প্ৰতি প্ৰজন্মত কেৱল এটা উত্তৰাধিকাৰী থাকে।<ref>Goldstein, Melvyn (1987). Natural History. Natural History Magazine. pp. 39–48.</ref> এই কৌশলটো ভ্ৰাতৃত্বপূৰ্ণ ভাই-ভনী গোটটো যিমানে ডাঙৰ হয় সিমানেই কম সফল দেখা যায়। ===আংশিক পিতৃত্ব=== নৃতাত্ত্বিক ষ্টিফেন বেকাৰমেনে কয় যে কমেও ২০টা জনজাতীয় সমাজে স্বীকাৰ কৰে যে এটা শিশুৰ একাধিক পিতৃ থাকিব পাৰে, বা আদৰ্শভাৱে থাকিব লাগে, আৰু ইয়াক "আংশিক পিতৃত্ব" বুলি উল্লেখ কৰে।<ref>Beckerman, S., Valentine, P., (eds) (2002) The Theory and Practice of Partible Paternity in South America, University Press of Florida</ref> ইয়াৰ ফলত প্ৰায়ে একাধিক পিতৃয়ে মাকৰ সৈতে এক প্ৰকাৰৰ বহুমুখী সম্পৰ্কত এটা শিশুৰ ভাগ-বতৰা প্ৰতিপালন কৰে, অৱশ্যে সদায়ে এনে নহবও পাৰে।<ref>{{cite journal|author=Starkweather, Katie|title=A Preliminary Survey of Lesser-Known Polyandrous Societies|date=2009|journal=Nebraska Anthropologist|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebanthro/50}}</ref> নিম্নভূমি দক্ষিণ আমেৰিকাৰ থলুৱা লোকসকলৰ মাজত এনে ধাৰণা বা বিশ্বাস দেখা যায়।<ref> Beckerman S, et al. (1998) The Bari partible paternity project: Preliminary results.Anthropol 39:164–167.</ref><ref> Beckerman S, Valentine P, eds (2002) Cultures of Multiple Fathers: The Theory and Practice of Partible Paternity in Lowland South America (University Press of Florida, Gainsville, FL)</ref> এই ধাৰণাৰ মতে, একাধিক জৈৱিক পিতৃয়ে বীৰ্যৰ অৱদান দিয়ে, আৰু ভ্ৰূণ সৃষ্টি কৰাত সহায় কৰে। একাধিক পিতৃৰ এই স্বীকৃতি কেতিয়াবা আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ক্ৰমিক যৌনতাৰদ্বাৰা উদযাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>Crocker W, Crocker J (2004) The Canela: Kinship, Ritual, and Sex in an Amazonian Tribe (Wadsworth/Thomson, Belmont, CA).</ref><ref>Pollock D (2002) Partible paternity and multiple paternity among the Kulina. Cultures of Multiple Fathers: Theory and Practice of Partible Paternity in Lowland South America, eds Beckerman S, Valentine P (University Press of Florida, Gainsville, FL), pp 42–61.</ref><ref>Turner T (1966) Social structure and political organization among the northern Kayapo. PhD dissertation (Harvard University, Cambridge, MA).</ref> কেতিয়াবা যৌনতাৰ বাবে মাছ, মাংস, বা উপহাৰৰ বিনিময় হয়।<ref>Gregor T (1977) Mehinaku: The Drama of Daily Life in a Brazilian Indian Village(University of Chicago Press, Chicago).</ref><ref>. Werner D (1984) Amazon Journey: An Anthropologist’s Year Among Brazil’s Mekranoti Indians (Simon and Schuster, New York).</ref> এই গৌণ পিতৃত্বৰ ফলত সন্তান জীয়াই থকাৰ সম্ভাৱনা অধিক হয়।<ref>. Beckerman S, et al. (1998) The Bari partible paternity project: Preliminary results. Anthropol 39:164–167.</ref> ===আনুক্ৰমিক বহুপতি=== ভ্ৰাতৃত্বপূৰ্ণ বহুপতি প্ৰথাত এগৰাকী মহিলাই একেলগে কেইবাটাও স্বামী প্ৰাপ্ত কৰে, কিন্ত এগৰাকী মহিলাই যেতিয়া ক্ৰম অনুসৰি এটাৰ পাছত এটা স্বামী প্ৰাপ্ত কৰে তাক আনুক্ৰমিক বহুপতি বোলা হয়। এই প্ৰথাত পুৰুষসকল সম্পৰ্কিয় হ'বও পাৰে বা নহ'বও পাৰে। ইয়াত কেতিয়াবা এজন স্বামীক প্ৰাথমিক বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয় আৰু বাকী গৌণ স্বামীসকলক প্ৰদান নকৰা কিছুমান অধিকাৰ বা বিশেষাধিকাৰ প্ৰাথমিক স্বামীক প্ৰদান কৰা হয়। এই নিৰ্দিষ্ট প্ৰণালীত, গৌণ স্বামীসকলৰ প্ৰাথমিক পৰ্যায়ত সফল হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আছে যদিহে তেওঁলো গুৰুতৰভাৱে অসুস্থ হয় বা দীঘলীয়া সময়ৰ বাবে ঘৰৰ পৰা আঁতৰি থাকে। আনুক্ৰমিক একেদৰে সমতাবাদী হ'ব পাৰে, য'ত সকলো স্বামীৰ মৰ্যাদা, সমান আৰু একে অধিকাৰ হ'ব পাৰে। এই প্ৰণালীত, স্বামীয়ে যি কোনো সন্তান বহন কৰিব পাৰে আৰু তাৰ পিতৃত্বৰ ভাগ বতৰা কৰিব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=https://za.opera.news/za/en/sex-relationship/c4175e223da8fe286caca5601c31a06a |access-date=2021-09-05 |archivedate=2021-09-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905185915/https://za.opera.news/za/en/sex-relationship/c4175e223da8fe286caca5601c31a06a |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>https://everything.explained.today/Polyandry/</ref> ==জ্ঞাত ঘটনাসমূহৰ প্ৰতিবেদন== [[তিব্বত]]ৰ বহুপতি প্ৰথা এটা সাধাৰণ প্ৰথা আছিল আৰু আজিও কিছু পৰিমাণে অব্যাহত আছে। ১৯৮৮ চনত তিব্বত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ দ্বাৰা ৭৫৩টা তিব্বতীয় পৰিয়ালৰ ওপৰত কৰা এক সমীক্ষাত দেখা গৈছিল যে ১৩% লোকে বহুমুখী প্ৰণালী অনুশীলন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Rong |title=试论藏族的"一妻多夫"婚姻 |journal=《民族学报》 |date=2000 |issue=6 |url=http://www.mzb.com.cn/res/Home/0904/1/%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB.pdf |accessdate=31 July 2018 |language=zh |archivedate=31 July 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731153518/http://www.mzb.com.cn/res/Home/0904/1/%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ভাৰতত বহুপতি প্ৰথা এতিয়াও কিছু সংখ্যালঘুৰ মাজত দেখা যায়। [[ভূটান]] আৰু [[নেপাল]]ৰ উত্তৰ অংশতো কিছু ঠাইত এই প্ৰথা চলে। দক্ষিণ ভাৰতৰ টোডা জনজাতি, [[উত্তৰাখণ্ড]]ৰ জৌনচাৰ-বাৱাৰ অঞ্চল, [[ৰাজস্থান]], [[লাডাখ]] আৰু জাংস্কাৰৰ কেইবাটাও পিছপৰা ঠাইত বহুপতি প্ৰথা প্ৰচলিত দেখা যায়।<ref name="Gielen1993" /><ref name="Palm">{{cite news |title=Polyandry Practice Fascinates Prince |first=Dee |last=Whittington |newspaper=[[The Palm Beach Post]] |page=50 |date=December 12, 1976 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=blc0AAAAIBAJ&pg=2638,6668094&dq=polyandry+sri+lanka&hl=en |accessdate=October 14, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[নাইজেৰিয়া]]ৰ, ইৰিগৱে<ref>Sangree, W. H. (1980). The persistence of polyandry in lrigwe, Nigeria. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 11(3), 335-343.</ref> আৰু কিছুমান পলিনেচিয়ান সমাজত<ref>Goldman I., 1970, ''Ancient Polynesian Society''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press'</ref> এই প্ৰথা প্ৰচলিত, যদিও সম্ভৱতঃ কেৱল উচ্চ জাতৰ মহিলাসকলৰ মাজত ই প্ৰচলিত নহয়।<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=40332354 |pages=261–270 |last1=Thomas |first1=N. |title=Complementarity and History Misrecognizing Gender in the Pacific |volume=57 |issue=4 |journal=Oceania |year=1987|doi=10.1002/j.1834-4461.1987.tb02221.x }}</ref> চীনদেশৰ য়ুনান আৰু চিচুয়ান অঞ্চলৰ কিছুমান অঞ্চলত, [[চীন]]ৰ মচুও লোকসকলৰ মাজত (যিসকলে বহুস্ত্ৰী প্ৰথাও অনুশীলন কৰে), আৰু কিছুমান [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰ চাব-চাহাৰা অঞ্চল যেনে [[কেনিয়া]] আৰু উত্তৰ তাঞ্জানিয়াৰ মাচাই লোক<ref>''The Last of the Maasai''. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Pp. 86-87. Camerapix Publishers International. {{ISBN|1-874041-32-6}}</ref> আদি ঠাইতো এই প্ৰথা প্ৰচলিত। কেনাৰী দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ প্ৰথম জ্ঞাত বাসিন্দা গুয়ানচে জনজাতিটোৱে তেওঁলোকৰ বিলুপ্তি নোহোৱালৈকে বহুপতি প্ৰথা অনুশীলন কৰিছিল।<ref>"On Polyandry". Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation. 39 (52): 804. October 1891.</ref> [[ব্ৰাজিল]]ৰ কুমিনাপানেমা নদীৰ ʼপাৰাʼ ৰাজ্যৰ জোয়ে জনজাতিয়েও বহুমুখী প্ৰথা পালন কৰে।<ref>Starkweather, Kathrine E. (2010). Exploration into Human Polyandry: An Evolutionary Examination of the Non-Classical Cases (Master's thesis). University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved October 14, 2010.</ref> ==লগতে চাওক== * [[ভাৰতৰ বহুপতি প্ৰথা]] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:বিবাহ]] qfscrozyyw9lejh2ff4kagh5551emcx 0 74519 518715 383421 2025-06-17T04:08:59Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox holiday |holiday_name = ৰজ |type = প্ৰকৃতি উৎসৱ |image = Raja Doli khela Odia festival.jpg |imagesize = 250px |caption = ৰজ দোলি খেল |official_name = ৰজপৰ্ব |nickname = ৰজ পৰৱ |observedby = ওড়িয়াসকল |litcolor = |longtype = বসুমতী পূজন |significance = কৃষ আৰম্ভ |begins = |ends = |date = |date2021 = ১৪-১৬ জুন |celebrations = |observances = প্ৰথম দিন - প্ৰথম ৰজ, <br/>দ্বিতীয় দিন - ৰজ সংক্ৰান্তি, <br/>তৃতীয় দিন - বসুমতী স্নান আৰু ভূমি দহন |relatedto = [[অম্বুবাচী মেলা]] }} '''ৰজ''' বা '''ৰজপৰ্ব''' ({{lang-en|Raja parba}}) ওড়িশাৰ পৰম্পৰাগত উৎসৱ। এই উৎসৱ তিনিদিন ধৰি উদযাপন কৰা হয়। এই উৎসৱৰ দ্বিতীয় দিন অৰ্থাৎ ৰজ সংক্ৰান্তি বা মিথুন সংক্ৰান্তিৰ পৰা হিন্দু সৌৰদিনপঞ্জী অনুসৰি মিথুন ৰাশিৰ মাহ আৰম্ভ হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত বৰ্ষা ঋতু আৰম্ভ হয়। ৰজ সংক্ৰান্তিৰ প্ৰাকমুহূৰ্তত অৰ্থাৎ প্ৰথম দিনটো প্ৰথম ৰজ, দ্বিতীয় দিনা হৈছে ৰজ সংক্ৰান্তি, তৃতীয় দিনা হৈছে ভূমিদাহ বা ভূমি দহন, চতুৰ্থ আৰু অন্তিম দিন হৈছে বসুমতী স্নান।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://odiaexpress.in/raja-one-of-the-chief-festivals-of-odisha/ |title=Raja – One of the chief festivals of Odisha &#124; Odia Express |work=odiaexpress.in |year=2012 |quote=First day of Raja is known as the Pahili Raja, then the middle day is Raja Sankranti... |accessdate=14 June 2012 |archivedate=2 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902220633/http://odiaexpress.in/raja-one-of-the-chief-festivals-of-odisha/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ই উৎসৱে কৃষিৰ আৰম্ভণি সূচায়। ৰজ শব্দটোৰ আক্ষৰিক অৰ্থ হৈছে ৰাজস্বলা। ওড়িয়া সকলে পৃথিৱীক মাতৃ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰে আৰু বৰষুণৰ আগমনত ইয়াক ঋতুমতী হোৱাৰ আৰু নতুন শস্যৰ জন্মৰ সাংকেতিক ৰূপ জড়িত আছে। এই উৎসৱ কৃষকসকলে বসুমতি আৰু হাল-নাঙলৰ পূজা কৰি তিনিদিনৰ বাবে খেতিৰ পৰা বিৰতি লয়। ছোৱালীৰ ৰজ দোলি আৰু পুচ্চি খেলৰ লগতে ৰজত পড পিঠা আৰু পান খায়াৰ লগতে ল'ৰাৰ লুডাছ, টাচ, বাগুডি আদি খেলি এই উৎসৱ উদযাপন কৰা হয়। এই উৎসৱ অসমত উদযাপিত [[অম্বুবাচী]]ৰ সম্পৰ্যায়ৰ। ==ধৰ্মীয় বিশ্বাস== [[File:Jagannatha naya.jpg|right|200px|thumb|নয়াগড়ত অৱস্থিত জগন্নাথৰ তলত ভূদেৱী আৰু শ্ৰীদেৱীৰ মূৰ্তি আছে]] বিশ্বাস কৰা হয় যে আই বসুমতী বা ভগৱান বিষ্ণুৰ ঐশ্বৰিক পত্নী ভূদেৱীয়ে ৰজ উৎসৱৰ তিনিদিনত ৰাজস্বলা হয়। চতুৰ্থ দিনটোক বসুমতী স্নান বা ভূদেৱীৰ আনুষ্ঠানিক স্নান বুলি কোৱা হয়। ৰজ শব্দটো সংস্কৃত শব্দ 'ৰজঃ'ৰ পৰা আহিছে আৰু ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে ঋতুস্ৰাব। যেতিয়া এগৰাকী মহিলাৰ ঋতুস্ৰাৱ হয় তেতিয়া তেওঁক 'ৰজসৱালা' বা ঋতুস্ৰাৱহোৱা মহিলা বুলি কোৱা হয়। মধ্যযুগত এই উৎসৱ ভগৱান জগন্নাথৰ পত্নী ভূদেৱীৰ উপাসনা চিহ্নিত কৰি কৃষি বন্ধ হিচাপে অধিক জনপ্ৰিয় হৈ পৰে। পুৰী জগন্নাথ মন্দিৰত ভগৱান জগন্নাথৰ কাষত এতিয়াও ভূদেৱীৰ এটা ৰূপৰ মূৰ্তি আছে।<ref>{{cite web|title=CHECK: RAJA Sankranti Odisha 2021 date, Wishes, Images, Sms {{!}} Pahili Raja,Raja Sankaranti Images Online |url=https://www.odiasayari.com/raja-sankaranti-odisha/|website=Odiasayari.com |access-date=15 June 2021 }}</ref> ==উদযাপন== এই উৎসৱ সাধাৰণতে জুনৰ মাজভাগত পৰে।<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Sushmita|title=Raja Parba 2016: This 4-day Odiya festival honours womanhood [PICTURE GREETINGS]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/raja-parba-2016-this-4-day-odiya-festival-honours-womanhood-picture-greetings-682628|access-date=4 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> ইয়াৰ প্ৰথম দিনটোক পাহিলী ৰজ বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=CHECK: RAJA Sankaranti festival 2021 date, Pahili Raja Quotes,Wishes,Shayari Images Online |url=https://www.pixnama.com/raja-sankranti/ |website=Pixnama.com |access-date=14 June 2021 |archivedate=21 June 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621042949/https://www.pixnama.com/raja-sankranti/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> দ্বিতীয় দিন হৈছে মিথুন সংক্ৰান্তি আৰু তৃতীয় দিন হৈছে ভূদাহ বা বাহি ৰজ। অন্তিম তথা চতুৰ্থ দিনটোক বসুমতী স্নান বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদিনা মহিলাসকলে হালধিৰে ভূমিৰ প্ৰতীক হিচাপে পটাগুটিৰ শিলটোক গা ধুৱায় আৰু ফুল, সিন্দুৰ আদিৰে আৰাধনা কৰে। সকলো ধৰণৰ ঋতুগত ফল ভূমিক আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। প্ৰথম দিনটোৰ আগদিনা সজাবাজা বা প্ৰস্তুতিৰ দিন বুলি কোৱা হয়। এইদিনা ঘৰ, পাকঘৰ, পটাগুটিৰ শিলসহ পাকঘৰ পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা হয়, মচলা তিনি দিনৰ বাবে পিহি তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। এই তিনিদিনত মহিলা আৰু ছোৱালীয়ে কামৰ পৰা বিশ্ৰাম লয় আৰু নতুন [[শাৰী]], [[আলতা]] আৰু অলংকাৰ পিন্ধে। ই [[অম্বুবাচী মেলা]]ৰ সম্পৰ্যায়ৰ। ৰজ [[ওড়িশা]] অন্যতম জনপ্ৰিয় উৎসৱ। ৰজ<ref>{{cite news|title=‘Raja Utsav’ to be celebrated tomorrow|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/raja-utsav-to-be-celebrated-tomorrow/article1856168.ece|access-date=29 September 2016|work=The Hindu|date=14 June 2007|language=en-IN}}</ref> একেৰাহে তিনিদিন উদযাপন কৰা হয়। যেনেকৈ পৃথিৱীয়ে আগন্তুক বৰষুণৰ দ্বাৰা তৃষ্ণা নিবাৰণৰ বাবে নিজকে প্ৰস্তুত কৰে ঠিক তেনেদৰে পৰিয়ালৰ অবিবাহিত ছোৱালীবোৰক এই উৎসৱৰ জৰিয়তে আসন্ন বিবাহৰ বাবে সাজু কৰা হয়। তেওঁলোকে এই তিনিদিন আনন্দময় উৎসৱত পাৰ কৰে আৰু কেৱল কেঁচা আৰু পুষ্টিকৰ খাদ্য খোৱা, বিশেষকৈ পোডাপিঠা খোৱা, গা নোধোৱা বা নিমখ গ্ৰহণ নকৰা, খালি ভৰিৰে খোজ নকঢ়া আৰু ভৱিষ্যতে স্বাস্থ্যৱান সন্তান জন্ম দিয়াৰ প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰাৰ দৰে ৰীতি-নীতি পালন কৰে। ৰজ আনন্দৰ আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আৰু উপভোগ্য কাৰ্যসূচী হৈছে ডাঙৰ [[বট গছ]]ৰ ওপৰত ৰছী-দোলনা আৰু গীতিমূলক লোক-গীত। ইয়াৰ গীতসমূহত বিশেষকৈ পৰিৱেশ উপভোগ কৰা দাম্পত্য সৌন্দৰ্যৰ বিষয়ে আদিম উৰ্বৰতা বিষয়ক।<ref>{{cite news|title=Raja Festival : Odisha’s unique fest to raise toast to womanhood & Nature|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/raja-festival-odishas-unique-fest-to-raise-toast-to-womanhood-nature-221937|access-date= 15 June 2017|work= OdishaTv|language=en-IN}}</ref> বাৰিষাৰ আগমন উদযাপন কৰিবলৈ গাওঁবাসীয়ে তিনিদিনৰ বাবে আনন্দময় ৰজ উৎসৱৰ আয়োজন কৰে। যদিও সমগ্ৰ ওড়িশাতে ইয়াক উদযাপন কৰা হয় তথাপিও উপকূলীয় জিলাসমূহত ইয়াক যথেষ্ট উৎসাহেৰে উদযাপন কৰা হয়। [[File:ରଜ ପିଠା ମିଠା.jpg|thumb|ৰজ উৎসৱৰ বিশিষ্ট খাদ্য]] জনবিশ্বাস অনুসৰি মহিলাৰ ঋতুস্ৰাৱ উৰ্বৰতাৰ লক্ষণ লগতে ই আই বসুমতীৰ ঋতুচক্ৰ। গতিকে উৎসৱৰ তিনিওটা দিন পৃথিৱী মাতৃৰ ঋতুস্ৰাবৰ সময় বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। উৎসৱৰ সময়ত সকলো কৃষি কাৰ্য স্থগিত ৰখা হয়। ঋতুস্ৰাৱৰ তিনিদিনত পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰতি সন্মান প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰি এই কেইদিন সকলো কৃষিকৰ্ম স্থবিৰ হৈ পৰে। তাৎপৰ্যপূৰ্ণভাৱে ই হৈছে অবিবাহিত ছোৱালী আৰু সম্ভাৱ্য মাতৃসকলৰ উৎসৱ। তেওঁলোক সকলোৱে ঋতুস্ৰাৱ হোৱা মহিলাৰ বাবে নিৰ্ধাৰিত প্ৰতিবন্ধকতা পালন কৰে। প্ৰথম দিনাই তেওঁলোকে ৰাতিপুৱা হোৱাৰ আগতে উঠি চুলি ঠিক কৰে, তেওঁলোকৰ শৰীৰক হালধি আৰু তেলৰে অভিষিক্ত কৰে আৰু তাৰ পিছত নদী বা পুখুৰীত বিশুদ্ধতাসূচক স্নান কৰে। বিশেষকৈ বাকী দুদিন তেওঁলোকৰ গা ধোৱা নিষিদ্ধ। সিহঁতে খালি ভৰিৰে খোজ কাঢ়িব নোৱাৰে লগতে মাটি কটা, বস্তু পিহা, ফুল-ফল ছিঙা, বস্তু কটা আৰু ৰন্ধা নিষিদ্ধ। একেৰাহে তিনিওটা দিনত তেওঁলোক সুন্দৰ পোছাক আৰু সজ্জাত দেখা যায় লগতে বন্ধু আৰু আত্মীয়ৰ ঘৰত পিঠা আৰু সমৃদ্ধ খাদ্য খোৱা, দীঘলীয়া আনন্দৰ সময় অতিবাহিত কৰা, দোলনাত উঠা-নমা কৰা, গীত গোৱা আদি নানা আনন্দমূলক কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জড়িত থাকে। এই উৎসৱৰ লগত জড়িত দোলনাবোৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ, যেনে 'ৰাম দোলি', 'চাৰ্কি দোলি', 'পাটা দোলি', 'দণ্ডি দোলি' ইত্যাদি। উৎসৱৰ বাবে বিশেষভাৱে নিৰ্ধাৰিত গানবোৰে প্ৰেম, স্নেহ, সন্মান, সামাজিক আচৰণ আৰু সামাজিক শৃংখলাৰ সকলো বোৰৰ কথা লোকগীতসমূহত প্ৰকাশ পায়। এই গীতবোৰৰ বেছিভাগেই বিভাজন আৰু অনুভূতিৰ নিখুঁত সৌন্দৰ্যৰ জৰিয়তে স্থিৰতা অৰ্জন কৰিছে আৰু ওড়িশাৰ পাৰম্পৰিক লোকগীতৰ অধীনস্থ হৈ পৰিছে। সকলো কৃষি কাৰ্যকলাপ স্থগিত থকাৰ লগতে আনন্দময় পৰিৱেশ বিয়পি থকাৰ বাবে যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলে বিভিন্ন প্ৰকাৰৰ দেশৰ খেলত নিজকে ব্যস্ত ৰাখে। এইসময়ত আটাইতকৈ প্ৰিয় হৈছে 'কাবাদি'। গাঁৱৰ বিভিন্ন গোটৰ মাজত প্ৰতিযোগিতাও অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। গোটেই ৰাতি 'যাত্ৰা' প্ৰদৰ্শন বা 'গোটিপুয়া' নৃত্য সমৃদ্ধ গাওঁবোৰত আয়োজন কৰা হয়। নাটক আৰু অন্যান্য ধৰণৰ মনোৰঞ্জনৰ ব্যৱস্থাও কৰে। এই উৎসৱৰ পিছত যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলে বাৰিষা আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ কৃষিকাৰ্যৰ জড়িত হয়।<ref>{{cite web|title=Know more about Festivities of Odisha during days of Raja Parba - Bhubaneswar Buzz|url=http://www.bhubaneswarbuzz.com/updates/festivals/know-festivities-odisha-days-raja-parba|website=Bhubaneswarbuzz|access-date=4 October 2016|date=14 June 2016}}</ref> ==চিত্ৰমালা== <gallery> Pana masala.jpg|পান মছলা Raja Pana.jpg|ৰজ পান Meethapana2.jpg|মিঠা পান Chakuli pitha.jpg|চকুলী পিঠা Raja Doli.JPG|ৰজ দোলি </gallery> ==তথ্য উৎস== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ উৎসৱসমূহ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ উৎসৱসমূহ]] 2rd8x4u9w1dggqutruk0f261dnsl6al 0 99677 518705 431271 2025-06-17T00:53:29Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Burial place of the 14th-century Muslim saint Shah Jalal in Sylhet, Bangladesh}} {{Infobox religious building|name=শ্বাহ জালাল দৰগাহ |native_name=শাহজালাল দরগাহ |native_name_lang=bn |image=Sylhet02.jpg |alt= |caption=বৰ গুম্বত মছজিদ |map_type=[[বাংলাদেশ]] |map_size=240 |map_alt= |map_relief=1 |map_caption=Location in [[Bangladesh]] |coordinates={{coord|24.902592|91.866589|format=dms|region:IQ_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} |coordinates_footnotes= |religious_affiliation=[[মুছলিম]] |locale= |location=দৰগাহ মহল, [[চিলেট]] |rite=|sect=[[ছুন্নী]] |tradition= |festival=<!-- or | festivals = --> |cercle= |sector= |municipality= |district=[[চিলেট জিলা]] |province=[[চিলেট বিভাগ]] |country=[[বাংলাদেশ]] |administration= |consecration_year={{circa|১৫০০}} |organisational_status= |functional_status=সক্ৰিয় |heritage_designation= |ownership= |governing_body= |leadership=হুজাইফা হুছেইন চৌধুৰী ([[ইমাম]])<ref name=News>{{cite news|date=2020-06-26|script-title=bn:সাবেক এমপি ড. সৈয়দ মকবুল হোসেনের সুস্থতা কামনায় দোয়া|url=http://www.sylhetview24.net/news/details/Sylhet/187804|work=sylhetview24|language=bn|access-date=2020-09-24|title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি|archivedate=2020-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627004531/http://www.sylhetview24.net/news/details/Sylhet/187804|deadurl=yes}}</ref><br/>ছাৰেকাউম ফাতেহুল্লাহ আল-আমান (মুতাৱাল্লী)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2017/08/09/529750|title=শাহজালাল (রহ.) মাজারে ওরশ শনিবার শুরু|work=[[Kaler Kantho]]|language=bn|date=2017-08-09|access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref> |patron= |religious_features= |architect= |architecture_type= |architecture_style=[[মোগল স্থাপত্য|মোগল]] |building_name=শ্বাহ জালাল দৰগাহ }} '''শ্বাহ জালাল দৰগাহ''' ({{lang-bn|শাহজালাল দরগাহ}}) হৈছে [[বাংলাদেশ]]ৰ [[চিলেট]]ত অৱস্থিত চতুৰ্দশ শতিকাৰ মুছলমান সাধু শ্বাহ জালালৰ মাজাৰ আৰু সমাধিস্থল। ''[[দৰগাহ]]'' নামেৰে জনাজাত এই স্থানটো প্ৰথমে ১৫০০ চনত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল যদিও ইয়াৰ পিছৰ শতিকাবোৰত ইয়াৰ গঠনত বহু সংযোজন আৰু পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হয়। ই অঞ্চলটোৰ এটা ধৰ্মীয় কেন্দ্ৰত পৰিণত হয়, একাধিক শাসকীয় প্ৰশাসনৰ মাজত সন্মানিত আৰু বঙালীসকলৰ মাজত অতিশয় পূজনীয়, ইয়াৰ চাৰিওফালে স্থানীয় লোককথা আৰু কিংবদন্তিসমূহৰ বিকাশ ঘটিছিল। চাৰিওফালৰ বিস্তৃত চৌহদটোৱে কেইবাটাও অনুষ্ঠানৰ কাম কৰে আৰু ইয়াত চাৰিটা [[মছজিদ]], এখন [[মাদ্ৰাছাহ|ধৰ্মীয় বিদ্যালয়]] আৰু এটা ৰাজহুৱা [[কবৰস্থান]] আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছে। বৰ্তমান দৰগাহ বাংলাদেশৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ আৰু সৰ্বাধিক দৰ্শনাৰ্থী ধৰ্মীয় স্থান। == ধৰ্মীয় তাৎপৰ্য্য == শ্বাহ জালাল আছিল এজন চুফী সন্ত যিয়ে পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে চিলেট [[মুছলমান]] বিজয়ৰ লগতে অঞ্চলটোত [[ইছলাম]] প্ৰচাৰৰ সৈতে স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Chanda1936">{{cite book|last=Chanda|first=Ramaprasad|authorlink=Ramaprasad Chanda|editor=Ramananda Chatterjee|editor-link=Ramananda Chatterjee|title=Hinduism and the Untouchables|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxIFAAAAMAAJ|series=The Modern Review|volume=59|year=1936|publisher=Prabasi Press Private, Limited|location=Calcutta|page=101}}</ref><ref name="Knight2014">{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Lisa I.|title=Contradictory Lives: Baul Women in India and Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_8TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-939684-9|page=19}}</ref> চৈয়দ মুৰ্তাজা আলীয়ে "চিলেটৰ পৃষ্ঠপোষক"<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ali|first=Syed Murtaza|authorlink=Syed Murtaza Ali|editor=S. Moinul Haq|title=A chronology of Muslim Faujdars of Sylhet|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66554/page/n291/mode/2up|journal=Proceedings of the Pakistan History Conference|year=1954|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society.|location=Karachi|page=275}}</ref> বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছিল। ১৩৪৭ চনত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত চহৰখনত শ্বাহ জালালৰ সমাধিস্থল ধৰ্মীয় তীৰ্থস্থান হৈ পৰে।<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Shah Jalal (R)|author=Abdul Karim}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Syed Murtaza|authorlink=Syed Murtaza Ali|title=Saints of East Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28ogAAAAMAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Oxford University Press, Pakistan Branch|page=29}}</ref> [[বঙালী মুছলমান]] আৰু [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] উভয়েই এই স্থানলৈ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰা কৰি সাধুজনৰ ওচৰত দান আৰু [[দোআ]] কৰে।<ref name="Rizvi1970P94">{{cite book|last=Rizvi|first=S. N. H.|title=East Pakistan District Gazetteers: Sylhet|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43tCAAAAYAAJ|year=1970|publisher=East Pakistan Government Press}}</ref>{{NoteTag|Writer [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] reported that [[Sadhu]]s honoured the site due to a view that Shah Jalal was an incarnation of [[Shiva|Mahadev]].<ref name="Bhattacharya2007">{{cite book|last=Bhattacharya|first=Binay|title=India's Freedom Movement: Legacy of Bipin Chandra Pal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BluAAAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Bipin Chandra Pal Memorial Trust &#91;by&#93; Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7629-974-9|page=55}}</ref>}} চুফী গৰাকীৰ মৃত্যু বাৰ্ষিকী উৎসৱত প্ৰধানকৈ [[বাংলাদেশ]] আৰু চুবুৰীয় দেশ ভাৰতৰ পৰা হাজাৰ হাজাৰ দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ সমাগম দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়।<ref name="srihotto">{{cite book|last=Choudhury|first=Achyut Charan|authorlink=Achyut Charan Choudhury|title=Srihatter Itibritta: Purbangsho|year=1910|publisher=Shriupendranath Pal Choudhury|location=Kolkata|language=Bangla|url=https://bn.m.wikisource.org/wiki/পাতা:শ্রীহট্টের_ইতিবৃত্ত_(_পূর্বাংশ)_-_অচ্যুতচরণ_চৌধুরী_তত্ত্বনিধি.pdf/২৮৫|chapter=Second chapter- Dervish Shahjalal}}</ref><ref name="islam jothi">{{cite book|title=শ্রীহট্টে ইসলাম জ্যোতি|chapter=ষষ্ঠ পরিচ্ছেদ|page=41|first=Azhar ad-Din|last=Siddiqi|publisher=উত্স প্রকাশন|location=Dhaka|date=Sep 2002}}</ref> বৰ্তমান দৰগাহ বাংলাদেশৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি দৰ্শনাৰ্থী ঠাই।<ref name="RajHarman2012">{{cite book|last1=Raj|first1=Selva J.|last2=Harman|first2=William P.|title=Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h80yOTwlAUcC&pg=PA90|year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=978-0-7914-8200-1|page=90}}</ref> ইতিহাসবিদ [[চৈয়দ মাহমুদুল হাছান|চৈয়দ মাহমুদুল হাছানে]] ইয়াক "চিলেটৰ ধৰ্মীয় কেন্দ্ৰ" বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছে।<ref name="Hasan1988P38">{{cite book|last=Hasan|first=Syed Mahmudul|title=Islamic Heritage of Bangladesh: Tombs and Shrines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNzre9OdV5oC|series=Bangladesh Quarterly|year=1988|publisher=Department of Films & Publications, Government of Bangladesh|page=38}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == কোৱা হয় যে বিজয়ৰ পিছত শ্বাহ জালালে তেওঁৰ সহযোগী কিছুমানৰ সৈতে বৰ্তমান দৰগাহ থকা পাহাৰৰ ওপৰত বসতি স্থাপন কৰিছিল। লখনৌতিৰ চুলতান ''ছামছুদ্দিন ফিৰুজ শ্বাহে'' তেখেতোক পুৰস্কাৰ হিচাপে শ্ৰীহাট ([[চিলেট]])ৰ নতুনকৈ অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰা কাছবাহৰ ওপৰত শাসন কৰিবলৈ অনুৰোধ জনায়। কিন্তু পিছৰজনে এই প্ৰস্তাৱ গ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ অস্বীকাৰ কৰি তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে ''চিকন্দৰ খান গাজীক'' অঞ্চলটোৰ প্ৰথম '''ৱাজিৰ''' হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। ফিৰুজ শ্বাহে শ্বাহ জালালক কেনেবাকৈ পুৰস্কৃত কৰিব বিচাৰি তাৰ পিছত ঘোষণা কৰিলে যে তেওঁ সাধুজনক তেওঁৰ বাসস্থান কৰমুক্ত কৰি সন্মান জনাব। ঠাইখনৰ বাবে এই ৰেহাই আজিও চলি আছে।<ref name="Syl1">{{cite book|title=সিলেট বিভাগের ভৌগোলিক ঐতিহাসিক রুপরেখা|first=Syed Mustafa|last=Kamal|publisher=Sheikh Faruq Ahmad, Palash Seba Trust|location=Sylhet|year=2011|page=30|language=bn}}</ref> মূল সমাধিটো খালিছ খানে বংগৰ চুলতান আলাউদ্দিন হুছেইন শ্বাহৰ ৰাজত্বকালত এই স্থানত ১৫০৫ চনৰ এটা শিলালিপি অনুসৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল,<ref name="Hasan1988P38" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Social History Of The Muslims In Bengal (Down to A.D. 1538)|publisher=The Asiatic Society of Pakistan|location=[[Dacca]]|author=[[Abdul Karim (historian)|Abdul Karim]]|year=1959|page=56}}</ref> যদিও ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে ইয়াত ধৰ্মীয় ভৱন আছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ১৪৭২ চনত মাজলিছ আলম নামৰ এজন দস্তুৰ (মন্ত্ৰী)য়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা চুলতান ছামছুদ্দিন ইউছুফ শ্বাহৰ ৰাজত্বকালৰ এটা বৃহৎ [[মছজিদ]]ৰ লগতে [[ইছলাম]]ৰ পূৰ্বৰ সম্ভাৱ্য পুতি থোৱা ধ্বংসাৱশেষ আছিল যদিও পিছৰটো খনন নোহোৱাকৈয়ে আছে।<ref>{{cite conference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_BtAAAAMAAJ|title=Advent of Islam and Hazrat Shah Jalal (R)|last1=Karim|first1=Abdul|author-link1=Abdul Karim (historian)|editor=Sharif Uddin Ahmed|year=1999|publisher=Bangladesh Itihas Samiti|book-title=Sylhet: History and Heritage|page=132|location=Sylhet|conference=|isbn=978-984-31-0478-6}}</ref><ref name="Hasan1970P159">{{cite book|last=Hasan|first=Sayed Mahmudul|title=A Guide to Ancient Monuments of East Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ci1uAAAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Society for Pakistan Studies|location=Dacca|page=159}}</ref><ref>{{harvtxt|Ali|1954|p=276}}</ref> অঞ্চলটো [[মোগল সাম্ৰাজ্য|মোগল শাসন]]ৰ অধীনলৈ অহাৰ পিছত চিলেটৰ বহু শাসকীয় ফৌজদাৰে এই স্থানত নিৰ্মাণ প্ৰকল্পৰ কাম আৰম্ভ কৰে, য’ত মছজিদ আৰু সমাধিও আছিল। যদিও তাৰ পিছত বহুত নোহোৱা হৈ গৈছে, বাকী থকাবোৰৰ ভিতৰত উল্লেখযোগ্য হ’ল বাহৰাম খানৰ তিনিটা গম্বুজযুক্ত মছজিদ, লুতফুল্লাহ শ্বিৰাজীৰ দৰগাহৰ চাৰিওফালৰ দেৱাল আৰু ফাৰহাদ খানৰ বাৰা গুম্বাদ মছজিদ।<ref name="Hasan1987P247">{{cite book|last=Hasan|first=Sayed Mahmudul|title=Muslim Monuments of Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vdtAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Islamic Foundation Bangladesh|page=247}}</ref>{{NoteTag|According to an extant [[Farsi|Persian]] inscription, Shirazi also built a small mosque during his term as Faujdar.<ref name=sbd>{{cite news|url=https://www.sbdnews24.com/news/17146|title=ইতিহাস ঐতিহ্যে আমাদের সিলেট-পর্ব ০৫|trans-title=The tradition and history of our Sylhet – Part 03|first=Jobrul Alom|last=Shumon|work=SBDNews24.com|date=2015-08-25|language=bn|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref>}} ফাৰহাদ খানৰ কাৰ্যকালতো ১৬৭৮ চনত বৰ্তমানৰ সমাধিটো নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Rizvi1970P110">{{harvtxt|Rizvi|1970|p=110}}</ref> বৰ্তমানৰ কোনো অট্টালিকা ১৭ শতিকাৰ পিছৰ নহয়, পৰৱৰ্তী নিৰ্মাণত কেৱল পুৰণি গঠনসমূহ সংস্কাৰ কৰাৰ প্ৰৱণতা দেখা যায়।<ref name="DaniPrasad1961P239">{{cite book|last1=Dani|first1=Ahmad Hasan|authorlink1=Ahmad Hasan Dani|last2=Prasad|first2=Munshi Shyam|title=Muslim Architecture in Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CE5QAAAAMAAJ|year=1961|publisher=Asiatic Society of Pakistan|location=Dhaka|page=239}}</ref> পুৰণি তথ্য অনুসৰি [[দিল্লী]]ৰ দৰবাৰীসকলে যেতিয়া চহৰখন ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল, তেতিয়া দৰগাহৰ শ্বেইখে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে তেওঁলোকৰ মূৰত পাগৰি বান্ধিছিল। শ্বাহ জালালক শ্ৰদ্ধা নিদিয়ালৈকে দৰবাৰীসকলৰ উচ্চ মৰ্যাদা স্থানীয় ৰাইজে মানি লোৱা নাছিল।<ref name="srihotto" /> চিলেটৰ [[মুছলমান]] শাসকসকলৰ মাজতো এইটো এটা পৰম্পৰা আছিল যিসকলে শ্ৰদ্ধা হিচাপে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে চহৰখনত উপস্থিত হোৱাৰ লগেতে [[দৰগাহ]] ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল। [[ব্ৰিটিছ ৰাজ|ব্ৰিটিছ]]ৰ অধীনত চিলেটৰ বাসিন্দাসকলে এই প্ৰথা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। ১৭৭৯ চনত সেই ভূমিকাত নিযুক্তি পোৱা ৰবাৰ্ট লিণ্ডছেই তেওঁৰ ভ্ৰমণৰ বিষয়ে তলত দিয়া বিৱৰণ দিছে:<ref name="Ali1971P31">{{harvtxt|Ali|1971|p=31}}</ref><ref name="Crawford1858">{{cite book|last=Lindsay Crawford|first=Alexander William|authorlink=Alexander Lindsay, 25th Earl of Crawford|title=Lives of the Lindsays: or, a Memoir of the Houses of Crawford and Balcarres|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWZfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA168|edition=2nd|volume=III|year=1858|publisher=John Murray|location=London|page=168}}</ref>{{quote|মোক এতিয়া কোৱা হ’ল যে নতুন বাসিন্দাজনে টিউটলাৰ সন্ত শ্ব’ জুললৰ মন্দিৰত শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি জনোৱাটো অভ্যাস। ভাৰতৰ প্ৰতিটো প্ৰান্তৰ পৰা ইছলাম ধৰ্মৰ তীৰ্থযাত্ৰীসকলে এই মন্দিৰলৈ ভিৰ কৰে, আৰু মই পিছত দেখিলোঁ যে সমাধিস্থলত উপস্থিত থকা ধৰ্মান্ধ লোকসকল অলপ বিপদজনক নাছিল। ধৰ্মীয় পক্ষপাতিত্বৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজ দিয়াটো মোৰ কাম নাছিল, আৰু সেয়েহে মইও ৰাজ্যত গৈছিলো, যিদৰে মোৰ আগতে আনসকলে গৈছিল, মোৰ জোতাযোৰ দুৱাৰমুখত থৈ সমাধিস্থলত পাঁচটা সোণৰ মহুৰ প্ৰসাদ হিচাপে জমা দিলোঁ। এইদৰে শুদ্ধ হৈ মই মোৰ বাসস্থানলৈ উভতি আহিলোঁ, আৰু মোৰ প্ৰজাৰ শ্ৰদ্ধা লাভ কৰিলোঁ।}}১৮৫০ চনত মোগল সম্ৰাট দ্বিতীয় শ্বাহ আলমৰ পুত্ৰ ৰাজকুমাৰ ফিৰুজে ১৮৫০ চনত এই দৰগাহ ভ্ৰমণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="srihotto" />{{rp|১০০}} == বিন্যাস আৰু গঠন == [[চিত্ৰ:Grave_of_Shah_Jalal.jpg|right|thumb|275x275px|শ্বাহ জালালৰ মুকলি কবৰস্থান]] [[চিত্ৰ:Men_at_Shrine_of_Hazrat_Shah_Jalal_-_Sylhet_-_Bangladesh_(12988224293).jpg|thumb|কবৰস্থানৰ পৰা সমাধিৰ দৃশ্য।]] উত্তৰ চিলেটৰ দৰগাহ মহল্লা চুবুৰীৰ এটা নিম্ন পাহাৰত (দৰগাহ টিলা নামেৰে জনাজাত)<ref name="Rizvi1970P94" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Azad|first1=Md. Abul Kalam|last2=Akter|first2=Salma|title=Spiritual Tourism Development in Bangladesh: An Overview|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3Z0yh1uTFUC|journal=Dhaka University Journal of Business Studies|volume=XXX|issue=I|year=2009|publisher=Registrar, University of Dhaka|location=Dhaka|page=233}}</ref> অৱস্থিত এই সমাধিক্ষেত্ৰ কমপ্লেক্স [[বাংলাদেশ]]ৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ ধৰ্মীয় চৌহদ।<ref name="RajHarman2012" /> দৰগাহ গেট নামেৰে জনাজাত মূল প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰটো,<ref name="Knight2014" /> এটা বৃহৎ প্লাজালৈ মুকলি হয়, যাৰ সন্মুখত মহিলাসকলৰ সেৱাৰ বাবে নিবেদিত এটা অংশ আছে। শ্বাহ জালালৰ সমাধিস্থল নিজেই চৌহদৰ মাজত অৱস্থিত আৰু এই অংশৰ সোঁফালে থকা চিৰিৰে যাব পাৰি যদিও কেৱল পুৰুষসকলকহে প্ৰৱেশৰ অনুমতি দিয়া হয়।<ref name="RajHarman2012" /><ref name="Rizvi1970P110" /> খটখটিবোৰ এটা বহল সমতল মঞ্চত শেষ হয় আৰু সন্মুখত বৰ গম্বুজ মছজিদ, য’ৰ মাজেৰে দৰ্শনাৰ্থীসকলে সমাধিস্থলত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ পাৰ হৈ যায়।<ref name="Hasan1970P159" /><ref name="DaniPrasad1961P240">{{harvtxt|Dani|Prasad|1961|p=240}}</ref> তাৰ পিছৰটো শিলৰ দ্বাৰা নিৰ্মিত আৰু মুকলি চালযুক্ত, ইয়াৰ চাৰিটা চুকত ডাঙৰ ডাঙৰ টেপাৰ খুঁটাৰে চিহ্নিত কৰা হৈছে যিয়ে কাপোৰৰ চালি এটাক সমৰ্থন কৰে, য'ত কবৰটো নিজেই ইয়াৰ অস্বাভাৱিকভাৱে ডাঙৰ আকাৰৰ বাবে উল্লেখযোগ্য বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref name="DaniPrasad1961P240" /><ref name="Ali1971P30">{{harvtxt|Ali|1971|p=30}}</ref><ref name="Karim1985">{{cite book|last=Karim|first=Abdul|authorlink=Abdul Karim (historian)|title=Social History of the Muslims in Bengal (Down to A.D. 1538)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DodAAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Baitush Sharaf Islamic Research Institute|location=Chittagong|page=133}}</ref> শ্বাহ জালালৰ কিছুমান সংগী যেনে শ্বাহজাদা আলী, হাজী ইউছুফ, হাজী খলিল আৰু হাজী দাৰিয়াৰ সমাধিস্থলৰ লগতে তেওঁৰ চিল্লা খানাও ওচৰতে আছে।<ref name="Census">{{cite book|title=Population Census of Bangladesh, 1974: District census report: Sylhet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGfQH6KIthgC|year=1974|publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh|page=32}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi1970P111">{{harvtxt|Rizvi|1970|p=111}}</ref>{{NoteTag|The [[Sareqaum|descendants of Haji Yusuf]] subsequently served as ''Mutawalli'' (custodians) of the shrine.<ref name="Ismail2010">{{cite book |last=Ismail|first=Muhammad|title=Hagiology of Sufi Saints and the Spread of Islam in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrFPAQAAIAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Jnanada Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7139-375-6|page=163}}</ref> Thomas William Beale, in his 1881 ''[[An Oriental Biographical Dictionary]]'', also mentioned that the Dargah had a large number of attendants to minister it.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028544983/page/n375/mode/2up?q=sylhet|title=[[An Oriental Biographical Dictionary|An oriental biographical dictionary, founded on materials collected by the late Thomas William Beale]]|chapter=Shah Jalal|publisher=[[W. H. Allen & Co.]]|year=1894|page=364|location=[[London]]|editor=[[Henry George Keene (1826–1915)|Keene, Henry George]]|author=Beale, Thomas William}}</ref>}} সাধুজনৰ তলোৱাৰ, [[কোৰআন]], [[চোলা]], [[খৰম|কাঠৰ খৰাম]], হৰিণাৰ চামৰাৰ প্ৰাৰ্থনাৰ ৰাগ, তামৰ প্লেট আৰু আৰবী ভাষাত লিখা বাটি আৰু কাপ আদিও সংৰক্ষিত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{cite journal|last=Khandakar|first=Sabrina|title=Islamic Tourism: exploring a new form of sacred journey in Bangladesh|url=http://mius.manarat.ac.bd/download/vol03/16.pdf|journal=Manarat International University Studies|volume=3|issue=1|year=2014|publisher=Manarat International University|location=Dhaka|issn=1815-6754|page=128|access-date=2023-11-06|archivedate=2023-11-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106053335/http://mius.manarat.ac.bd/download/vol03/16.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="srihotto" /><ref name="DCSylhet">{{cite web|title=সিলেট জেলা তথ্য বাতায়ন|url=http://www.dcsylhet.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=204|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823101534/http://www.dcsylhet.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=204|archive-date=23 Aug 2011|access-date=6 November 2023|archivedate=23 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823101534/http://www.dcsylhet.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=204|deadurl=yes}}</ref> [[মাদ্ৰাছাহ|মাদ্ৰাছা]] আৰু [[খানকাহ]] থকাৰ লগতে,<ref name="Knight2014" /><ref>{{harvtxt|Raj|Harman|2012|p=103}}</ref> সমাধিস্থলৰ প্লাজাৰ বিপৰীত ফালে দৰগাহ ভ্ৰমণ কৰা বহু দুখীয়াক সেৱা আগবঢ়াবলৈ এটা বৃহৎ লেংগাৰ খানা (পাকঘৰ) আছে আৰু প্ৰথমে দৰ্শনাৰ্থীৰ বাবে আশ্ৰয়স্থল হিচাপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। পৰিৱেশৰ বাবে এতিয়া এইটো বন্ধ হৈ আছে আৰু সেয়েহে ইয়াৰ পূব দিশত এটা সৰু জুপুৰি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে যিটো এই কামৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। লেংগাৰ খানাত অৱস্থিত তিনিটা পিতলৰ ডেগ (কলড্ৰন), আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰটোৰ উচ্চতা ৫ ফুট। এই কলহবোৰৰ প্ৰতিটোতে একেলগে ৭টা গৰু আৰু ৭ মাউণ্ড চাউলৰ ভাত ৰান্ধিব পাৰি। ইহঁতৰ প্ৰান্তত পাৰ্চী শিলালিপি আছে য’ত উল্লেখ আছে যে এইবোৰ জাহাংগীৰনগৰৰ শ্বেইখ আবু ছাইদ ইবনে মুহাম্মদ জাফৰ ইবনে ইয়াৰ মুহাম্মদে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল আৰু মুৰাদ বখছে হিজৰী ১১০৬ চনৰ ৰমজানত (১৬৯৫ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ এপ্ৰিল/মে’) দৰগাহলৈ পঠিয়াইছিল।<ref name="islam jothi" /><ref name="srihotto" /><ref name="Knight2014" /><ref name="Rizvi1970P111" /> কবৰৰ পিছফালৰ অঞ্চলটো এটা বিস্তৃত কবৰস্থান দখল কৰি আছে, শ্বাহ জালালৰ অৱশিষ্টৰ ওচৰত সমাধিস্থ কৰাটো মুছলমানসকলৰ মাজত জনপ্ৰিয় ইচ্ছা যদিও লটবোৰ অতি ব্যয়বহুল।<ref name="Rizvi1970P94" /> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও মোগল যুগত স্থাপিত এটা জলছা-ঘৰ আৰু ইয়াৰ দক্ষিণে এটা উচ্চ গম্বুজযুক্ত ঘড়ী-টাৱাৰ আছে।<ref name="islam jothi" /><ref name="srihotto" /><ref name="census">{{cite book|title=Population Census of Bangladesh|year=1974|chapter=District census report|publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning|page=16 and 32}}</ref> সমাধিৰ পশ্চিমে পাহাৰৰ তলত চাচমা নামৰ এটা প্ৰাকৃতিক কুঁৱা আছে যিটো ইটাৰ বিশাল ঘেৰাওৰ ভিতৰত থিয় হৈ আছে। কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি শ্বাহ জালালে নিজেই ইয়াক খান্দিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিছিল,<ref name="srihotto" /><ref name="DCSylhet" /> আৰু ইয়াৰ পবিত্ৰ পানী, যিটো দৰ্শনাৰ্থীয়ে পান কৰে, [[মক্কা]]ৰ [[জমজম কুঁৱা]]ৰ সৈতে একে।<ref name="Knight2014" /><ref name="DaniPrasad1961P240" /><ref name="Aminuddin1969P41">{{cite book|last=Aminuddin|first=M.|title=Hazrat Shah Jalal of Sylhet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12DVAAAAMAAJ|series=The Pakistan Review|volume=17|year=1969|publisher=Ferozsons Limited|page=41}}</ref> সমাধিৰ টেংক জলাশয়ত বাস কৰা কেটফিছ আৰু গ্ৰেট স্নেকহেড (গোজাৰ নামেৰে জনাজাত) সম্পৰ্কেও কিংবদন্তি আছে, যিবোৰক সাধাৰণতে দৰ্শকে খুৱাই দিয়ে। এই ৰূপত চিৰকাল পুনৰ জন্ম ল’বলৈ শ্বাহ জালালে অভিশপ্ত গৌৰ গোবিন্দৰ পৰাজিত সৈনিক বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name="Knight2014" /><ref name="DCSylhet" /> নতুবা সাধুজনে পালন কৰা মাছৰ বংশধৰ বুলিও দাবী কৰা হৈছে। ২০০৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত এটা অচিনাক্ত গোটে ৭০০ৰো অধিক মাছক বিষাক্ত কৰি হত্যা কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া স্বৰূপে পিছৰ মাহত চুবুৰীয়া মৌলভিবজাৰ জিলাৰ শ্বাহ জালালৰ সংগী শ্বাহ মুস্তাফাৰ মন্দিৰৰ পৰা ২৪টা গজাৰ আনি দৰগাহ জলাশয়ত এৰি দিয়া হয়। বৰ্তমান জনসংখ্যা আৰু এবাৰ শ শলৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছে।<ref name="DCSylhet" /> স্থানীয় লোককথাত আৰু কোৱা হৈছে যে দৰগাহ আৰু ইয়াৰ আশে-পাশে দেখা ব্লু ৰক পাৰ চৰাই (জালালি কবুতৰ বা ‘জলালৰ কপৌ’ নামেৰে জনাজাত) [[নিজামুদ্দিন আউলিয়া]]ই সাধুজনক উপহাৰ দিয়া এযোৰৰ পৰাই আহিছে।<ref name="Khan2013">{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Muhammad Mojlum|authorlink=Muhammad Mojlum Khan|title=The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|year=2013|publisher=Kube Publishing Limited|location=Markfield|isbn=978-1-84774-062-5|page=24}}</ref><ref name="McNeelyPitt1985">{{cite journal|last=Gadgil|first=Madhav|authorlink=Madhav Gadgil|editor1=Jeffrey A. McNeely|editor2=David C. Pitt|title=Social restraints of resource utilization: the Indian experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-eghREYx1RgC&pg=PA143|journal=Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning|year=1985|publisher=Croom Helm|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7099-3533-9|page=143}}</ref> === মছজিদ === বৰ্তমান দৰগাহৰ আশে-পাশে মুঠ চাৰিটা মছজিদ আছে,<ref name="Hasan1970P159" /> ইয়াৰে বৰ গুম্বাদ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ হোৱাৰ লগতে সাধাৰণতে চৌহদৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ গঠন।<ref name="Rizvi1970P110" /><ref name="Ali1971P30" /> ১৬৭৭ চনত ফৰহাদ খানে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এই ছবিখনৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য অনিশ্চিত যদিও ইতিহাসবিদ আহমদ হাছান ডানীয়ে ইয়াক সমাধি হিচাপে উদ্দেশ্য কৰা হ’ব পাৰে বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।<ref name="DaniPrasad1961P239" /> ইয়াৰ একক গম্বুজটো অষ্টভুজ আকৃতিৰ ড্ৰামৰ ওপৰত থিয় হৈ থাকে আৰু ইয়াৰ ওপৰত এটা শিখৰ থাকে আৰু ইয়াৰ চাৰিওফালে কোণৰ টাৱাৰ থাকে, যিবোৰো অষ্টভুজীয়া, যদিও পিছৰবোৰৰ শিখৰ নোহোৱা হোৱাৰ বাবে স্তব্ধ হৈ পৰে। গঠনটোৰ পূব দিশত তিনিটা ফ্ৰেমযুক্ত প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ আছে, মাজৰটো আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ, আৰু ইয়াৰ মাজত এটা সৰু। পেৰাপেটটো মোগল আৰু বাংলা শৈলীৰ মিশ্ৰিত আৰু ভিতৰৰ অংশটো সহজ যদিও গম্বুজৰ তলৰ ফালটো সজাই তোলা হৈছে।<ref name="Rizvi1970P111" /> বৰ গম্বুজৰ দক্ষিণে ১৭৪৪ চনত আৰম্ভ হোৱা বাহৰাম খানৰ তিনিটা গম্বুজযুক্ত গঠন আছে, যিটো চৌহদৰ প্ৰাথমিক মছজিদ হিচাপে কাম কৰে।<ref name="Ali1971P30" /><ref name="Aminuddin1969P41" /> ইয়াৰ প্ৰতিটো গম্বুজৰ ওখ ফিনিয়াল থাকে আৰু ই ক্ৰেনেলযুক্ত ড্ৰামৰ ওপৰত থিয় হৈ থাকে। বৰ গম্বুজৰ দৰেই ইয়াৰ পূব দিশত তিনিটা খোলাযুক্ত দুৱাৰ, মাজৰটোও ডাঙৰ, লগতে আধুনিক বাৰাণ্ডা। [[অসমত হোৱা ভূমিকম্প (১৮৯৭)|১৮৯৭ চনৰ অসম ভূমিকম্প]]ৰ সময়ত মছজিদটোৰ ক্ষতিসাধন হোৱাৰ বাবে চিলেটৰ দণ্ডাধীশ জন উইলেছৰ দ্বাৰা মেৰামতি কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="DaniPrasad1961P239" /><ref name="Hasan1987P247" /> শ্বাহ জালালৰ কবৰৰ পশ্চিম দিশত এটা সৰু মছজিদ থিয় হৈ ঘেৰাওৰ এটা অংশ গঠন কৰে। তিনিটা গম্বুজযুক্ত আৰু সম্ভৱতঃ ফৰহাদ খানেও নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল, ইয়াক ১৮ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে তেতিয়াৰ চিলেটৰ সংগ্ৰাহকে একে ডিজাইন আৰু শৈলীতে পুনৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="Ali1971P30" /><ref name="Rizvi1970P111" /> আব্দুল্লা শ্বিৰাজীয়ে স্থাপন কৰা চতুৰ্থটো মছজিদ টেংক জলাশয়টোৰ পূব পাৰত অৱস্থিত।<ref name="Hasan1987P247" /><ref>{{harvtxt|Rizvi|1970|p=70}}</ref> == উল্লেখযোগ্য সমাধিস্থ == [[চিত্ৰ:Epitaph_of_M.A.G_Osmani.JPG|right|thumb|200x200px|দৰগাহ কবৰস্থানত অৱস্থিত এম.এ.জি. ওচমানীৰ কবৰ। ]] * শ্বাহ জালাল: চুফী সন্ত (১২৭১–১৩৪৭)<ref name="Census" /> * শ্বাহজাদা আলী: শ্বাহ জালালৰ সংগী ({{circa|১৪ শতিকা}})<ref name="Census" /> * হাজী মহম্মদ ইউছুফ: শ্বাহ জালালৰ সংগী ({{circa|১৪ শতিকা}})<ref name="Census" /> * হাজী খলিল: শ্বাহ জালালৰ সংগী ({{circa|১৪ শতিকা}})<ref name="Census" /> * হাজী দাৰিয়া: শ্বাহ জালালৰ সংগী ({{circa|১৪ শতিকা}})<ref name="Census" /> * মুকাবিল খান: চিলেটৰ ৱাজিৰ ({{circa|১৪৪০ চনৰ দশক}})<ref>{{harvtxt|Hasan|1987|p=246}}</ref> * চাদেক খান: চিলেটৰ ফৌজদাৰ (মৃত্যু ১৬৮৮)<ref name="Hasan1987P247" /> * মিৰ আলী: চিলেটৰ ফৌজদাৰ (মৃত্যু ১৭৬৩)<ref name="Hasan1987P247" /> * আবু তোৰাব আব্দুল ৱাহেব: দৰগাহৰ মুতাৱাল্লী (মৃত্যু ১৯ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে) * এম এ জি ওচমানী: মুক্তি বাহিনীৰ মুখ্য সেনাপতি (১৯১৮–১৯৮৪)<ref>{{cite journal|first=Md . Abdul|last=Aziz|editor=Sharif Uddin Ahmed|title=Bongobir Osmani: Portrait of a Leader|journal=Sylhet: History and Heritage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_BtAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Bangladesh Itihas Samiti|location=Sylhet|isbn=978-984-31-0478-6|page=819}}</ref> * [[ছলমান শ্বাহ]]: চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু টেলিভিছন অভিনেতা (১৯৭১–১৯৯৬)<ref>{{cite news|last=Rahman|first=Hifzur|date=2003-10-31|title=The Graveyard of Salman Shah|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2003/10/05/dhaka.htm|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2020-09-24|archivedate=2020-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127092420/http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2003/10/05/dhaka.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> * হুমায়ুন ৰছিদ চৌধুৰী: জাতীয় সংগসাদৰ অধ্যক্ষ (১৯২৮–২০০১)<ref>{{cite news|date=2019-07-10|script-title=bn:হুমায়ুন রশীদ চৌধুরীর মৃত্যুবার্ষিকীতে শ্রদ্ধা নিবেদন|url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/chayer-desh/2019/07/10/438701|work=Bangladesh Pratidin|language=bn|access-date=2020-09-25}}</ref> * আছাদদৰ আলী: লেখক আৰু ইতিহাসবিদ (১৯২৯–২০০৫)<ref>{{cite news|date=2018-07-26|first=মো. আ.|last=ওয়াদুদ|script-title=bn:সত্যসন্ধানী গবেষক অধ্যাপক মুহম্মদ আসাদ্দর আলী|url=http://sunamganjerkhobor.com/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA/|work=Sunamganjer Khobor|language=bn|access-date=2020-10-10}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * ই.এ.চৌধুৰী: আৰক্ষী মহাপৰিদৰ্শক (১৯২৮–২০০৯) * দেৱান ফৰিদ গাজী: সংসদৰ সদস্য (১৯২৪–২০১০)<ref>{{cite news|date=2010-11-20|title=Farid Gazi buried at Sylhet|url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/2010/11/20/farid-gazi-buried-at-sylhet|work=bdnews24.com|language=en|access-date=2020-09-25|archivedate=2023-11-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106053333/https://bdnews24.com/politics/2010/11/20/farid-gazi-buried-at-sylhet|deadurl=yes}}</ref> * মহম্মদ আশ্ৰাফ আলী: সংসদৰ সদস্য (মৃত্যু ২০১৫)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/politics/news/bd/360139.details|script-title=bn:আশরাফ আলীর মৃত্যুতে সিলেট মহানগর আ'লীগের শোক|language=bn|date=23 January 2015|work=[[Banglanews24.com]]}}</ref> * গুলজাৰ আহমেদ চৌধুৰী: সংসদ সদস্য (১৯৩৭–২০১৯)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/country/2019/11/26/478280|script-title=bn:স্ত্রীকে দাফনের প্রস্তুতির সময় সাবেক এমপি গুলজারের ইন্তেকাল|work=Bangladesh Pratidin|date=26 November 2019|language=bn|access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> * মাহমুদুল আমিন চৌধুৰী: উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ৰ মুখ্য ন্যায়াধীশ (১৯৩৭–২০১৯)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=234807|title=Ex-CJ Mahmudul Amin dies|date=2019-12-22|access-date=2019-12-22|work=Daily Observer}}</ref> * ফজলুল হক আস্পিয়া: সংসদৰ সদস্য (১৯৩৫/৬–২০২১)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sylhettoday24.news/news/details/Sylhet/124920|script-title=bn:সাবেক হুইপ আসপিয়া’র দাফন সম্পন্ন|work=SylhetToday24|date=16 September 2021|language=bn|access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref> * ইমাম উদ্দিন আহমেদ চৌধুৰী: কেয়াৰটেকাৰ চৰকাৰৰ উপদেষ্টা (১৯২৬–২০২৩)<ref>{{Cite web|title=সাবেক তত্ত্বাবধায়ক সরকারের উপদেষ্টা ইমাম উদ্দীন আহমদ চৌধুরীর ইন্তেকাল|url=https://mzamin.com/news.php?news=80033|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.ph/wip/HvWvN|archive-date=24 October 2023|access-date=29 October 2023|website=[[Manab Zamin]]|language=bn}}</ref> == গেলেৰী == {{Gallery|File:Shah Jalal Mazar at Sylhet.JPG|দৰগাহ প্ৰবেশ গেট|Shah Jalal Mazar (04).jpg|দৰগাহ গেটৰ আন এক দৃশ্য|File:Shah Jalal Dargah(9).jpg|পটভূমিত দৰগাহ গেট থকা মূল প্লাজা।|File:Shah Jalal Dargah(1).jpg|আধুনিক বাৰাণ্ডা থকা দৰগাহৰ প্ৰাথমিক মছজিদৰ পূব দিশ। সোঁফালে বৰা গম্বুজলৈ যোৱা চিৰিবোৰ।|File:Shah Jalal Dargah(6).jpg|মছজিদৰ আন এক দৃশ্য|File:Shah Jalal Dargah c.1900s.jpg|মছজিদ (ইয়াৰ বাৰাণ্ডা নিৰ্মাণৰ পূৰ্বে) আৰু বৰ গম্বুজ, {{circa|১৯০০}}.|File:Shahjalal ( R) Dorgah shareef Sylhet.jpg|বৰ গম্বুজলৈ যোৱা চিৰিবোৰ, সোঁফালে মহিলাৰ অংশটোৰ আংশিক দৃশ্য।|File:Shah Jalal Mazar, The layers.jpg|''জালালি কবুতৰ (পাৰ) ''|File:Shah Jalal Mazar (06).jpg|টেংক জলাশয়|title=|align=center|width=200|height=200}} == টোকা == {{NoteFoot}} == তথ্যসমূহ == {{reflist}} {{Mosques in Bangladesh}} {{Sylhet District}} [[শ্ৰেণী:বাংলাদেশ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কীৰ্তিস্তম্ভ আৰু স্মাৰক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ধৰ্মীয় স্থান]] g14bsuzj7l6ieg7zp7zeivm3aapa0t0 0 99723 518717 422932 2025-06-17T04:14:19Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = কাউন্সিলাৰ | name = ৰবীনা খান | native_name = ৰবিনা খান | native_name_lang = bn | honorific-suffix = | image = Rabina Khan.jpg | image_size = 150px | small_image = | caption = | office = পিপল’চ্ এলায়েঞ্চ অৱ টাৱাৰ হেমলেটচৰ নেতা | term_start = নৱেম্বৰ, ২০১৬ | term_end = আগষ্ট, ২০১৮ | deputy = | predecessor = | successor = | office1 = টাৱাৰ হেমলেটচ্ লণ্ডন জিলা কাউন্সিলাৰ<br />চেদৱেল ৱাৰ্ডৰ বাবে | term_start1 = ৬ মে’ ২০১০ | term_end1 = ৯ মে’ ২০২২ | predecessor1 = মহম্মদ ৰছিদ | successor1 = আনা মিয়াহ | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1972|9|15}} | birth_place = চিলেট, [[বাংলাদেশ]] | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | citizenship = | nationality = ব্ৰিটিছ | party = লিবাৰেল ডেম’ক্ৰেটচ্ <small>(২০১৮ৰপৰা বৰ্তমানলৈ)</small> | otherparty = লেবাৰ পাৰ্টি (ইউ কে) <small>২০১০ পৰ্যন্ত</small><br />স্বাধীন ৰাজনীতিবিদ <small>(২০১০–২০১৪)</small><br />টাৱাৰ হেমলেটচ্ ফাৰ্ষ্ট <small>(২০১৪–২০১৫)</small><br />স্বাধীন (ইণ্ডিপেণ্ডেট) <small>(২০১৫)</small><br />টাৱাৰ হেমলেটচ্ ইণ্ডিপেণ্ডেট গ্ৰুপ<small>(২০১৫-২০১৬)</small><br /> পিপল’চ্ এলায়েঞ্চ অৱ টাৱাৰ হেমলেটচ্ <small>(২০১৬-২০১৮)</small><br /> | spouse = {{marriage|আমিনুৰ ৰছিদ খান|1992}} | partner = | relations = | children = ৩ | parents = | residence = হোৱাইটচেপেল, টাৱাৰ হেমলেটচ্, লণ্ডন, ইংলেণ্ড | alma_mater = | occupation = লেখক, ঔপন্যাসিক, চলচ্চিত্ৰ প্ৰযোজক, নাট্যকাৰ, সৃষ্টিশীল পৰামৰ্শদাতা (ক্ৰিয়েটিভ কনচালটেণ্ট), , সমাজ কৰ্মী | profession = ৰাজনীতিবিদ | known_for = | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = {{URL|rabina4mayor.com/}} | footnotes = }} '''ৰবীনা খান''' ({{lang-en|Rabina Khan}}; জন্ম ১৫ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী বাংলাদেশী মূলৰ ব্ৰিটিছ লেখিকা, ৰাজনীতিবিদ, চেডৱেলৰ প্ৰাক্তন কাউন্সিলাৰ আৰু টাৱাৰ হেমলেটচ্ কাউন্সিলৰ হাউচিঙৰ কেবিনেট সদস্য। লগতে তেওঁ এগৰাকী সমাজকৰ্মী আৰু ‘আয়েচাচ্ ৰেইনব’ৰ’ লেখিকা। ২০১৫ চনত, খানে টাৱাৰ হেমলেটচ্ মেয়ৰ নিৰ্বাচনত প্ৰতিদ্বন্দিতা কৰিছিল যদিও অকৃতকাৰ্য হৈছিল। তেওঁ পিপলচ্ এলায়েন্স অৱ টাৱাৰ হেমলেটচৰ নেতা আছিল আৰু ২০১৮ চনৰ ২৯ আগষ্ট তাৰিখে লিবাৰেল ডেমক্ৰেটচ্‌ত যোগদান কৰিছিল।<ref name="Love Wapping">{{cite news|url=http://lovewapping.org/2018/08/cllr-rabina-khan-chooses-different-path-to-join-liberal-democrats/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114103641/http://lovewapping.org/2018/08/cllr-rabina-khan-chooses-different-path-to-join-liberal-democrats/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 January 2019|title=Cllr Rabina Khan chooses different path to join Liberal Democrats|location=Wapping, London|work=lovewapping.org|date=29 August 2018|access-date=29 August 2018|archivedate=14 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114103641/http://lovewapping.org/2018/08/cllr-rabina-khan-chooses-different-path-to-join-liberal-democrats/|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.londonlibdems.org.uk/rabina_khan|title=Rabina Khan|website=London Liberal Democrats|access-date=2019-05-26|archive-date=18 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518174408/https://www.londonlibdems.org.uk/rabina_khan|url-status=dead|archivedate=2019-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518174408/https://www.londonlibdems.org.uk/rabina_khan|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://novaramedia.com/2015/05/19/rabina-khan-interview/|title=Interview: Rabina Khan|website=Novara Media|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== খানৰ দেউতাক কেণ্টৰ এগৰাকী মেচিন অপাৰেটৰ আছিল। বিয়াৰ বাবে তেওঁ বাংলাদেশলৈ উভতি গৈছিল। ৰবীনাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল চিলেটত আৰু তিনি বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ মাকৰ সৈতে ইংলণ্ডলৈ গৈছিল।<ref name="thenational">{{cite news |last=Kemp|first=Charlotte|url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/the-veil-should-not-be-a-barrier-between-women#full|title=The veil should not be a barrier between women|location=Abu Dhabi|newspaper=The National|date=29 August 2009|access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref> কেণ্টৰ ৰচেষ্টাৰত ৰবীনা ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হৈছিল।<ref name="bbc3">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01nbq6b|title=Rabina Khan: Redefining Multiculturalism|work=Four Thought|publisher=BBC Radio 4|date=17 October 2012|access-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> খান দম্পত্তিৰ পাঁচোটা সন্তানৰ ভিতৰত ৰবীনা আছিল আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ, তেওঁৰ এজন ভাতৃ আৰু তিনিজনী ভগ্নী আছিল।<ref name="thenational"/> ১৯৯২ চনত, ১৯ বছৰ বয়সত, এ-লেভেল অৰ্থাৎ স্কুলীয়া শিক্ষা সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰাৰ পিছতে প্ৰশিক্ষাৰ্থী শিক্ষক আমিনুৰ ৰছিদ খানৰ (জন্ম ১৯৬৮) সৈতে ৰবীনাৰ বিবাহ সম্পন্ন হয় আৰু তেওঁলোক লণ্ডনৰ টাৱাৰ হেমলেটচলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয়।<ref name="thenational"/><ref name="authorsonline">{{cite web |url=http://www.authorsonline.co.uk/author/Rabina+Khan/ |url-status=dead |title=Rabina Khan: Biography |website=Authors OnLine Self Publishing |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419155116/http://www.authorsonline.co.uk/author/Rabina+Khan/ |archive-date=19 April 2013 |access-date=8 November 2023 |archivedate=19 April 2013 |archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20130419155116/http://www.authorsonline.co.uk/author/Rabina+Khan/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> প্ৰায় ২২ বছৰ বয়সৰপৰা খানে হিজাব পিন্ধিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ==সামাজিক কাম== কামৰ অভিজ্ঞতা থকা মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ শিক্ষাৰ্থীসকলক প্লেচমেণ্ট কৰা কামটোৱেই আছিল খানৰ প্ৰথম চাকৰি।<ref name="bbc3"/> ১৯৯১ চনৰপৰাই খানে আইল অৱ ডগছ তথা লণ্ডনৰ ইষ্ট এণ্ডৰ টাৱাৰ হেমলেটচ্ত সামাজিক কৰ্মী হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল।<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news |last=Saini|first=Angela|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2007/01/29/rabina_khan_feature.shtml|title=Racism in words|location=London|work=BBC News|date=1 February 2007|access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref> তেওঁ টাৱাৰ হেমলেটচ্ কাউন্সিলৰ হৈ সামাজিক আৰু শিক্ষা খণ্ডত কাম কৰিছিল আৰু চৰকাৰৰ হৈ, চৰকাৰৰ দ্বাৰা তৈয়াৰী, জাতিগত ভাৱে সংখ্যালঘু সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ মহিলা আৰু যুৱতীসকলৰ বাবে বেথনেল গ্ৰীণ চিটি চেলেঞ্জৰ দৰে শিক্ষা আৰু সৱলীকৰণ প্ৰকল্প পৰিচালনা কৰিছিল। টাৱাৰ হেমলেটচৰ সামূহিক পদক্ষেপৰ সৈতেও তেওঁ জড়িত আছিল।<ref name="authorsonline"/><ref name="forewood-cv">{{cite web|url=http://www.fore-word.com/authorRabina.htm|title=Author profile: Rabina Khan|website=Fore-word Press Ltd|year=2005|access-date=1 May 2012|archivedate=12 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212074143/http://www.fore-word.com/authorRabina.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০১০ চনত তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ৰাজনীতিলৈ আহে আৰু টাৱাৰ হেমলেটচ্‌ কাউন্সিল ইলেকচনত লেবাৰ পাৰ্টিৰ হৈ মনোনয়ন আগবঢ়ায় আৰু বিজয়ী হয়।<ref name="democracy.towerhamlets2">{{cite web|url=http://democracy.towerhamlets.gov.uk/mgElectionAreaResults.aspx?ID=12&RPID=5824444|title=Election results for Shadwell|publisher=Tower Hamlets Council|date=6 May 2010|access-date=1 June 2015|archivedate=22 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522230800/http://democracy.towerhamlets.gov.uk/mgElectionAreaResults.aspx?ID=12&RPID=5824444|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০১৯ চনৰ ইউৰোপিয়ান ইলেকচনত তেওঁ লিবাৰেল ডেমক্ৰেটচ্‌ৰ হৈ প্ৰতিদন্দিতা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Kahn |first=Rabina |user=RabinaKhan |number=1172250798748766216 |date=12 September 2019 |title=I'm standing in Kensington to represent a constituency and its diverse needs, I respect the wishes of the majority of its residents to Remain in Europe. Together we can stop Brexit and bring a sense of harmony back to the constituency. #StopTheBrexit}}</ref> লেখক হিচাপেও খানে নাম কৰিছিল। ৰেইনব’ হেণ্ডচ আছিল তেওঁৰ প্ৰথমখন উপন্যাস।<ref name="forewood-cv" /> খানক ৰয়েল লিটাৰেৰী ফাণ্ড মেণ্টৰিং আঁচনিত স্থান দিয়া হৈছিল আৰু ২০০৪ আৰু ২০০৫ চনৰ স্পিটাফিল্ডছ মহিলা সাহিত্য মহোৎসৱত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ সুবিধা দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref name="authorsonline"/><ref name="fore-word">{{cite web|url=http://www.fore-word.com/authorRabina.htm|title=author Rabina Khan|website=fore-word press|access-date=1 August 2015|archivedate=15 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815085855/http://fore-word.com/authorRabina.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০০৫ চনত ৰেখা ৱাহিদৰ সৈতে লগলাগি তেওঁ এটা প্ৰেছ খুলিছিল।<ref name="thenational"/> তেওঁ বি বি চিকে ধৰি বহুকেইটা প্ৰখ্যাত কোম্পানীৰ সৃষ্টিশীল পৰামৰ্শদাতা হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল।<ref name="silsilaproductionschallengingextremism">{{cite web|url=http://www.silsilaproductions.co.uk/Challenging%20Extremism.html|title=Projects – Challenging Extremism|website=Silsila Productions|date=21 May 2009|access-date=1 May 2012|archivedate=1 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201234312/http://www.silsilaproductions.co.uk/Challenging%20Extremism.html|deadurl=yes}} Rabina Khan</ref> চিলচিলা প্ৰডাকচন নামেৰে তেওঁ এটা টেলিভিচন প্ৰডাকচন কোম্পানীও প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিছিল।<ref name="towerhamletsarts">{{cite web |url=http://www.towerhamletsarts.org.uk/?cat=29&cid=29094&guide=Artists|title=Rabina Khan – Artists directory|work=Arts & Entertainment|publisher=Tower Hamlets|access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:লেখক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ৰাজনীতিবিদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজকৰ্মী]] oekswhd63loki3b5mz1d4q4elzkdrzf 0 100460 518710 511358 2025-06-17T01:50:59Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{পোখালি}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = সুকৰ্ণ | honorific_suffix = | native_name_lang = Javanese | image = Presiden Sukarno.jpg | caption = Official portrait, 1949 | order = ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি | birth_name = কুশন সুশ্ৰদিহাৰ্য | birth_date = {{birth date|1901|6|6|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Surabaya|Soerabaja]], Dutch East Indies <ref>A. Setiadi (2013), Soekarno Bapak Bangsa, Yogyakarta: Palapa, pp.21.</ref> | death_date = {{death date and age|1970|6|21|1901|6|6|df=y}} | death_place = [[জাকাৰ্টা]], [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]] | spouse = ১১জনী | children = ১৪জন (ৰুক্মিণী সুকৰ্ণপুত্ৰী, মেগাৱতী সুকৰ্ণপুত্ৰী, ৰাচমাৱতী সুকৰ্ণপুত্ৰী, সুক্মাৱতী সুকৰ্ণপুত্ৰী, গুৰুহ সুকৰ্ণপুত্ৰ আদি) | father = ছ'কেমি ছ'ছৰ'ডিহাৰ্ডজো | mother = ইডা আয়ু ন্যোমান ৰায় | alma_mater = বাণ্ডুং ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ টেকন’লজি | signature = Sukarno Signature.svg }} '''সুকৰ্ণ''' (জন্ম ''কুশন সুশ্ৰদিহাৰ্য'' ) (৬ জুন ১৯০১ – ২১ জুন ১৯৭০) [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ]] প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি আৰু নেদাৰলেণ্ডৰ পৰা স্বাধীনতা লাভৰ বাবে সংগঠিত সফল সংগ্ৰামৰ নেতৃত্ব বহনকাৰী। তেওঁ [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান]] জাতিৰ জনক হিচাপে স্বীকৃত। তেওঁ ১৯৪৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬৭ চনলৈকে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া|ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ]] ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি আছিল। সুকৰ্ণ ডাচ ঔপনিৱেশিক শাসনৰ সময়ত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ জাতীয়তাবাদী আন্দোলনৰ এজন বিশিষ্ট নেতা আছিল আৰু এদশকৰো অধিক সময় ৰাজনৈতিক বন্দী হিচাপে ডাচ কাৰাগাৰত বন্দী হৈ আছিল। পিছলৈ জাপানী বাহিনীয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া আক্ৰমণ কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁ আৰু তেওঁৰ সঙ্গীসকলে কাৰাগাৰৰ পৰা মুক্তি লাভ কৰে। তেওঁ আৰু তেওঁৰ জাতীয়তাবাদী আন্দোলনকাৰীসকলে জাপানীসকলক যুদ্ধত সহায় কৰিবলৈ এক চুক্তিত উপনীত হয় আৰু বিনিময়ত জাপানী বাহিনীয়ে তেওঁলোকক জাতীয়তাবাদী মনোভাৱ গঢ়ি তুলিবলৈ অনুমতি দিয়ে। জাপানী বাহিনীয়ে আত্মসমৰ্পণৰ পিছত সুকৰ্ণ আৰু মহম্মদ হাতাই ১৯৪৫ চনৰ ১৭ আগষ্টত ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ স্বাধীনতা ঘোষণা কৰে আৰু সুকৰ্ণ প্ৰথম ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। ১৯৪৯ চনত ডাচসকলে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ স্বাধীনতাক স্বীকৃতি নিদিয়ালৈকে সুকৰ্ণই জনসাধাৰণক একত্ৰিত কৰি কূটনৈতিক আৰু সামৰিক প্ৰচেষ্টাত পুনৰ ডাচ উপনিৱেশ স্থাপনৰ চেষ্টাক বিফল কৰে। সংসদীয় গণতন্ত্ৰই বিশৃংখল সময়ৰ মাজেৰে পাৰ হোৱাৰ পিছত ১৯৫৯ চনত সুকৰ্ণই ''নিৰ্দেশিত গণতন্ত্ৰ'' নামৰ এক স্বৈৰাচাৰী ব্যৱস্থা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে। ১৯৬০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দেখা গ’ল যে সুকৰ্ণই দেশৰ পৰিচালনাক এক নতুন দিগন্তলৈ লৈ গৈছে। সুকৰ্ণই [[ছ'ভিয়েট সংঘ|ছোভিয়েট ইউনিয়ন]] আৰু [[চীন|চীনৰ]] পৰা সাম্ৰাজ্যবাদ বিৰোধী কিছুমান আমূল বৈদেশিক নীতি প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰে। ==নাম== ''সুকৰ্ণ'' নামটো মাইথ’লজিকেল মহাভাৰতৰ মুখ্য বীৰ ''কৰ্ণ''ৰ পৰা আহিছে।<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bishku |first=Michael B. |date=1992 |title=Sukarno, Charismatic Leadership and Islam in Indonesia |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=100–117 |jstor=45197254 |issn=8755-3449}}</ref> ডাচ বানানপদ্ধতিৰ আধাৰত ''Soekarno'' বানানটো এতিয়াও বহুলভাৱে ব্যৱহৃত হয়, বিশেষকৈ তেওঁ নিজৰ নাম ''Van Ophuijsen'' বানানপদ্ধতিত স্বাক্ষৰ দিছিল। সুকৰ্ণে নিজে লেখাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত "oe"ৰ সলনি "u" ব্যৱহাৰৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিছিল, কিন্তু কৈছিল যে স্কুলত তেওঁক ডাচ ষ্টাইলৰ বানান ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবলৈ কোৱা হৈছিল, আৰু ৫০ বছৰৰ পাছত নিজৰ স্বাক্ষৰ সলনি কৰা অতি কঠিন আছিল, সেইবাবে তেওঁ এতিয়াও "oe" ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি স্বাক্ষৰ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno: An Autobiography |url=https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek |url-access=registration |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=27 [https://archive.org/details/sukarnoautobiogr00soek/page/27]}}</ref> যদিও ১৯৪৭-১৯৬৮ চনৰ সময়ছোৱাৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিগত আদেশনামাবোৰত তেওঁৰ নাম ১৯৪৭ চনৰ বানানপদ্ধতিত লিখা হৈছিল। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ৰাজধানী জকাৰ্তাৰ ওচৰৰ ''Soekarno–Hatta International Airport'' এতিয়াও ডাচ বানান (Van Ophuijsen spelling) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ লোকসকলে তেওঁক '''বুং কাৰ্ণো''' (ভাই বা সংগী কাৰ্ণো) বা '''পাক কাৰ্ণো''' ("শ্ৰীমান কাৰ্ণো") হিচাপে স্মৰণ কৰে।<ref>''বুং'' হৈছে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষাত স্নেহসূচক শব্দ, যাক "দাদা" বুলি তুলনা কৰা যায়, আৰু ''পাক'' ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় অধিক আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে "সাৰ" বা "পিতৃ" হিচাপে।</ref> বহুতো যাভানিজ মানুহৰ দৰে, তেওঁৰ একমাত্ৰেই এটা নাম আছিল।<ref name="Drakeley2006">[https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110211034600/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/124461/20110211-1446/coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2006/Drakeley-Steven-ASAA2006.pdf In Search of Achmad Sukarno] {{cbignore|bot=medic}}Steven Drakeley, University of Western Sydney</ref> বহিৰ্দেশীয় লেখাসমূহত তেওঁক কেতিয়াবা '''আচমেদ সুকৰ্ণ''' (Achmed Sukarno) বুলি অভিহিত কৰা দেখা যায়। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ বৈদেশিক মন্ত্ৰণালয়ৰ এটা উৎসই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল যে “Achmed” নামটো (পিছত আৰবীয় দেশসমূহ আৰু অন্যান্য বৈদেশিক সংবাদ মাধ্যমে "Ahmad" বা "Ahmed" ৰূপে লিখিছিল) প্ৰথমে তৈয়াৰ কৰিছিল এম. জেইন হাসানে, যি আল-আজহাৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ এজন ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ছাত্ৰ আছিল আৰু পাছত মন্ত্ৰণালয়ৰ কৰ্মচাৰী হয়। মিশৰৰ এক বিতৰ্কৰ সময়ত, য’ত দাবী কৰা হৈছিল যে সুকৰ্ণৰ নামটো যথেষ্ট "মুছলিম" ধৰণৰ নহয়, সেই সন্দেহ দূৰ কৰিবলৈ মিশৰীয় সংবাদ মাধ্যমৰ বাবে সুকৰ্ণৰ পৰিচয় এটা মুছলিম হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰিবলৈ এই নামটো প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা হৈছিল। এই নাম ব্যৱহাৰ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পাছত, মুছলিম আৰু আৰব দেশসমূহে সুকৰ্ণক মুকলি সমৰ্থন জনায়। এইবাবে, মধ্য প্ৰাচ্যৰ সৈতে হোৱা চিঠিপত্ৰত সুকৰ্ণে সদায় নিজৰ নাম "Achmed Sukarno" ৰূপে স্বাক্ষৰ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite book|last=Hassan|first=M. Zein|title=Diplomasi Revolusi Indonesia Di Luar Negeri: Perjoangan ([[sic]]) Pemuda/Mahasiswa di Timur Tengah|publisher=Penerbit Bulan Bintang|year=1980|location=Jakarta|language=id}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jo|first=Hendi|date=20 March 2018|title=Mengapa Ahmad Sukarno?|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/mengapa-ahmad-sukarno-v5EWA|access-date=23 October 2021|website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia|language=id-ID}}</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু পৰিয়াল== {{multiple image | total_width = 350 | footer = সুকৰ্ণ তেওঁৰ দেউতা, ৰাডেন ছুকেমি ছোছ্ৰোদিহাৰ্জো (বাওঁফালে), আৰু তেওঁৰ মাতৃ, ইদা আয়ু নিয়োমান ৰাই (সোঁফালে)ৰ সৈতে। | image1 = Sukarno and his father, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 231.jpg | height1 = 317.2 | image2 = Sukarno with his mother, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 241.jpg | height2 = 317.2 }} এজন মুছলিম জাভানীজ প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ শিক্ষকেৰ পুত্ৰ, এজন প্ৰিযায়ী ৰাজদাৰী ৰাডেন ছুকেমি ছোছ্ৰোদিহাৰ্জো (Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo) যি কেন্দ্ৰীয় জাভাৰ গ্ৰবোগান অঞ্চলৰ আছিল, আৰু তেওঁৰ হিন্দু বালিনিজ্ মাতৃ, ব্ৰাহ্মণ জাতিৰ ইদা আয়ু নিয়োমান ৰাই (Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai) যি বালিৰ বুলেলেঙ অঞ্চলৰ আছিল, সুকৰ্ণ জন্ম হৈছিল ছুৰাবায়া, পূৱ জাভা, ডাচ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিজ (বৰ্তমান ইণ্ডোনেচিয়া)ত, য'ত তেওঁৰ দেউতাই জাভালৈ স্থানান্তৰৰ আবেদন অনুসৰি পঠিওৱা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sukarno |last2=Adams |first2=Cindy |title=Sukarno, An Autobiography |publisher=The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. |year=1965 |page=21}}</ref> সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে তেওঁৰ নাম আছিল কুস্নো ছোছ্ৰোদিহাৰ্জো।<ref>{{cite web|title=Biografi Presiden Soekarno|work=Biografi Tokoh|date=19 October 2010|language=id|url=http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno/|access-date=20 October 2015|archive-date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023080017/http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soেকাৰ্নো|archivedate=23 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023080017/http://bio.or.id/biografi-presiden-soekarno|deadurl=yes}}</ref> যাভানিজ্ পৰম্পৰাৰ অনুসৰি, শৈশৱৰ ৰোগৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ হোৱা পাছত নাম পৰিবৰ্তন কৰা হৈছিল। ==শিক্ষা== ১৯১২ চনত এটা দেশীয় প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা স্নাতক হোৱাৰ পিছত, তেওঁক মজোকেৰ্টোৰ Europeesch Lagere School (ডাচ প্ৰাথমিক বিদ্যালয়)লৈ পঠিওৱা হয়। তাৰ পাছত, ১৯১৬ চনত, সুকৰ্ণ গৈছিল ছুৰাবায়াৰ Hogere Burgerschool (ডাচ ধৰণৰ উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়)লৈ, য’ত তেওঁ টজোকৰোআমিণ্টোক লগ পায়, যি এজন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়তাবাদী আৰু Sarekat Islamৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক আছিল। ১৯২০ চনত, সুকৰ্ণ টজোকৰোআমিণ্টোৰ কন্যা সিতি উতাৰী সৈতে বিবাহ পাশত আবদ্ধ হয়। ১৯২১ চনত, তেওঁ সিভিল ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিংৰ অধ্যয়ন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল (বিশেষকৈ স্থাপত্যত) Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (বাণ্ডুং প্ৰযুক্তি প্ৰতিষ্ঠান)ত, য’ত তেওঁ ১৯২৬ চনত ইঞ্জিনিয়ৰ ডিগ্ৰী (সংক্ষেপ Ir., ডাচ ধৰণৰ ইঞ্জিনিয়ৰ ডিগ্ৰী) লাভ কৰে। বাণ্ডুংত অধ্যয়নৰ সময়ত, সুকৰ্ণৰ ৰোমাণ্টিক সম্পৰ্ক হৈছিল ইংগিত গাৰ্নাছিহৰ সৈতে, যি আছিল ছানোচী (Sanoesi)ৰ পত্নী — সুকৰ্ণৰ ছাত্ৰ বাসস্থলৰ মালিক। ইংগিতৰ সুকৰ্ণতকৈ ১৩ বছৰ বয়স বেছি। ১৯২৩ চনৰ মাৰ্চত, সুকৰ্ণে সিতি উতাৰীক বিচ্ছেদ দি ইংগিতক বিয়া কৰে (যিয়ে নিজৰ পতি ছানোচীকো বিচ্ছেদ দিছিল)। পিছত সুকৰ্ণে ইংগিতকো বিচ্ছেদ দি ফত্মাৱতীক বিয়া কৰে। দেশৰ সৰু শিক্ষিত এলিটৰ মাজতো সুকৰ্ণ বিৰলভাৱে কেইবাটাও ভাষাত দখল আছিল। শৈশৱৰ জাভানীজ ভাষাৰ উপৰিও, তেওঁ দক্ষ আছিল ছুন্দানিজ্, বালিনিজ্ আৰু ইণ্ডোনেচিয়ান ভাষাত, বিশেষকৈ ডাচ ভাষাত। লগতে তেওঁ জাৰ্মান, ইংৰাজী, ফৰাচী, আৰবী আৰু জাপানী ভাষাতো সাৱলীল আছিল, যিবিলাক HBSত পঢ়োৱা হৈছিল। তেওঁৰ স্মৃতি আছিল চিত্ৰ স্মৃতি আৰু বুদ্ধি অতি আগবঢ়া আছিল।<ref>Ludwig M., Arnold (2004). King of the Mountain: The Nature of Political Leadership. University Press of Kentucky. [[iarchive:kingofmountain00arno 0/page/150|p. 150]].</ref> তেওঁৰ অধ্যয়নত, সুকৰ্ণ আছিল "অতি আধুনিক", স্থাপত্য আৰু ৰাজনীতিত দুয়োতেই। তেওঁ ঘৃণা কৰিছিল পৰম্পৰাগত জাভানীজ feudalism, যাক তেওঁ "পিছপৰা" বুলি গণ্য কৰিছিল আৰু দেশৰ পতনৰ কাৰণ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰিছিল ডাচ দখলৰ সময়ত। লগতে পশ্চিমী দেশবোৰৰ দ্বাৰা চলোৱা উপনিবেশবাদক তেওঁ "মানুহৰ দ্বাৰা মানুহৰ শোষণ" বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল। তেওঁ এইবোৰৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ গৰিবী আৰু নিম্ন শিক্ষাৰ স্তৰ দায়ী ধৰিছিল। ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়তাবাদী গৌৰৱ প্ৰচাৰত, সুকৰ্ণ এই ধাৰণাসমূহ প্ৰতিফলিত কৰিছিল তেওঁৰ পোষাকত, ৰাজধানী (অন্তিমত জকাৰ্তাৰ) নগৰ পৰিকল্পনাত আৰু সমাজবাদ ৰাজনীতিত, যদিও তেওঁ আধুনিক সংগীতত আগ্ৰহ নাছিল; তেওঁৰ ওলাই থকা খ্যাতিৰ বিপৰীতে, তেওঁ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ সংগীত দল Koes Bersaudaraক কাৰাগাৰত দিছিল তেন্তে সিহঁতৰ গীতসমূহ অবৈধ বুলি বিবেচিত হৈছিল। সুকৰ্ণৰ বাবে আধুনিকতা আছিল বৰ্ণপিপাসাহীন, সুন্দৰ আৰু সহজ শৈলী আৰু শোষণবিৰোধী।<ref>{{cite book|last=Mrazek|first=Rudolf|url=https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60|title=Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in a Colony|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-691-09162-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/engineersofhappy0000mraz/page/60 60–61, 123, 125, 148, 156, 191]|url-access=registration}}; {{cite book|last=Kusno|first=Abidin|title=Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0-415-23615-0}}</ref> ==স্থাপত্য কেৰিয়াৰ== ১৯২৬ চনত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত সুকৰ্ণ আৰু তেওঁৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ বন্ধু আনোৱাৰীয়ে বাণ্ডুঙত স্থাপত্য প্ৰতিষ্ঠান সুকৰ্ণ এণ্ড আনোৱাৰী প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে, যিয়ে পৰিকল্পনা আৰু ঠিকাদাৰ সেৱা আগবঢ়ায়। সুকাৰ্ণৰ স্থাপত্যৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰেএঞ্জাৰ হোটেলৰ সংস্কাৰ কৰা ভৱন (১৯২৯) আছে, য'ত তেওঁ বিখ্যাত ডাচ স্থপতিবিদ চাৰ্লছ প্ৰস্পাৰ উলফ শ্বোমেকাৰৰ সহায়ক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল। বাণ্ডুঙৰ আজিৰ জালান গাটোট সুব্ৰোটো, জালান পালাছাৰী, আৰু জালান দেৱী সাৰতিকা আদিৰ ওপৰতো সুকৰ্ণোৱে বহুতো ব্যক্তিগত ঘৰৰ ডিজাইন কৰিছিল। পিছলৈ সভাপতি হিচাপে সুকৰ্ণৱে স্থাপত্যৰ কামত নিয়োজিত হৈ থাকিল, জাকাৰ্টাৰ ঘোষণা স্মৃতিসৌধ আৰু কাষৰীয়া গেডুং পোলাৰ ডিজাইন কৰিছিল; ছেমাৰঙৰ যুৱ স্মৃতিসৌধ ( টুগু মুডা ); মালাঙৰ আলুন-আলুন স্মৃতিসৌধ; চুৰাবায়াত থকা বীৰসকলৰ স্মৃতিসৌধ; আৰু লগতে মধ্য কালিমন্তনৰ নতুন চহৰ পালাংকাৰায়। সুকৰ্ণ গেলোৰা বাং কাৰ্নো ক্ৰীড়া কমপ্লেক্স নিৰ্মাণৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো গভীৰভাৱে জড়িত আছিল য'ত তেওঁ ইয়াৰ মূল ষ্টেডিয়ামৰ চালৰ ডিজাইনৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়াটোও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-17 |title=Sukarno dan GBK |url=https://historia.id/olahraga/articles/sukarno-dan-gbk-PzMjV |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia |language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Salam |first=Fahri |title=Sejarah Desain Atap Temugelang Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno |url=https://tirto.id/sejarah-desain-atap-temugelang-stadion-utama-gelora-bung-karno-cS7w |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=tirto.id |date=17 August 2018 |language=id}}</ref> == সুকৰ্ণৰ জীৱনৰ মুখ্য পৰ্যায়সমূহ == === আৰম্ভণিৰ সংগ্ৰাম === সুকৰ্ণৰ আৰম্ভণি জীৱন আৰু স্বাধীনতাৰ বাবে হোৱা সংগ্ৰামৰ বিৱৰণ। এই সময়ছোৱাত তেখেতে ইন্দোনেছিয়াৰ ৰাজনৈতিক পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সৈতে জড়িত হৈ উঠিছিল।<ref>{{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |title=A History of Modern Indonesia |year=2001 |publisher=Macmillan |page=105}}</ref> === দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ আৰু জাপানী অধিকাৰ === দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত জাপানী সেনাই ইন্দোনেছিয়া অধিকাৰ কৰিলে। এই সময়ছোৱাত সুকৰ্ণই ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়তাবাদী আন্দোলন আগবঢ়োৱাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Japanese Occupation of Indonesia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Japanese-occupation |accessdate=2025-05-18}}</ref> === ইন্দোনেছিয়ান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিপ্লৱ === ১৯৪৫ চনৰ আগৰ পৰা ইন্দোনেছিয়াৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ বাবে যুঁজ চলি আছিল। ১৭ আগষ্ট ১৯৪৫ তাৰিখে ইন্দোনেছিয়া স্বাধীনতা ঘোষণা কৰে, যাৰ নেতৃত্বত সুকৰ্ণ আছিল।<ref>{{cite book |last=Cribb |first=Robert |title=Historical Dictionary of Indonesia |year=1992 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |page=310}}</ref> === ইউনাইটেড ষ্টেটছ অৱ ইন্দোনেছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি === ১৯৪৯–১৯৫০ চনত সুকৰ্ণই ইন্দোনেছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি হিচাপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। এই সময়ছোৱাত দেশখনৰ ৰাজনৈতিক একতা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vickers |first=Adrian |title=Sukarno's Guided Democracy and the United States of Indonesia |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |year=1987 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=65–79}}</ref> === উদাৰ গণতন্ত্ৰকাল (১৯৫০–১৯৫৯) === স্বাধীনতাৰ পিছত, ইন্দোনেছিয়াত উদাৰ গণতন্ত্ৰ ব্যৱস্থা স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল, য’ত সুকৰ্ণ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি হৈ আছিল যদিও ৰাজনৈতিক শক্তি সীমিত আছিল।<ref>{{cite book |last=Bertrand |first=Romain |title=Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=57}}</ref> === নিৰ্দেশিত গণতন্ত্ৰকাল (১৯৫৯–১৯৬৬) === ১৯৫৯ চনত সুকৰ্ণই স্বৈৰাচাৰ ধৰণৰ নিৰ্দেশিত গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰম্ভ কৰে, যাৰ দ্বাৰা তেওঁৰ ৰাজনৈতিক ক্ষমতা বৃদ্ধি পায়। এই পৰ্যায়ত ইন্দোনেছিয়াত এক নতুন ৰাজনৈতিক ব্যৱস্থা গঢ় লৈ উঠে।<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lev |first=Daniel S. |title=The Transition to Guided Democracy: Indonesian Politics, 1957–1959 |journal=Indonesia |year=1966 |volume=2 |pages=1–18}}</ref> === গৃহবন্দী আৰু মৃত্যু === [[File:Indonesian president sukarno responds to political tensions, ABC 1967.webm|thumb|১৯৬৭ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত চুকাৰ্ণো যুগৰ শেষৰ ফালে ৰাজনৈতিক উত্তেজনাৰ বিষয়ে এবিচিৰ প্ৰতিবেদন]] ১৯৬৬ চনৰ ২২ জুনত সুকৰ্ণোৱে নিজকে আৰু নিজৰ নিৰ্দেশিত গণতন্ত্ৰ ব্যৱস্থাক ৰক্ষা কৰাৰ এক বিফল শেষ প্ৰচেষ্টাত এতিয়া কমিউনিষ্ট আৰু সুকৰ্ণো সমৰ্থক উপাদানৰ পৰা পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰা এম পি আৰ এছৰ সন্মুখত নিজৰ নৱাক্সাৰ ভাষণ দিয়ে। ১৯৬৬ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহত সুকৰ্ণোৰ আপত্তিৰ বাবে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াই মালয়েছিয়াৰ সৈতে হোৱা সংঘাতৰ অন্ত পেলাই ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘত পুনৰ যোগদান কৰে। ১৯৬৭ চনৰ ১০ জানুৱাৰীত আন এক অসফল জবাবদিহিতা ভাষণ (''Nawaksara Addendum'')ৰ পিছত সুকৰ্ণোৱে ১৯৬৭ চনৰ ২০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত চুহাৰ্ট’ক নিজৰ কাৰ্যবাহী ক্ষমতা এৰি দিয়ে আৰু নামমাত্ৰ উপাধিৰ সভাপতি হিচাপে থাকে। অৱশেষত ১৯৬৭ চনৰ ১২ মাৰ্চত তেওঁৰ পূৰ্বৰ মিত্ৰ নাছুচনৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা এক অধিবেশনত এম পি আৰ এছয়ে তেওঁৰ আজীৱন ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতিৰ উপাধি কাঢ়ি লয়। সেইদিনাই এম পি আৰ এছয়ে চুহাৰ্ট’ক ভাৰপ্ৰাপ্ত সভাপতি নিযুক্তি দিয়ে।<ref name="RICKLEFSp295">Ricklefs (1991), পৃষ্ঠা ২৯৫।</ref> সুকৰ্ণোক উইছমা ইয়াছ' (বৰ্তমান সত্ৰীয়ামণ্ডল সংগ্ৰহালয়)ত গৃহবন্দী কৰা হয়, য’ত পৰ্যাপ্ত চিকিৎসা সেৱা অস্বীকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে তেওঁৰ স্বাস্থ্যৰ অৱনতি ঘটে।<ref>{{cite news |date=7 November 2021 |title=Britain owes an apology to my father and millions of other Indonesians |language=en-GB |work=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/nov/07/britain-owes-an-apology-to-my-father-and-millions-of-other-indonesians |access-date=8 July 2023 |issn=0029-7712}}</ref> ৬৯ সংখ্যক জন্মদিনৰ ১৫ দিনৰ পিছত ১৯৭০ চনৰ ২১ জুনত জাকাৰ্টা আৰ্মি হাস্পতালত বৃক্ক বিকল হৈ তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়। পূব জাভাৰ ব্লিটাৰত তেওঁক সমাধিস্থ কৰা হয়। == ৰাজনৈতিক পুনঃপ্ৰতিষ্ঠা == ৯ ছেপ্তেম্বৰ, ২০২৪ তাৰিখে এমপিআৰে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে MPR Resolution No. XXXIII/MPRS/1967 বাতিল ঘোষণা কৰে, যি সুকৰ্ণক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি পদৰ পৰা আঁতৰাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তেওঁক ৰাজনীতিৰ পৰা নিৰ্বাসন দিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Kompas Cyber |date=2024-09-09 |title=Isi TAP MPRS 33/1967 dan Sejarahnya Halaman all |url=https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2024/09/09/163000679/isi-tap-mprs-33-1967-dan-sejarahnya?page=all#page2 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref> যিহেতু সুকৰ্ণ G30S/PKI-ৰ ঘটনাত দোষী বুলি প্ৰমাণিত কৰিবলৈ কোনো ন্যায়িক বিচাৰ হোৱা নাছিল, সেই বাবে এমপিআৰে উক্ত সিদ্ধান্ত বাতিল কৰি তেওঁৰ নাম পুনঃস্থাপন কৰিবলৈ সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitriani |first=Erika Dyah |title=TAP MPRS 33/1967 Dicabut, MPR Siap Kawal Pemulihan Nama Baik Soekarno |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-7532658/tap-mprs-33-1967-dicabut-mpr-siap-kawal-pemulihan-nama-baik-soekarno |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=detiknews |language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Redaksi |first=Tim |title=MPR Resmi Cabut TAP MPRS 33/1967, Soekarno tidak Terbukti Lindungi PKI |url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20240909133810-4-570295/mpr-resmi-cabut-tap-mprs-33-1967-soekarno-tidak-terbukti-lindungi-pki |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=CNBC Indonesia |language=id}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == === বিবাহ === [[File:Sukarno and family, Bung Karno Penjambung Lidah Rakjat 240.jpg|thumb|সুকৰ্ণ ফাতমাৱাতি আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পাঁচ সন্তানৰ সৈতে। কেন্দ্ৰৰ পৰা ঘড়ীৰ কাঁড়ীৰ দিশত: সুকৰ্ণ, সুক্মাৱাতি, ফাতমাৱাতি, গুৰুহ, মেগাৱাতি, গুন্তুৰ, ৰছ্মাৱাতি]] সুকৰ্ণ জাভানী আৰু বালিনীয় বংশোদ্ভৱ আছিল। তেওঁ ১৯২১ চনত চিতি উতাৰিক বিবাহ কৰিছিল, আৰু ১৯২৩ চনত তালাক লৈ ইংগিত গৰ্ণাছিহক বিবাহ কৰে, যাক তেওঁ প্ৰায় ১৯৪৩ চনত তালাক দিয়ে আৰু তাৰ পিছত ফাতমাৱাতিক বিবাহ কৰে।<ref name= "tim1958">{{cite news |title= Djago, the Rooster |url= http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,863059,00.html |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130204182821/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,863059,00.html |archive-date= 4 February 2013 |magazine= Time |date= 10 March 1958 |access-date= 20 April 2009 |archivedate= 4 February 2013 |archiveurl= https://archive.today/20130204182821/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,863059,00.html |deadurl= yes }}</ref> ১৯৫৩ চনত তেওঁ সালাটিগাৰ এগৰাকী বিধৱা হাৰ্তিনিক বিবাহ কৰে। ফাতমাৱাতি এই চতুৰ্থ বিবাহত অতি ক্ষুব্ধ হয় আৰু তেওঁৰ পৰা সন্তানসহ আঁতৰি যায়, যদিও তেওঁলোকে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে তালাক লৈ নাছিল। ১৯৫৮ চনত তেওঁ ২৩ বছৰ কম বয়সীয়া লিভাৰপুলৰ স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী মহাৰানী উইছমা ছুচানা চিৰেগাৰক বিবাহ কৰে আৰু ১৯৬২ চনত তালাক দিয়ে।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2014-08-05 |title=Siti Aisyah Soekarno Putri: Saya Putri Bung Karno, Tapi Takut... |url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/2086493/siti-aisyah-soekarno-putri-saya-putri-bung-karno-tapi-takut |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=liputan6.com |language=id}}</ref> ১৯৬২ চনত তেওঁ ১৯ বছৰীয়া জাপানী হোষ্টেছ নাওকো নেমোটোক বিবাহ কৰে আৰু তেওঁৰ নাম ৰাখে ৰত্না দেৱী সুকৰ্ণ।<ref>{{citation |last=Mydans |first=Seth |title=Jakarta Journal; Weighty Past Pins the Wings of a Social Butterfly |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/17/world/jakarta-journal-weighty-past-pins-the-wings-of-a-social-butterfly.html |work=The New York Times |date=17 February 1998 |access-date=20 April 2009}}</ref> সুকৰ্ণৰ আন পাঁচগৰাকী পত্নী আছিল: ছাকিকো কানাচে (১৯৫৮–১৯৫৯), কাৰ্তিনী মানোপ্পো (১৯৫৯–১৯৬৮), হাৰ্যাতি (১৯৬৩–১৯৬৬), ইউৰিকে ছেংগাৰ (১৯৬৪–১৯৬৮), আৰু হেল্ডি জাফাৰ (১৯৬৬–১৯৬৯)।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-13 |title=Si Bung dan Dua Gadis Jepang |url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/si-bung-dan-dua-gadis-jepang-6k4Ro |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia |language=id-ID }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-08 |title=Ketika Bung Besar Digugat Cerai |url=https://historia.id/kultur/articles/ketika-bung-besar-digugat-cerai-6kR9q/page/1 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia |language=id-ID }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> সুকৰ্ণ বিভিন্ন প্ৰসিদ্ধ মহিলা যেনে গুস্তি নুৰুল, বেবি হুৱে, নুৰবাণী ইউচুফ, আৰু আমেলিয়া দে লা ৰামাৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কত আছিল।<ref>{{cite web |last=Dariyanto |first=Erwin |title=Alasan Gusti Nurul Menolak Bung Karno: Aku Tak Mau Dimadu |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3068571/alasan-gusti-nurul-menolak-bung-karno-aku-tak-mau-dimadu |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=detiknews |language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 December 2019 |title=Para Pramugari Garuda di Sisi Sukarno |url=https://historia.id/kultur/articles/para-pramugari-garuda-di-sisi-sukarno-PKldQ |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=Historia – Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia |language=id-ID}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=12 May 2015 |title=Rahasia Bung Karno dan Perempuan Filipinanya |url=https://historia.id/kultur/articles/rahasia-bung-karno-dan-perempuan-filipinanya-v54qy |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=Historia – Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia |language=id-ID |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623043424/https://historia.id/kultur/articles/rahasia-bung-karno-dan-perempuan-filipinanya-v54qy |archivedate=23 June 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623043424/https://historia.id/kultur/articles/rahasia-bung-karno-dan-perempuan-filipinanya-v54qy |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ১৯৬৪ চনত তেওঁ ৰামাক জাকাৰ্তাত বিবাহ কৰে আৰু তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু পৰ্যন্ত সংগে আছিল। এই বিবাহ গোপন ৰাখা হৈছিল যতক্ষণ নে ৰামাই ১৯৭৯ চনৰ এখন সাক্ষাৎকাৰত উক্ত বিবাহৰ কথা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name=":1" /> === সন্তান === ফাতমাৱাতিক বিবাহ কৰাৰ আগতেই সুকৰ্ণৰ এটা কন্যা সন্তান আছিল, ৰুক্মিণী সুকৰ্ণ, যিয়ে পাছলৈ ইটালীত এখন অপেৰাৰ গায়িকা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |last=Andryanto |first=S. Dian |date=14 November 2022 |title=Mengenal Anak-anak Presiden Soekarno: Siapa Saudara Tiri Guntur Soekarnoputra, Megawati dan Rachmawati? |url=https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1656616/mengenal-anak-anak-presiden-soekarno-siapa-saudara-tiri-guntur-soekarnoputra-megawati-dan-rachmawati |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=Tempo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title= Rukmini Sukarno: An Indonesian Onassis?|work=The New York Times |date=3 December 1977 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/03/archives/rukmini-sukarno-an-indonesian-onassis-rukmini-sukarno-an-indonesian.html |last1=Hollie |first1=Pamela G. }}</ref> মেগাৱাতি সুকৰ্ণপুত্ৰী, যিয়ে ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ পঞ্চম ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি হিচাপে দায়িত্ব পালন কৰিছিল, ফাতমাৱাতিৰ গৰ্ভজাত কন্যা। তেওঁৰ সৰু ভায়েক গুৰুহ সুকৰ্ণপুত্ৰো (জন্ম: ১৯৫৩) এগৰাকী নৃত্যশিল্পী আৰু গীতিকাৰ, যিয়ে {{lang|id|Untukmu, Indonesiaku}} (''তোমাৰ বাবে, মোৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া'') নামৰ এটা চলচ্চিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ মেগাৱাতিৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ডেমোক্ৰেটিক পাৰ্টি অৱ ষ্ট্ৰাগলৰ এজন সাংসদ। ==সন্মান== [[File:TE-2022-100000-depan.jpg|thumb|300px|[[সুকৰ্ণ]] আৰু মোহাম্মদ হাত্তাৰ ছবি থকা ১০০,০০০ ৰুপিয়াৰ নোট, ২০২২ চনত মুকলি কৰা]] [[File:Indonesian 75000 Rupiah 2020, Obverse.jpg|thumb|300px|সুকৰ্ণ আৰু মোহাম্মদ হাত্তা থকা ৭৫,০০০ ৰুপিয়াৰ বিশেষ নোট, ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ৭৫ বছৰ স্বাধীনতা উদযাপন উপলক্ষে ২০২০ চনত প্ৰকাশ]] সুকৰ্ণই দেশী-বিদেশী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা মুঠ ২৬টা সন্মানসূচক ডক্টৰেট লাভ কৰিছিল। তাৰে ভিতৰত কলাম্বিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, মিচিগান বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, বাৰ্লিন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, আল-আজহাৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, বেলগ্ৰেড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, লোমনচোভ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আদিৰ লগতে গজাহ মাডা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, বাণ্ডুং প্ৰযুক্তি প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, হাছানুদ্দিন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, আৰু পদজাজাৰন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আদিও আছে। তেতিয়াৰ ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া চৰকাৰে তেওঁক সচৰাচৰ 'Dr. Ir. সুকৰ্ণ' বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatanusa.co.id/tapmpr/67TAPMPRS-XXXIII.pdf |title=KETETAPAN MAJELIS PERMUSYAWARATAN RAKYAT SEMENTARA REPUBLIK INDONESIA No.XXXIII/MPRS/1967 TENTANG PENCABUTAN KEKUASAAN PEMERINTAH NEGARA DARI PRESIDEN SUKARNO |access-date=7 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813071935/http://tatanusa.co.id/tapmpr/67TAPMPRS-XXXIII.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2013 |archivedate=13 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813071935/http://tatanusa.co.id/tapmpr/67TAPMPRS-XXXIII.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> যি তেওঁৰ বাণ্ডুং প্ৰযুক্তি প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ পৰা লাভ কৰা নাগৰিক ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিং ডিগ্ৰীৰ সৈতে সংযুক্ত। ===জাতীয় সন্মান=== * [[File:Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna rib.svg|70px]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ গণৰাজ্যৰ তৰকা, ১ম শ্ৰেণী<ref name="award">{{cite web|url=https://kepustakaan-presiden.perpusnas.go.id/en/award/?box=list&presiden_id=1&presiden=sukarno|access-date=9 November 2022|publisher=[[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ্ৰন্থাগাৰ]]|title=List of All Award|archivedate=19 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019121914/https://kepustakaan-presiden.perpusnas.go.id/en/award/?box=list&presiden_id=1&presiden=sukarno|deadurl=yes}}</ref> * [[File:Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna rib.svg|70px]] মহাপুত্ৰ তৰকা, ১ম শ্ৰেণী<ref name="award"/> * [[File:Bintang Jasa Utama rib.svg|70px]] সেৱাৰ তৰকা, ১ম শ্ৰেণী<ref name="award"/> * [[File:Bintang Sakti Rib.png|70px]] পবিত্ৰ তৰকা<ref name="award"/> * [[File:Bintang Dharma rib.svg|70px]] ধৰ্ম তৰকা<ref name="award"/> * [[File:Bintang gerilya rib.png|70px]] গেৰিল্যা তৰকা<ref name="award"/> * [[File:Bintang Bhayangkara Utama rib.svg|70px]] ভায়ংকাৰা তৰকা, ১ম শ্ৰেণী<ref name="award"/> * [[File:Bintang Garuda.gif|70px]] গৰুড় তৰকা<ref name="award"/> * [[File:Indonesian Armed Forces "8 Years" Service Star (1945-1953).gif|70px]] ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ সেনাবাহিনীৰ ৮ বছৰ সেৱা তৰকা<ref name="award"/> * [[File:Satyalancana Perintis Kemerdekaan.gif|70px]] স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনৰ অগ্ৰণী পদক<ref name="award"/> ===আন্তঃৰ্জাতিক সন্মান=== * {{flag|Brunei}} : Order of the Crown of Brunei (সেৰী মহাৰাজ) * {{flag|Cambodia}} : Order of the Royal House of Cambodia (প্ৰধান শ্ৰেণী) * {{flag|China}} : Order of the Republic, ১ম শ্ৰেণী – ১৯৫৬ * {{flag|Czechoslovakia}} : Order of the White Lion – ১৯৫৬ * {{flag|India}} : [[ভাৰত ৰত্ন]], ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ অসামৰিক সন্মান – ১৯৯২ (মৰণোত্তৰ) * {{flag|Japan}} : Order of the Chrysanthemum, প্ৰধান শ্ৰেণী * {{flag|Malaysia}} : Order of the Crown of the Realm (DMN) – ১৯৬১ * {{flag|Nepal}} : Order of Ojaswi Rajanya – ১৯৫৬ * {{flag|Pakistan}} : Hilal-e-Pakistan – ১৯৬৩ * {{flag|Philippines}} : Order of Sikatuna, ৰেংক: Raja – ১৯৬০ * {{flag|Soviet Union}} : [ঋLenin Peace Prize – ১৯৫৯-৬০ * {{flag|Tunisia}} : Order of the Republic (Tunisia) – ১৯৬০ * {{flag|Yugoslavia}} : Order of the Yugoslav Star, প্ৰধান শ্ৰেণী – ১৯৫৬ == সাধাৰণ সংস্কৃতিত == === কিতাপসমূহ === * ''Kuantar Ke Gerbang'' নামৰ ইন্দোনেছিয়ান ঔপন্যাসিক ৰামাধান কে.এইচ.ৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত উপন্যাসখনত সুকৰ্ণ আৰু তেওঁৰ দ্বিতীয় পত্নী ইংগিট গাৰ্নাছিহৰ মাজৰ ৰোমাণ্টিক সম্পৰ্কৰ কাহিনী বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে। * ''Sukarno: An Autobiography'' (ববছ-মেৰিল, ১৯৬৫) – আমেৰিকান লেখিকা ছিণ্ডি এডামছৰ দ্বাৰা লিখিত আত্মজীৱনী, যি সুকৰ্ণৰ সহযোগত ৰচিত। ইন্দোনেছিয়ান ভাষালৈ অনুবাদ কৰে আব্দুল বাৰ ছালিমে, শিৰোনাম ''Bung Karno: Penjambung Lidah Rakjat Indonesia'' (গুনুঙ আগুং, ১৯৬৬)। * ''My Friend the Dictator'' (ববছ-মেৰিল, ১৯৬৭) – আত্মজীৱনীখন ৰচনাৰ সময়ৰ সমকালীন বিবৰণ, ছিণ্ডি এডামছে লিখা। * ''Nationalism, Islam and Marxism'' – সুকৰ্ণৰ ৰাজনৈতিক ভাবধাৰা "নাছাকম" সন্দৰ্ভত; ১৯২৬ চনৰ প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংকলন। অনুবাদক কাৰেল এইচ. ৱাৰৌ আৰু পীটাৰ ডি. ৱেলডন (Modern Indonesia Project, Ithaca, New York, 1970)। * ''Indonesia vs Fasisme'' – ইন্দোনেছিয়ান ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়তাবাদ আৰু ফাচিবাদৰ তুলনামূলক বিশ্লেষণ; ১৯৪১ চনৰ প্ৰবন্ধ সংকলন (Pen. Media Pressindo, যোগ্যকাৰ্তা, ২০০০)। === গীতসমূহ === * ''Untuk Paduka Jang Mulia Presiden Sukarno'' (''ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি সুকৰ্ণক শ্ৰদ্ধাৰে''), ১৯৬০ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিত সোতেনজ'য়ে ৰচনা কৰা আৰু ইন্দোনেছিয়ান গায়িকা লিলিছ ছুৰিয়ানিয়ে জনপ্ৰিয় কৰা এটি দেশভক্তিগীত। গীতটোৰ শব্দসমূহত সুকৰ্ণৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰশংসা আৰু কৃতজ্ঞতাৰ অভিব্যক্তি আছে। === চলচ্চিত্ৰসমূহ === * ফিলিপিনো অভিনেতা মাইক এম্পেৰিঅ'য়ে ১৯৮২ চনৰ ''The Year of Living Dangerously'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত সুকৰ্ণৰ চৰিত্ৰ ৰূপায়ণ কৰিছিল। ছবিখন পিটাৰ ৱিয়েৰ পৰিচালনাত Christopher Kochৰ একে নামৰ উপন্যাসৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। * ইন্দোনেছিয়ান সমাজবিজ্ঞানী তথা লেখক উমাৰ কায়ামে ১৯৮৪ চনৰ ''Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI'' আৰু ১৯৮৮ চনৰ ''Djakarta 66'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত সুকৰ্ণৰ ভূমিকাত অভিনয় কৰিছিল; দুইটাই আৰিফিন চি. নোৱেৰ পৰিচালনাত নিৰ্মিত। * ইন্দোনেছিয়ান অভিনেতা ফ্ৰাঞ্ছ টুম্বুৱানে ১৯৯৭ চনৰ ''Blanco, The Colour of Love'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত সুকৰ্ণ ৰূপায়ণ কৰিছিল। ছবিখন চিত্ৰশিল্পী আন্তোনিঅ' ব্লাংকোৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মিত, যিয়ে [[ইন্দোনেছিয়া]]ৰ বালিত বাস কৰিছিল। * ইন্দোনেছিয়ান অভিনেতা ছৌলতান ছালাদিনে ২০০৫ চনৰ ''Gie'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত সুকৰ্ণৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে, যি ছাত্ৰ আন্দোলনকাৰী চু হক গিয়েৰ জীৱন কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি নিৰ্মিত। * ইন্দোনেছিয়ান অভিনেতা টিঅ' পাকুছাদেওয়ে ''9 Reasons'' নামৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰত সুকৰ্ণ ৰূপায়ণ কৰে, যিখন তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ নৱগৰাকী মহিলাৰ কাহিনী ক’ব। অভিনেতাসকলঃ উতাৰী (আচা ছেপ্ত্ৰিয়াছা), ইংগিট গাৰ্নাছিহ (হেপি ছালমা), ফাত্মাৱাতি (ৰেভালিনা চায়ুতি টেমাট), হাৰ্তিনি (লোলা আমাৰিয়া), হাৰিয়াতি (আজেং আঞ্জানি), কাৰ্তিনি মানোপ্পো (গুলান গুৰিত্নো), ৰত্না ছাৰী দেৱী (মাৰিয়ানা ৰেনাটা), ইউৰিকে ছাংগাৰ ([ঋইছ্যানা ছাৰাছভাতি), হেল্ডি জাফাৰ (পেভিতা পিয়াৰ্ছ), উইছ্মা ছুছানা চিৰেগাৰ (চেলছিয়া ইছলান), ছাকিকো কানাচে (হাৰুকা নাগাকাৱা), আমেলিয়া দে লা ৰামা (ৰাইছা আদ্ৰিয়ানা)। * টিঅ' পাকুছাদেওয়ে ২০১২ চনৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''Habibie dan Ainun''-তো ছুহাৰ্ত'ৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল। * ইন্দোনেছিয়ান অভিনেতা আৰিঅ' বায়ুয়ে ২০১৩ চনৰ ''Soekarno: Indonesia Merdeka'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত সুকৰ্ণ ৰূপায়ণ কৰে, যিখন তেওঁৰ জন্মৰ পৰা জাপানী অধিকাৰ শেষলৈ ইন্দোনেছিয়াৰ স্বাধীনতা প্ৰাপ্তিলৈকে জীৱন অধ্যায়বোৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰে। * ইন্দোনেছিয়ান অভিনেতা বাঈম ৱংয়ে ২০১৩ চনৰ ''Ketika Bung di Ende'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত সুকৰ্ণ ৰূপায়ণ কৰে, যিখন এনডেৰ নিৰ্বাসনকালত তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। * ইন্দোনেছিয়ান অভিনেতা আৰু টিভি ব্যক্তিত্ব ডেভ মহেন্দ্ৰই ২০১৫ চনৰ ''Guru Bangsa: Tjokroaminoto'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত সুকৰ্ণৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে, যিখন উমাৰ ছাঈদ চোক্ৰ'আমিন'টোৰ জীৱনৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্মিত, যাক সুকৰ্ণৰ ৰাজনৈতিক গুৰুশিক্ষক হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। * আৰিঅ' বায়ুয়ে ২০২১ চনৰ যুদ্ধ ভিত্তিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ ''Kadet 1947''-ৰ আৰম্ভণিত পুনৰ সুকৰ্ণৰ চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰে, যিটো ইন্দোনেছিয়াৰ স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধৰ ওপৰত কেন্দ্ৰিত। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়াৰ ৰাজনীতিবিদ]] 0ow7lk2lccnp8ym7oao7v7kep1dorls 0 100958 518709 405729 2025-06-17T01:43:55Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = সীতাকান্ত মহাপাত্ৰ | image = Sitakant Mahapatra.jpg | alt = | caption = ২০১৫ চনত মহাপাত্ৰ | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1937|09|17}} | birth_place = কেন্দ্ৰপাৰা জিলা, [[উৰিষ্যা]], [[ভাৰত]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth) --> | death_place = | nationality = [[ভাৰতীয়]] | other_names = | occupation = [[কবি]], সাহিত্য সমালোচক | known_for = | awards = {{plainlist| *[[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]] (১৯৭৪) *[[জ্ঞানপীঠ বঁটা]] (১৯৯৩) *[[পদ্মভূষণ]] (২০০২) *[[পদ্ম বিভূষণ]] (২০১১) *চাৰ্ক সাহিত্য বঁটা (২০১৫) }} | notable works = ''শব্দৰা আকাশ'' (দ্য স্কাই অৱ ৱৰ্ডচ্‌) (১৯৭১)<br />''সমুদ্ৰ'' (১৯৭৭) }} '''সীতাকান্ত মহাপাত্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Sitakant Mahapatra}}; জন্ম:১৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৩৭) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] [[কবি]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sahitya Akademi : Who's Who of Indian Writers|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/SASearchSystem/sauser/writerinfo.jsp?wrids=4092|website=Sahitya Akademi|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref> আৰু [[ওড়িয়া ভাষা|ওড়িয়া]] আৰু [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ]] সাহিত্য সমালোচক।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lr/2002/12/01/stories/2002120100210200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030225200106/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lr/2002/12/01/stories/2002120100210200.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 February 2003|title=Deceptive simplicity|date=1 December 2002|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 December 2023|archivedate=6 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606125647/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lr/2002/12/01/stories/2002120100210200.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?202162|title=The Mahapatra Muse: Two deeply vivid volumes of poems from the oriya masters |author=Keki N. Daruwalla|date=25 September 1996|publisher=The Outlook}}</ref> ১৯৯৫ চনত অৱসৰ লোৱাৰ আগলৈকে তেওঁ ভাৰতীয় প্ৰশাসনিক সেৱাৰ বিষয়া আছিল আৰু ১৯৬১ চনৰপৰা আই এ এছ ৰূপে কামত মকৰল আছিল। তেওঁ নেচনেল বুক ট্ৰাষ্ট, [[নতুন দিল্লী|নতুন দিল্লীৰ]] চেয়াৰমেন ৰূপে কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। বহুখিনি অনুবাদৰ উপৰিও তেওঁ ১৫ খনতকৈও অধিক কবিতা সংকলন, ৫ খন প্ৰবন্ধ সংকলন, এখন ভ্ৰমণকাহিনী আৰু ৩০ খনতকৈও অধিক মননশীল ৰচনা লিখিছে। তেওঁৰ কবিতাৰ সংকলন কেইবাটাও ভাৰতীয় ভাষালৈ অনূদিত হৈছে। মহাপাত্ৰৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য ৰচনাসমূহ হৈছে, ''শব্দৰা আকাশ'' (১৯৭১), ''সমুদ্ৰ'' (১৯৭৭) আৰু ''অনেক শৰৎ'' (১৯৮১)।<ref name=ja/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://expressbuzz.com/news/ayyappa-paniker-commemoration-today/104873.html|title=Ayyappa Paniker commemoration today|date=20 September 2009|publisher=Ebuzz – Indian Express News Service|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528223506/http://expressbuzz.com/news/ayyappa-paniker-commemoration-today/104873.html|archive-date=28 May 2012|df=dmy-all|access-date=29 December 2023|archivedate=28 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528223506/http://expressbuzz.com/news/ayyappa-paniker-commemoration-today/104873.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name=ip/> ১৯৭৪ চনত, তেওঁ তেওঁৰ কবিতা সংকলন ''শব্দৰা আকাশ'' (দ্য স্কাই অফ ৱৰ্ডছ)ৰ বাবে [[ওড়িয়া ভাষা|ওড়িয়া ভাষাত]] [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]] লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>[http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10315.htm#oriya Sahitya Akademi Award winners in Oriya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223034947/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10315.htm |date=23 February 2010 }} ''[[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি]]''</ref> ১৯৯৩ চনত ''ভাৰতীয় সাহিত্যলৈ আগবঢ়োৱা অসামান্য অৱদানৰ বাবে'' তেওঁক ভাৰতীয় জ্ঞানপীঠে [[জ্ঞানপীঠ বঁটা|জ্ঞানপীঠ বঁটাৰে]] সন্মানিত কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ এটা বিবৃতিত ভাৰতীয় জ্ঞানপীঠে মহাপাত্ৰ সম্পৰ্কে উল্লেখ কৰি কৈছিল যে; {{cquote|''পশ্চিমীয়া সাহিত্যত গভীৰভাৱে নিমজ্জিত তেওঁৰ কলমত স্থানীয় মাটিৰ বিৰল আকৰ্ষণীয় সুবাস আছে।''}} সাহিত্যৰ বাবে ‘ছোভিয়েট দেশ নেহৰু বঁটা’, ‘কবীৰ সন্মান’ আৰু আন কেইবাটাও সন্মানীয় বঁটা লাভ<ref name=ja>[[#Ja|Jnanpith, p. 18]]</ref> কৰাৰ উপৰিও মহাপাত্ৰ ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ দ্বাৰা ২০০২ চনৰ [[পদ্মভূষণ]] আৰু ২০১১ চনৰ [[পদ্ম বিভূষণ]] বঁটাৰে সন্মানিত হৈছিল।<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=July 21, 2015 | archivedate=October 19, 2017 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019215108/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা== ১৯৩৭ চনত, মহানদীৰ উপনদী চিত্ৰতপালাৰ পাৰৰ মহংগা গাঁৱত সীতাকান্ত মহাপাত্ৰৰ জন্ম হৈছিল। এটা পৰম্পৰাগত পৰিয়ালত ভাগৱত গীতা আবৃত্তি কৰি তেওঁ ডাঙৰ হৈছিল। কৰুৱা চৰকাৰী স্কুলৰপৰা হাইস্কুল পাছ কৰি তেওঁ কটকৰ ৰাৱেনচ’ মহাবিদ্যালয়ত নাম ভৰ্তি কৰিছিল আৰু তাৰপৰাই ১৯৫৭ চনত ইতিহাস বিষয়ত অনাৰ্চ সহ স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লৈছিল। তেওঁ ১৯৫৯ চনত, এলাহাবাদ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা ৰাজনীতি বিজ্ঞানত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছিল। সেই সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ আলোচনী সম্পাদক আছিল। ইয়াতেই তেওঁ [[ইংৰাজী]] আৰু [[ওড়িয়া ভাষা|ওড়িয়া]] দুয়োটা ভাষাতে লিখিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। অৱশ্যে পিছত তেওঁ কেৱল নিজৰ মাতৃভাষাতহে কবিতা লিখিবলৈ সিদ্ধান্ত লৈছিল যদিও তেওঁৰ স্কলাষ্টিক ৰচনাবোৰ ইংৰাজীতে আছে।<ref name=ip>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/unveiling-of-a-poet/39127/0|title=Unveiling of a poet|date=3 March 2002 |publisher=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref name=u/> ১৯৬৯ চনত তেওঁ কলম্বো প্লেন ফেলোশ্বিপৰ অধীনত কেমব্ৰিজ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত, ''অভাৰচীজ ডেভেলপমেণ্ট ষ্টাডিজ''ত ডিপ্লমা কৰিছিল।<ref name=ip/><ref>[http://mumbai.mtnl.net.in/~hbfc/cv/DR_SITAKANT_MAHAPATRA.html Dr. Sitakant Mahapatra] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220225910/http://mumbai.mtnl.net.in/~hbfc/cv/DR_SITAKANT_MAHAPATRA.html |date=20 February 2010 }} Mumbai MTNL</ref> পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত, ১৯৮৮ চনত তেওঁ ফৰ্ড ফাউণ্ডেচন ফেলোশ্বিপ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ অংশগ্ৰহণকাৰী হিচাপে হাৰ্ভাৰ্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত এবছৰ অতিবাহিত কৰে। ==কৰ্মজীৱন== মহাপাত্ৰই ভাৰতীয় প্ৰশাসনিক সেৱা (আই এ এছ) পৰীক্ষা দিয়াৰ আগতে উৎকল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ স্নাতকোত্তৰ বিভাগত দুবছৰৰ বাবে অধ্যাপনা কৰিছিল। ১৯৬১ চনত সৰ্বভাৰতীয় ভিত্তিত ‘ইউ পি এছ চি’ পৰীক্ষাত প্ৰথম স্থান লাভ কৰা প্ৰথমগৰাকী [[ওড়িয়া ভাষা|ওড়িয়া]] ব্যক্তি হিচাপে তেওঁ আই এ এছত যোগদান কৰিছিল আৰু [[উৰিষ্যা]] চৰকাৰৰ গৃহ সচিব, ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ সংস্কৃতি মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ সচিব আৰু ইউনেস্কোৰ সাংস্কৃতিক বিকাশৰ বিশ্ব দশক (১৯৯৪-১৯৯৬)ৰ সভাপতিকে ধৰি কেইবাটাও গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পদত অধিষ্ঠিত হৈছিল। তেওঁ হাৰ্ভাৰ্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ ফেলো, কেমব্ৰিজ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ ''ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল একাডেমী অৱ পয়েটচ''ৰ সন্মানীয় ফেলো আৰু নতুন দিল্লীৰ নেচনেল বুক ট্ৰাষ্টৰ অধ্যক্ষ আদি অনেক পদবীত নিযুক্ত আছিল।<ref name=u>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/01/01/stories/2006010100150300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610115057/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/01/01/stories/2006010100150300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2008|work=The Hindu|title=Universal appeal|date=1 January 2006|access-date=29 December 2023|archivedate=10 June 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610115057/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/01/01/stories/2006010100150300.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তেওঁ উৰিষ্যাৰ প্ৰথম বেংকিং লোকপালও আছিল। মহাপাত্ৰই ১৯৭১ আৰু ১৯৮৪ চনৰ উৰিষ্যা সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা, [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]] (১৯৭৪); সৰলা বঁটা (১৯৮৫) আৰু ভাৰতৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ সাহিত্য সন্মান [[জ্ঞানপীঠ বঁটা]] (১৯৯৩) লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ প্ৰথমটি [[ওড়িয়া ভাষা|ওড়িয়া ভাষাৰ]] কবিতা সংকলন ''দিপ্তী ও দ্যুটি'' ১৯৬৩ চনত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। দ্বিতীয়টি সংকলন ''অষ্টপৰী'' প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল ১৯৬৭ চনত আৰু ই উৰিষ্যা সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা লাভ কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ তৃতীয় আৰু বিখ্যাত সংকলন ''শব্দৰা আকাশে'' লাভ কৰিছিল [[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]]।<ref>{{cite book|last=Jnanpith|first=Bhartiya |title=The text and the context: an encounter with Jnanpith laureates |publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith|year=1994|isbn=9788170191827 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfzZvNc6hPkC&q=Sitakant+Mahapatra&pg=PA17|ref=Ja}}</ref> [[ওড়িয়া ভাষা|ওড়িয়া ভাষাত]] তেওঁ ৩৫০ তকৈও অধিক কবিতা আৰু সাহিত্য সমালোচনা লিখিছে। সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক তেওঁৰ ৩০টি সংকলন [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী ভাষাত]] প্ৰকাশ হৈছে। হোমি ভাভা ফেলোশ্বিপ লাভ কৰি তেওঁ পূৱ ভাৰতৰ জনজাতীয় লোকসকলৰ বিষয়ে দুবছৰ অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল (১৯৭৫-১৯৭৭)<ref>[[#Ja|Jnanpith, p. 20]]</ref> আৰু এই অধ্যয়নৰ অংশ ৰূপে সমাজ আৰু সংস্কৃতি বিষয়ক দুখন কিতাপ লিখিছিল, যি দুখন অক্সফৰ্ড ইউনিভাৰচিটি প্ৰেছে প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। চাওতাল লোক আৰু চাওতলী ভাষাৰ সৈতে থকা নিকট সম্পৰ্কৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁ তেওঁলোকৰ মৌখিক কবিতাৰ নটি সংকলন প্ৰকাশ কৰাই নহয়; আদিবাসী কবিতাৰ অনুবাদো কৰিছিল।<ref name=ip/> তেওঁৰ এই সাহিত্য যাত্ৰা আছিল ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আৰু ৰাজ্যৰ হকে অৰিহণা আগবঢ়োৱাৰ এক একক প্ৰচেষ্টা। ২০১৪ চনৰ ২৪ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰীত, তেওঁ কলিঙ্গ সাহিত্য মহোৎসৱ উদ্বোধন কৰি, এই উৎসৱৰ মুখ্য অতিথি আৰু মুখ্য বক্তাৰ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mystic Kalinga Festival to focus on Bhakti poetry- The New Indian Express|url=http://cms.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/2018/dec/29/mystic-kalinga-festival-to-focus-on-bhakti-poetry-1918058.html|access-date=2020-11-07|website=cms.newindianexpress.com|archivedate=2020-11-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128175156/http://cms.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/2018/dec/29/mystic-kalinga-festival-to-focus-on-bhakti-poetry-1918058.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> কেৰালা সাহিত্য মহোৎসৱৰো তেওঁ মুখ্য বক্তা আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitakant Mahapatra- Speaker in Kerala literature Festival KLF –2020{{!}} Keralaliteraturefestival.com|url=http://keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakers_more.aspx?id=MzQ5#:~:text=KLF%20-SPEAKER-2020-%20Sitakant%20Mahapatra&text=Educated%20in%20Utkal,%20Allahabad%20and,and%20Padma%20Vibhushan%20in%202010.&text=He%20has%20been%20a%20Fellow,University,%20Tokyo%20has%20conferred%20Hon.|access-date=2020-11-07|website=keralaliteraturefestival.com|archivedate=2018-12-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231131317/http://keralaliteraturefestival.com/speakers_more.aspx?id=MzQ5#:~:text=KLF%20-SPEAKER-2020-%20Sitakant%20Mahapatra&text=Educated%20in%20Utkal,%20Allahabad%20and,and%20Padma%20Vibhushan%20in%202010.&text=He%20has%20been%20a%20Fellow,University,%20Tokyo%20has%20conferred%20Hon.|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==স্বীকৃতি== *১৯৭১ আৰু ১৯৮৪:উৰিষ্যা সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা *১৯৭৪:[[সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]] *১৯৮৫:সৰলা বঁটা *১৯৯৩:[[জ্ঞানপীঠ বঁটা]] (সৰ্বোচ্চ ভাৰতীয় সাহিত্য বঁটা) *২০০৩:[[পদ্মভূষণ]] (ভাৰতৰ তৃতীয় সৰ্বোচ্চ অসামৰিক সন্মান) *২০১০:[[পদ্মবিভূষণ]] (ভাৰতৰ দ্বিতীয় সৰ্বোচ্চ অসামৰিক সন্মান) *২০১৩:সাহিত্য অকাডেমি ফেল’ *২০১৫:চাৰ্ক লিটাৰেৰী এৱাৰ্ড (চাৰ্ক সাহিত্য বঁটা) *২০১৭:টেগৰ পিচ এৱাৰ্ড (টেগৰ শান্তি বঁটা)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://incredibleorissa.com/sitakant-mahapatra-tagore-peace-award/ |title=Odia poet Sitakant Maapatra wins Tagore Peace Award |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=April 26, 2017 |website=Incredible Orissa |access-date=April 30, 2017 |archivedate=August 26, 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826012604/https://incredibleorissa.com/sitakant-mahapatra-tagore-peace-award/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/sitakantmahapatra.html Sitakant Mahapatra Biography and works] at [[Library of Congress]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100220225910/http://mumbai.mtnl.net.in/%7Ehbfc/cv/DR_SITAKANT_MAHAPATRA.html Dr. Sitakant Mahapatra] Mumbai MTNL * Rath, Arnapurna. [http://ojs.unbc.ca/index.php/joe/article/view/626/512 Review of Sitakant Mahapatra's Rotations of Unending Time] Trans. Sura P. Rath and Mark Halperin at [http://ojs.unbc.ca/index.php/joe/issue/current/showToc Journal of Ecocriticism] * {{cite book|last=Jnanpith|first=Bhartiya |title=The text and the context: an encounter with Jnanpith laureates |publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith|year=1994|isbn=9788170191827 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfzZvNc6hPkC&q=Sitakant+Mahapatra&pg=PA17|ref=Ja}} {{জ্ঞানপীঠ বঁটা}} {{গংগাধৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বঁটা}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় সাহিত্যিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কবি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:গংগাধৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদ্মভূষণ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পদ্ম বিভূষণ বঁটা বিজয়ী]] rnhagdlmakscdpa1sflv6w7m62f9kfa 0 103927 518699 453431 2025-06-16T22:28:32Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518699 wikitext text/x-wiki '''মীনাক্ষী শেষাদ্ৰী''' ([[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী]]: Meenakshi Seshadri; জন্ম: ১৬ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৬৩) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় প্ৰাক্তন অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল, নৃত্যশিল্পী আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য্য প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ খিতাপধাৰী। মূলতঃ হিন্দী ছবিত কাম কৰাৰ লগতে তেওঁ কিছুসংখ্যক তেলেগু আৰু তামিল ভাষাৰ ছবিতো অভিনয় কৰিছিল। মনোজ কুমাৰে প্ৰযোজনা কৰা ''পেইণ্টাৰ বাবু'' (১৯৮৩) ছবিৰ জৰিয়তে তেওঁ প্ৰথমবাৰৰ ছবি জগতত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল আৰু দ্বিতীয়খন ছবি ''হিৰো''ৰ (১৯৮৩) জৰিয়তে তেওঁ তাৰকা হিচাপে প্ৰতিস্থিত হৈছিল। এটা দশকজোৰা কেৰিয়াৰত তেওঁ সেই সময়ৰ অন্যতম জনপ্ৰিয় আৰু সৰ্বাধিক মাননী পোৱা অভিনেত্ৰী হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা লাভ কৰিছিল। অভিনয় জীৱনৰ পূৰ্বে শেষাদ্ৰীয়ে ১৯৮১ চনত ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত ইভছ উইকলি মিছ ইণ্ডিয়া প্ৰতিযোগিতাত জয়ী হৈছিল।<ref name="Zeearticle">{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/actresses-missing-from-action_161.html/7 |title=Actress missing from Action – Meenakshi Seshadri |publisher=Zee News |access-date=29 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503180145/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/actresses-missing-from-action_161.html/7|archive-date=3 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Miss India and their Bollywood breaks |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/archives/Miss-Indias-and-their-Bollywood-breaks/articleshow/19103553.cms |access-date=25 June 2014 |archivedate=20 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720042534/http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/archives/Miss-Indias-and-their-Bollywood-breaks/articleshow/19103553.cms |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ১৯৮০ আৰু ১৯৯০ চনত হিন্দী ছবিৰ অন্যতম আগশাৰীৰ অভিনেত্ৰী হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয় আৰু অভিনয়, সৌন্দৰ্য্য আৰু নিপুণ নৃত্যৰ বাবে স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰে।<ref name="Boxofficeindia.com"/> ''হিৰো'' (১৯৮৩), '"আন্ধি-টুফান'' (১৯৮৫), ''মেৰী জং'' (১৯৮৫), ''স্বাতী'' (১৯৮৬), ''দিলৱালা'' (১৯৮৬), ''ডকাইত'' (১৯৮৭), ''ইনাম দছ হাজাৰ'' (১৯৮৭), ''পৰিৱাৰ'' (১৯৮৭), ''শ্বাহেনশ্বাহ'' (১৯৮৮), ''মহাদেৱ'' (১৯৮৯), ''আৱাৰগী'' (১৯৯০), ''জুৰম'' (১৯৯০), ''ঘায়ল'' (১৯৯০), ''ঘৰ হো তো এইছা'' (১৯৯০), ''ডামিনী'' (১৯৯৩), ''ডুৱেট'' (১৯৯৪) আৰু ''ঘাটক'' (১৯৯৬) আদি ছবিত কৰা অভিনয়ৰ বাবে তেওঁ বিখ্যাত হৈছিল।<ref name="Boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web |last=Boxofficeindia.com |title=Top Actress |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017104803/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |archive-date=17 October 2013 |access-date=30 March 2024 |archivedate=2 December 2012 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121202231509/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ''স্বাতী'' (১৯৮৬), '"ডাহলিজ'' (১৯৮৬), ''সত্যমেৱ জয়তে'' (১৯৮৭), ''আৱাৰগী'' (১৯৯০) আৰু ''ডামিনী'' (১৯৯৩)ৰ বাবে তেওঁ বিশেষ সমালোচকৰ প্ৰশংসা লাভ কৰে।<ref name="boxofficeindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=196&catName=MTk5MA== |title=BoxOffice India.com |publisher=BoxOffice India.com |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918075203/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=196&catName=MTk5MA%3D%3D |archive-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archivedate=17 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017072637/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=196&catName=MTk5MA== |deadurl=yes }}</ref> নব্বৈৰ দশকত খাজুৰাহো নৃত্য মহোৎসৱতো তেওঁ অনুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ ছবি ''ঘাটক'' মুক্তি পোৱাৰ পিছত তেওঁ চলচ্চিত্ৰ জগত এৰি স্বামী আৰু সন্তানৰ সৈতে আমেৰিকাত থাকিবলৈ লয়। তাত তেওঁ “চেৰিছ ডান্স স্কুল”ৰ পৰিচালনা কৰে। তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ সম্পৰ্কে ''মীনাক্ষী এক্সেপ্ট হাৰ উইংছ'' নামৰ এখন তথ্যচিত্ৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="boxofficeindia1996">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng== |title=Box Office 1996 |access-date=5 June 2012 |archive-date=25 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125141035/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng%3D%3D |url-status=live |archivedate=21 July 2012 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120721102828/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng== |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name="rmrmedia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.lcahouston.com/2008/12/the-miraculous-meenakshi/ |title=The Miraculous Meenakshi |publisher=lcahouston.com |access-date=7 August 2012 |date=30 December 2008 |archive-date=29 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329152948/http://www.lcahouston.com/2008/12/the-miraculous-meenakshi/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== ১৯৬৩ চনৰ ১৬ নৱেম্বৰত বিহাৰৰ সিন্দ্ৰীৰ (বৰ্তমান ঝাৰখণ্ডত) এক তামিল ব্ৰাহ্মণ পৰিয়ালত মীনাক্ষী শেষাদ্ৰীৰ জন্ম হৈছিল। প্ৰথমতে তেওঁৰ নাম আছিল শশীকলা শেষাদ্ৰী। ভেম্পতী চিন্না সত্যম আৰু জয়া ৰামা ৰাওৰ অধীনত তেওঁ [[ভাৰতনাট্যম]], [[কুচিপুড়ি]], [[কথক]], আৰু [[ওড়িছী নৃত্য|ওড়িছী]] নামৰ চাৰিবিধ [[ভাৰতৰ শাস্ত্ৰীয় নৃত্য|ভাৰতীয় শাস্ত্ৰীয় নৃত্যৰ]] প্ৰশিক্ষণ লৈছিল। ১৯৮১ চনত ১৭ বছৰ বয়সত ইভছ উইকলি মিছ ইণ্ডিয়া প্ৰতিযোগিতাত জয়ী হয় আৰু ১৯৮১ চনত জাপানৰ টকিঅ'ত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা মিছ ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলত ভাৰতক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ১৯৯৫ চনত বিনিয়োগ বেংকাৰ হৰিশ মহীশূৰৰ সৈতে মীনাক্ষী শেষাদ্ৰী বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite news |title=civil wedding |url=http://marketme.biz/articles/marriage/Meenakshi_Sheshadri_talks_about_her_marriage.html |access-date=1 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116035120/http://marketme.biz/articles/marriage/Meenakshi_Sheshadri_talks_about_her_marriage.html |archive-date=16 November 2012 |archivedate=16 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116035120/http://marketme.biz/articles/marriage/Meenakshi_Sheshadri_talks_about_her_marriage.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> বিবাহৰ পিছত মীনাক্ষীয়ে চিনেমাৰ পৰা অৱসৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। বৰ্তমান তেওঁলোকৰ দুটা সন্তান; এগৰাকী কন্যা আৰু এজন পুত্ৰ আছে।<ref>{{cite news |title=Then and now: Damini actress Meenakshi Seshadri looks unrecognisable |url=https://www.mid-day.com/photos/then-and-now-54-year-old-damini-actress-meenakshi-seshadri-looks-unrecognisable/15302 |access-date=4 April 2020 |work=mid-day |date=15 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> প্ৰথমে মীনাক্ষী টেক্সাছৰ প্লেনোত বাস কৰিছিল<ref>{{cite web |title=Spurred by success: Meenakshi bares her claws! |url=http://www.magnamags.com/stardust/blast-from-the-past/spurred-by-success-meenakshi-bares-her-claws/2088 |date=31 October 2013 |work=[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]] |access-date=13 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113194953/http://www.magnamags.com/stardust/blast-from-the-past/spurred-by-success-meenakshi-bares-her-claws/2088 |archive-date=13 January 2016 |archivedate=13 January 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113194953/http://www.magnamags.com/stardust/blast-from-the-past/spurred-by-success-meenakshi-bares-her-claws/2088 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> আৰু তাত তেওঁ ভাৰতনাট্যম, কথক, ওডিছি আদিৰ শিক্ষা প্ৰদান কৰিছিল। কেলিফৰ্ণিয়াত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা আমেৰিকান এছ'চিয়েচন অৱ ফিজিচিয়ানছ অৱ ইণ্ডিয়ান অৰিজিন (AAPI) কনভেনচনকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন চেৰিটি অনুষ্ঠান আৰু ধন সংগ্ৰহৰ অনুষ্ঠানৰ বাবে তেওঁ ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীৰ সৈতে অনুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰে। তাৰ পিছত তাই ৱাশ্বিংটন ডি.চি.লৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয়। তাত তেওঁ তেওঁ “চেৰিছ ডান্স স্কুল” নামৰ এখন নৃত্য প্ৰশিক্ষণ বিদ্যালয় পৰিচালনা কৰে ==বঁটা আৰু স্বীকৃতি== মীনাক্ষী শেষাদ্ৰীয়ে তেওঁৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ জীৱনত বহুতো বঁটা আৰু স্বীকৃতি লাভ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। *১৯৮৬ – ''স্বাতী'' ছবিৰ বাবে লাক্স শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী বঁটা *১৯৯১ – ''জুৰ্ম'' ছবিৰ বাবে ফিল্মফেয়াৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ মনোনয়ন<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nominations – 1990 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368593.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708210531/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368593.cms |archive-date=8 July 2007 |access-date=30 October 2022 |website=Official Listings, [[Indiatimes]] |archivedate=11 July 2012 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120711052613/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368593.cms |deadurl=yes }}</ref> *১৯৯২ – ''আপদবন্ধৱুডু'' ছবিৰ বাবে ফিল্মফেয়াৰ এৱাৰ্ড চাউথ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ নমিনেছন *১৯৯৪ – ''ডামিনী'' ছবিৰ বাবে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী হিচাপে ফিল্মফেয়াৰ মনোনয়ন<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nominations — 1993 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/articleshow/articleshow/368610.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141027014001/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/articleshow/articleshow/368610.cms |archive-date=27 October 2014 |access-date=30 October 2022 |website=Official Listings, [[Indiatimes]] |archivedate=27 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20141027014001/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/articleshow/articleshow/368610.cms |deadurl=yes }}</ref> *১৯৯৩ – ''ডামিনী'' ছবিৰ বাবে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী হিচাপে স্মিতা পাটিল স্মৃতি বঁটা *১৯৯৩ – ''আপদবন্ধৱুডু'' ছবিৰ বাবে শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী হিচাপে অন্ধ্ৰপ্ৰদেশ ৰাজ্যিক বঁটা। ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় নাৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় নৃত্যশিল্পী]] c180t6ypdev108f6mpav9jasw2v55go 0 107327 518714 464612 2025-06-17T03:34:04Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MedalTableTop|}} {{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}} {{MedalSport|পুৰুষৰ পেৰা-এথলীট}}[[File:Athletics pictogram (Paralympics).svg|25px]] {{Medal|Competition|পেৰালিম্পিক}} {{MedalBronze|২০২৪ পেৰিচ|পুৰুষৰ শ্বট পুট এফ ৫৭}} {{MedalCompetition|এছিয়ান পেৰা ক্ৰীড়া}} {{MedalBronze|২০২২ হাংঝৌ|পুৰুষৰ শ্বট পুট এফ ৫৭}} {{MedalBottom}}'''হোকাটো হোটোঝে ছেমা''' ({{lang-en|Hokato Hotozhe Sema}}; জন্ম: ২৪ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৮৩) <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Paris 2024|url=https://www.paralympic.org/en/paris-2024-paralympics/athlete/hokato-hotozhe-sema_1993412|accessdate=2024-09-07|work=www.paralympic.org}}</ref> [[নাগালেণ্ড|নাগালেণ্ডৰ]] [[ডিমাপুৰ|ডিমাপুৰৰ]] এজন ভাৰতীয় পেৰা-এথলীট। তেওঁ পুৰুষৰ শ্বট পুট এফ ৫৭ ইভেণ্টত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। ২০২৪ চনত [[পেৰিছ|পেৰিছত]] [[গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন পেৰালিম্পিক ২০২৪ত ভাৰত|অনুষ্ঠিত গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন পেৰালিম্পিকত ভাৰতক]] প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰি এই ইভেণ্টত ব্ৰঞ্জৰ পদক লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagaland's Hokato scripts history at Asian Para Games|url=https://morungexpress.com/nagalands-hokato-scripts-history-at-asian-para-games|accessdate=2024-08-14|work=MorungExpress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Today|first=North East|date=2024-08-12|title=Nagaland's Hokato Hotozhe Sema Qualifies For Paris Paralympic Games 2024|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2024/08/12/nagalands-hokato-hotozhe-sema-qualifies-for-paris-paralympic-games-2024/|accessdate=2024-08-14|work=Northeast Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|date=2024-08-14|title=India at Paris Paralympics 2024: Complete list of 84 athletes at Paralympic Games|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece|accessdate=2024-08-14|work=Sportstar|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Paris 2024|url=https://www.paralympic.org/en/paris-2024-paralympics/results/para-athletics/men-s-shot-put---f57/fnl-000100--|accessdate=2024-09-06|work=www.paralympic.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/hokato-hotozhe-sema-paralympics-bronze-shot-put-9554422/|title=Paralympics: Who is Hokato Hotozhe Sema, India’s bronze medal winner in shot put F47 event|publisher=Indian Express}}</ref> == পৃষ্ঠভূমি == ছেমাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল নাগালেণ্ডৰ ডিমাপুৰত। তেওঁ ৯ অসম ৰেজিমেণ্টত ভাৰতীয় সেনাত হাবিলদাৰ হিচাপে নিয়োজিত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-07|title=Who is Hokato Hotozhe Sema, a landmine blast survivor armyman who won bronze in shot put at Paris Paralympics?|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/sports/who-is-hokato-hotozhe-sema-who-won-bronze-in-shot-put-at-paris-paralympics-641369.html|accessdate=2024-09-07|work=Indiatimes|language=en-IN}}</ref> ২০০২ চনত নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ ৰেখাত এক অভিযানৰ সময়ত ভূমিস্খলনৰ ফলত তেওঁ ভৰিখন হেৰুৱাইছিল। তাৰ পিছত, ৩২ বছৰ বয়সত তেওঁ শ্বটপুট খেলিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু প্ৰশিক্ষক ৰাকেশ ৰাৱাটৰ অধীনত প্ৰশিক্ষণ লয়।<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Paris 2024|url=https://www.paralympic.org/en/paris-2024-paralympics/athlete/hokato-hotozhe-sema_1993412|accessdate=2024-09-07|work=www.paralympic.org}}</ref> তেওঁক বৰ্তমান [[অলিম্পিক গোল্ড কোৱেষ্ট]] নামৰ এক ক্ৰীড়া বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থাৰ দ্বাৰা সমৰ্থন কৰা হৈছে। == কেৰিয়াৰ == [[চীনৰ হাংঝৌ|চীনৰ হাংঝৌত]] অনুষ্ঠিত [[২০২২ চনৰ এছিয়ান পেৰা গেমছ|২০২২ চনৰ এছিয়ান পেৰা গেমছত]] শ্বটপুট এফ-৫৬/৫৭ শাখাৰ ইভেণ্টত ব্ৰঞ্জৰ পদক লাভ কৰে ছেমাই। <ref>{{Cite web|title=You are being redirected...|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2023/10/26/asian-para-games-hokato-bags-bronze/|accessdate=2024-08-14|work=nagalandpost.com}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ইয়াৰোপৰি ২০২৪ চনত [[পেৰিছ|পেৰিছত]] অনুষ্ঠিত [[২০২৪ চনৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন পেৰালিম্পিক|গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন পেৰালিম্পিকত]] ১৪.৬৫ মিটাৰ ব্যক্তিগত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ থ্ৰ’ৰে শ্বটপুট এফ-৫৭ শাখাত ব্ৰঞ্জৰ পদক লাভ কৰে। <ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=Paris 2024|url=https://www.paralympic.org/en/paris-2024-paralympics/results/para-athletics/men-s-shot-put---f57/fnl-000100--|accessdate=2024-09-06|work=www.paralympic.org}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{Reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় পেৰা-এথলীট]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পেৰালিম্পিকত পদক বিজয়ী ভাৰতীয়]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাগালেণ্ডৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় সেনাৰ জোৱান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় পেৰালিম্পিক প্ৰতিযোগী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অৰ্জুন বঁটা বিজয়ী]] s9ki5czs8tjh072gsu1lf97to7wxp33 0 107748 518569 434054 2025-06-16T16:58:50Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = বান্দ্ৰা <br />Bandra | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | settlement_type = উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চল | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Bandra Worli Sea Link at night.jpg | photo2a = Mumbai_Bandstand_Promenade.jpg | photo3a = Jama Masjid (Bandra Mosque).JPG | photo4a = ICICI Towers, BKC (289443859).jpg }} | image_alt = | image_caption =বান্দ্ৰা=ৱৰ্লী সাগৰিয় লিংক, মুম্বাই বেণ্ডষ্টেণ্ড প্ৰমেনেড, জামা মছজিদ আৰু আইচিআইচিআই বেংক | nickname = | map_alt = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|19.054444|N|72.840556|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = India | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]] | subdivision_name2 = মুম্বাই উপকণ্ঠ | subdivision_type3 = চহৰ | subdivision_name3 = [[মুম্বাই]] | subdivision_type4 = ক্ষেত্ৰ | subdivision_name4 = ৩ | subdivision_type5 = ৱাৰ্ড | subdivision_name5 = H West | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type =পৌৰ নিগম | governing_body = বৃহনমুম্বাই পৌৰ নিগম | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = ৩৩৭,৩৯১<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-mumbaidistr91.htm|title=Mumbai Wards & Districts: Population & Density by Sector 2001|website=www.demographia.com|access-date=22 September 2018|archive-date=4 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404174942/http://www.demographia.com/db-mumbaidistr91.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_as_of = ২০১৭ | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonyms = Mumbaikar | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = Bandra - 400050, 400051 | registration_plate = MH-02 | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North Central]] | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bandra West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bandra West]] (covers Bandra West) <br /> [[Bandra East (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bandra East]] (covers Bandra East) | website = | footnotes = | NYC place = | official_name = }} '''বান্দ্ৰা''' ({{Lang-en|Bandra}}) [[ভাৰত]]ৰ [[মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]ৰ কংকন বিভাগৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ চহৰ [[মুম্বাই]]ত অৱস্থিত এখন উপকূলীয় উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চল। বান্দ্ৰা মিথি নদীৰ একেবাৰে উত্তৰত অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=PropertyPistol Insight|date=2022-01-15|title=Everything you need to know about the commercial hub- Bandra East|url=https://www.propertypistol.com/blog/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-commercial-hub-bandra-east/|access-date=2023-08-30|website=Real Estate Sector Latest News, Updates & Insights - PropertyPistol Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> মুম্বাই চহৰ আৰু [[পুণে|পুনে]]ৰ পিছত এই অঞ্চলটো মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ তৃতীয় বৃহত্তম বাণিজ্যিক কেন্দ্ৰ হিচাপে পৰিচিত৷<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai's Khar Station Turns 90|url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/mumbais-khar-station-turns-90-582737|access-date=2023-08-30|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> ১৯২৪ চনৰ ১ জুলাইত খাৰ ৰোড ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচন মুকলি হোৱাৰ আগলৈকে বান্দ্ৰা এটি বৃহৎ অঞ্চল আছিল৷ তেতিয়া বৰ্তমানৰ খাৰ চুবুৰীও ইয়াৰ সৈতে অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai's Khar Station Turns 90|url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/mumbais-khar-station-turns-90-582737|access-date=2023-08-30|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>ইয়াক এটা ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচনৰ সেৱা আগবঢ়াব নোৱাৰাকৈয়ে বৃহৎ উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চল বুলি গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল আৰু বান্দ্ৰাৰ উত্তৰ অংশক পশ্চিম ৰেলপথৰ ওচৰৰ পৰা যাব পৰাকৈ ৰেলৱে ষ্টেচন স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ ফলত খাৰক পৃথক উপকণ্ঠ অঞ্চল বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।কিন্তু আজি পৰ্যন্ত সংলগ্ন উপকণ্ঠ দুটাই এটা সমজাতীয় অঞ্চল গঠন কৰিছে।<ref name="NDTV.com Article2">{{cite news|title=Mumbai's Khar Station Turns 90|url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/mumbais-khar-station-turns-90-582737|access-date=July 1, 2014|publisher=ndtv.com|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024094306/https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/mumbais-khar-station-turns-90-582737|url-status=live}}</ref> বলীউড, সংবাদ মাধ্যম, [[ক্ৰিকেট|ক্ৰিকে]]ট আৰু ৰাজনীতিত সক্ৰিয় চেলিব্ৰিটি বা ভিআইপি বান্দ্ৰাৰ বাসিন্দা৷ [[চিত্ৰ:Bandra_Sea_Link_aerial.jpg|right|thumb|বিমানৰ খিৰিকীৰ পৰা বান্দ্ৰা]] ==ইতিহাস== "বান্দ্ৰা" নামটো সম্ভৱতঃ পাৰ্চী ভাষাৰ বন্দৰ বা "বন্দৰ" শব্দৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-tour-through-mumbai-s-historical-neighbourhoods/|title=A Tour Through Mumbai's Historical Neighbourhoods|date=3 January 2016|access-date=19 January 2019|archive-date=19 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119230903/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-tour-through-mumbai-s-historical-neighbourhoods/|url-status=live|archivedate=19 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119230903/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-tour-through-mumbai-s-historical-neighbourhoods/|deadurl=yes}}</ref>ডানকান ফৰ্বছৰ ''এ ডিকচনেৰী, হিন্দুস্তানী এণ্ড ইংৰাজী'' (১৮৪৮)ত ইয়াক "এখন চহৰ; এটা এম্পোৰিয়াম; এটা বন্দৰ, বন্দৰ; এখন বাণিজ্যিক চহৰ য'ত বহু সংখ্যক বিদেশী ব্যৱসায়ীয়ে আশ্ৰয় লয়" বুলি ব্যাখ্যা কৰা হৈছে।<ref name="Forbes1848">{{cite book|author=Duncan Forbes|title=A Dictionary, Hindustani and English: To which is Added a Reversed Part, English and Hindustani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7klIAAAAYAAJ|access-date=12 April 2012|year=1848|publisher=W.H. Allen|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704152003/https://books.google.com/books?id=7klIAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>কোংকনী ভাষাত ''বান্দাৰ'' হৈছে পাৰ্চী (পাৰ্চী)ৰ পৰা উদ্ভূত হোৱা শব্দ যাৰ অৰ্থ-বন্দৰ বা বন্দৰ।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/anenglishkonkan00bygoog/anenglishkonkan00bygoog_djvu.txt|title=An English-Konkani dictionary|year=1883}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&dq=Konkani+word+port+bandar&pg=PA28|title=A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992|isbn=9788172016647|last1=Saradesāya|first1=Manohararāya|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|access-date=7 June 2022|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704152004/https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&dq=Konkani+word+port+bandar&pg=PA28|url-status=live}}</ref> কোংকন অঞ্চলৰ বহু অংশৰ লগতে এই অঞ্চলটো দ্বাদশ শতিকাত শিলহাৰা বংশৰ দ্বাৰা শাসিত হৈছিল। বান্দ্ৰা আছিল কোলি (মাছমৰীয়া) আৰু লোণৰ কৃষকসকলে বসবাস কৰা এখন সৰু মাছমৰীয়া গাঁও। ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানীয়ে ইয়াক অধিগ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ পূৰ্বে এই অঞ্চলটো ডামাওনৰ পৰা চৌললৈকে বিস্তৃত পৰ্তুগীজ-বম্বে ভূখণ্ডৰ অংশ আছিল। ==নগৰীয়া শিল্প== বান্দ্ৰাৰ ষ্ট্ৰীট আৰ্ট বা গ্ৰেফিটিৰ বৃহৎ সংগ্ৰহ আছে। দেৱালত থকা চিত্ৰসমূহ মূলতঃ চেপেল ৰোড আৰু ভেৰ'নিকা ষ্ট্ৰীটৰ ওচৰত অৱস্থিত যদিও বেণ্ডষ্টেণ্ড আৰু মাউণ্ট মেৰী গীৰ্জাৰ সমীপতো কিছু কৰ্মৰাজি দেখা যায়।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minorsights.com/2016/03/india-ranwar-village.html|title=Ranwar Village|access-date=22 March 2016|publisher=Minor Sights|archive-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409090239/http://www.minorsights.com/2016/03/india-ranwar-village.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minorsights.com/2016/03/india-bollywood-art-project.html|title=Bollywood Art Project|access-date=22 March 2016|publisher=Minor Sights|archive-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409071500/http://www.minorsights.com/2016/03/india-bollywood-art-project.html|url-status=live}}</ref>টুকুৰা, ষ্টেনচিল, টেগ আদি বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ গ্ৰেফিটিৰে এইবোৰ চিত্ৰিত। গোমেজৰ দৰে বিশ্বব্যাপী বিখ্যাত শিল্পীয়ে এই দেৱালবোৰত চিত্ৰকৰ্ম কৰিছে। ছেইণ্ট+আৰ্ট মুম্বাই, বলীউড আৰ্ট প্ৰজেক্ট<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/BollywoodArtProject/|title=Bollywood Art Project – BAP|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=22 March 2016|archive-date=27 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527150833/https://www.facebook.com/BollywoodArtProject/|url-status=live}}</ref> আৰু ধৰৱী আৰ্ট ৰুম আদি কিছুমান সংস্থাই শিল্পীসকলক উৎসাহিত কৰিবলৈ বিভিন্ন কাৰ্যসূচী অনুষ্ঠিত কৰে। এই কাৰ্যসূচীসমূহে বৃহনমুম্বাই পৌৰ নিগমৰ (বিএমচি) সমৰ্থন লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trawellness.wordpress.com/2015/07/19/mumbai-street-life-graffiti-chapel-road-bandra/|title=Mumbai Street Life – Graffiti @ Chapel Road Bandra|date=19 July 2015|website=wordpress.com|access-date=24 July 2015|archive-date=24 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724173823/https://trawellness.wordpress.com/2015/07/19/mumbai-street-life-graffiti-chapel-road-bandra/|url-status=live}}</ref> বান্দ্ৰা ৰিক্লেমেচনৰ এমটিএনএল ভৱনত ৩৭X৪৬ মিটাৰ (১২০X১৫০ ফুট) [[দাদাচাহেব ফাল্কে|দাদাছাহেব ফাল্কে]]ৰ প্ৰতিকৃতিও আছিল। ২০১৪ চনত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা ছেইণ্ট+আৰ্ট মুম্বাই উৎসৱৰ অংশ হিচাপে ৰঞ্জিত দহিয়া (বলিউড আৰ্ট প্ৰজেক্টৰ) আৰু যন্ত্ৰ, মুনীৰ বুখাৰী আৰু নীলেশ খৰাদেকে ধৰি অন্যান্য শিল্পীয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা এই দেৱালচিত্ৰখন আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে অমিতাভ বচ্চন আৰু পীয়ুষ পাণ্ডেই উন্মোচন কৰে৷ ভৱনটো পুনৰ ৰং কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/phalke-mural-to-be-unveiled-today/|title=Phalke Mural to be Unveiled Today|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-26|language=en-US|archive-date=26 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526191409/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/phalke-mural-to-be-unveiled-today/|url-status=live}}</ref> ই [[এছিয়া]]ৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ দেৱাল-চিত্ৰণ হিচাপে বিবেচিত৷<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20180423-muralist-nilesh-kharade-street-art-graffiti-start-india-foundation-1211441-2018-04-13|title=Larger than life|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-05-26|archive-date=26 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526004408/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20180423-muralist-nilesh-kharade-street-art-graffiti-start-india-foundation-1211441-2018-04-13|url-status=live}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ অঞ্চলসমূহ]] 2csqvr7abd66hzel96byzat3vk6cjyi 0 109912 518693 453404 2025-06-16T21:24:49Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518693 wikitext text/x-wiki '''মহা চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ'''{{lang-en|The Great Chinese Famine}} ([[চীনা ভাষাত]]: 三年大饥荒; lit. 'তিনি বছৰৰ মহা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ') আছিল ১৯৫৯ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনৰ [[ভিতৰত চীনৰ গণৰাজ্য]]ত [[(People's Republic of China)]] সংঘটিত হোৱা এক [[দুৰ্ভিক্ষ]]।<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|title=关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议|url=http://www.gov.cn/test/2008-06/23/content_1024934_2.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022175245/http://www.gov.cn/test/2008-06/23/content_1024934_2.htm|archive-date=22 October 2019|access-date=23 April 2020|website=The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China|language=zh}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=1981-06-27|title=Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China|url=https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121344.pdf?v=d461ad5001da989b8f96cc1dfb3c8ce7|website=Wilson Center}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1" /> কিছুমান পণ্ডিতে ১৯৫৮ বা ১৯৬২ চনকো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিছে।<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Kung|first1=Kai-sing|last2=Lin|first2=Yifu|year=2003|title=The Causes of China's Great Leap Famine, 1959–1961|journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change|volume=52|issue=1|pages=51–73|doi=10.1086/380584|issn=0013-0079|jstor=10.1086/380584|s2cid=9454493}}</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref name="Tombstone-p126">{{cite book|surname=Yang|given=Jisheng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nadqrYU10eMC|title=Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962|date=2012|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-0-374-27793-2|page=126|author-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/article/723956/revisiting-calamitous-time|title=45 million died in Mao's Great Leap Forward, Hong Kong historian says in new book|website=South China Morning Post|date=5 September 2010 |language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226140751/https://www.scmp.com/article/723956/revisiting-calamitous-time|archive-date=26 February 2020|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> আটাইতকৈ মাৰাত্মক দুৰ্ভিক্ষ আৰু মানৱ ইতিহাসৰ অন্যতম বৃহৎ মানৱসৃষ্ট দুৰ্যোগ হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। আনুমান কৰা হয় যে সেই সময়ত অনাহাৰত হোৱা মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা ১৫ৰ পৰা ৫৫মিলিয়নৰ ভিতৰত হব। আটাইতকৈ ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত প্ৰদেশসমূহ আছিল [[আনহুই]] (১৮% মৃত), [[চংকিং]] (১৫%), [[ছিচুয়ান]] (১৩%),[[ গুইঝৌ]] (১১%) আৰু [[হুনান]] (৮%)। <ref name="Cao 2005"/> মহান চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ প্ৰধান কাৰকসমূহ আছিল চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ অধ্যক্ষ মাও[[জেডঙে]] আৰম্ভ কৰা [[গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড ]](১৯৫৮ৰ পৰা ১৯৬২) আৰু জনসাধাৰণ [[কমিউনৰ নীতি]], যেনে, "জনগোষ্ঠী" (People's Communes)-ৰ নীতি-আদৰ্শসমূহ, ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ পৰিকল্পিত অৰ্থনীতিৰ অন্তৰ্গত খাদ্য বিতৰণৰ অদক্ষতা; অতি প্ৰচীন কৃষিপদ্ধতিৰ প্ৰয়োগ; [[চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান]] যিয়ে পক্ষীৰ সংখ্যা হ্ৰাস কৰিছিল (যি কাৰ্য্যই পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰক বিঘ্নিত কৰিছিল); শস্য উৎপাদনৰ অত্যধিক প্ৰতিবেদন; আৰু লাখ লাখ কৃষকক লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কাৰখানা লৈ যোৱাৰ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowman|first=John S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA72|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|date=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50004-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Kung |first=James Kai-sing |title=The Political Economy of China's Great Leap Famine |date=2022 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-economic-history-of-china/political-economy-of-chinas-great-leap-famine/32E5530258C063FE060C1A8C60A23C05 |work=The Cambridge Economic History of China: 1800 to the Present |pages=642–684 |editor-last=Ma |editor-first=Debin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108348485.019 |isbn=978-1-108-42553-7 |s2cid=246670673 |editor2-last=von Glahn |editor2-first=Richard}}</ref> ১৯৬২ চনৰ আৰম্ভণিতে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা [[সাত হাজাৰ কেডাৰ সন্মিলন]]ৰ সময়ত চীনৰ তেতিয়াৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি [[লিউ শ্বাওকি]]য়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে ব্যক্ত কৰিছিল যে; ৩০% দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ [[প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ]] আৰু ৭০% মানৱসৃষ্ট ভুলৰ বাবে। ("三分天灾, 七分人祸")।<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=Zhonghua|title=刘少奇"三分天灾，七分人祸"提法的由来|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898093.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214040606/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898093.html|archive-date=2012-12-14|access-date=2021-01-08|website=[[People's Daily|Renmin Wang]]|language=zh|archivedate=2012-12-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214040606/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898093.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=Zhonghua|title=刘少奇"三分天灾，七分人祸"提法的由来(2)|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898130.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915075439/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898130.html|archive-date=15 September 2019|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[People's Daily|Renmin Wang]]|language=zh|archivedate=15 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915075439/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85039/5898130.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> [[ৰিফৰ্মছ এণ্ড অ’পেনিং আপ আৰম্ভ হোৱাৰ পিছত ১৯৮১ চনৰ জুন মাহত চীনা কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে কয় যে এই দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ মূল কাৰণ হৈছে [[গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড]]ৰ লগতে [[এণ্টি ৰাইটিষ্ট]] অভিযানৰ ভুল, ইয়াৰ উপৰিও আন কিছুমান হ’ল [[প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ]] আৰু [[চীন-ছোভিয়েট বিভাজন]]।<ref name=":18"/><ref name=":9"/> ==পৰিভাষা== চীন চৰকাৰে দূৰ্ভিক্ষক প্ৰথমে "তিনি বছৰীয়া মহা দুৰ্ভিক্ষ" (三年自然灾害) বুলি অভিহিত কৰিছিল। প্ৰথম অৱস্থাত সাধাৰণ নাম আছিল "প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগৰ তিনি বছৰ" (三年自然灾害)। ১৯৮১ চনত ইয়াক সলনি কৰি "তিনি বছৰীয়া কষ্টৰ সময়" (三年困难时期) কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ ফলত দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ বাবে কেৱল প্ৰকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগকে দোষাৰোপ কৰা নহৈছিল।<ref name=":18"/><ref name=":9"/><ref name="Songster-2004">{{cite book|last=Songster|first=Edith Elena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSyIXwAACAAJ|title=A Natural Place for Nationalism: The Wanglang Nature Reserve and the Emergence of the Giant Panda as a National Icon|publisher=University of California, San Diego|year=2004|type=thesis|oclc=607612241|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=M.|first1=J.|date=17 February 2015|title=New (approved) assessments The great famine|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/09/new-approved-assessments|url-status=live|newspaper=The Economist|language=en|location=Beijing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120153221/https://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2013/09/new-approved-assessments|archive-date=20 January 2018|access-date=18 January 2018}} citing {{cite book|last=Dikötter|first=Frank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JuvlBQAAQBAJ|title=The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution 1945–1957|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|isbn=978-1-62040-349-5|location=London|oclc=881092774|access-date=18 January 2018}}{{page needed|date=January 2018}}</ref> ==দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পৰিসৰ== ===উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পোৱা=== কৃষি সংগঠনৰ কৃষি প্ৰণালী সলনি কৰা সময়ত খৰাং আৰু বানপানীৰ দৰে প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ একে সময়তে সংঘটিত হৈছিল। ১৯৫০ চনৰ বেছিভাগ সময় বতৰ তুলনামূলকভাৱে খৰাং আছিল যদিও ১৯৫৯ চনৰ ভিতৰত ই বিশেষভাৱে বেয়া হৈ পৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত শস্যৰ উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। লাহে লাহে বছৰৰ পিছত বছৰ ধৰি শস্যৰ উৎপাদন বহু পৰিমাণে হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰে।<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Hammond |first=Ken |title=China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future |publisher=1804 Books |year=2023 |isbn=9781736850084 |location=New York |page=49}}</ref> ১৯৫৮ চনৰ তুলনাত ১৯৫৯ চনত শষ্য চপোৱাৰ পৰিমাণ ১৫% হ্ৰাস পাইছিল আৰু ১৯৬০ চনৰ ভিতৰত ৭০% হ্ৰাস পাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Justin Yifu|last2=Yang|first2=Dennis Tao|date=2000|title=Food Availability, Entitlements and the Chinese Famine of 1959-61|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2565651|journal=The Economic Journal|volume=110|issue=460|pages=136–158|doi=10.1111/1468-0297.00494|jstor=2565651|issn=0013-0133}}</ref> বিশেষকৈ চীনৰ চৰকাৰী তথ্য অনুসৰি ১৯৫৮ চনত ২০ কোটি [[টন]] ৰ পৰা ১৯৫৯ চনত ১৭ কোটি টন লৈ আৰু ১৯৬০ চনত ১৪৩.৫ মিলিয়ন টন লৈ হ্ৰাস পায়। <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shang|first=Changfeng|date=2009|title=三年经济困难时期的紧急救灾措施|url=https://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/Details.aspx?id=7828|url-status=live|journal=《当代中国史研究》|language=zh|issue=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106112141/http://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/Details.aspx?id=7828|archive-date=2020-11-06|via=[[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]|access-date=2024-12-09|archivedate=2020-11-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106112141/http://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/Details.aspx?id=7828|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ===মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা=== চিচিপিৰ প্ৰাক্তন বিষয়া আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিশেষজ্ঞসকলে অনুমান কৰিছে, দুৰ্ভিক্ষত মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা ১৫–৫৫ মিলিয়ন হব। মাওবাদী লেখক [[গাও ম'ব']]ৰ মতে, [[কমিউনিজম-বিৰোধী]] লেখকসকলে মৃত্যু সংখ্যা বেছি দেখুৱাবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে, আৰু চীনৰ [[কমিউনিষ্ট বিপ্লৱ]]ৰ সমৰ্থকসকলে এই সংখ্যা যিমান পাৰি কম দেখিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gao|first=Mobo|title=Constructing China: Clashing Views of the People's Republic|year=2018|publisher=Pluto|isbn=978-1-786-80242-2|page=11|doi=10.2307/j.ctv3mt8z4 |jstor=j.ctv3mt8z4|s2cid=158528294}}</ref> ১৯৬১ চনৰ ফিল্ড মাৰ্শ্বাল [[মণ্টগোমাৰী]] আৰু মাও জেডঙৰ সৈতে হোৱা আলোচনাত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল যে চিআইএৰ এক অগোপনীয় প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি ১৯৬০–১৯৬১ চনৰ [["অস্বাভাৱিক মৃত্যু"]] ৫০ লাখতকৈ অধিক হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |date=1964-07-31 |title=Communist China's Domestic Crisis: the Road to 1964 |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/polo-10.pdf |journal=Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room |pages=82}}</ref> সেই সময়ত চীনৰ চৰকাৰী পৰিসংখ্যা অনুসৰি ১৯৬১ চনত চীনৰ জনসংখ্যা ১৯৫৯ চনৰ তুলনাত প্ৰায় ১৪,৫৮০,০০০ কম। [[জন্মৰ হাৰ]] ২.৯২২% (১৯৫৮)ৰ পৰা ২.০৮৬% (১৯৬০)লৈ আৰু [[মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ]] ১.১৯৮% (১৯৫৮)ৰ পৰা ২.৫৪৩% (১৯৬০)লৈ বৃদ্ধি পাইছিল। আনহাতে ১৯৬১ চনত জন্ম আৰু মৃত্যুৰ হাৰ দুয়োটাই শীৰ্ষত উপনীত হয়। ===নৃশংসতা=== দূৰ্ভিক্ষৰ ফলত মানুহ [[নৰখাদক]] হোৱাৰ অসংখ্য মৌখিক প্ৰতিবেদন আছে, যদিও ইয়াৰ বিষয়ে চৰকাৰী নথিপত্ৰ অতি কম। <ref name="bern97">{{cite news|last=Bernstein|first=Richard|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE3D71E3DF936A35751C0A961958260|title=Horror of a Hidden Chinese Famine|date=5 February 1997|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305072906/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE3D71E3DF936A35751C0A961958260|archive-date=5 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Becker|first=Jasper|url=https://archive.org/details/hungryghostsmaos00beck|title=Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine|publisher=Free Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-68483457-3|url-access=registration|page=352}}</ref> জীয়াই থাকিবলৈ মানুহে সকলো সম্ভাৱ্য উপায়ৰ আশ্ৰয় ল'বলগীয়া হৈছিল। খাবলৈ নাপায় মাটি খাইছিল, বিষ খাই মৰিছিল, চুৰি কাৰ্য্য পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হত্যা লুণ্ঠন হৈছিল আৰু আনকি মানুহে মানুহৰ মাংস ভক্ষণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1nq1qr |title=The Great Famine in China, 1958–1962: A Documentary History |date=2012 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-17518-9 |pages=59–71 |language=en |chapter=Chapter Four Cannibalism (Late 1959–Early 1961)|jstor=j.ctt1nq1qr }}</ref> চীনৰ অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত সাংবাদিক [[য়াং জিছেঙে]] কয় যে "পিতৃ-মাতৃয়ে নিজৰ ল'ৰা-ছোৱালীকেই খাইছিল। ল'ৰা-ছোৱালীয়ে নিজৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃক খাইছিল। আৰু আমি কল্পনাও কৰিব নোৱাৰিলোঁ যে তেতিয়াও গুদামবোৰত খাদ্য মজুত আছিল। আটাইতকৈ বেয়া সময়তো চৰকাৰে শস্য ৰপ্তানি কৰি আছিল।" <ref name="npr.org">{{cite web|last1=Lim |first1=Louisa |title=A Grim Chronicle of China's Great Famine |work=NPR |date=10 November 2012 |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/11/10/164732497/a-grim-chronicle-of-chinas-great-famine}}</ref> দুৰ্ভিক্ষ ইমানেই ভয়ানক আছিল যে বহুতে ইয়াক ২০ শতিকাৰ ইতিহাসত "অভূতপূৰ্ব" বুলি বৰ্ণনা কৰিছে।<ref name="bern97" />{{sfn|Becker|1997|loc=passim}} ==দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ== অভূতপূৰ্ব চীনা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ কাৰণ আছিল আমূল কৃষি নীতি, সামাজিক চাপ, অৰ্থনৈতিক অপব্যৱস্থাপনা, আৰু খৰাং কৃষি অঞ্চলত আৰু বানপানীৰ দৰে প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগৰ প্ৰভাৱ। ===গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ড=== চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ সময়ত কৃষি নীতিত ভয়াৱহ পৰিৱৰ্তন আনিছিল। ====মানুহৰ কমিউন বা সামূহিক উপাদন==== গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ সময়ত কৃষিকাৰ্য জনসাধাৰণ মাজত সামূহিক ভাবে সম্পাদন হৈছিল, আৰু ব্যক্তিগত ভূমিত খেতি নিষিদ্ধ কৰা হৈছিল॥ পূৰ্বে কৃষকসকলে চৰকাৰে দিয়া মাটিত খেতি কৰিছিল। গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ ফলত কৃষি অৰ্থনীতি ক্ৰমান্বয়ে কেন্দ্ৰীয়ভাৱে পৰিচালিত হ’ল। আঞ্চলিক দলৰ নেতাসকলক নিয়ন্ত্ৰণত ৰাখি উৎপাদিত কৃষি ৰাষ্ট্ৰই নিজৰ কৰি লৈছিল আৰু নিজৰ বিবেচনা অনুসৰি বিতৰণ কৰিছিল। <ref name=trans>Translation from [http://en.chinaelections.org/newsinfo.asp?newsid=18328 "A hunger for the truth: A new book, banned on the mainland, is becoming the definitive account of the Great Famine"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210190821/http://en.chinaelections.org/newsinfo.asp?newsid=18328 |date=10 February 2012 }}, chinaelections.org, 7 July 2008 of content from Yang Jisheng, ''墓碑 －－中國六十年代大饑荒紀實 (Mu Bei – Zhong Guo Liu Shi Nian Dai Da Ji Huang Ji Shi)'', Hong Kong: Cosmos Books (Tian Di Tu Shu), 2008, {{ISBN|978-9882119093}} {{in lang|zh}}</ref> ====কৃষি কৌশল==== সামূহিককৰণৰ লগতে কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰে কৃষি কৌশল পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ কেইবাটাও নিৰ্দেশনা দিয়ে যিবোৰ আচলতে ছোভিয়েট কৃষিবিদ [[ট্ৰফিম লাইচেংকোৰ]]ৰ ভুল কৃষি নীতি আছিল। তাৰে এটা ভুল ধাৰণা আছিল যে ওচৰা ওচৰি কৈ ৰোপণ কৰা, য’ত পুলিৰ ঘনত্ব প্ৰথমে তিনিগুণ বৃদ্ধি কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ পিছত পুনৰ দুগুণ বৃদ্ধি কৰা হৈছিল। ধাৰণা আছিল যে একে প্ৰজাতিৰ উদ্ভিদে পৰস্পৰৰ লগত প্ৰতিযোগিতা নকৰে। কিন্তু প্ৰাকৃতিক ভাবেই সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে প্ৰতিযোগিতা কৰিছিল, যাৰ ফলত বৃদ্ধি স্তব্ধ হৈছিল আৰু উৎপাদন কম হৈছিল। "দ কৈ হাল বোৱা" নামেৰে জনাজাত আন এটা নীতি আছিল লাইচেংকোৰৰ সহকৰ্মী টেৰেণ্টি মালচেভৰ উদ্ভাৱনী, যিয়ে সমগ্ৰ চীনৰ কৃষকসকলক ১৫–২০ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ গভীৰতাত স্বাভাৱিক হাল বোৱা এৰাই চলি তাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে মাটিৰ গভীৰতালৈ (১ৰ পৰা ২ [[চীনা ফুট]] বা ৩৩ ৰ পৰা ৬৬ চে.মি.)গভিৰলৈ হাল বাবলৈ উৎসাহিত কৰিছিল। দ'লৈ [[হাল বোৱা]] তত্ত্বত কোৱা হৈছিল যে আটাইতকৈ উৰ্বৰ মাটি মাটিৰ গভীৰতম স্থানত থাকে, আৰু অস্বাভাৱিকভাৱে দ' লৈ হাল বাই খেতি কৰিলে শক্তিশালী শিপাৰ বৃদ্ধি হ’ব। কিছুমান প্ৰসংগত গভীৰ হাল বাই উৎপাদন বৃদ্ধি কৰিব পৰা যায় যদিও সাধাৰণতে এই নীতিয়ে চীনত শষ্উয ৎপাদনত বাধাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিলে।<ref>{{cite book|title=The People's Republic of China, 1949–76|edition=2nd|first=Michael|last=Lynch|location=London|publisher=Hodder Education|year=2008|page=57}}</ref> ====চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান==== ইউৰেছিয়ান গছৰ চৰাইটোৱেই আছিল [[চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযান]]ত আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য লক্ষ্য চাৰিটা কীট-পতংগ অভিযানত নাগৰিক সকলক মহ, নিগনি, মাখি, চৰাই আদি ধ্বংস কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনোৱা হৈছিল। এই অভিজানত ঘৰচিৰিকা জাতীয় চৰাইবোৰৰ সামূহিক নিধন হয় ফলত শস্য খোৱা পোকবোৰৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পালে,কাৰণ সেই জাতীয় চৰাইৰ অবিহনে পোকবোৰ নিৰ্মূল কৰাৰ কোনো উপায় নাছিল। ====অতিপ্ৰচুৰতাৰ ভ্ৰম==== ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিয়ে উৰ্ধতন বিষয়াৰ হেঁচাত অত্যধিক শস্য উৎপাদনৰ খবৰ দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। কিন্তু সমগ্ৰ চীনত ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈকে শস্যৰ প্ৰকৃত উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। [[ছিচুয়ান প্ৰদেশ]]ত ১৯৫৮ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈকে সংগ্ৰহ কৰা শস্যৰ পৰিমাণ কমি আহিছিল যদিও কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰক দিয়া ৰিপৰ্টত উৎপাদনৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পাই থাকিল।<ref name="Tombstone-p126"/>এই ধাৰাবাহিক পৰিঘটনাক [["অতিপ্ৰচুৰতাৰ ভ্ৰম"]] (浮夸风)বুলি অভিহীত কৰি ইতিহাসবিদে যুক্তি দিছিল যে সমগ্ৰ চীনত হোৱা অনাহাৰৰ বহুখিনিৰ প্ৰধান কাৰণ ইয়েই আছিল।<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kimberley Ens Manning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHPTn2Rq9IUC|title=Eating Bitterness: New Perspectives on China's Great Leap Forward and Famine|author2=Felix Wemheuer|author3=Gao Hua|date=2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-5955-4|page=177|chapter=Food Augmentation Methods and Food Substitutes during the Great Famine}}</ref><ref name="Yang">{{cite book|author=Dali L. Yang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmLuoAkMKrkC|title=Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Famine|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8047-3470-7|page=65}}</ref> ====লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন==== অৰ্থনৈতিক উন্নতিৰ বাবে লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কৰা অতি প্ৰয়োজন হিচাপে চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু তাৰ বাবে লাখ লাখ কৃষকক কৃষি কামৰ পৰা আঁতৰাই আনি লোহা আৰু তীখা উৎপাদন কামত যোগদান কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্দেশ দিয়া হৈছিল। কৃষক জনসাধাৰণে উৎপাদন কৰা সেই সামগ্ৰী সমূহ ব্যৱসায়িক উন্নতিৰ বাবে নিয়োগ কৰিবলৈ নিম্নমানৰ আছিল। ====কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰৰ অধিক নীতি==== ১৯৫৭ চনৰ পৰা চীনৰ কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ উচ্চতম অধিকাৰীৰ নিৰ্দেশৰ ফলস্বৰূপে দেশৰ দ্ৰুত ঔদ্যোগীকৰণ আৰু সমষ্টিগত কৃষিকৰ্মৰ আধাৰত অতিৰিক্ত ধান উৎপাদনৰ প্ৰতিবেদন দিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে যদিও বাস্তৱিকতে চীনত ১৯৫৭চনৰ পৰা ১৯৬১ চনলৈ ধানৰ উৎপাদন হ্ৰাস পাইছিল। <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kung|first1=James Kai-Sing|last2=Chen|first2=Shuo|date=February 2011|title=The Tragedy of the Nomenklatura: Career Incentives and Political Radicalism during China's Great Leap Famine|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=105|issue=1|pages=27–45|doi=10.1017/S0003055410000626|s2cid=154339088|issn=1537-5943}}</ref> ====স্থানীয় চৰকাৰৰ ক্ষমতাৰ প্ৰভাৱ==== উচ্চ পৰ্যায়ৰ চৰকাৰৰ দৰে স্থানীয় চৰকাৰসমূহেও দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ ওপৰত সমানে প্ৰভাৱ পেলাইছিল। গ্ৰেট লিপ ফৰৱাৰ্ডৰ অগ্ৰগতিৰ লগে লগে বহুতো প্ৰাদেশিক নেতাই [[মাও]] আৰু উচ্চ পৰ্যায়ৰ নেতাসকলৰ সৈতে মিলিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। <ref>{{cite book|author=Dali L. Yang|title=Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Famine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmLuoAkMKrkC|year=1996|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-3470-7|page=31}}</ref> স্থানীয় নেতাসকলে নিজৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ বাবে যি ভাল সেয়া কৰা আৰু ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে নিজৰ সুনাম ৰক্ষা কৰা কামত পিচ পৰা নাছিল। কৃষকসকলে সামূহিককৰণ আৰু ৰাজ্যিক শস্য ক্ৰয়ৰ ওপৰত মুকলিকৈ কথা ক’ব নোৱাৰিছিল। <ref>{{cite book|author=Frank Dikötter|title=Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NsMWCHDStQC|date=2010|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-8027-7928-1|page=2}}</ref> স্থানীয় আৰু চৰকাৰী পৰ্যায়ত ভয় আৰু শাস্তিমূলক সংস্কৃতিৰ বাবে কৃষকৰ ওপৰত আৰোপিত ষড়যন্ত্ৰমূলক নীতি বা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কথা কোৱা আৰু কাম কৰাটো আপাত দৃষ্টিত অসম্ভৱ কাম হৈ পৰিছিল। <ref name="Discourses of Hunger"/> ==প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ== ১৯৫৮ চনত [[হালধীয়া নদী]]ৰ বানপানীয়ে হেনান প্ৰদেশ আৰু শ্বানডং প্ৰদেশৰ ভালেকিছু অংশ প্ৰভাৱিত কৰে। ১৯৩৩ চনৰ পিছত ইয়াক আটাইতকৈ ভয়াৱহ বানপানী বুলি কোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=Qian|first=Zhengying|author-link=Qian Zhengying|date=1985-06-13|title=关于黄河、长江、淮河、永定河防御特大洪水方案的报告（摘要）|url=http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/26/content_1671.htm|access-date=23 April 2020|website=[[National People's Congress]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2007-06/14/content_648957.htm|title=新闻分析：做好黄河防汛工作为何不能掉以轻心？|website=The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China|language=zh|access-date=22 April 2020|archivedate=25 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225094210/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2007-06/14/content_648957.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=中国历史上的水灾有哪些？|url=http://guoqing.china.com.cn/zhuanti/2017-07/13/content_41210848.htm|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[China Internet Information Center]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=第六节 1958年黄河洪水–《中国灾情报告 1949–1995》-中国经济与社会发展统计数据库|url=http://tongji.cnki.net/kns55/Navi/result.aspx?id=N2007080101&file=N2007080101000094&floor=1|access-date=22 April 2020|website=[[CNKI]]|language=zh}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="dahe1">{{Cite web|title=1958年黄河大水灾纪实|url=http://newpaper.dahe.cn/jrab/html/2009-07/13/content_199329.htm|access-date=22 April 2020|website=Dahe Wang (大河网)|language=zh|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703071205/http://newpaper.dahe.cn/jrab/html/2009-07/13/content_199329.htm|url-status=dead|archivedate=18 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718112446/http://newpaper.dahe.cn/jrab/html/2009-07/13/content_199329.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="dahe"/> ১৯৫৮ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত হালধীয়া নদীৰ বানপানীয়ে ১৭০৮খন গাঁৱৰ ৭৪১,০০০ লোকক ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত কৰে আৰু ৩০.৪ মিলিয়ন [[মু]](ডেৰ লাখ একৰতকৈও অধিক) খেতি কৰা পথাৰ প্লাৱিত কৰে। ২৭ জুলাইত বানপানীৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ ধাৰাটো [[ব'হাই সাগৰ]]লৈ বোৱাই পঠোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ পিচত চীন চৰকাৰে "বানপানীৰ ওপৰত জয়" হোৱা বুলি ঘোষণা কৰে। <ref name=":16" /><ref name="dahe1"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-10-11|title=黄河防洪概述|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/8198/54051/54053/3757306.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913195832/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/8198/54051/54053/3757306.html|archive-date=13 September 2007|access-date=23 April 2020|website=People's Daily|language=zh|archivedate=13 September 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913195832/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/8198/54051/54053/3757306.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==তাৰ পিছৰ পৰিণতি== ===প্ৰাৰম্ভিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া আৰু ঢাকি ৰখা=== স্থানীয় ৰাজনৈতিক দলৰ নেতাসকলে নিজৰ জীৱন আৰু পদবী ৰক্ষাৰ বাবে অভাৱসমূহ ঢাকি ৰাখিবলৈ আৰু দোষবোৰ পুনৰাবৃতি কৰিবলৈ ষড়যন্ত্ৰ কৰিছিল। <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958–1962|url=https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/tombstone-the-great-chinese-famine-1958-1962/|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Association for Asian Studies|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-12-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215100007/https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/tombstone-the-great-chinese-famine-1958-1962/|deadurl=yes}}</ref>১৯৫৮-১৯৫৯ চনত জন্মৰ হাৰ হ্ৰাস পাবলৈ ধৰা আৰু মৃত্যুৰ সংখ্যা বৃদ্ধি পোৱাৰ হিচাপ, গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলৰ কিছুমান ক্ষতিগ্ৰস্ত লোক অনাহাৰে থকাৰ বিষয়ে মাওক আন্ধাৰত ৰখা হৈছিল।<ref name="Yang" /> ১৯৬০ চনত প্ৰাৰম্ভিক প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া আৰু সংহতিৰ ইংগিত হিচাপে মাওৱে সাত মাহ ধৰি মাংস ভক্ষণৰ পৰা বাৰত থাকিল আৰু [[ঝৌ এনলাই]]ৰ মাহেকীয়া শস্য যোগানৰ পৰিমাণ কমালে।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ó Gráda|first=Cormac|author-link=Cormac Ó Gráda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LoN2XkjJio4C&pg=PA242|title=Famine: A Short History|date=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12237-3|pages=242|language=en}}</ref> ==সংস্কাৰ আৰু প্ৰতিফলন== ১৯৭৮ চনৰ ডিচেম্বত [[ডেং জিয়াওপিং]] চীনৰ নতুন পেৰামাউণ্ট লিডাৰ হয় আৰু ঐতিহাসিক সংস্কাৰ আৰু মুকলি কাৰ্যসূচী আৰম্ভ কৰি চীনৰ কৃষি আৰু ঔদ্যোগিক ব্যৱস্থাক মৌলিকভাৱে সলনি কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=邓小平纪念网|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505182417/http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/index.html|archive-date=5 May 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|website=People's Daily|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-01/40-years-of-reform-that-transformed-china-into-a-superpower/10573468|title=40 years on from the 'experiments' that transformed China into an economic superpower|last1=Zhou|first1=Christina|last2=Xiao|first2=Bang|date=1 December 2018|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424005843/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-01/40-years-of-reform-that-transformed-china-into-a-superpower/10573468|archive-date=24 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/technology/2014/04/why-does-china-not-have-famines-anymore-capitalist-and-socialist-reforms.html|title=How China Went From Famine After Famine to Feast|last=Palmer|first=Brian|date=2 April 2014|website=Slate|language=en|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521021209/https://slate.com/technology/2014/04/why-does-china-not-have-famines-anymore-capitalist-and-socialist-reforms.html|archive-date=21 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> চীনৰ বাহিৰৰ গৱেষকসকলে দুৰ্ভিক্ষ কাৰণৰ ওপৰত নানান যুক্তি আগবঢ়াইছে। বিশেষকৈ নোবেল বঁটা বিজয়ী অমৰ্ত্য সেনে এই দুৰ্ভিক্ষক বিশ্বব্যাপী প্ৰেক্ষাপটত ৰাখি কয় যে গণতন্ত্ৰৰ অভাৱেই ইয়াৰ প্ৰধান অপৰাধী: "সঁচাকৈয়ে গণতান্ত্ৰিক দেশত কেতিয়াও কোনো গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দুৰ্ভিক্ষ হোৱা নাই—যিমানেই দুখীয়া নহওক কিয়।" তেওঁ লগতে কয় যে “নিয়মিতভাৱে নিৰ্বাচিত চৰকাৰ আৰু স্বতন্ত্ৰ সংবাদ মাধ্যম থকা দেশত এনেকুৱা কিবা এটা হ’ব পাৰিলেহেঁতেন বুলি কল্পনা কৰাটো কঠিন”। সেই ভয়ংকৰ দুৰ্যোগৰ সময়ত চৰকাৰে বাতৰি কাকত আৰু বিৰোধী দলক সম্পূৰ্ণ নিয়ন্ত্ৰত ৰাখিছিল। <ref name="Sen1999">{{cite book|author=Amartya Kumar Sen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm8HtpFHYecC|title=Development as freedom|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-19-289330-7|access-date=14 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103042841/http://books.google.com/books?id=Qm8HtpFHYecC|archive-date=3 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Wiener, Jon. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1KiD069CPsUC&pg=PA38 "How We Forgot the Cold War. A Historical Journey across America"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226022039/https://books.google.com/books?id=1KiD069CPsUC&pg=PA38 |date=26 February 2019 }} University of California Press, 2012, p. 38.</ref> ==তথ্য় সূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} 4j5z3gbzzyo72l02k8f07g5s08e1dqn 0 109955 518706 453463 2025-06-17T01:09:06Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|none}} {{Use Sri Lankan English|date=August 2023}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} {{Infobox flag | Name = শ্ৰীলংকাৰ গণতান্ত্ৰিক সমাজবাদী গণৰাজ্য | Image = শ্ৰীলংকাৰ পতাকা Flag of Sri Lanka.svg | Nickname = ''Sinha'' Flag<br/>হিংস পতাকা | Morenicks = | Use = 110100 | Symbol = {{FIAV|110100}} | Proportion = 1:2 | Adoption = 22 May 1972 | Design = A golden field with two panels: the smaller hoist-side panel has only two vertical bands of teal and orange and the larger fly-side panel is the maroon field depicting the golden lion holding a kastane sword in its right fore paw in the center and four bo tree (bodhi tree) leaves on each corner, and the golden field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends in between the two panels, all bordering together. | Designer = | Image2 = Government Ensign of Sri Lanka.svg | Nickname2 = | Morenicks2 = | Use2 = Auxiliary ensign used by merchant ship commanded by reserve naval officer | Symbol2 = | Proportion2 = 1:2 | Adoption2 = 1972 | Design2 = A blue field with the flag of Sri Lanka in the canton. | Designer2 = | Image3 = Sri Lankan Army Flag.svg | Nickname3 = | Morenicks3 = | Use3 = [[Colours, standards and guidons#Sri Lanka|President's Colour]] | Symbol3 = | Proportion3 = 1:2 | Adoption3 = 1972 | Design3 = A defaced flag of Sri Lanka with the [[Emblem of Sri Lanka]] | Designer3 = | Image4 = Naval Ensign of Sri Lanka.svg | Nickname4 = | Morenicks4 = | Use4 = 000001 | Symbol4 = {{FIAV|000001}} | Proportion4 = 1:2 | Adoption4 = 1972 | Design4 = A white field with the flag of Sri Lanka in the canton. | Designer4 = | Image5 = Civil Ensign of Sri Lanka.svg | Nickname5 = | Morenicks5 = | Use5 = 000100 | Symbol5 = {{FIAV|000100}} | Proportion5 = 1:2 | Adoption5 = 1972 | Design5 = A red field with the flag of Sri Lanka in the canton. | Designer5 = | Image6 = Air Force Ensign of Sri Lanka.svg | Nickname6 = | Morenicks6 = | Use6 = [[Air force ensign|Air Force ensign]] | Symbol6 = | Proportion6 = 1:2 | Adoption6 = 2010 | Design6 = A defaced sky-blue ensign with the flag of Sri Lanka in the canton and Air Force roundel. | Designer6 = }}'''শ্ৰীলংকাৰ পতাকা''' {{Lang-en|:The flag of Sri Lanka}} ([[সিংহল]]: ශ් රී ලංකාවේ ජාතික කොඩිය, ৰোমানীকৃত: শ্ৰীলংকাভে জাতিকা কোডিয়া; [[তামিল]]: இலங்கையின் தேசியக்கொடி, ৰোমানীকৃত: Ilankaiyin teciyakkoṭi),এই পতাকাখনক "সিংহ পতাকা" বা "সিংহৰ পতাকা" বুলি কোৱা হয়। সোঁফালৰ আগভৰিত [[কাষ্টনে]] তৰোৱাল ধৰি থকা [[সোণালী সিংহৰে]] গঠিত চাৰিটা সোণৰ [[বো]] গছৰ পাত থাকে [[মেৰুণ]] পটভূমিত, প্ৰতিটো চুকত এটাকৈ। পতাকাখনৰ চাৰিওফালে সোণালী ৰংৰ চাৰি সীমা আছে, আৰু ইয়াৰ বাওঁফালে [[টিল]] আৰু [[কমলা ৰঙৰ]] সমান আকাৰৰ দুটা উলম্ব ৰেখা আছে, কমলা ৰঙৰ ৰেখাডাল সিংহৰ আটাইতকৈ ওচৰত। সিংহ আৰু ভিতৰৰ মেৰুণ ৰংৰ পটভূমিয়ে [[সিংহলী]] জাতিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে, আনহাতে কেশৰ সীমা আৰু চাৰিটা বো পাতে ক্ৰমে [[মেথথা]], [[কৰুণা]], [[মুদিতা]] আৰু [[উপেক্ষা]] (চাৰিটা ব্ৰহ্মবিহাৰ)ধাৰণাক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ৰেখাবোৰে দেশৰ দুটা বৃহত্তম জনগোষ্ঠীক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে, কমলা ৰঙে তামিল বাসিন্দাসকলক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে,যেনে; [[শ্ৰীলংকাৰ তামিল]] আৰু [[শ্ৰীলংকাৰ ভাৰতীয় তামিল]]সকলক আৰু টিল ৰংৰ ৰেখাই [[শ্ৰীলংকাৰ মূৰ (শ্ৰীলংকাৰ মুছলমান)]]ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। সোণালী হালধীয়া সীমান্তখন দেশৰ বিভিন্ন সংখ্যালঘু জনগোষ্ঠীক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ==ইতিহাস== [[ডাম্বুল্লা বিহাৰায়া]] গুহা নং ২-ত থকা এটি চিত্ৰমালাত দেখুওৱামতে, ১৬২ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বত দক্ষিণ ভাৰতৰ আক্ৰমণকাৰী শাসক এলালনৰ বিৰুদ্ধে নিজৰ অভিযানৰ সময়ত ৰজা [[ডুটুগেমুনুৱে]] এখন পতাকা লৈ আছিল। পতাকাখন সোঁফালৰ আগপাখিত তৰোৱাল লৈ সিংহৰ মূৰ্তি থকা বেনাৰেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। সিংহৰ লগতে সূৰ্য আৰু চন্দ্ৰৰ প্ৰতীক চিহ্নও আছিল। <ref>{{cite book | last=Seneviratna | first=Anuradha | title=Golden Rock Temple of Dambulla: Caves of infinite Buddhas | publisher=Central Cultural Fund | year=1983 | page=9}}</ref> এই পতাকাখনক সিংহলীৰ সিংহ পতাকাৰ একমাত্ৰ প্ৰাচীন প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব পতাকা হিচাপে জনা গৈছিল যদিও ১৯৫৭ চনত, কোনো এক দুষ্কৃতিকাৰীয়ে এই পতাকাখনৰ সিংহৰ চিত্ৰটো ক্ষতি কৰে। <ref>{{Cite book|title=History of archaeology in Ceylon|publisher=Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, New Series (Vol XIII)|last=Godakumbura|first=C.E.|date=1969|pages=36|language=en|quote=We all agree with Deraniyagala when he considers that the defacing of the lion depicted upon Dutugemunu's flag in the famous Dambulla frescoes as a national loss. This, so far as we know, is the only ancient representation of the lion-flag of the Sinhalese.}}</ref> এই পতাকাখন ১৮১৫ চনলৈকে ব্যৱহাৰ হৈ থাকিল,তাৰ পিচত [[কাণ্ডিয়ান সন্মিলনে]] দেশৰ শেষৰজন থলুৱা ৰজা [[শ্ৰীবিক্ৰম ৰাজসিংহ]]ৰ ৰাজত্বকালৰ অন্ত পেলায়,আৰু তেওঁৰ ৰাজকীয় মানদণ্ড হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা ([[কাণ্ডী ৰাজ্যৰ পতাকা]])ৰ ঠাইত শ্ৰীলংকাৰ সকলো জাতিৰ গ্ৰহণযোগ্য পতাকা [[কেন্দ্ৰীয় পতাকা]]ক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে।<ref name="sundaytimes">{{cite news|title=The Sri Lankan National Flag|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/180204/funday-times/the-sri-lankan-national-flag-279417.html|access-date=27 April 2018|agency=The Sunday Times|publisher=sundaytimes.lk|date=4 February 2018}}</ref> পিছলৈ [[ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন]] চৰকাৰে নিজাকৈ পতাকা স্থাপন কৰে, আনহাতে শ্ৰী বিক্ৰম ৰাজসিংহৰ মানদণ্ড ‘কাণ্ডী ৰাজ্যৰ পতাকা’ ইংলেণ্ডলৈ লৈ যোৱা হয় আৰু [[ৰয়েল হস্পিতাল চেলচিয়া]]ত ৰখা হয়।<ref name="sundaytimes"/> ২০ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে শ্ৰীলংকাৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন শক্তিশালী হৈ উঠিল। সেই সময়তে [[ই.ডব্লিউ.পেৰেৰা]] আৰু [[ডি.আৰ.উইজেৱাৰ্ডেনাই]] চেলচিয়াত মূল সিংহ পতাকাখন আৱিষ্কাৰ কৰে।<ref name="sundaytimes"/>,শ্ৰীলংকাই স্বশাসন আৰু স্বাধীনতা হেৰুৱাৰ এশ বছৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ বিশেষ সংস্কৰণত ইয়াৰ এখন ফটো হিংসলী ভাষাৰ দৈনিক বাতৰি [[ডিনামিনা]]ত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref name="sundaytimes"/> কাণ্ডিয়ান ৰাজ্যৰ পতনৰ পিছত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে এই পতকা খনৰ প্ৰকৃত ডিজাইন দেখি শ্ৰীলংকাৰ জনসাধাৰণৰ অভিভূত হৈ পৰিছিল॥ <ref name="sundaytimes"/> ১৯৪৮ চনৰ ১৬ জানুৱাৰীত [[বাটিকালোয়া]]ৰ সংসদৰ সদস্য [[মুডালিয়াৰ এ চিনালেবে]]ই সংসদত পৰামৰ্শ দিছিল যে সিংহৰ পতাকাখন পুনৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পতাকা হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰা উচিত।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2004/02/04/ind09.html|title=The proposer of the lion flag: Mudlr. Sinnalebbe|newspaper=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]|date=4 February 2004|access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref> ১৯৪৮ চনত এই পতাকাখনৰ ডমিনিয়ন অৱ চিলনৰ জাতীয় পতাকা হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ কৰা হয় আৰু দুবাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰা হয়: এবাৰ ১৯৫৩ চনত আৰু এবাৰ পুনৰ ১৯৭২ চনত নতুনকৈ ডিজাইন কৰা হয়।<ref name="sundaytimes"/> ১৯৭২ চনত কাণ্ডিয়ান মানদণ্ডৰ অভিযোজনৰ এটা উল্লেখযোগ্য বৈশিষ্ট্য আছিল পতাকাৰ চুকত থকা চাৰিটা বৰশীৰ মূৰৰ ঠাইত চাৰিটা [[বো পাত]] দিয়া, যিটো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতীক আৰু পতাকা ডিজাইন সমিতিৰ ডিজাইন বাছনি সাংস্কৃতিক পৰিক্ৰমা মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ স্থায়ী সচিব আৰু অধ্যক্ষ [[নিচাংকা উইজেৰত্নে]]ৰ নিৰ্দেশনাত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="sundaytimes"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://flaggenlexikon.de/fsrilank.htm |title=Sri Lanka (Ceylon) |access-date=2003-09-07 |author=Volker Preuß|language=de}}</ref> ==ৰাজতন্ত্ৰিক শ্ৰীলংকা== শ্ৰীলংকাৰ ঐতিহাসিক পতাকা *অনুৰাধাপুৰা যুগৰ দুটুগামুনুৰ পতাকা *ৰাজ্যৰ পতাকা গাম্পোলাৰ পতাকা, গ. ১৩৪১–১৪০৮ চন *ৰাজ্যৰ পতাকা কোট্টেৰ পতাকা, গ. ১৪১২–১৫৯৭ চন *সীতাৱাকা ৰাজ্যৰ পতাকা ৰ পতাকা, গ. ১৫২১-১৫৯৪ চন *কাণ্ডীৰ শ্ৰী বিক্ৰম ৰাজসিংহৰ মানদণ্ড, কাণ্ডীৰ পতাকা ৰাজ্য হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা, গ. ১৭৯৮–১৮১৫ চন ==ব্ৰিটিছ চিলন যুগ== শ্ৰীলংকাৰ ঐতিহাসিক পতাকা *ব্ৰিটিছ চিলনৰ পতাকা, ১৮১৫–১৮৭৫ *ব্ৰিটিছ চিলনৰ পতাকা, ১৮৭৫–১৯৪৮ ==শ্ৰীলংকা (১৯৪৮ চনৰ পৰা)== শ্ৰীলংকাৰ ঐতিহাসিক পতাকা *চিলনৰ ডমিনিয়নৰ পতাকা, ১৯৪৮–১৯৫১ *চিলনৰ ডমিনিয়নৰ পতাকা (বৰ্তমানৰ দৰেই), ১৯৫১–১৯৭২ ==প্ৰতীকবাদ== বৌদ্ধ [[মহাবংশ]] বুৰঞ্জী অনুসৰি সিংহল বৌদ্ধসকল ৰাজকুমাৰ বিজয়াৰ বংশধৰ, যাৰ পিতৃ [[সিংহাবাহু]] সিংহ আৰু মানৱ ৰাজকুমাৰীৰ পুত্ৰ আছিল। এই পৌৰাণিক কাহিনীটো জাতীয় পতাকাত প্ৰতিফলিত হৈছে, ইয়াৰ সিংহ সিংহল জাতিৰ প্ৰতীক।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sriskanda Rajah |first=A. R. |title=Tamil nationalism in Sri Lanka: counter-history as war after the Tamil Tigers |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-1-003-30167-7 |series=Routledge contemporary South Asia series |location=London New York |pages=53-59}}</ref> শ্ৰীলংকাৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পতাকাখনে দেশখন আৰু ইয়াৰ ঐতিহ্যক একত্ৰীকৰণৰ যন্ত্ৰ হিচাপে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। পতাকাখনৰ প্ৰতিটো চিহ্নই সুকীয়া অৰ্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web|title=National symbols of Sri Lanka|url=http://www.labour.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=192%3Anational-symbols-of-sri-lanka&catid=69%3Asri-lanka-facts&lang=en|website=gov.lk|publisher=Government of Sri Lanka|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-date=28 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093704/http://www.labour.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=192%3Anational-symbols-of-sri-lanka&catid=69%3Asri-lanka-facts&lang=en|url-status=dead|archivedate=28 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093704/http://www.labour.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=192%3Anational-symbols-of-sri-lanka&catid=69%3Asri-lanka-facts&lang=en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Karunarathne|first1=Waruni|title=Controversy Over Flag At Demo|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2015/04/26/controversy-over-flag-at-demo/|access-date=27 April 2018|agency=Sunday Leader|publisher=thesundayleader.lk|date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326043703/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2015/04/26/controversy-over-flag-at-demo/|archive-date=26 March 2016}}</ref> সেই বোৰ যথাক্ৰমে- *সিংহ- সিংহল জাতি আৰু জাতিৰ শক্তি *বো পাত- প্ৰেম-দয়া, দয়া, সহানুভূতিশীল আনন্দ আৰু সমতা চাৰিটা বৌদ্ধ গুণ *সিংহৰ তৰোৱাল- জাতিৰ সাৰ্বভৌমত্ব *সিংহৰ মূৰৰ কোঁচা চুলি- ধৰ্মীয় পালন, প্ৰজ্ঞা আৰু ধ্যান *সিংহৰ ঠেংৰ আঠটা চুলি -নোবেল ইটফল্ড পাথ *সিংহৰ দাড়ি- শব্দৰ বিশুদ্ধতা *তৰোৱালৰ হেণ্ডেল- পানী, অগ্নি, বায়ু আৰু মাটিৰ ধ্ৰুপদী উপাদান *সিংহৰ নাক- বুদ্ধিমত্তা *সিংহৰ সন্মুখৰ পাখি দুটা- ধন-সম্পত্তি চম্ভালিবলৈ বিশুদ্ধতা *কমলা ৰঙৰ ৰেখা- তামিল জাতি (ভাৰতীয় বংশৰ পাহাৰীয়া দেশৰ তামিলসকলকে ধৰি) *টিল ষ্ট্ৰাইপ- মূৰ জাতি *কেশৰ- বৌদ্ধ ধৰ্ম আৰু জনসাধাৰণৰ মাজত ঐক্যৰ সীমাৰেখা *মেৰুণ পটভূমি- সিংহল জাতি *সোণালী হালধীয়া সীমা- শ্ৰীলংকাৰ অন্যান্য সংখ্যালঘু সম্প্ৰদায়, যেনে মালয়, বাৰ্গাৰ, খিলঞ্জীয়া বেদা, কাফিৰ আৰু, শ্ৰীলংকাৰ চীনা, যিসকলে ১৭–১৯ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত শ্ৰীলংকালৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰিছিল। ==ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পতাকাৰ ৰং== ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পতাকাৰ ৰং "এছ এল এছ ১: ২০২০: শ্ৰীলংকাৰ গণতান্ত্ৰিক সমাজবাদী গণৰাজ্যৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পতাকাৰ বাবে নিৰ্দিষ্টকৰণ" নথিপত্ৰত নিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰা অনুযায়ী ৰং বোৰ যথাক্ৰমে হালধীয়া, মেৰুণ, কমলা, টিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=SLS 1:2020 |url=http://www.slsi.lk/images/Advertisements/Natinal_Flag/SRI_LANKA_STANDARD_1_2020-min.pdf |publisher=Sri Lanka Standards Institute |access-date=7 April 2022 |archivedate=18 October 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018123755/https://www.slsi.lk/images/Advertisements/Natinal_Flag/SRI_LANKA_STANDARD_1_2020-min.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==লগতে চাওক== *শ্ৰীলংকাৰ পতাকাৰ তালিকা *শ্ৰীলংকাৰ প্ৰতীক *ভেনেটোৰ পতাকা ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== {{Reflist}} r4tywz2m7tkaa50ciye2ofvr0l8jl0q 0 110226 518695 455290 2025-06-16T21:58:01Z FireDragonValo 33949 Replaced PNG with svg. 518695 wikitext text/x-wiki [[চিত্ৰ:Flag of Hong Kong.svg|alt=হংকঙৰ পতাকা|thumb|হংকঙৰ পতাকা]] ১৯৫২ চনত হংকঙে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অলিম্পিক গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। ১৯৯৬ চনলৈকে ই ব্ৰিটিছ উপনিবেশিক দেশ হিচাপে প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। ১৯৯৭ চনত এই ভূখণ্ড হস্তান্তৰ কৰাৰ পিছত ২০০০ চনৰ পৰা বিশেষ প্ৰশাসনিক অঞ্চল (SAR) হিচাপে মৰ্যাদা লৈ "হংকং, চীন" হিচাপে প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। গোটেই ইতিহাসত হংকঙে ১৯৫২ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৮০ চনৰ বাহিৰে আমেৰিকাৰ বৰ্জনৰ সমৰ্থনত প্ৰতিটো গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিক গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰি আহিছে আৰু ২০০২ চনৰ পৰা প্ৰতিটো শীতকালীন অলিম্পিক গেমছত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰি আহিছে। [[চিত্ৰ:Olympic flag.svg|alt=অলিম্পিকৰ চিহ্ন|thumb|অলিম্পিকৰ চিহ্ন]] ১৯৯৬ চনৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিকত হংকঙে প্ৰথমটো পদক আৰু প্ৰথমটো সোণৰ পদক, ২০২০ চনৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিকত দ্বিতীয়টো স্বৰ্ণ পদক আৰু ২০২৪ চনৰ গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিকত তৃতীয় আৰু চতুৰ্থ স্বৰ্ণ পদক লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ই আন আঠটা পদক লাভ কৰিছে: তিনিটা ৰূপ আৰু ৬টা ব্ৰঞ্জ। আজিলৈকে ইয়াৰ সৰ্বোত্তম প্ৰদৰ্শন (সোণৰ পদকৰ সংখ্যা অনুসৰি) ২০২৪ চনত, য’ত ই দুটা সোণ আৰু দুটা ব্ৰঞ্জৰ পদক লাভ কৰে। == ইতিহাস == হংকঙৰ প্ৰথম অলিম্পিক খেলুৱৈ আছিল ইভন ইয়ং, যিয়ে ১৯৩৬ চনত ব্ৰিটিছ হংকঙৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে ৰিপাব্লিক অৱ চাইনা (আৰ অ’ চি)ৰ হৈ প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। টাইৱান আৰু আজিৰ বেছিভাগেই সৰু সৰু দ্বীপৰ এটা গোটত সীমাবদ্ধ হৈ থকা আৰ অ’ চিয়ে বৰ্তমান চীনা টাইপেই হিচাপে প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯৫০ চনত হংকঙৰ অপেশাদাৰী ক্ৰীড়া ফেডাৰেচন আৰু অলিম্পিক কমিটি হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হংকঙৰ বাবে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় অলিম্পিক সমিতি (NOC) বৰ্তমান চীনৰ হংকঙৰ ক্ৰীড়া ফেডাৰেচন আৰু অলিম্পিক কমিটি নামেৰে জনাজাত। ১৯৫১ চনত আন্তৰ্জাতিক অলিম্পিক কমিটীয়ে (IOC) স্বীকৃতি দিয়ে আৰু তাৰ পিছত হংকঙক গ্ৰেট ব্ৰিটেইনৰ পৰা পৃথকে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে (যিকোনো সোণৰ পদক অনুষ্ঠানৰ বাবে হংকঙৰ ঔপনিৱেশিক পতাকা উত্তোলন কৰা হয় আৰু ব্ৰিটিছ জাতীয় সংগীত বজোৱা হয়)। ১৯৯৭ চনত হংকংক চীনৰ পিপলছ ৰিপাব্লিক (পি আৰ চি)ৰ হাতত গতাই দিয়াৰ পিছত চীনৰ নতুন বিশেষ প্ৰশাসনিক অঞ্চল (এছ এ আৰ)ৰ বাবে এন অ চিক তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই "হংকং, চীন" নামেৰে জনাজাত। হংকঙে নিজাকৈ এন অ’ চি বজাই ৰাখে আৰু অলিম্পিকত মূল চীনৰ পৰা পৃথকে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। এইটো এটা দাদাৰ নীতি বুলি বুজা যায় যদিও এই ব্যাখ্যাৰ প্ৰমাণ দিয়া কোনো লিখিত নথিপত্ৰ নাই।<ref name="AP1">{{cite web|last=Leicester|first=John|title=As China absorbs Hong Kong, why do both get Olympic teams?|website=AP News|date=30 July 2021|url=https://apnews.com/article/2020-tokyo-olympics-china-hong-kong-dfd72fda3ad4d452b0111a10980c84c1|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> ইয়াৰ বিপৰীতে মাকাউৰ নিজা এন অ' চিও আছে যদিও ইয়াক আই অ চিৰ দ্বাৰা স্বীকৃতি দিয়া নহয় আৰু ই কেৱল এছিয়ান গেমছৰ দৰে আঞ্চলিক খেলত মূল চীনৰ পৰা পৃথকেহে প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.macauolympic.org/en/about/2013-05-29/1.html|title=About the Sports and Olympic Committee of Macau, China|date=2013-05-29|accessdate=2013-11-08|website=Sports and Olympic Committee of Macau, China|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131118021808/http://www.macauolympic.org/en/about/2013-05-29/1.html|archivedate=2013-11-18}}</ref> == হংকঙৰ পদকৰ তালিকা == == Medals by Games == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} === গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন খেলত লাভ কৰা পদক === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; " |- ! Games ! Athletes |style="background:gold; width:4.5em; font-weight:bold; "|Gold |style="background:silver; width:4.5em; font-weight:bold; "|Silver |style="background:#cc9966; width:4.5em; font-weight:bold; "|Bronze ! style="width:4.5em; font-weight:bold; "|Total ! style="width:4.5em; font-weight: italic; "|Rank |- | colspan=7 |'' as {{flag|British Hong Kong}} '' |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1952}} || [[Hong Kong at the 1952 Summer Olympics|4]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[1952 Summer Olympics medal table|-]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1956}} || [[Hong Kong at the 1956 Summer Olympics|2]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[1956 Summer Olympics medal table|-]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1960}} || [[Hong Kong at the 1960 Summer Olympics|4]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[1960 Summer Olympics medal table|-]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1964}} || [[Hong Kong at the 1964 Summer Olympics|39]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[1964 Summer Olympics medal table|-]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1968}} || [[Hong Kong at the 1968 Summer Olympics|11]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[1968 Summer Olympics medal table|-]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1972}} || [[Hong Kong at the 1972 Summer Olympics|10]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[1972 Summer Olympics medal table|-]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1976}} || [[Hong Kong at the 1976 Summer Olympics|25]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[1952 Summer Olympics medal table|-]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1980}} || colspan=6| ''[[1980 Summer Olympics boycott|Did not participate]]'' |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1984}} || [[Hong Kong at the 1984 Summer Olympics|47]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[1984 Summer Olympics medal table|-]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1988}} || [[Hong Kong at the 1988 Summer Olympics|48]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[1988 Summer Olympics medal table|-]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1992}} || [[Hong Kong at the 1992 Summer Olympics|38]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[1992 Summer Olympics medal table|-]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|1996}} || [[Hong Kong at the 1996 Summer Olympics|23]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''1''' || [[1996 Summer Olympics medal table|49]] |- | colspan=7 |'' as {{flag|Hong Kong|name=Hong Kong, China}} '' |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|2000}} || [[Hong Kong at the 2000 Summer Olympics|31]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[2000 Summer Olympics medal table|-]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|2004}} || [[Hong Kong at the 2004 Summer Olympics|32]] || 0 || 1 || 0 || '''1''' || [[2004 Summer Olympics medal table|65]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|2008}} || [[Hong Kong at the 2008 Summer Olympics|34]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[2008 Summer Olympics medal table|-]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|2012}} || [[Hong Kong at the 2012 Summer Olympics|42]] || 0 || 0 || 1 || '''1''' || [[2012 Summer Olympics medal table|79]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|2016}} || [[Hong Kong at the 2016 Summer Olympics|37]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[2016 Summer Olympics medal table|-]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|2020}} || [[Hong Kong at the 2020 Summer Olympics|46]] || 1 || 2 || 3 || '''6''' || [[2020 Summer Olympics medal table|49]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|2024}} || [[Hong Kong at the 2024 Summer Olympics|36]] || 2 || 0 || 2 || '''4''' || [[2024 Summer Olympics medal table|37]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|2028}} || colspan=6; rowspan=2| ''future event'' |- |align=left| {{GamesName|SOG|2032}} |- ! colspan=2| Total!! 4!! 3!! 6!! 13!! [[All-time Olympic Games medal table|77]] |} {{col-break}} === শীতকালীন খেলত লাভ কৰা পদক === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; " |- ! Games ! Athletes |style="background:gold; width:4.5em; font-weight:bold; "|Gold |style="background:silver; width:4.5em; font-weight:bold; "|Silver |style="background:#cc9966; width:4.5em; font-weight:bold; "|Bronze ! style="width:4.5em; font-weight:bold; "|Total ! style="width:4.5em; font-weight:bold; "|Rank |- |align=left| {{GamesName|WOG|2002}} || [[Hong Kong at the 2002 Winter Olympics|2]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[2002 Winter Olympics medal table|–]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|WOG|2006}} || [[Hong Kong at the 2006 Winter Olympics|1]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[2006 Winter Olympics medal table|–]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|WOG|2010}} || [[Hong Kong at the 2010 Winter Olympics|1]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[2010 Winter Olympics medal table|–]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|WOG|2014}} || [[Hong Kong at the 2014 Winter Olympics|1]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[2014 Winter Olympics medal table|–]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|WOG|2018}} || [[Hong Kong at the 2018 Winter Olympics|1]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[2018 Winter Olympics medal table|–]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|WOG|2022}} || [[Hong Kong at the 2022 Winter Olympics|3]] || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || [[2022 Winter Olympics medal table|–]] |- |align=left| {{GamesName|WOG|2026}} || rowspan=3 colspan=6| ''future event'' |- |align=left| {{GamesName|WOG|2030}} |- |align=left| {{GamesName|WOG|2034}} |- ! colspan=2| Total!! 0!! 0!! 0!! 0!! [[All-time Olympic Games medal table|-]] |} {{col-end}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰঃ == [[শ্ৰেণী:অলিম্পিকত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ]] sjxdzi3qus1bjtj4vb6cwu421xh5whb 0 110718 518721 512879 2025-06-17T05:07:17Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organisation | name = ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কৃষি আৰু গ্ৰাম্য উন্নয়ন বেংক | caption = [[মুম্বাই]]ত অৱস্থিত নাবাৰ্ডৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় | logo = NABARD logo.png | logo_caption = নাবাৰ্ডৰ প্ৰতীক | image = NABARD.jpg | predecessor = কৃষি পুনৰ্বিত্ত আৰু উন্নয়ন নিগম | formation = {{start date and age|1982|07|12|df=y}}<ref name="nabard1">{{cite web |url=http://www.nabard.org/silver_jubilee.asp |title=25 YEARS OF DEDICATION TO RURAL PROSPERITY |publisher=Nabard.org |access-date=2010-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719224726/http://www.nabard.org/silver_jubilee.asp |archive-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | type = সৰ্বভাৰতীয় উন্নয়ন বিত্তীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠান <br> নিয়ন্ত্ৰক সংস্থা | purpose = {{bulleted list|কৃষি উন্নয়ন | গ্ৰাম্য উন্নয়ন | ক্ৰেডিট প্লেনিং | পুনৰ্বিত্ত | আঞ্চলিক গ্ৰাম্য বেংকৰ তত্বাৱধান | এপেক্স সমবায় বেংকৰ তত্বাৱধান}} | headquarters = [[মুম্বাই]], [[ভাৰত]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nabard.org/contact.aspx |title=Contact Us |publisher=NABARD}}</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|19.064511|72.862738|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} | owner = বিত্ত মন্ত্ৰালয়, [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]] | leader_title = অধ্যক্ষ | leader_name = শ্বাহজী কে ভি{{efn|name=n|Appointed with effect from 5 December 2022<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nabard.org/team.aspx?id=9 |website=www.nabard.org |access-date=2023-09-18 |title=Board Of Directors}}</ref>}} | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | website = {{URL|http://www.nabard.org/}} | footnotes = NABARD Act 1981 [https://www.nabard.org/auth/writereaddata/tender/0405234346nabard-act-2018.pdf] | subsidiaries = {{var|NABkisan, NABsamruddhi, NABfins, NABsanrakshan, NABfoundation, NABcons, NABventure}} }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কৃষি আৰু গ্ৰাম্য উন্নয়ন বেংক''' ({{lang-en|National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development}}) বা চমুকৈ '''নাবাৰ্ড''' এক সৰ্বভাৰতীয় উন্নয়ন বিত্তীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠান আৰু ভাৰতৰ আঞ্চলিক গ্ৰাম্য বেংক, ৰাজ্যিক সমবায় বেংক আৰু জিলা কেন্দ্ৰীয় সমবায় বেংকৰ সামগ্ৰিক তত্বাৱধানৰ বাবে এটা শীৰ্ষ তত্বাৱধায়ক সংস্থা।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India - Press Releases |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FS_PressRelease.aspx?prid=53392&fn=14 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.rbi.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=July 9, 2019 |title=Nabard to switch to risk-based supervision of co-operative banks, RRBs. |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/nabard-to-switch-to-risk-based-supervision-of-co-operative-banks-rrbs-119070901433_1.html |access-date=March 19, 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> ভাৰতৰ সংসদে গৃহীত কৰা নাবাৰ্ড আইন ১৯৮১ৰ অধীনত ইয়াক প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) {{!}} Department of Financial Services {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Government of India |url=https://financialservices.gov.in/beta/en/nabard-act |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=financialservices.gov.in}}</ref> ই [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ মালিকানাধীন আৰু বিত্ত মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ অধীনত বিত্তীয় সেৱা বিভাগৰ অধীনত কাম কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agricultureinformation.com/mag/?p=5265 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716133313/http://www.agricultureinformation.com/mag/?p=5265 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-16 |title=Nabard Rural Innovation Fund &#124; Agriculture and Industry Survey |publisher=Agriculture information.com |access-date=2010-09-01 }}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== গ্ৰাম্য অৰ্থনীতি বৃদ্ধিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰতিষ্ঠানিক ঋণৰ গুৰুত্ব ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ বাবে পৰিকল্পনাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পৰ্যায়ৰ পৰাই স্পষ্টকৈ পৰিলক্ষিত হৈছিল। সেয়েহে ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ নিৰ্দেশত ভাৰতীয় ৰিজাৰ্ভ বেংকে এই অতি জটিল দিশসমূহ চাবলৈ কৃষি আৰু গ্ৰাম্য উন্নয়নৰ বাবে প্ৰতিষ্ঠানিক ঋণৰ ব্যৱস্থা পুনৰীক্ষণৰ বাবে এখন সমিতি গঠন কৰে।<ref>https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PublicationReport/Pdfs/CR353_1981356136CD0C1747659CDBCFE63094C356.PDF {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ পৰিকল্পনা আয়োগৰ প্ৰাক্তন সদস্য বি শিৱৰমনৰ অধ্যক্ষতাত ১৯৭৯ চনৰ ৩০ মাৰ্চত এই সমিতি গঠন কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৭৯ চনৰ ২৮ নৱেম্বৰত দাখিল কৰা কমিটীৰ অন্তৱৰ্তীকালীন প্ৰতিবেদনত অবিভক্ত মনোযোগ, বলপূৰ্বক দিশ প্ৰদানৰ বাবে নতুন সাংগঠনিক সংস্থাৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তাৰ ৰূপৰেখা দাঙি ধৰা হৈছিল আৰু গ্ৰাম্য উন্নয়নৰ সৈতে জড়িত ঋণ সম্পৰ্কীয় বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰা হৈছিল। এই আকাংক্ষাসমূহক সম্বোধন কৰিব পৰাকৈ এক অনন্য উন্নয়নমূলক বিত্তীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠান গঠন কৰিবলৈ পৰামৰ্শ আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। ১৯৮১ চনৰ ৬১ নং আইনখনৰ জৰিয়তে সংসদে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কৃষি আৰু গ্ৰাম্য উন্নয়নৰ বেংক গঠনত অনুমোদন জনায়।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) {{!}} Department of Financial Services {{!}} Ministry of Finance {{!}} Government of India |url=https://financialservices.gov.in/beta/en/nabard-act |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=financialservices.gov.in}}</ref> ১৯৮২ চনৰ ১২ জুলাইত ভাৰতীয় ৰিজাৰ্ভ বেংকৰ কৃষি ঋণৰ কাম আৰু তেতিয়াৰ কৃষি পুনৰ্বিত্ত সাহায্য আৰু উন্নয়ন নিগমৰ পৰা হস্তান্তৰ কৰি নাবাৰ্ড গঠন কৰা হয়। নাবাৰ্ডক প্ৰধানমন্ত্ৰী [[ইন্দিৰা গান্ধী|ইন্দিৰা গান্ধীয়ে]] ১৯৮২ চনৰ ৫ নৱেম্বৰত প্ৰাৰম্ভিক মূলধন ১০০ কোটি টকাৰে স্থাপন কৰে। ২০২০ চনৰ ৩১ মাৰ্চলৈকে ১৪,০৮০ কোটি টকাৰ ঋণ ই আগবঢ়াইছে। ৰিজাৰ্ভ বেংক আৰু ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ মাজত শ্বেয়াৰ কেপিটেলৰ গঠন পুনৰীক্ষণৰ ফলত নাবাৰ্ড বৰ্তমান সম্পূৰ্ণ ভাৰত চৰকাৰৰ মালিকানাধীন।<ref name=":0" /> ইয়াৰ অনুমোদিত শ্বেয়াৰ কেপিটেল হৈছে ৩০,০০০ কোটি টকা।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nabard - mission |url=https://www.nabard.org/english/mission.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092219/https://www.nabard.org/english/mission.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 October 2010 |title=RBI sells Nabard stake to govt |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/RBI-sells-NAABARD-stake-to-govt-for-rs-1-450/697952/ |access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref> ==ভূমিকা== ভিতৰুৱা গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলত গ্ৰাম্য, সামাজিক উদ্ভাৱন আৰু সামাজিক উদ্যোগৰ ভিত্তি তৈয়াৰ কৰাত নাবাৰ্ডে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছে। ২০২৩ চনৰ মে' মাহলৈকে নাবাৰ্ডে দেশৰ ৩১টা আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্যালয় আছে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regional Office :: NABARD|url=https://www.nabskillnabard.org/regional-office.php?language=LG-1&status=Active|access-date=2020-07-04|website=www.nabskillnabard.org}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> এই প্ৰক্ৰিয়াত ই প্ৰায় ৪০০০ অংশীদাৰ সংস্থাৰ সৈতে অংশীদাৰিত্ব কৰি আত্মসহায়ক গোট আৰু বেংকৰ সহযোগিতা কাৰ্যসূচী, অৰণ্যভিত্তিক জনজাতীয় সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ জীৱিকাৰ পদক্ষেপ, মাটি আৰু পানী সংৰক্ষণৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত জলবিভাজিকা পদ্ধতি, মুখ্য শস্য উদ্যোগৰ জৰিয়তে শস্যউৎপাদনশীলতাৰ পদক্ষেপ বৃদ্ধি কৰা বা কৃষক ক্লাবৰ জৰিয়তে কৃষিজাত সম্প্ৰদায়লৈ তথ্য প্ৰবাহৰ প্ৰসাৰ আদি তৃণ-মূল পৰ্যায়ত বিভিন্ন পদক্ষেপ হাতত লৈছে। এই সকলোবোৰৰ মাজতো ই বৃহৎ পৰিমাণৰ কৰ আদায় কৰি ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কোষাগাৰলৈ ধাৰাবাহিকভাৱে শীৰ্ষ ৫০ জন কৰদাতাৰ ভিতৰত স্থান লাভ কৰি আহিছে। উন্নয়নৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কৰা ব্যয় নাবাৰ্ডে সকলো লাভৰ জৰিয়তে উভতাই আনে। এইদৰে সংস্থাটোৱে গ্ৰাম্য সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ সৈতে ৩ দশকৰ কামত বিপুল পৰিমাণৰ আস্থাৰ মূলধন গঢ়ি তুলিছে।<ref name="12/07/2013">{{cite web|title=NABARD is an institution and is in the business of development|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/tharoor-tells-nabard-to-consolidate-partnerships/article4921177.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raj Bajwa |first=Des |date=June 2020 |title=ROLE OF NABARD IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342301647 |journal=ResearchGate}}</ref> নাবাৰ্ডৰ ভূমিকাক বহলভাৱে তিনিটা কাৰ্য্যত ভাগ কৰিব পাৰি: ===পুনৰ বিত্তীয় সাহায্য=== নাবাৰ্ডে গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলৰ বিভিন্ন উন্নয়নমূলক কাৰ্য্যকলাপক প্ৰসাৰিত কৰাৰ বাবে বিনিয়োগ আৰু উৎপাদন ক্ৰেডিট প্ৰদান কৰা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ বাবে এক শীৰ্ষ বিত্তীয় সংস্থা হিচাপে কাম কৰে। ই ক্ষেত্ৰ পৰ্যায়ত উন্নয়নমূলক কামত নিয়োজিত সকলো প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ গ্ৰাম্য বিত্তীয় কাৰ্য্যকলাপৰ সমন্বয় সাধন কৰে আৰু ভাৰত চৰকাৰ, ৰাজ্য চৰকাৰ, ভাৰতীয় ৰিজাৰ্ভ বেংক (আৰ বি আই) আৰু নীতি প্ৰণয়নৰ সৈতে জড়িত অন্যান্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ বজাই ৰাখে।<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-13 |title=NABARD pioneers agri-financing and developmental interventions to promote rural growth |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/nabard-pioneers-agri-financing-and-developmental-interventions-to-promote-rural-growth/articleshow/92820179.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও [[বিশ্ব বেংক]] আৰু [[এছিয়ান উন্নয়ন বেংক]]ৰ পৰা ৰাজ্যিক সমবায় কৃষি আৰু গ্ৰাম্য উন্নয়ন বেংক (এছ চি আৰ ডি বি), ৰাজ্যিক সমবায় বেংক (এছ চি বি), আঞ্চলিক গ্ৰাম্য বেংক (আৰ আৰ বি), বাণিজ্যিক বেংক (চি বি) আৰু ৰিজাৰ্ভ বেংকৰ দ্বাৰা অনুমোদিত অন্যান্য বিত্তীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠানলৈ পুঁজিৰ পুনৰ বিত্তীয় সাহায্য প্ৰদান কৰে। বিনিয়োগ ঋণৰ চূড়ান্ত হিতাধিকাৰী ব্যক্তি, অংশীদাৰিত্ব, কোম্পানী, চৰকাৰী মালিকানাধীন নিগম বা সমবায় সমিতি হ'ব পাৰে যদিও উৎপাদন ঋণ সাধাৰণতে ব্যক্তিক দিয়া হয়।<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bank |first1=The World |title=India - National Bank For Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) Credit Project |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/618831468043141207/India-National-Bank-For-Agriculture-and-Rural-Development-NABARD-Credit-Project |website=worldbank.org |access-date=17 September 2018 |language=en |date=31 January 1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India: Rural Cooperative Credit Restructuring and Development Program |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/62140/36343-01-ind-prtr.pdf |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> ===বেংকিং তত্বাৱধান=== নাবাৰ্ডে ৰাজ্যিক সমবায় বেংক (এছটিচিবি), জিলা সমবায় কেন্দ্ৰীয় বেংক (ডিচিচিবি), আৰু আঞ্চলিক গ্ৰাম্য বেংক (আৰআৰবি)ৰ তত্বাৱধান কৰে আৰু এই বেংকসমূহৰ বিধিগত পৰিদৰ্শন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=NABARD - National Bank For Agriculture And Rural Development. |url=https://www.nabard.org/content.aspx?id=469 |access-date=18 September 2018 |website=www.nabard.org |language=en}}</ref> ঋণ প্ৰদান ব্যৱস্থাৰ শোষণ ক্ষমতা উন্নত কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিষ্ঠান গঠনৰ দিশত ব্যৱস্থা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ই নিৰীক্ষণ, পুনৰ্বাসন আঁচনি প্ৰণয়ন, ঋণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ পুনৰ্গঠন, কৰ্মীক প্ৰশিক্ষণ আদিৰ জৰিয়তে বেংকৰ তত্বাৱধায়কৰ দায়িত্ব পালন কৰে। ===উন্নয়ন=== নাবাৰ্ডৰ ‘আত্মসহায়ক গোট বেংক সহযোগিতা কাৰ্যসূচী’ৰ বাবেও বিশেষভাবে পৰিচিত। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ভাৰতৰ বেংকসমূহক আত্মসহায়ক গোটক ঋণ দিবলৈ বেংক সমূহক উৎসাহিত কৰা হয়। যিহেতু আত্মসহায়ক গোটসমূহ মূলতঃ দৰিদ্ৰ মহিলাৰে গঠিত, সেয়েহে ই ক্ষুদ্ৰ বিত্তীয় সাহায্যৰ বাবে বৰ্তমান এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ আহিলালৈ পৰিণত হৈছে। ২০০৬ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহলৈকে ৩.৩ কোটি সদস্যক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা ২২ লাখ আত্মসহায়ক গোটক এই কাৰ্যসূচীৰ জৰিয়তে ঋণ প্ৰদান কৰাহৈছিল।<ref>EDA and APMAS ''Self-Help Groups in India: A Study of the Lights and Shades'', CARE, CRS, USAID and GTZ, 2006, p. 11</ref> নাবাৰ্ডৰ প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদ ব্যৱস্থাপনা কাৰ্যসূচীৰ লগতো জড়িত। ইয়াৰ বাবে স্থাপন কৰা নিবেদিত পুঁজিৰ জৰিয়তে নাবাৰ্ডে জলভাগ উন্নয়ন, জনজাতি উন্নয়ন আৰু কৃষি উদ্ভাৱনৰ দৰে বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্ৰ জড়িত হৈ আছে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Critical role of NABARD in Rural Development of Country |url=https://legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-3610-critical-role-of-nabard-in-rural-development-of-country.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=legalserviceindia.com}}</ref> ==আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় অংশীদাৰ== ===[[বিশ্ব বেংক]]=== বিশ্ব বেংকৰ সৈতে জড়িত সংস্থা আৰু কৃষি আৰু গ্ৰাম্য উন্নয়নৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কাম কৰা বিশ্ব উন্নয়নমূলক সংস্থাসমূহ নাবাৰ্ডৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহযোগীসকলৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম। এই সংস্থাসমূহে গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলৰ জনসাধাৰণৰ উত্থানৰ বাবে পৰামৰ্শ আৰু আৰ্থিক সাহায্য দি আৰু কৃষি প্ৰক্ৰিয়াক উন্নত কৰি নাবাৰ্ডক সহায় কৰে।<ref name="ASSOCIATED WITH NABARD">{{cite web|title=NABARD|url=http://www.nabard.org/associatedwithnabard/introduction.asp|access-date=11 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902080008/http://nabard.org/associatedwithnabard/introduction.asp|archive-date=2 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ উন্নয়ন কাৰ্যসূচী=== ক্ষুদ্ৰ কৃষকসকলক সহায় কৰিবলৈ কৃষি আৰু খাদ্য ব্যৱস্থাৰ তথ্য-চালিত উদ্ভাৱনসমূহ সহযোগীভাৱে সৃষ্টি কৰিবলৈ [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ উন্নয়ন কাৰ্যসূচী (ইউএনডিপি) আৰু কৃষি আৰু গ্ৰাম্য উন্নয়ন ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বেংকে (নাবাৰ্ড) এক বুজাবুজিৰ চুক্তিত স্বাক্ষৰ কৰিছে। এই বুজাবুজি চুক্তিৰ অধীনত দুয়োটা সংস্থাই পণ্য বিকাশ, প্ৰযুক্তি হস্তান্তৰৰ বাবে মুক্ত উৎসৰ তথ্য ভাগ-বতৰা কৰি আৰু কৃষি নীতিৰ ফ্ৰেমৱৰ্কত সহায় কৰি ক্ষুদ্ৰ কৃষকৰ জীৱন আৰু জীৱিকা উন্নত কৰাৰ বাবে কাম কৰিব।<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNDP India partners with NABARD to boost data-driven innovations in agriculture |url=https://www.undp.org/india/press-releases/undp-india-partners-nabard-boost-data-driven-innovations-agriculture |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> ===কে এফ ডব্লিউ === ভাৰতত উন্নয়নমূলক প্ৰকল্পৰ ডিজাইন আৰু ৰূপায়ণৰ বাবে জাৰ্মানীৰ কে এফ ডব্লিউ সংস্থা আৰু নাবাৰ্ডৰ সহযোগত আদিবাসী উন্নয়ন কাৰ্যসূচী, ভাৰত-জাৰ্মান জলভাগৰ উন্নয়ন কাৰ্যসূচী, প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদ ব্যৱস্থাপনাৰ বাবে ভাৰত-জাৰ্মান সৰ্বাত্মক কাৰ্যসূচী, আৰু নাবাৰ্ড- এছ ডি চি গ্ৰাম্য উদ্ভাৱনকে ধৰি কেইবাটাও পদক্ষেপ চলি আছে। এই কাৰ্যসূচীসমূহৰ লক্ষ্য হৈছে ভাৰতৰ গ্ৰাম্য সম্প্ৰদায়সমূহে সন্মুখীন হোৱা বিভিন্ন প্ৰত্যাহ্বানসমূহ মোকাবিলা কৰা।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex Post Evaluation Reports H-I {{!}} KfW Development Bank |url=https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/International-financing/KfW-Development-Bank/Our-results/Results/Ex-Post-Evaluation-Reports-H-I/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de |language=en |archivedate=2024-05-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520123214/https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/International-financing/KfW-Development-Bank/Our-results/Results/Ex-Post-Evaluation-Reports-H-I/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ===মহিলা বিশ্ব বেংকিং=== বিত্তীয় অন্তৰ্ভুক্তি বৃদ্ধিৰ প্ৰয়াসত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কৃষি আৰু গ্ৰাম্য উন্নয়ন বেংক (নাবাৰ্ড) আৰু মহিলা বিশ্ব বেংকিঙে আঞ্চলিক গ্ৰাম্য বেংকৰ জৰিয়তে জন ধন প্লাছ কাৰ্যসূচীক প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে বুজাবুজিৰ চুক্তিত স্বাক্ষৰ কৰে। এই সহযোগিতাই ৮.০৯ কোটি জন ধন একাউণ্টধাৰীৰ মাজত মৌলিক বিত্তীয় সেৱাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু গ্ৰহণ বৃদ্ধিৰ লক্ষ্য ৰাখিছে। ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা ৫.৪৫ কোটি মহিলা একাউণ্টধাৰীক সবলীকৰণৰ ওপৰত বিশেষ গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-20 |title=Nabard partners Women's World Banking to promote financial inclusion through Jan Dhan Plus programme |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/nabard-partners-womens-world-banking-to-promote-financial-inclusion-through-jan-dhan-plus-programme/articleshow/104583550.cms?utm_source=pocket_saves |access-date=2024-04-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ==সহযোগী কোম্পানী== নাবাৰ্ডৰ সাতটা সহযোগী কোম্পানী আছে। এই সহযোগী কোম্পানীসমূহনিৰ্দিষ্ট খণ্ডৰ বাবে নিজা বিশেষজ্ঞৰ সৈতে প্ৰতিষ্ঠানটোৰ বিশেষজ্ঞতাৰ লাভ উঠাবলৈ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছে। ===নৱকিষান=== কৃষি, কৃষি জড়িত আৰু গ্ৰাম্য অকৃষি কাৰ্য্যকলাপত উদ্যোগসমূহৰ প্ৰচাৰ, সম্প্ৰসাৰণ আৰু বাণিজ্যিকীকৰণৰ বাবে ঋণ প্ৰদান কৰা নৱকিষানৰ মূল উদ্দেশ্য। ই দেশৰ বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্যৰ ৫৫০ টা কৃষক উৎপাদক সংগঠনলৈ ২২৫ কোটি টকাতকৈ অধিক সঞ্চিত সাহায্যৰে সমৰ্থন বৃদ্ধি কৰিছে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-12-08 |title=Bengal FPOs get corporate structure to avail of more fund |url=https://theprint.in/economy/bengal-fpos-get-corporate-structure-to-avail-of-more-fund/1255811/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> ===নৱসমৃদ্ধি=== নৱসমৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে ক্ষুদ্ৰ বিত্তীয়, অতিক্ষুদ্ৰ, ক্ষুদ্ৰ আৰু মজলীয়া উদ্যোগ, গৃহ নিৰ্মাণ, শিক্ষা, পৰিবহণ আদিকে ধৰি অকৃষি কাৰ্য্যকলাপৰ প্ৰচাৰ, সম্প্ৰসাৰণ, বাণিজ্যিকীকৰণ আৰু আধুনিকীকৰণৰ বাবে আইনী সত্তাসমূহক ঋণৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰা। প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহক বহনক্ষম গ্ৰাম্য উন্নয়নক আগবঢ়াই নিবলৈ ক্ষুদ্ৰ বিত্তীয় সাহায্যৰ মহিলা যৌথ দায়বদ্ধতা গোট (জেএলজি) ঋণগ্ৰহণকাৰীসকলৰ বাবে পুঁজিৰ দেশজোৰা সজাগতা অভিযান, ‘ক্লাইমেট ৰেডী ৱাশ্ব’ৰ জৰিয়তে ২০২৪ চনৰ মাৰ্চ মাহত ইযাৰ প্ৰথম পৰ্যায়ৰ আৰম্ভণি কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-23 |title=NABSAMRUDDHI's 'Climate Ready WASH' awareness campaign to cover 40 block-level camps in vulnerable areas |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/environment/nabsamruddhis-climate-ready-wash-awareness-campaign-to-cover-40-block-level-camps-in-vulnerable-areas-19351521.htm |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> ===নৱফিন্স=== ক্ষুদ্ৰ বিত্তীয় ব্যৱসায়ৰ প্ৰতি নৱফিন্সৰ দৃষ্টিভংগীক ইয়াৰ টেগলাইন “অন্তৰ্ভুক্তিৰ সৈতে ব্যৱসায়ৰ ভাৰসাম্য ৰক্ষা”ৰ দ্বাৰা সংজ্ঞায়িত কৰা হৈছে। ই এটা অনন্য আৰ্হি গ্ৰহণ কৰে যিয়ে আত্মসহায়ক গোট (এছ এইচ জি) আৰু যৌথ দায়বদ্ধতা গোট (জে এল জি) দ্বাৰা প্ৰদান কৰা সামাজিক সংস্পৰ্শৰ লাভ উঠায়। ই কম আয়ৰ পৰিয়ালসমূহক বেংক বহিৰ্ভূত বিত্তীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠান আৰু ক্ষুদ্ৰ ঋণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ ভিতৰত সৰ্বনিম্ন সুতৰ হাৰত তেওঁলোকৰ দুৱাৰদলিত ক্ষুদ্ৰ ঋণ প্ৰদান কৰে। এই কাৰ্যসূচীত প্ৰধানকৈ মহিলাসকলক সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vidyanandan |first=M. S. |date=2023-07-24 |title=Kerala to conduct first-ever digital crop survey |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2023/Jul/24/kerala-to-conduct-first-ever-digital-crop-survey-2597903.html |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ===নৱফাউণ্ডেশ্যন=== নৱফাউণ্ডেশ্যন নাবাৰ্ডৰ অলাভজনক অনুষ্ঠান। ই নিজাববীয়াকৈ বা অন্যান্য অংশীদাৰসকলৰ সৈতে নাগৰিক সমাজৰ সংস্থা, কৃষি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, চৰকাৰী বিভাগ আৰু ৰাজহুৱা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত সংস্থা উভয়ৰে কৰ্পৰেট সামাজিক দায়বদ্ধতাৰ প্ৰভাৱশালী প্ৰকল্পসমূহ সম্পন্ন কৰাৰ বাবে স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। ২০২১ চনত উত্তৰ-পূবৰ সকলো ৰাজ্যৰ নিবনুৱা যুৱক-যুৱতীসকলৰ বাবে এক অনন্য দক্ষতা মেপিং কাৰ্যসূচী প্ৰস্তুত কৰিবলৈ ডালমিয়া ভাৰত ফাউণ্ডেশ্যনৰ সৈতে বুজাবুজিৰ চুক্তিত স্বাক্ষৰ কৰিছে। শেহতীয়াকৈ দিল্লীত নৱফাউণ্ডেশ্যন আৰু ডালমিয়া ভাৰত ফাউণ্ডেশ্যনৰ মাজত এই প্ৰকল্পত সহযোগিতা কৰিবলৈ এখন বুজাবুজি চুক্তি স্বাক্ষৰিত হয়। নাবাৰ্ডৰ আন দুটা সহযোগী কোম্পানী নৱসমৃদ্ধি আৰু নৱফিন্স এই অনন্য পদক্ষেপক সমৰ্থন কৰিবলৈ আগবাঢ়ি আহিছে।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=2021-02-14 |title=NABFOUNDATION, Dalmia Bharat Foundation to develop skill mapping programme for unemployed youths in North East |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nabfoundation-dalmia-bharat-foundation-to-develop-skill-mapping-programme-for-unemployed-youths-in-north-east/articleshow/80901953.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-01 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> ===নৱকন্স=== ই নাবাৰ্ডৰ এটা পৰামৰ্শদাতা সংস্থা। কৃষি, গ্ৰাম্য উন্নয়ন আৰু সংশ্লিষ্ট অঞ্চলৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে পৰামৰ্শ প্ৰদান কৰাটোৱেই হৈছে নৱকন্সৰ উদ্দেশ্য। ২০২৩ চনত [[কেৰালা]] ৰাজ্যৰ কৃষি বিভাগে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে ডিজিটেল ক্ৰপ চাৰ্ভে (ডিচিএছ) সৃষ্টিৰ দিশে আগবাঢ়িছিল। এই কাৰ্যসূচী ৰূপায়ণৰ কাম নৱকন্সে দায়িত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vidyanandan |first=M. S. |date=2023-07-24 |title=Kerala to conduct first-ever digital crop survey |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2023/Jul/24/kerala-to-conduct-first-ever-digital-crop-survey-2597903.html |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ===নৱভেন্সাৰ=== ৫০০ কোটি টকাৰ টাৰ্গেট কৰ্পাছৰ সৈতে নৱভেন্সাৰ পুঁজি গঠন কৰা হৈছেI নৱভেন্সাৰ সংস্থা এই পুঁজিৰ বিনিয়োগ পৰিচালক। এই পুঁজিয়ে কৃষি, কৃষি প্ৰযুক্তি, কৃষি-জৈৱপ্ৰযুক্তি, খাদ্য, কৃষি/গ্ৰাম্য বিত্ত প্ৰযুক্তি আৰু গ্ৰাম্য ব্যৱসায়ৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ পৰা মধ্যম পৰ্যায়ৰ ষ্টাৰ্ট-আপত বিনিয়োগৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰে। ===নৱসংৰক্ষণ=== নৱসংৰক্ষণ সংস্থাৰ লক্ষ্য হৈছে ঋণ নিশ্চয়তা আৰু আনুষংগিক কাম-কাজ বহনক্ষম আৰু সমতাপূৰ্ণ কৃষি আৰু গ্ৰাম্য উন্নয়নৰ দিশত কাম কৰা। ==গ্ৰাম্য উদ্ভাৱন== ভাৰতৰ গ্ৰাম্য উন্নয়নত নাবাৰ্ডে উল্লেখযোগ্য অৱদান আগবঢ়াইছে।<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/06/28/stories/2010062850990600.htm |title=Nabard can help change face of rural India |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |date=28 June 2010 |access-date=2010-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914114629/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/06/28/stories/2010062850990600.htm |archive-date=14 September 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> নাবাৰ্ডে অনুমোদন জনোৱা কৃষি কাৰ্য্যকলাপৰ ঋণৰ প্ৰবাহ ২০০৫–২০০৬ বৰ্ষত ১,৫৭,৪৮০ কোটি টকা আছিল। চুইজাৰলেণ্ডৰ উন্নয়ন আৰু সহযোগিতাৰ সংস্থাৰ সহায়ত নাবাৰ্ডে গ্ৰাম্য উদ্ভাৱন পুঁজি গঠন কৰে। গ্ৰাম্য আন্তঃগাঁথনি উন্নয়ন পুঁজি গ্ৰাম্য উন্নয়নৰ বাবে বেংকৰ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য আঁচনি।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://usaskstudies.coop/socialeconomy/files/congress07/sapovadia.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170831/http://usaskstudies.coop/socialeconomy/files/congress07/sapovadia.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archivedate=14 July 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170831/http://usaskstudies.coop/socialeconomy/files/congress07/sapovadia.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> এই আঁচনিৰ অধীনত জলসিঞ্চন, গ্ৰাম্য পথ আৰু দলং, স্বাস্থ্য আৰু শিক্ষা, ভূমি সংৰক্ষণ, জল আঁচনি আদি সামৰি লোৱা ২,৪৪,৬৫১ টা প্ৰকল্পৰ বাবে ৫১,২৮৩ কোটি টকা অনুমোদন দিয়া হৈছে। গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলত জীৱিকাৰ সুযোগ আৰু নিয়োগক প্ৰসাৰিত কৰাৰ বাবে এই আঁচনি গ্ৰহণ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiamicrofinance.com/nabard-%E2%80%93-sdc-rural-innovation-fund.html |title=NABARD – SDC rural innovation fund |publisher=India microfinance.com |access-date=2010-09-01}}</ref> গ্ৰাম্য অঞ্চলৰ জীৱনৰ মান উন্নত কৰাৰ বাবে উদ্ভাৱনী ধাৰণা ৰূপায়ণৰ বিশেষজ্ঞতা আৰু ইচ্ছা থকা ব্যক্তি, বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থা, সমবায়, আত্মসহায়ক গোট, আৰু পঞ্চায়তীৰাজ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানলৈ এই সাহায্য প্ৰদান কৰা হয়। ২৫ কোটি সদস্যৰ ভিত্তিৰ জৰিয়তে ভাৰতত অৰ্থনীতিৰ প্ৰায় প্ৰতিটো খণ্ডতে তৃণমূল পৰ্যায়ত ৬০০০০০০ সমবায়ে কাম কৰি আছে। আত্মসহায়ক গোট আৰু অন্যান্য ধৰণৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ মাজত সমবায়ৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্ক আছে। গ্ৰাম্য আন্তঃগাঁথনি উন্নয়ন পুঁজিৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে কাৰ্য্যকৰী উপায়ৰ জৰিয়তে গ্ৰাম্য আৰু কৃষি খণ্ডত উদ্ভাৱনক প্ৰসাৰ কৰা।<ref>{{cite journal |ssrn=985884 |title=Evaluating Effectiveness Among Cooperatives vis-a-vis Other Social Institutes - A Case Study of Nabard's Rural Innovation Fund & Other Schemes |author=Vrajlal K. Sapovadia |date=13 May 2007}}</ref> ২০০৭–০৮ চনত নাবাৰ্ডে ‘প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদ ব্যৱস্থাপনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাত্মক কাৰ্যসূচী’ (ইউপিএনআৰএম)ৰ অধীনত নতুন প্ৰত্যক্ষ ঋণ প্ৰদানৰ সুবিধা আৰম্ভ কৰিছে। এই সুবিধাৰ অধীনত প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদ ব্যৱস্থাপনা কাৰ্য্যকলাপৰ বাবে আৰ্থিক সহায় যুক্তিসংগত সুতৰ হাৰত ঋণ হিচাপে প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/karnataka-lags-in-using-nabard-rural-infra-fund/391543/ |title=india lags in using Nabard rural infra fund |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=12 April 2010 |access-date=2010-09-01|last1=Kulkarni |first1=Mahesh }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nabard.org/farm_sector/nrm_upnrm.asp |title=National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development |publisher=Nabard.org |access-date=2010-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929205044/http://nabard.org/farm_sector/nrm_upnrm.asp |archive-date=29 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==সৰ্বভাৰতীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতামূলক পৰীক্ষা== নাবাৰ্ডে ইয়াৰ গ্ৰুপ ‘এ’ আৰু গ্ৰুপ ‘বি’ সেৱাত বিভিন্ন প্ৰত্যক্ষ নিযুক্তিৰ বাবেও বিভিন্ন পৰীক্ষা অনুষ্ঠিত কৰে। তাৰে কিছুমান তলত উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছে। *নাবাৰ্ড এ গ্ৰেড পৰীক্ষাঃ এই পৰীক্ষা বেংকৰ গ্ৰাম্য উন্নয়ন বেংকিং সেৱা (আৰ ডি বি এছ) আৰু ৰাজভাষা সেৱাৰ বাবে গ্ৰেড-এ বিষয়া (গ্ৰুপ 'বি'ৰ সহকাৰী প্ৰবন্ধক) নিযুক্তিৰ বাবে প্ৰায় প্ৰতি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=NABARD Grade A & B 2024 Notification, Apply Online, Eligibility Criteria and Admit Card |url=https://anujjindal.in/nabard-grade-a-notification-admit-card-and-eligibility-criteria/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Anujjindal.in |language=en-US}}</ref> *নাবাৰ্ড গ্ৰেড-বি পৰীক্ষাঃ এই পৰীক্ষা গ্ৰেড-বি বিষয়া (গ্ৰুপ 'এ'ৰ প্ৰবন্ধক) নিযুক্তিৰ বাবে অনুষ্ঠিত কৰা হয়। কিন্তু ইয়াৰ যোগ্যতা পৃথক নাবাৰ্ড গ্ৰেড-এ পৰীক্ষাত সাধাৰণতে বৰ্তমানৰ বেংকাৰসকলক পৰীক্ষাত তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি নিযুক্তি দিয়াত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=NABARD Grade B Exam 2024, Recruitment Details, Application Procedure: ixamBee |url=https://www.ixambee.com/exams/nabard-grade-b-exam |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=www.ixambee.com |language=en}}</ref> * নাবাৰ্ড উন্নয়ন সহায়ক / উন্নয়ন সহায়ক (হিন্দী) পৰীক্ষাঃ এই পৰীক্ষাটো উন্নয়ন সহায়ক ( গ্ৰুপ 'বি'ৰ মৰগীয়া বনাচ) নিযুক্তিৰ বাবে অনুষ্ঠিত কৰা হয়। গ্ৰেড-এ আৰু গ্ৰেড-বি পৰীক্ষাৰ বিপৰীতে এই পৰীক্ষাৰ উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে নাবাৰ্ডত কেৰাণী কৰ্মচাৰীসকলক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suruchi |date=2023-08-28 |title=NABARD Development Assistant Syllabus 2023 and Exam Pattern |url=https://www.bankersadda.com/nabard-development-assistant-syllabus/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=adda247 |language=en-IN}}</ref> ==আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্যালয়সমূহ== ভাৰতৰ [[মুম্বাই]]ত নাবাৰ্ডৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় আৰু সকলো ৰাজ্যতে আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্যালয় অৱস্থিত। লগতে জম্মু-কাশ্মীৰৰ শ্ৰীনগৰত ইয়াৰ এটা বিশেষ কোষ আছে। আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্যালয়ৰ নেতৃত্বত এজন মুখ্য মহাপ্ৰবন্ধক ভাৰপ্ৰাপ্ত বিষয়া হিচাপে থাকে। মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয়ত কেইবাজনো শীৰ্ষ কাৰ্যবাহী যেনে সঞ্চালক, উপ-পৰিচালন সঞ্চালক আৰু অধ্যক্ষ থাকে। নাবাৰ্ড আইন অনুসৰি ভাৰত চৰকাৰে পৰিচালনা সমিতিৰ নিযুক্তি দিয়ে। ইয়াৰ সমগ্ৰ দেশতে ৩৩৬টা জিলা কাৰ্যালয় আছে যিবোৰত জিলা উন্নয়ন পৰিচালক (ডিডিএম)সকলে কাম কৰে। ইয়াৰ ছটা প্ৰশিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠানো আছে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-18 |title=List of Regional Offices of NABARD in India 2022: देखें भारत में नाबार्ड के क्षेत्रीय कार्यालयों की पूरी सूची, सिलेक्शन के बाद कहाँ हो सकती है पोस्टिंग |url=https://hindi.bankersadda.com/list-of-regional-offices-of-nabard-in/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=adda247 |language=en-IN}}</ref> <gallery widths="130" heights="100" perrow="5"> File:NABARD Lucknow Office.jpg|নাবাৰ্ড আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্যালয়, লক্ষ্ণৌ </gallery> ==তথ্য উৎস== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} ==টোকা== {{Notelist}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.nabard.org/ নাবাৰ্ডৰ ৱেবছাইট] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বেংকিং প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ বিত্তীয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] b0mxohu2dwrdf03u5k2tvmd6929513z 0 112723 518697 473153 2025-06-16T22:06:19Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = ডাঃ মালিনী ভট্টাচার্য্য | honorific_prefix = সন্মানীয় অধ্যাপক | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|10|14|df=y}} | birth_place = ঢাকা, বংগ প্ৰদেশ, ব্ৰিটিছশাসিত ভাৰত,<br/> বৰ্তমানৰ বাংলাদেশৰ ঢাকা | residence = | death_date = | death_place = | constituency = যাদৱপুৰ | office = লোকসভা | term = ১৯৮৯–১৯৯৬ | predecessor = [[মমতা বেনাৰ্জী]] | successor = কৃষ্ণা বসু | party = [[কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টি অৱ ইণ্ডিয়া]] | spouse = | children = | website = | footnotes = | date = | | year = | | source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3251.htm | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[ডাইচেচন স্কুল]], কলকাতা|[[প্ৰেচিডেন্সি কলেজ, কলকাতা|প্ৰেচিডেন্সি কলেজ]]|[[জাদৱপুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]}} }} '''ড° মালিনী ভট্টাচাৰ্য''' {{lang-en|Malini Bhattacharya}}) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় ৰাজনীতিবিদ। তেওঁ ভাৰতীয় কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টী (মাৰ্ক্সবাদী)ক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে৷ তেওঁ পশ্চিম বংগৰ যাদৱপুৰৰ পৰা ভাৰতৰ সংসদৰ নিম্ন সদন লোকসভালৈ নিৰ্বাচিত হয়।<ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile Malini Bhattacharya|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3251.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810090345/http://164.100.47.192/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3251.htm|archive-date=10 August 2016|access-date=21 June 2016|publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9VtPAQAAMAAJ|access-date=21 June 2016|year=1996|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|page=211}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Mainstream|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G1XhAAAAMAAJ|access-date=21 June 2016|year=2003|publisher=N. Chakravartty|page=30}}</ref> তেওঁ এগৰাকী লেখিকা, পণ্ডিত, অনুবাদক, নাট্যকাৰ আৰু মহিলা আন্দোলনৰ কৰ্মী৷ ইয়াৰ লগতে তেওঁ ইংৰাজী বিষয়ৰ অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত অধ্যাপিকা আৰু যাদৱপুৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ মহিলা অধ্যয়ন বিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰাক্তন পৰিচালক। তেওঁ কলিকতাৰ প্ৰেচিদেন্সী কলেজৰ পৰা পঢ়া-শুনা কৰিছে৷ তেওঁ ১৯৮৯ চনৰ পৰা ১৯৯৬ চনলৈকে লোকসভাত নিজৰ দলক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিছিল৷ <ref>{{Cite web|last=BHATTACHARYA|first=MALINI|title=On being a woman in Parliament|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30196095.ece|access-date=2020-08-03|website=Frontline|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=RAJALAKSHMI|first=T. K.|title=Reinventing violence|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30193805.ece|access-date=2020-08-03|website=Frontline|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-07|title=৮ই মার্চ ও যৌথ আন্দোলনের কিছু ফসল|url=https://ebongalap.org/2018/03/8-march-celebration-in-west-bengal-recalled-by-malini-bhattacharya/|access-date=2020-08-03|website=Ebong Alap / এবং আলাপ|language=en-US}}</ref> মালিনী ভট্টাচাৰ্য মহিলা আন্দোলনৰ এগৰাকী সুপৰিচিত কৰ্মী, আৰু সৰ্বভাৰতীয় গণতান্ত্ৰিক মহিলা সন্থাৰ সভানেত্ৰী।<ref>{{Cite web |title=আৰ্কাইভ কপি |url=https://mayday.leftword.com/author/post/malini-bhattacharya-2/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |archivedate=2025-03-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320183226/https://mayday.leftword.com/author/post/malini-bhattacharya-2 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ মহিলা সাংসদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:লোকসভাৰ সাংসদ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ৰাজনৈতিক ক্ষেত্ৰত নাৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সাহিত্যিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুবাদক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজকৰ্মী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] f6a9msnb2ft0wm514neeh0yj3tkft96 0 112897 518564 503917 2025-06-16T16:41:45Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = বম্বে জয়শ্ৰী | image = Bombay_Jayashri,_Vani_Mahal_(Chennai),_December_2017.jpg | caption = জয়শ্ৰীয়ে পি জে চিভিক চেণ্টাৰ অডিটৰিয়াম, [[মালয়েছিয়া]]ত কনচাৰ্ট বজাইছে। | image_size = | birth_name = <!-- Do not use unless different than 'name' and without citing a published reliable source.--> | alias = | birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|56|2021|1|28}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/bombay-jayashri-on-padma-shri-win-it-s-big-for-people-who-loved-me-for-40-years-101611778264092.html |title=Bombay Jayashri on Padma Shri win: It's big for people who loved me for 40 years |date=28 January 2021 |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519132340/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/bombay-jayashri-on-padma-shri-win-it-s-big-for-people-who-loved-me-for-40-years-101611778264092.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | birth_place = [[কলকাতা]], [[পশ্চিম বংগ]], ভাৰত | alma_mater = [[আৰ. এ পোদাৰ কলেজ]] | known_for = [[কৰ্ণাটিক সংগীত|কৰ্ণাটিক]] গায়ন| | occupation = {{flat list| *Singer *Musician *Teacher *Dancer *Philanthropist }}| | years_active = 1982–present | parents = <!-- parents: include only if they are independently notable or particularly relevant.--> | spouse = | children = | signature = | awards = {{plainlist| * [[70th National Film Awards|National Film Award]] * [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback]] * [[Vijay Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] * [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]] * [[Asianet Film Awards]] * Mangalampalli Balamurali Krishna Award * Kamban Pugazh Award }} | honours = {{plainlist| * [[Sangeetha Choodamani]] (2005) * [[Kalaimaamani]] (2007) * [[Sangeetha Kalasarathy]] (2007) * Honorary Doctorate (2009) * [[Padma Shri]] (2021) * [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] (2023) }} | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | genre = {{flat list| * [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] * [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]] * [[playback singer|Playback singing]] * [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]] * [[Filmi]] * [[Bhajan]] }} | instrument = Vocals, [[veena]] | label = }} | website = {{URL|bombayjayashri.com/}}<br/>[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZU-kX-p3rsSeW-LASj7mEg YouTube Channel : Bombay Jayashri Ramnath] <br/>[https://www.facebook.com/BombayJayashriRamnath/ Facebook Page : Bombay Jayashri Ramnath]<br/>[https://twitter.com/Bombay_Jayashri Twitter : Bombay Jayashri]<br/> [https://www.instagram.com/jayashriramnath/ Instagram : Bombay Jayashri Ramnath] }} '''জয়শ্ৰী ৰামনাথ''' {{lang-en|: Jayashri Ramnath}},"বম্বে" জয়শ্ৰী ৰামনাথ,বম্বে জয়শ্ৰী; এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় কৰ্ণাটিক কণ্ঠশিল্পী, গায়িকা, আৰু সংগীতজ্ঞ। তামিল, তেলেগু, কানাড়া, মালয়ালম, হিন্দী চিনেমাকে ধৰি একাধিক ভাষাত গীত গাইছিল। সংগীতজ্ঞ পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা জয়শ্ৰীয়ে তেওঁৰ পৰিয়ালৰ চতুৰ্থ প্ৰজন্মৰ সংগীত সাধকক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। প্ৰশিক্ষিত [[লালগুডী জয়ৰামন]] আৰু টি.আৰ. বালামণি ।<ref name="Profile2">{{cite web |title=Profile |url=http://bombayjayashri.com/blog/?page_id=64 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214195753/http://bombayjayashri.com/blog/?page_id=64 |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=10 January 2013 |publisher=bombayjayashri.com |archivedate=14 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214195753/http://bombayjayashri.com/blog/?page_id=64 |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name="AcademyAward2">{{cite news |date=11 January 2013 |title=Pi's lullaby gives Bombay Jayashri Oscar nomination |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/pis-lullaby-gives-bombay-jayashri-oscar-nomination/article4296910.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 January 2013 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308215230/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/pis-lullaby-gives-bombay-jayashri-oscar-nomination/article4296910.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Darbar2">{{cite web |title=Bombay Jayashri |url=https://www.darbar.org/artist/bombay-jayashri/46 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730165726/https://www.darbar.org/artist/bombay-jayashri/46 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |website=darbar.org |access-date=9 February 2025 |archivedate=30 July 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730165726/https://www.darbar.org/artist/bombay-jayashri/46 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০২১ চনত তেওঁক ভাৰতৰ চতুৰ্থ সৰ্বোচ্চ অসামৰিক বঁটা [[পদ্মশ্ৰী বঁটা]] প্ৰদান কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2021 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337 |access-date=26 January 2021 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125161945/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2021 |title=Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms |access-date=25 January 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128190946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ ডিচেম্বৰ মাহত মাদ্ৰাজ মিউজিক একাডেমীৰ দ্বাৰা কৰ্ণাটক সংগীত ক্ষেত্ৰৰ আটাইতকৈ সন্মানীয় বঁটা [[সংগীত কালানিধি বঁটা]] প্ৰদান কৰা হয়। [[লাইফ অৱ পাই]] চিনেমাৰ [[পাইৰ লুলাবী]]ৰ বাবে তেওঁ [[শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মৌলিক গীত (অস্কাৰ)ৰ একাডেমী বঁটা]]ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হয়। আজিৰ তাৰিখত তেওঁ আটাইতকৈ বিচৰা কৰ্ণাটিক সংগীতজ্ঞসকলৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হৈ পৰিছে।<ref name="Darbar2" /> ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু প্ৰশিক্ষণ== জয়শ্ৰীয়ে কলিকতাৰ এটা তামিল ভাষী পৰিয়ালত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। কৰ্ণাটিক সংগীতৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক প্ৰশিক্ষণ তেওঁৰ পিতৃ-মাতৃ শ্ৰীমতী ড. সীতালক্ষ্মী সুব্ৰমণিয়াম আৰু শ্ৰী. এন এন সুব্ৰমণিয়ামৰ পৰা পাইছিল, আৰু পিছলৈ লালগুডী জয়ৰমণ আৰু টি আৰ বালামণিৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2004 |title=Music Academy's award winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/music-academys-award-winners/article28578191.ece |url-access=subscription |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206221754/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/music-academys-award-winners/article28578191.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="kalki2">{{cite magazine |date=2 May 1993 |title=ஜெயஸ்ரீ: இசை வானில் இன்னொரு நட்சத்திரம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-05-02/page/n3/mode/2up |access-date=26 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=2–4 |language=Ta}}</ref>তেওঁ জি এন ধনদাপানী আয়াৰৰ পৰা বীনা বজাবলৈ শিকিছিল। জয়শ্ৰীয়ে কে মহাবীৰ জয়পুৰৱালে আৰু অজয় ​​পোহংকৰৰ পৰা হিন্দুস্তানী শাস্ত্ৰীয় সংগীতৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ লাভ কৰিছিল। <ref name="simala.net2">{{Cite web |title=South Indian Music Academy |url=http://www.simala.net/profile_vocal/bombayjayashri.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708045535/http://www.simala.net/profile_vocal/bombayjayashri.html |archive-date=8 July 2019 |access-date=23 August 2014 |website=simala.net |archivedate=8 July 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708045535/http://www.simala.net/profile_vocal/bombayjayashri.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[দিল্লীৰ গন্ধৰ্ব মহাবিদ্যালয়]]ৰ পৰাও তেওঁ ভাৰতীয় সংগীতৰ ডিপ্লমা লাভ কৰিছিল। জয়শ্ৰীয়ে [[মুম্বাইৰ শ্ৰী ৰাজৰাজেশ্বৰী ভাৰত নাট্য কালামন্দিৰ]]ৰ গুৰু কে কল্যাণসুন্দৰাম পিল্লাইৰ অধীনত ভাৰতনাট্যম অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল। মুম্বাইৰ এমেচাৰ ড্ৰামাটিক ক্লাবৰ সৈতেও থিয়েটাৰৰ লগত জড়িত আছিল। জয়শ্ৰীয়ে ছেইণ্ট. চেম্বুৰৰ এন্থনী হাইস্কুলত পঢ়িছিল। [[মুম্বাইৰ আৰ এ পোদাৰ কলেজ]]ৰ পৰা বাণিজ্য আৰু অৰ্থনীতিত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল। ==প্ৰাক দৰ্শন== ১৯৮২ চনত জয়শ্ৰীয়ে প্ৰথমটো সঙ্গীত অনুস্থানত পৰিবেশন কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ভাৰতত আৰু ৩৫তকৈ অধিক দেশত বিভিন্ন উৎসৱ আৰু মঞ্চত পৰিৱেশন কৰিছে। নতুন দিল্লীতঃ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভৱন, বিষ্ণু দিগম্বৰ উৎসৱ, গন্ধৰ্ব মহাবিদ্যালয়, শ্ৰী শনমুখানন্দ সভা, ভাৰত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় কেন্দ্ৰ, ইন্দিৰা গান্ধী ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, আৰু ভক্তি উৎসৱ। আহমেদাবাদৰ সাপ্তকত, চেন্নাইৰ মিউজিক একাডেমী আৰু শ্ৰীকৃষ্ণ গণসভা; আইটিচি সংগীত গৱেষণা একাডেমী, কলকাতা;এনচিপিএ আৰু শ্ৰী শনমুখানন্দ সভা, মুম্বাই; চৌদিয়া মেম’ৰিয়েল হল আৰু বসন্ত হাব্বা, বাংগালুৰু; কুথিৰা মালিকা আৰু সূৰ্য্য উৎসৱ, ত্ৰিবেন্দ্ৰম, দ্য পেলেচ অৱ মহীশূৰ আৰু অৰ’ভিলৰ মাট্ৰিমন্দিৰ এম্ফিথিয়েটাৰত অনুস্থানত পৰিবেশন কৰিছিল। সমগ্ৰ ভাৰততে তেওঁ স্পিৰিট অৱ ইউনিটি কনচাৰ্টছ ফৰ নেশ্যনেল ইন্টিগ্ৰেচন, এছপিআইচি মেকে ফেষ্টিভেলছ, আৰু অল ইণ্ডিয়া ৰেডিঅ’ৰ সংগীত সন্মিলনৰ বাবে অনুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰিছিল। আমেৰিকাত তেওঁ লিংকন চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ দ্য পাৰফৰ্মিং আৰ্টছ, কাৰ্নেগী হল, কেনেডি চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ পাৰফৰ্মিং আৰ্টছ ৱৰ্ল্ড মিউজিক ইনষ্টিটিউট – নিউয়ৰ্ক; এৰিজোনা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – টাচন; টেক্সাছ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – অষ্টিন; এম আই টি – বষ্টন; লুইজিয়ানা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – নিউ অৰলিন্স; কৰ্নেল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় আৰু আমহাৰ্ষ্ট কলেজ। ছিডনী অপেৰা হাউচতো (তাত অনুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰা প্ৰথমজন কাৰ্নাটিক সংগীতজ্ঞ) অনুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰিছে। জয়শ্ৰীৰ ইউৰোপ ভ্ৰমণৰ ভিতৰত আছে: ছেডলাৰছ ওৱেলছ আৰু কুইন এলিজাবেথ হল – লণ্ডন; পবিত্ৰ কণ্ঠ আৰু সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ উৎসৱ ৰিটবাৰ্গ – চুইজাৰলেণ্ড; ভান্টা ফেষ্টিভেল আৰু দ্য ৰাছিয়ান অপেৰা হাউচ – হেলচিংকি, ফিনলেণ্ড; থিয়ট্ৰে দে লা ভিল, ফেষ্টিভেল অৱ নান্টেছ, দ্য মিউজিয়াম অৱ স্কাল্পচাৰ এণ্ড আৰ্টছ, মিউজি ডেছ এছিয়াটিকছ আৰু চিটি ডি লা মিউজিক – ফ্ৰান্সত; কাছা দা মিউজিকা এ পৰ্টো – পৰ্তুগাল; চালা ডি কেমেৰা – স্পেইন আৰু কলন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ত। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও তেওঁ দ্য ৰয়েল অপেৰা হাউচ – ডাৰবান, মনাছ ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি – মেলবৰ্ণ আৰু এস্প্লেনেড থিয়েটাৰ – ছিংগাপুৰত অভিনয় কৰিছে। ২০১৭ চনৰ ১৯ ​​ছেপ্টেম্বৰত কানাডাৰ টৰন্টোৰ ৰয় থমছন হলত টৰন্টো চিম্ফনী অৰ্কেষ্ট্ৰাৰ সৈতে মাইকেল ডানাৰ "লাইফ অৱ পাই" ছুইটৰ বিশ্ব প্ৰিমিয়াৰ দিয়াৰ সময়ত তেওঁ অনুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰে। জয়শ্ৰীয়ে তিনি দশকৰো অধিক সময় ধৰি SPIC MACAYক সমৰ্থন কৰি আহিছে। উত্তৰাখণ্ডৰ সুদূৰ ঠাই, হিমাচল প্ৰদেশৰ পাহাৰীয়া জিলা, প’ৰ্ট ব্লেয়াৰ, কেৰালাৰ ৱায়ানাড আৰু ইডুক্কিৰ গ্ৰাম্য আৰু জনজাতীয় অঞ্চলকে ধৰি বহু ঠাই ভ্ৰমণ কৰি ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলক ভাৰতীয় শাস্ত্ৰীয় সংগীতৰ সৈতে পৰিচয় কৰাই দি শতাধিক বক্তৃতা প্ৰদৰ্শন আগবঢ়াইছে। ==সংগীতৰ সহযোগিতা== ===সংগীতৰ আদান-প্ৰদান আৰু সংলাপ=== জয়শ্ৰীয়ে হিন্দুস্তানী সংগীতজ্ঞ ৰনু মজুমদাৰ<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/melodic-confluence-of-styles/article28587989.ece |title=Melodic confluence of styles |date=25 November 2005 |website=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206221753/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/melodic-confluence-of-styles/article28587989.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> শুভা মুদগাল<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article2226665.ece |title=The Hindu's Review of the Jugalbandi between Bombay Jayashri and Shubha Mudgal |website=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026090312/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article2226665.ece |archive-date=26 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> বিশ্ব মোহন ভাট আৰু গৌৰৱ মজুমদাৰৰ সৈতে যুগলবন্দী কনচাৰ্ট পৰিবেশন কৰিছে। লীলা চেমচন, চিত্ৰ বিশ্বেশ্বৰন, আলাৰমেল বল্লী, প্ৰিয়দৰ্শনী গোবিন্দ<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article2226665.ece |title=The Hindu's Review of the Jugalbandi between Bombay Jayashri and Shubha Mudgal |website=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026090312/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article2226665.ece |archive-date=26 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> আৰু শোবানা আদি নৃত্যৰ শিল্পীৰ সাক্ষাৎকাৰ লৈছে। জয়শ্ৰীয়ে প্ৰাক্তন [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি শ্ৰী আব্দুল কালাম]]ৰ সন্মানীয় অডিঅ’ আত্মজীৱনী – [[উইংছ অৱ ফায়াৰ]]ত থিৰুক্কুৰাল আৰু এটা অন্নমাচাৰ্য পদ্য গাইছে। জয়শ্ৰীয়ে কৰ্ণাটিক সংগীতজ্ঞ টি এম কৃষ্ণ, জয়ন্তী কুমাৰেশ<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jayanthikumaresh.com/js_events/dr-jayanthi-kumaresh-bhoomija/ |title=Dr. Jayanthi Kumaresh & Bombay Jayashri - Jugalbandhi |access-date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204103122/http://www.jayanthikumaresh.com/js_events/dr-jayanthi-kumaresh-bhoomija/ |url-status=live }}</ref> আৰু অভিষেক ৰঘুৰামৰ সৈতেও সহযোগিতা কৰিছে। গৌৰী ৰামনাৰায়ণৰ ধাৰণা আৰু পৰিচালিত মীৰাৰ কাহিনী 'ভৈৰে বানৱৰী'ত তেওঁ অভিনয় কৰিছিল। <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Recreating-Mirabais-magic-for-a-cause/article16544889.ece |title=Recreating Mirabai's magic for a cause |date=8 March 2010 |website=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=limited |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206221752/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Recreating-Mirabais-magic-for-a-cause/article16544889.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> অভিনেতা ভি বালকৃষ্ণনৰ সৈতে গৌৰী ৰামনাৰায়ণৰ ৰচনা কৰা ‘গণিতজ্ঞ’ ছবিত অংশ লৈছিল। জয়শ্ৰীয়ে এমটিভি ক'ক ষ্টুডিঅ' (ভাৰত) ছিজন ১ত উস্তাদ ৰছিদ খান আৰু ৰিচা শৰ্মাৰ সৈতেও অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9QG61_AVqQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/o9QG61_AVqQ |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Kaatyaayani,Bombay Jayashri, Ustad Rashid Khan,Coke Studio @ MTV,S01,E05 |date=15 July 2011 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> জয়শ্ৰীয়ে এগৰাকী সংগীতপ্ৰেমী হিচাপে এজন গায়কৰ যাত্ৰাক উপস্থাপন কৰিবলৈ 'Listening to Life' নামৰ এটা সংগীত অনুষ্ঠানৰ পৰিকল্পনা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/flowing-with-the-notes/article3746093.ece |title=Flowing with the notes |first=Deepa |last=Ganesh |date=9 August 2012 |website=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=limited |access-date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206221757/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/flowing-with-the-notes/article3746093.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> ===সাংস্কৃতিক সহযোগিতাৃৃ=== বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ সংগীতৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ আৰু পৰীক্ষা-নিৰীক্ষাৰ বাবে বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন বিশিষ্ট শিল্পীৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা লাভ কৰিছে। জয়শ্ৰীয়ে [[‘সন্ধম: চিম্ফনী মিটছ ক্লাছিকেল তামিল’]] এলবাম আৰু সুৰকাৰ ৰাজন সোমসুন্দৰামৰ ডাৰহাম চিম্ফনী নামৰ এলবামটোত ভেৰাল ভেলী আৰু যাধুম উৰে গীত গাইছে। বম্বে জয়শ্ৰীয়ে বিভিন্ন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গায়কৰ সৈতে কৰ্ণাটিক অংশ গাই বহু ধাৰাৰ সংযোজন যাদুম উৰে গীতক দশম [[বিশ্ব তামিল সন্মিলন]]ৰ থীম সংগীত হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰা হয়<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/news/2290362 |title=உலக கலைஞர்களின், கணீர் குரலில் உலகத் தமிழ் ஆராய்ச்சி மாநாட்டு பாடல் |date=4 June 2019 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta}}</ref> ২০২০ চনৰ জুলাই মাহত আমাজনৰ শীৰ্ষ ১০ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় এলবামৰ শিতানত এই এলবামটো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল। ইজিপ্তৰ গায়ক [[হিছাম আব্বাছ]] আৰু চেনেগালৰ গায়িকা [[থিয়নে চেক]]ৰ সৈতে গীত গাইছে। ২০০৮ চনত তেওঁ ভাৰত-ফিনলেণ্ডৰ এটা উদ্যোগ 'ৰেড আৰ্থ এণ্ড প'ৰিং ৰেইন'ৰ অংশ আছিল, য'ত তেওঁ অৱন্তীৰ সৈতে [[কুংটোকাই]] – সংগম সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰাচীন কবিতা – গাইছিল, যিটো জন ষ্টৰ্গাৰ্ডছৰ পৰিচালনাত ইৰো হামিনিয়েমিৰ সংগীতত স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। এইটো [[হেলচিংকি]]ত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অনুষ্ঠিত আৰু লেপলেণ্ডতো পৰিবেশন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alba.fi/en/info/newreleaseinfo/4843/ |title=Eero Hämeenniemi Red Earth and Rain – Alba Records |website=alba.fi |access-date=22 April 2012 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205140015/http://www.alba.fi/en/info/newreleaseinfo/4843/ |url-status=dead |archivedate=5 February 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205140015/http://www.alba.fi/en/info/newreleaseinfo/4843/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০১২ চনত তেওঁ ভান্টা উৎসৱত ইৰো হামিনিয়েমিৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত [[মিৰ্জা গালিব]]ৰ কবিতা গাইছিল, ফিনলেণ্ডৰ মাৰ্ককু লুওলাজান-মিকোলাৰ নেতৃত্বত গাম্বা চতুৰ্থী দলৰ সৈতে। হাংগেৰীতো এই অনুষ্ঠান অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8ZnDdHSDhQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/A8ZnDdHSDhQ |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=An interview with Bombay Jayashri |date=15 August 2012 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ২০১৪ চনত তেওঁ ইৰো হামিনিয়েমিৰ সৈতে যধুম উৰে, সাংগম পয়েট্ৰিত কাম কৰে আৰু ফিনলেণ্ডৰ ফিলহাৰ্মনিক অৰ্কেষ্ট্ৰাৰ সৈতে অনুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰে। ইজিপ্তৰ গায়ক হিছাম আব্বাছ আৰু চেনেগালৰ গায়িকা থিয়নে চেকৰ সৈতে গীত গাইছে। ২০০৮ চনত তেওঁ ভাৰত-ফিনলেণ্ডৰ এটা উদ্যোগ 'ৰেড আৰ্থ এণ্ড প'ৰিং ৰেইন'ৰ অংশ আছিল, য'ত তেওঁ অৱন্তীৰ সৈতে কুংটোকাই – সংগম সাহিত্যৰ প্ৰাচীন কবিতা – গাইছিল, যিটো জন ষ্টৰ্গাৰ্ডছৰ পৰিচালনাত ইৰো হামিনিয়েমিৰ সংগীতত স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল। এইটো হেলচিংকিত প্ৰিমিয়াৰ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু লেপলেণ্ডতো পৰিবেশন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alba.fi/en/info/newreleaseinfo/4843/ |title=Eero Hämeenniemi Red Earth and Rain – Alba Records |website=alba.fi |access-date=22 April 2012 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205140015/http://www.alba.fi/en/info/newreleaseinfo/4843/ |url-status=dead |archivedate=5 February 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205140015/http://www.alba.fi/en/info/newreleaseinfo/4843/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ২০১২ চনত তেওঁ ভান্টা উৎসৱত ইৰো হামিনিয়েমিৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত মিৰ্জা গালিবৰ কবিতা গাইছিল, ফিনলেণ্ডৰ মাৰ্ককু লুওলাজান-মিকোলাৰ নেতৃত্বত গাম্বা চতুৰ্থী দলৰ সৈতে। হাংগেৰীতো এই অনুষ্ঠান অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8ZnDdHSDhQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/A8ZnDdHSDhQ |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=An interview with Bombay Jayashri |date=15 August 2012 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ২০১৪ চনত তেওঁ ইৰো হামিনিয়েমিৰ সৈতে যধুম উৰে, সংগম পয়েট্ৰিত কাম কৰে আৰু ফিনলেণ্ডৰ ফিলহাৰ্মনিক অৰ্কেষ্ট্ৰাৰ সৈতে অনুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰে।[citation nee ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== {{ref list}} 74jprygo16tie0yuxp9nju59rdk82r1 0 113899 518711 517242 2025-06-17T01:59:01Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Indian model and actress}} {{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}} {{Infobox pageant titleholder | name = সুশ্ৰী শ্ৰেয়া মিশ্ৰ | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|01|04}} | birth_place = [[ওড়িশা]], [[ভাৰত]]। | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|death year|death month|death day|birth year|birth month|birth day}} --> | death_place = | other_names = | education = [[St. Joseph's Convent Higher Secondary School, Sambalpur|চেণ্ট জোচেফ কনভেণ্ট]]<br />[[Shyama Prasad Mukherji College|এছ পি এম কলেজ]] | alma_mater = | occupation = অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল | years_active = ২০১০—বৰ্তমান | height = {{height|ft=5|in=9|out=cm}} | title = এছিয়ান ছুপাৰমডেল ২০১০, মিছ ইউনাইটেড কণ্টিনেণ্টছ ২০১৫ (৩য় ৰানাৰ্ছ আপ), [[মিছ ডিভা - ২০১৩|মিছ ডিভা ২০১৩]] (শীৰ্ষ ৭) | spouse = | domestic_partner = | children = | films = | agency = | hair_color = ক'লা | eye_color = ক'লা | competitions = এছিয়ান ছুপাৰমডেল ইণ্ডিয়া, [[I AM She – Miss Universe India|আই এম শ্বি - মিছ ইউনিভাৰ্ছ ইণ্ডিয়া ২০১০]], [[Miss Diva - 2013|মিছ ডিভা ২০১৩]], মিছ ইউনাইটেড কণ্টিনেণ্টছ ২০১৫, [[ফেমিনা মিছ ইণ্ডিয়া ২০১৫]] | module = | website = | signature = | signature_size = | signature_alt = }} '''সুশ্ৰী শ্ৰেয়া মিশ্ৰ''' ({{lang-en|Sushrii Shreya Mishraa}}; জন্ম: ৪ জানুৱাৰী ১৯৯১) এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় মডেল, অভিনেত্ৰী, আৰু সৌন্দৰ্য্য প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ খিতাপধাৰী।<ref name="pioneer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/odia-girl-features-in-shahrukh-khan---s----zero---.html|title=Odia girl features in Shahrukh Khan's 'Zero'|date=2018-12-24|publisher=The Pioneer|accessdate=2021-11-16}}</ref><ref name="odia">{{Cite web|url=https://odialive.com/sushrii-shreya-mishra-wins-miss-united-continents-2015/|title=Sushrii Shreya Mishra wins Miss United Continents 2015|date=2015-09-08|publisher=OdiaLive|accessdate=2021-11-16}}</ref> তেওঁ ২০১৫ চনৰ ফেমিনা মিছ ইণ্ডিয়া ইউনাইটেড কণ্টিনেণ্টছৰ মুকুট পিন্ধি ২০১৫ চনত ইকুৱেডৰত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা মিছ ইউনাইটেড কণ্টিনেণ্টছ প্ৰতিযোগিতাত ভাৰতক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰি তৃতীয় ৰানাৰ্ছ আপ হয়।<ref name="4u">{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/model/sushrii-shreya-mishraa|title=Sushrii Shreya Mishraa|date=n.d.|publisher=NET TV 4 U|accessdate=2021-11-16}}</ref> তেওঁ আই এ এম পপুলাৰ, মিছ ভিভাচিয়াছ, মিছ ৰেম্পৱাক, মেলভিন ন’ৰ’নহাই ডিজাইন কৰা শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সাজ-পোছাক আদি কেইবাটাও উপ-প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে।<ref name="4u"/><ref name="missunited">{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/i-feel-like-sandra-bullock-from-miss-congeniality-sushrii-shreya-mishraa/articleshow/47880564.cms|title=I feel like Sandra Bullock from Miss Congeniality: Sushrii Shreya Mishraa|last=Agarwal|first=Netra|date=2015-06-30|publisher=Beauty Pageants|accessdate=2021-11-16|archivedate=20 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120041637/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/i-feel-like-sandra-bullock-from-miss-congeniality-sushrii-shreya-mishraa/articleshow/47880564.cms|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="incredible">{{Cite web|url=https://incredibleorissa.com/odia-girl-sushrii-shreya-mishraa-miss-united-continent-contest/|title=Odia girl Sushrii Shreya Mishraa in Miss United Continent contest|date=2015-09-07|publisher=Incredible Orissa|accessdate=2021-11-19|archivedate=20 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120041645/https://incredibleorissa.com/odia-girl-sushrii-shreya-mishraa-miss-united-continent-contest/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন == ১৯৯১ চনৰ ৪ জানুৱাৰীত ওড়িশাত কৰ্ণেল কিশোৰ কুমাৰ মিশ্ৰ আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ আৰক্ষী বিষয়া সবিতা ৰাণী পাণ্ডাৰ ঘৰত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল মিশ্ৰই।<ref name="orissa">{{Cite web|url=https://incredibleorissa.com/sushrii-shreya-mishraa-miss-india/|title=Sushrii Shreya Mishraa - Odisha Girl in Miss India 2015 Final|date=2015-03-09|publisher=Incredible Orissa|accessdate=2021-11-16|archivedate=20 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120041647/https://incredibleorissa.com/sushrii-shreya-mishraa-miss-india/|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="sambad"/><ref name="pioneer"/><ref name="odia"/> তেওঁৰ পৰিয়াল ওডিয়া, তেওঁ সম্বলপুৰত ডাঙৰ-দীঘল হৈছিল আৰু ছেইণ্ট জোচেফ কনভেণ্ট উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়িছিল, তাৰ পিছত দিল্লী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ শ্যামা প্ৰসাদ মুখাৰ্জী কলেজৰ পৰা প্ৰয়োগমূলক মনোবিজ্ঞানত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="sambad"/><ref name="odia"/><ref name="pioneer" /><ref name="orissa"/> প্ৰথমে তেওঁ অপৰাধী মনোবিজ্ঞানী হ'ব বিচাৰিছিল।<ref name="goldberg">{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/sushrii-shreya-mishraa-to-star-in-jeff-goldbergs-play-the-altamount-road-murders/articleshow/64762840.cms|title=Sushrii Mishraa to star in Jeff Goldberg's play The Altamount Road Murders|date=2018-06-27|publisher=Beauty Pageants|accessdate=2021-11-16|archivedate=20 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120041640/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/sushrii-shreya-mishraa-to-star-in-jeff-goldbergs-play-the-altamount-road-murders/articleshow/64762840.cms|deadurl=yes}}</ref> পাছলৈ তেওঁ বেৰীজন অভিনয় বিদ্যালয়ত পঢ়িছিল।<ref name="orissa"/> == কেৰিয়াৰ == === পেজেণ্ট্ৰী === ২০১০ চনত এছিয়ান ছুপাৰমডেল ইণ্ডিয়া প্ৰতিযোগিতাত জয়ী হোৱাৰ লগতে মিছ ফ্ৰেণ্ডশ্বিপ ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়।<ref name="orissa"/><ref name="4u" /> পাছলৈ‍ তেওঁ উদ্বোধনী আই এম শ্বি নামৰ এক স্বল্পকালীন ভাৰতীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে আৰু ইয়াৰ বিজয়ীসকলে মিছ ইউনিভাৰ্ছলৈ যাত্ৰা অব্যাহত ৰাখে‍।<ref name="4u" /> তেওঁক আই এম পপুলাৰ বঁটা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল যদিও সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে প্ৰতিযোগিতাখনত জয়ী হোৱা নাছিল।<ref name="4u" /> ২০১৩ চনত মিছ ডিভাত প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰি শীৰ্ষ সাতখন ছেমি ফাইনেলিষ্টৰ ভিতৰত স্থান লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও তেওঁ মিছ ডিজিটেল ক্ৰাউন লাভ কৰে। <ref name="4u" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/miss-diva-2013-manasi-moghe-wins-the-title/articleshow/22351727.cms|date=6 September 2013|dead-url=2021-11-19}}</ref> মিশ্ৰাই উৰিষ্যা ফেমিনা মিছ ইণ্ডিয়া ২০১৫ প্ৰতিযোগিতাত প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিছিল, য'ত তেওঁক মিছ ভিভাচিয়াছ আৰু মিছ ৰেম্পৱাক হিচাপে মনোনীত কৰা হৈছিল আৰু শ্ৰেষ্ঠ প্ৰতিভা আৰু মিছ মাল্টিমিডিয়াৰ বাবে শীৰ্ষ পাঁচত স্থান লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="4u"/><ref name="missunited"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/femina-miss-india-2015-finale-kareena-shahid-perform-where-watch-tv-live-updates-information-627484|title=Femina Miss India 2015 Finale: Kareena, Shahid to Perform; Where to Watch on TV and Live Updates Information|date=2015-03-28|last=Mehta|first=Ankita|publisher=IB Times|accessdate=2021-11-16}}</ref><ref name="orissa"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/femina-miss-india-sub-contest-winners-unveiled/articleshow/46703220.cms|title=Femina Miss India sub-contest winners unveiled|date=2015-03-26|publisher=The Economic Times|accessdate=2021-11-19}}</ref> তেওঁ মিছ ইউনাইটেড কণ্টিনেণ্টছ প্ৰতিযোগিতাত ভাৰতক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিছিল আৰু তৃতীয় স্থান লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="4u" /> তেওঁক মিছ ফটোজেনিক আৰু শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰম্পৰাগত পোচাকৰ খিতাপ প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://incredibleorissa.com/sushrii-shreya-mishra-3rd-runner-up-miss-united-continents/|title=Sushrii Shreya Mishra 3rd runner up in Miss United Continents|date=2015-09-13|publisher=Incredible Orissa|accessdate=2021-11-19|archivedate=20 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120041657/https://incredibleorissa.com/sushrii-shreya-mishra-3rd-runner-up-miss-united-continents/|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/entretenimiento/india-trajetipico-misscontinentesunidos-ibarra.html|title=India obtiene, por segundo año consecutivo, el mejor Traje Típico en Miss Continentes Unidos 2015|date=2015-09-05|publisher=El Comercio|accessdate=2021-11-19|language=es}}</ref><ref name="odia"/> মেলভিন নৰোনহাই সৃষ্টি কৰা বেদৰ কিছু অংশ চিত্ৰিত কৰা পোছাকৰ সৈতে তেওঁ পৰম্পৰাগত সাজ-পোছাক পিন্ধিছিল।<ref name="incredible"/> === মডেলিং === মিশ্ৰাই ২০১৬ আৰু ২০১৯ চনৰ কিংফিচাৰ কেলেণ্ডাৰৰ ৰ বাবে শ্বুটিং কৰিছিল আৰু ২০১৯ চনত বম্বে ফেশ্বন উইকত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="pioneer"/><ref name="sambad">{{Cite web|url=https://sambadenglish.com/this-odia-girl-debuts-in-bollywood-with-king-khan-in-zero/|title=This Odia Girl Debuts In Bollywood With King Khan In 'Zero'|date=2018-12-23|publisher=Sambad English Bureau|accessdate=2021-11-19}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://sambadenglish.com/this-odia-girl-debuts-in-bollywood-with-king-khan-in-zero/ "This Odia Girl Debuts In Bollywood With King Khan In 'Zero'"]. Sambad English Bureau. 23 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/shows/classic-silhouettes-loads-of-fun-on-day-2-of-bombay-times-fashion-week/articleshow/68558100.cms|title=Classic Silhouettes & loads of fun on Day 2 of Bombay Times Fashion Week|date=2019-03-25|publisher=Entertainment Times|accessdate=2021-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fotocorp.com/picture-display.aspx?c=FC23031924&e=50565&r=17&t=25|title=ATDC at BTFW Spring/Summer 2019|date=n.d.|publisher=Jafar Khan|work=Photo Corp|accessdate=2021-11-19}}</ref> ২০১৬ চনৰ মে’ মাহত গ্ৰেজিয়া ইণ্ডিয়া মেগাজিনৰ কভাৰত থকা ছানীয়ে মেক কচমেটিকছ আৰু তনিষ্ক গহনাসমূহৰ বিজ্ঞাপনত অভিনয় কৰিছে।<ref name="sen">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/cover/2019/jan/04/all-eyes-on-2019-go-behind-the-scene-with-kingfisher-calendar-models-shubra-sushrii-and-diva-11903.html|title=All eyes on 2019! Go behind-the-scenes with Kingfisher Calendar models Shubra, Sushrii and Diva|last=Sen|first=Jaideep|date=2019-01-04|publisher=Indulge|accessdate=2021-11-16}}</ref> === অভিনয় === ২০১৮ চনত তেওঁ আৰু প্ৰতীক বাব্বৰে‍ বায়টাখোল নামৰ এখন ৱেব ধাৰাবাহিকৰ চিত্ৰগ্ৰহণ আৰম্ভ কৰে যদিও শেষত এই অনুষ্ঠানটো প্ৰচাৰ নহ’ল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/sushrii-shreya-mishraa-to-debut-in-a-web-series-opposite-prateik-babbar/articleshow/63505660.cms|title=Sushrii Shreya Mishraa to debut in a web series opposite Prateik Babbar|date=2018-03-28|publisher=Beauty Pageants|accessdate=2021-11-16|archivedate=20 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120041640/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/sushrii-shreya-mishraa-to-debut-in-a-web-series-opposite-prateik-babbar/articleshow/63505660.cms|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="tnn" /> অভয় দেউলৰ সৈতে জিৰ’ ছবিৰে বলীউডত অভিষেক ঘটায়।<ref name="pioneer"/><ref name="sen"/><ref name="tnn">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/just-want-to-work-on-good-scripts-with-good-filmmakers-shreya-mishraa/articleshow/69562415.cms|title=Just want to work on good scripts with good filmmakers: Shreya Mishraa|date=2019-05-29|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=2021-11-16}}</ref> মীজান জাফৰী অভিনীত ৰমকম ''মালাল'' ত তেওঁৰ এটা সৰু অংশ আছিল।<ref name="tnn" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Sushrii-Mishraa-to-do-a-special-number-in-Sanjay-Leela-Bhansalis-Malaal/Sushrii-Mishraa-to-do-a-special-number-in-Sanjay-Leela-Bhansalis-Malaal/eventshow/69542863.cms|title=Sushrii Mishraa to do a special number in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's 'Malaal'|date=2019-05-28|publisher=Beauty Pageants|accessdate=2021-11-16|archivedate=20 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120041637/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Sushrii-Mishraa-to-do-a-special-number-in-Sanjay-Leela-Bhansalis-Malaal/Sushrii-Mishraa-to-do-a-special-number-in-Sanjay-Leela-Bhansalis-Malaal/eventshow/69542863.cms|deadurl=yes}}</ref> আদিত্য নাৰায়ণৰ "লিল্লা"ৰ মিউজিক ভিডিঅ'ত অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2019/08/48168/|title=Aditya Narayan launches new single 'Lillah'|date=2019-10-08|publisher=Khabarhub|accessdate=2021-11-16}}</ref> আৰু ২০২১ চনত তনুজ ভিৰৱানীৰ বিপৰীতে কাৰ্টেলৰ কাষ্টত যোগদান কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-sushrii-mishraa-her-series-cartel-and-the-character-played-her-210804|title=Exclusive: Sushrii Mishraa on her series Cartel and the character played by her|date=2021-08-04|publisher=TellyChakkar|accessdate=2021-11-19}}</ref> মিশ্ৰৰ প্ৰথমটো ডাঙৰ মঞ্চ প্ৰযোজনা আছিল জেফ গোল্ডবাৰ্গৰ দ্য আলটামাউণ্ট ৰোড মাৰ্ডাৰছ যিটো মুম্বাইৰ ৰয়েল অপেৰা হাউচত পৰিবেশন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://youthincmag.com/the-altamount-road-murders-of-secrets-lies-corruption-money-lust-and-love|title=The Altamount Road Murders – Of Secrets, Lies, Corruption, Money, Lust and Love|date=2018-06-29|publisher=Youth Incorporated|accessdate=2021-11-19}}</ref><ref name="goldberg"/> গোল্ডবাৰ্গে ৰচনা, পৰিচালনা, প্ৰযোজনা আৰু অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref name="goldberg"/> ইয়াৰ কিছু সময়ৰ পাছতে আৰু ৱিটনেছ ফৰ দ্য প্ৰচিকিউচনৰ বাবে জেফ গোল্ডবাৰ্গৰ সৈতে পুনৰ মিলিত হোৱাৰ আগতে তে‍ওঁ কৰণ পণ্ডিতৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত ডায়োনিসিয়াক থিয়েটাৰ কোম্পানীৰ ছিংগল ছবিখনত অভিনয় কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/india/article/BWW-Review-SINGLE--A-PLAY-BY-DIONYSIAC-THEATRE-COMPANY-That-Speaks-To-All-Of-Us-20190331|title=BWW Review: SINGLE -- A PLAY BY DIONYSIAC THEATRE COMPANY, That Speaks To All Of Us|date=2019-03-31|publisher=Broadway World|accessdate=2021-11-19}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/sushriis-new-play-is-all-about-lies-love-and-betrayal/articleshow/63442508.cms|title=Sushrii's new play is all about lies, love, and betrayal|date=2018-03-24|publisher=Beauty Pageants|accessdate=2021-11-19|archivedate=20 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120041636/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/sushriis-new-play-is-all-about-lies-love-and-betrayal/articleshow/63442508.cms|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="goldberg" /><ref name="sen"/> === অন্যান্য === ২০১৬ চনত তেওঁ জয় হিন্দ মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ অডিশ্যনত এগৰাকী চেলিব্ৰিটি বিচাৰক আছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/fresh-face/oppo-bombay-times-fresh-face-2016-jai-hind-college-auditions/articleshow/55770807.cms|title=Oppo Bombay Times Fresh Face 2016 : Jai Hind College Auditions|date=2016-12-03|publisher=Beauty Pageants|accessdate=2021-11-19|archivedate=20 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120041639/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/fresh-face/oppo-bombay-times-fresh-face-2016-jai-hind-college-auditions/articleshow/55770807.cms|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন == মিশ্ৰ এগৰাকী প্ৰমাণিত স্কুবা ডাইভাৰ আৰু তেওঁ এৰিয়েল চিল্কৰ সৈতে কথক আৰু বলীউড দুয়োটা শৈলীতে প্ৰশিক্ষণ লাভ কৰিছে।<ref name="4u"/><ref name="odia"/> তেওঁৰ হাইপোথাইৰয়ডিজম আছে।<ref name="sen"/> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় নাৰী]] awou9893v2zfjewnhd1w41ca0thplap 0 114707 518698 491726 2025-06-16T22:24:12Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Indian state beauty pageant}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}} {{Infobox organization | name = মিছ নাগালেণ্ড | image = Miss Nagaland.jpg | image_border = | size = | caption = | map = | msize = | mcaption = | motto = | formation = ১৯৮৯ | type = [[সৌন্দৰ্য্য প্ৰতিযোগিতা]] | headquarters = [[কোহিমা]] | location = {{flag|ভাৰত|name=নাগালেণ্ড}} | membership = | language = [[English language|ইংৰাজী]] | leader_title = Company | leader_name = নাগালেণ্ডৰ বিউটি এণ্ড এষ্টেটিক্স ছ'চাইটি | key_people = | num_staff = | budget = | website = }} '''মিছ নাগালেণ্ড''' ({{lang-en|Miss Nagaland}}) হ'ল উত্তৰ-পূব ভাৰতৰ নাগালেণ্ড ৰাজ্যত ১৯৮৯ চনৰ পৰা প্ৰতি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা এখন ৰাজ্যিক সৌন্দৰ্য্য প্ৰতিযোগিতা।মিছ নাগালেণ্ডে সাধাৰণতে ইয়াৰ কোনো বিজয়ী বা পূৰ্বৰ প্ৰতিযোগীক অন্য সৌন্দৰ্য্য প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ পঠিয়াই নিদিয়ে। তথাপিও ইয়াৰ কেইবাগৰাকীও সৌন্দৰ্য্য ৰাণীয়ে বছৰ বছৰ ধৰি আঞ্চলিক আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ৰ লগতে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়তো অন্যান্য সৌন্দৰ্য্য প্ৰতিযোগিতাত স্বতন্ত্ৰভাৱে প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিবলৈ আগবাঢ়িছে।<ref name=":0">https://nagalandpost.com/ChannelNews/Infotainment/InfotainmentNews.aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDA0ODEwMA%3D%3D {{Dead link|date=August 2018}}</ref> মিছ নাগালেণ্ড দ্য টাইমছ গ্ৰুপৰ সৈতে জড়িত নহয় যিয়ে ২০১৭ চনৰ পৰা ফেমিনা মিছ ইণ্ডিয়া ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সৌন্দৰ্য্য প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগী নিৰ্বাচনৰ বাবে নতুন ফৰ্মেট প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰিছে। ফেমিনা মিছ ইণ্ডিয়াত নাগালেণ্ড ৰাজ্যক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰিবলৈ ফেমিনা মিছ ইণ্ডিয়া নাগালেণ্ড বিজয়ীক মুকুট পিন্ধাবলৈ টাইমছ গ্ৰুপে সুকীয়াকৈ অডিচন অনুষ্ঠিত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/miss-india-2017-wearechanging/articleshow/57054371.cms|title=Miss India 2017: #WeAreChanging|work=Beautypageants.indiatimes.com|accessdate=25 August 2018|archivedate=13 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413225833/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/miss-india-2017-wearechanging/articleshow/57054371.cms|deadurl=yes}}</ref> বৰ্তমানৰ মিছ নাগালেণ্ড হৈছে নেইকেটুনো চেচু। == ইতিহাস == ১৯৮৯ চনত প্ৰথম মিছ নাগালেণ্ড প্ৰতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল।১৯৯১ চনৰ পৰা নাগালেণ্ডৰ বিউটি এণ্ড এষ্টেটিক্স ছ’চাইটিয়ে এই সৌন্দৰ্য্য প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আয়োজন কৰি আহিছে। == শিৰোনামধাৰীসকল == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" ! style="background-color:#DAA520" |সংস্কৰণ ! style="background-color:#DAA520" |মিছ নাগালেণ্ড ! style="background-color:#DAA520" |1ম ৰানাৰ আপ ! style="background-color:#DAA520" |দ্বিতীয় ৰানাৰ আপ ! style="background-color:#DAA520" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | align="center" |২০২৩ |অপৰাধীৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰেম |বিমঘা শ্বেকী |ইলিহিকা আয়ে |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/neiketuno-sech-is-miss-nagaland-2023|title=Neiketuno Sechü is Miss Nagaland 2023|accessdate=23 August 2024}}</ref> |- | align="center" |২০২২ |হিকালি আচুমি |কেনেই ৰিৎস |জেন্টিৰেন জামিৰ |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/hikali-achumi-crowned-miss-nagaland-2022|title=Hikali Achumi crowned Miss Nagaland|accessdate=8 April 2023}}</ref> |- | align="center" |২০২১ |কাৱিমানিংচিলিউ মাৰনি খুৱুং |লিকা চোফি |লভি আওমি |<ref name=":0"/> |- | align="center" |২০২০|[[ক'ভিড-১৯ মহামাৰী]]ৰ বাবে কোনো প্ৰতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা নাই। |- | align="center" |২০১৯ |ভিকুঅনুঅ 'ছচু |ইমনাছাংলা আও |ভাইফ্ৰটছুনুও কেহি |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |২০১৮ |মেৱেতশ্বো-ইউ দিয়ানু |গ্ৰেছ ডব্লিউ. ইজুং |বেণ্ডাংক 'কলা আইয়াৰ |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |২০১৮ |মেৰিনা কিহো |ৰুপফুজানো হুইচো |ৰঙ-ৰঙ - |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |২০১৬ |ভিলোকালি ঝিমোমি |চুইচাং |শেনিলি চিছি |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |২০১৫ |নেঙ্গোইলিং হেংছিং |আলিকা জিমোমি |য়াংগেৰজংলা পঙ্গেন |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |২০১৪ |ভেইনেম চিংছন |কাহেলি চোফি |মুলৱেছালু কেইহো |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |২০১৩ |বেঞ্জমনেল জামিৰ |আবেনি ডব্লিউ. খুৱুং |শ্বুৰহোচেনু য়ানো |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |২০১২ |ইমলীবেনলা ৱাতি |ডোভাইন ভেনুহ |ছেমাৰছুংলা |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |২০১১ |ভেটোলি দাউহু |ইম্নুকসুংলা |ৱাংকাম কোনিয়াক |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |২০১০ |হাটিনেং হেংছিং |ভিৰিয়েনো জাকিয়েছাটো |ছুকলি কিনিমি |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |২০০৯ |এষ্টাৰ নাট্ছো | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |২০০৮ |আবিন কুকি |নাই লেইনাক ফোম |চুমলানো কিকন |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |২০০৭ |ইমছুলেমলা আইয়াৰ |ইয়ানবেনি |নৱবৰ্ষ |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/miss-nagaland-hopefuls-visit-old-age-home/|title=Miss Nagaland hopefuls visit old age home|accessdate=8 April 2023|archivedate=8 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408090136/https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/miss-nagaland-hopefuls-visit-old-age-home/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |- | align="center" |২০০৬ |অকুমানাৰো | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |২০০৫ |টিয়াৰেনলা জামিৰ | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |২০০৪ |ৰেজিনা ৰংমেই | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |২০০৩ |চেণ্টিলা পঙ্গেন | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |২০০২ |বেণ্ডানগৰেনলা | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |২০০১ |হট 'লি ছু | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |২০০০ |আকুয়ানুও খেঝি | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |১৯৯৯ |কেৰোলিন ছুমি | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |১৯৯৮ |টোকাতোলি শ্বোহে | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |১৯৯৭ |ভেছাকুলু আছাকু ভেইয়ে | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |১৯৯৬ |এলেন কোনিয়াক | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |১৯৯৫ |এদুলে মেৰো | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |১৯৯৪ |মাৰ্গাৰেট ৰংমেই | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |১৯৯৩ |ইমটিচাংলা | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |১৯৯২ |ৰেচেল ইমচেন | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |১৯৯১ |লিপোনো | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |১৯৯০ |অঞ্জুনা চাহিয়ে | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- | align="center" |১৯৮৯ |লিপোক্লা | | |<ref name=":0" /> |- |} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় নাৰী]] qxrf267xj78s6vxhsif3dh8r4qtdsyn 0 116200 518785 503789 2025-06-17T08:10:40Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518785 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফীত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) একজন ভাৰতীয় বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছানি লেন]]''' (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]''' (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮) একজন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] tdic7fe6t503vna6mfog0230ap8y7aj 518786 518785 2025-06-17T08:11:27Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518786 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) একজন ভাৰতীয় বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছানি লেন]]''' (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]''' (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮) একজন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] dxpkzp3fdhu2hzt9ylwsonr3itypl0w 518791 518786 2025-06-17T08:21:24Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518791 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছানি লেন]]''' (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]''' (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux ভেনাছ লাক্স] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮) একজন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] k9scqmo6vxn2l6rhmxnh1gj80t7axrb 518793 518791 2025-06-17T08:21:55Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518793 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছানি লেন]]''' (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]''' (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮) একজন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] ouhgvyzt05i9dsliaj9mhieobol7rhz 518794 518793 2025-06-17T08:25:33Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল */ 518794 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছানি লেন]]''' (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]''' (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮) একজন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] 94r3w7g0gm1askyyronsxbj3q0642x3 518795 518794 2025-06-17T08:28:11Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518795 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছানি লেন]]''' (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]''' (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮) একজন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] 7sdhy0zvhf8wyb1wy1xjct3xm63y1r1 518796 518795 2025-06-17T08:30:49Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518796 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছানি লেন]]''' (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]''' (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮) একজন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] 92z4o7pblzuk9bn9254ur910geiynqc 518798 518796 2025-06-17T08:33:51Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518798 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছানি লেন]]''' (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]''' (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮) একজন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] aworbu3ql6w7utwztnvgjktjaa889pb 518799 518798 2025-06-17T08:36:58Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518799 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]''' (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]''' (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮) একজন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] q3te5as4wjygxf2k6lie4s4fqfbjlas 518800 518799 2025-06-17T08:37:56Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518800 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]''' (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮) একজন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] o7w33794rp74s9fw4v4m7b6l1ieh6l0 518801 518800 2025-06-17T08:39:20Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518801 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]''' (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮) একজন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] a43hf4bnb7xdh7st359laiz9soeahcf 518802 518801 2025-06-17T08:40:33Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518802 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮) একজন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] tk9bjz4s110kuxr6q4qle8i55q81ugt 518803 518802 2025-06-17T08:42:55Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518803 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref>) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮) একজন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] 0847f5hgbsqu2oukfvotqkxanio87mw 518805 518803 2025-06-17T08:43:45Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518805 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮) একজন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] 0jp81ropjebbw7u0jcsmbzeu510cday 518809 518805 2025-06-17T08:45:35Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518809 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref>) একজন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] fb73frzpmixlhrna5fb6ksx0t2h6wyl 518810 518809 2025-06-17T08:46:21Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518810 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] p833ixml58px9e902qqg1bf3gqy13sr 518813 518810 2025-06-17T08:49:44Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518813 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ''']] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] 8ox3g1e88frrm4i7wqx1udrk8sx7xsh 518815 518813 2025-06-17T08:50:14Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518815 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] ckytidgkdexj8y7ra22lmsjoqzmtrdq 518816 518815 2025-06-17T08:52:48Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল */ 518816 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytherea_(actress) '''চাইথেৰিয়া'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। যৌন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বীর্যপাতৰ ক্ষমতাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত, সেয়ে তেওঁক প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক উদ্যোগত "squirting" বুলি জনা যায়। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] 7ihaomoh3wgcgoysryzf2w7gguubx4y 518819 518816 2025-06-17T08:54:41Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518819 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytherea_(actress) '''চাইথেৰিয়া'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। যৌন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বীৰ্যপাতৰ ক্ষমতাৰ অধিক হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক উদ্যোগত "squirting" বুলি পৰিচিত। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] guu29lwfkul3nz2n9k00f8s5yg6cegn 518822 518819 2025-06-17T08:57:18Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518822 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytherea_(actress) '''চাইথেৰিয়া'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। যৌন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বীৰ্যপাতৰ ক্ষমতাৰ অধিক হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক উদ্যোগত "squirting" বুলি পৰিচিত। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels '''ষ্টৰ্মি ডেনিয়েলছ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু প্ৰাক্তন ষ্ট্ৰিপাৰ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] 1m1izvg7z1z1l25uj2dwxokdse1ukyc 518824 518822 2025-06-17T09:03:01Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518824 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytherea_(actress) '''চাইথেৰিয়া'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। যৌন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বীৰ্যপাতৰ ক্ষমতাৰ অধিক হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক উদ্যোগত "squirting" বুলি পৰিচিত। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyanna_Lauren '''ডায়েনা লৰেন'''] (জন্ম: ১৮ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৬৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান কামুক নৃত্যশিল্পী, পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, গায়িকা আৰু পৰিচালক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels '''ষ্টৰ্মি ডেনিয়েলছ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু প্ৰাক্তন ষ্ট্ৰিপাৰ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] i2tdf8lv51kul7dkycvla3r3bdjjdx5 518825 518824 2025-06-17T09:07:03Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *['''কাৰ্মেন লুভানা'''] (প্ৰকৃত নাম: মিচেল চেণ্ডোভাল,<ref name="Vocero 9-3-23">{{cite web|url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/espectaculos/v-deo-joshua-pauta-y-carmen-luvana-maduran-como-pareja-y-equipo/article_cc32b164-bdfc-11ed-92e7-27116220892e.html |title=Los creadores de contenido lideran la obra ¿Pa' qué cara@%& me casé?, este fin de semana, en el Teatro Tapia|first1=Alexandra Acosta|last1=Vilanova|work=El Vocero|date=9 March 2023}}</ref> (born 23 August 1981),<ref name=iafd>{{iafd name|CLuvana|f}}</ref> জন্ম: ২৩ আগষ্ট ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু থিয়েটাৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytherea_(actress) '''চাইথেৰিয়া'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। যৌন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বীৰ্যপাতৰ ক্ষমতাৰ অধিক হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক উদ্যোগত "squirting" বুলি পৰিচিত। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyanna_Lauren '''ডায়েনা লৰেন'''] (জন্ম: ১৮ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৬৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান কামুক নৃত্যশিল্পী, পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, গায়িকা আৰু পৰিচালক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels '''ষ্টৰ্মি ডেনিয়েলছ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু প্ৰাক্তন ষ্ট্ৰিপাৰ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] mwvicjz4kwn1rjcryn3gdne8iskpq69 518826 518825 2025-06-17T09:07:35Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518826 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Luvana '''কাৰ্মেন লুভানা'''] (প্ৰকৃত নাম: মিচেল চেণ্ডোভাল,<ref name="Vocero 9-3-23">{{cite web|url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/espectaculos/v-deo-joshua-pauta-y-carmen-luvana-maduran-como-pareja-y-equipo/article_cc32b164-bdfc-11ed-92e7-27116220892e.html |title=Los creadores de contenido lideran la obra ¿Pa' qué cara@%& me casé?, este fin de semana, en el Teatro Tapia|first1=Alexandra Acosta|last1=Vilanova|work=El Vocero|date=9 March 2023}}</ref> (born 23 August 1981),<ref name=iafd>{{iafd name|CLuvana|f}}</ref> জন্ম: ২৩ আগষ্ট ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু থিয়েটাৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytherea_(actress) '''চাইথেৰিয়া'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। যৌন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বীৰ্যপাতৰ ক্ষমতাৰ অধিক হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক উদ্যোগত "squirting" বুলি পৰিচিত। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyanna_Lauren '''ডায়েনা লৰেন'''] (জন্ম: ১৮ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৬৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান কামুক নৃত্যশিল্পী, পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, গায়িকা আৰু পৰিচালক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels '''ষ্টৰ্মি ডেনিয়েলছ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু প্ৰাক্তন ষ্ট্ৰিপাৰ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] j6mn9f5pdxoc2rx2c4bgqqoqhvgll9t 518829 518826 2025-06-17T09:13:34Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518829 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Street 2016"/, *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_White '''এঞ্জেলা হোৱাইট'''] এগৰাকী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু পৰিচালিকা। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Luvana '''কাৰ্মেন লুভানা'''] (প্ৰকৃত নাম: মিচেল চেণ্ডোভাল,<ref name="Vocero 9-3-23">{{cite web|url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/espectaculos/v-deo-joshua-pauta-y-carmen-luvana-maduran-como-pareja-y-equipo/article_cc32b164-bdfc-11ed-92e7-27116220892e.html |title=Los creadores de contenido lideran la obra ¿Pa' qué cara@%& me casé?, este fin de semana, en el Teatro Tapia|first1=Alexandra Acosta|last1=Vilanova|work=El Vocero|date=9 March 2023}}</ref> (born 23 August 1981),<ref name=iafd>{{iafd name|CLuvana|f}}</ref> জন্ম: ২৩ আগষ্ট ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু থিয়েটাৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytherea_(actress) '''চাইথেৰিয়া'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। যৌন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বীৰ্যপাতৰ ক্ষমতাৰ অধিক হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক উদ্যোগত "squirting" বুলি পৰিচিত। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyanna_Lauren '''ডায়েনা লৰেন'''] (জন্ম: ১৮ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৬৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান কামুক নৃত্যশিল্পী, পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, গায়িকা আৰু পৰিচালক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels '''ষ্টৰ্মি ডেনিয়েলছ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু প্ৰাক্তন ষ্ট্ৰিপাৰ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] 9kanxknz2vwztocq48n5xhhpp1mnslr 518831 518829 2025-06-17T09:18:26Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল */ 518831 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_White '''এঞ্জেলা হোৱাইট'''] এগৰাকী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু পৰিচালিকা। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Luvana '''কাৰ্মেন লুভানা'''] (প্ৰকৃত নাম: মিচেল চেণ্ডোভাল,<ref name="Vocero 9-3-23">{{cite web|url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/espectaculos/v-deo-joshua-pauta-y-carmen-luvana-maduran-como-pareja-y-equipo/article_cc32b164-bdfc-11ed-92e7-27116220892e.html |title=Los creadores de contenido lideran la obra ¿Pa' qué cara@%& me casé?, este fin de semana, en el Teatro Tapia|first1=Alexandra Acosta|last1=Vilanova|work=El Vocero|date=9 March 2023}}</ref> (born 23 August 1981),<ref name=iafd>{{iafd name|CLuvana|f}}</ref> জন্ম: ২৩ আগষ্ট ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু থিয়েটাৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytherea_(actress) '''চাইথেৰিয়া'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। যৌন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বীৰ্যপাতৰ ক্ষমতাৰ অধিক হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক উদ্যোগত "squirting" বুলি পৰিচিত। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyanna_Lauren '''ডায়েনা লৰেন'''] (জন্ম: ১৮ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৬৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান কামুক নৃত্যশিল্পী, পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, গায়িকা আৰু পৰিচালক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels '''ষ্টৰ্মি ডেনিয়েলছ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু প্ৰাক্তন ষ্ট্ৰিপাৰ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] 3mp0tknpae5lxy0q75122bbc5z9e7gt 518833 518831 2025-06-17T09:19:57Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518833 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_White '''এঞ্জেলা হোৱাইট'''] এগৰাকী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু পৰিচালিকা। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Luvana '''কাৰ্মেন লুভানা'''] (প্ৰকৃত নাম: মিচেল চেণ্ডোভাল,<ref name="Vocero 9-3-23">{{cite web|url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/espectaculos/v-deo-joshua-pauta-y-carmen-luvana-maduran-como-pareja-y-equipo/article_cc32b164-bdfc-11ed-92e7-27116220892e.html |title=Los creadores de contenido lideran la obra ¿Pa' qué cara@%& me casé?, este fin de semana, en el Teatro Tapia|first1=Alexandra Acosta|last1=Vilanova|work=El Vocero|date=9 March 2023}}</ref> (born 23 August 1981),<ref name=iafd>{{iafd name|CLuvana|f}}</ref> জন্ম: ২৩ আগষ্ট ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু থিয়েটাৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytherea_(actress) '''চাইথেৰিয়া'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। যৌন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বীৰ্যপাতৰ ক্ষমতাৰ অধিক হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক উদ্যোগত "squirting" বুলি পৰিচিত। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyanna_Lauren '''ডায়েনা লৰেন'''] (জন্ম: ১৮ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৬৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান কামুক নৃত্যশিল্পী, পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, গায়িকা আৰু পৰিচালক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels '''ষ্টৰ্মি ডেনিয়েলছ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু প্ৰাক্তন ষ্ট্ৰিপাৰ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] cinrkh7jp53t2lp866mld881q6qcf1y 518835 518833 2025-06-17T09:26:07Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল */ 518835 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_White '''এঞ্জেলা হোৱাইট'''] এগৰাকী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু পৰিচালিকা। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Luvana '''কাৰ্মেন লুভানা'''] (প্ৰকৃত নাম: মিচেল চেণ্ডোভাল,<ref name="Vocero 9-3-23">{{cite web|url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/espectaculos/v-deo-joshua-pauta-y-carmen-luvana-maduran-como-pareja-y-equipo/article_cc32b164-bdfc-11ed-92e7-27116220892e.html |title=Los creadores de contenido lideran la obra ¿Pa' qué cara@%& me casé?, este fin de semana, en el Teatro Tapia|first1=Alexandra Acosta|last1=Vilanova|work=El Vocero|date=9 March 2023}}</ref> (born 23 August 1981),<ref name=iafd>{{iafd name|CLuvana|f}}</ref> জন্ম: ২৩ আগষ্ট ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু থিয়েটাৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytherea_(actress) '''চাইথেৰিয়া'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। যৌন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বীৰ্যপাতৰ ক্ষমতাৰ অধিক হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক উদ্যোগত "squirting" বুলি পৰিচিত। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyanna_Lauren '''ডায়েনা লৰেন'''] (জন্ম: ১৮ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৬৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান কামুক নৃত্যশিল্পী, পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, গায়িকা আৰু পৰিচালক। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Zdrok '''ভিক্টোৰিয়া ঝড্ৰক উইলছন''']<ref name="Wilson 2011">{{Cite book |title=The 30-Day Sex Solution: How to Build Intimacy, Enhance your Sex Life, and Strengthen Your Relationship on One Month's Time |last1=Wilson |first1=Victoria Zdrok |last2=Wilson |first2=John |year=2011 |publisher=Adams Media |location=New York |isbn=978-1-6055-0680-7}}{{page needed|date=May 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, লেখিকা আৰু মডেল। ১৯৯৪ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত তেওঁ প্লেবয়ৰ প্লেমেট আছিল। ২০০২ চনৰ জুন মাহত তেওঁ পেণ্টহাউছ আলোচনীৰ পেট অৱ দ্য মান্থ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়, পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ ২০০৪ চনৰ পেণ্টহাউছ পেট অৱ দ্য ইয়েৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। ঝড্ৰক এজন নন-প্ৰেকটিচিং এটৰ্নী, এজন ক্লিনিকেল চাইক'লজিষ্ট আৰু চেক্স থেৰাপিষ্টো । *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels '''ষ্টৰ্মি ডেনিয়েলছ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু প্ৰাক্তন ষ্ট্ৰিপাৰ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] f7j4zm1pnhjv1fzv23rpqcs7a2qhrg1 518838 518835 2025-06-17T09:30:47Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518838 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_White '''এঞ্জেলা হোৱাইট'''] এগৰাকী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু পৰিচালিকা। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Luvana '''কাৰ্মেন লুভানা'''] (প্ৰকৃত নাম: মিচেল চেণ্ডোভাল,<ref name="Vocero 9-3-23">{{cite web|url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/espectaculos/v-deo-joshua-pauta-y-carmen-luvana-maduran-como-pareja-y-equipo/article_cc32b164-bdfc-11ed-92e7-27116220892e.html |title=Los creadores de contenido lideran la obra ¿Pa' qué cara@%& me casé?, este fin de semana, en el Teatro Tapia|first1=Alexandra Acosta|last1=Vilanova|work=El Vocero|date=9 March 2023}}</ref> (born 23 August 1981),<ref name=iafd>{{iafd name|CLuvana|f}}</ref> জন্ম: ২৩ আগষ্ট ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু থিয়েটাৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytherea_(actress) '''চাইথেৰিয়া'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। যৌন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বীৰ্যপাতৰ ক্ষমতাৰ অধিক হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক উদ্যোগত "squirting" বুলি পৰিচিত। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyanna_Lauren '''ডায়েনা লৰেন'''] (জন্ম: ১৮ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৬৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান কামুক নৃত্যশিল্পী, পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, গায়িকা আৰু পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Beauchamp '''বিয়াংকা বিউচাম্প'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী কানাডিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ফেটিছ মডেল যিয়ে তেওঁৰ গ্লেমাৰ, ইৰ'টিক আৰু লেটেক্স ফেটিছ মডেলিঙৰ বাবে বেছিকৈ পৰিচিত।<ref name=bbgl>{{cite web | url=http://www.biancabeauchamp.com/bianca_beauchamp_glamour_lounge_bio.html | title=Bianca Beauchamp's Biography | date = October 2003 | access-date = 24 August 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091029/http://www.biancabeauchamp.com/bianca_beauchamp_glamour_lounge_bio.html| archive-date=July 20, 2011 | url-status= dead |website=Bianca Beauchamp Official website}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Zdrok '''ভিক্টোৰিয়া ঝড্ৰক উইলছন''']<ref name="Wilson 2011">{{Cite book |title=The 30-Day Sex Solution: How to Build Intimacy, Enhance your Sex Life, and Strengthen Your Relationship on One Month's Time |last1=Wilson |first1=Victoria Zdrok |last2=Wilson |first2=John |year=2011 |publisher=Adams Media |location=New York |isbn=978-1-6055-0680-7}}{{page needed|date=May 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, লেখিকা আৰু মডেল। ১৯৯৪ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত তেওঁ প্লেবয়ৰ প্লেমেট আছিল। ২০০২ চনৰ জুন মাহত তেওঁ পেণ্টহাউছ আলোচনীৰ পেট অৱ দ্য মান্থ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়, পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ ২০০৪ চনৰ পেণ্টহাউছ পেট অৱ দ্য ইয়েৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। ঝড্ৰক এজন নন-প্ৰেকটিচিং এটৰ্নী, এজন ক্লিনিকেল চাইক'লজিষ্ট আৰু চেক্স থেৰাপিষ্টো । *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels '''ষ্টৰ্মি ডেনিয়েলছ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু প্ৰাক্তন ষ্ট্ৰিপাৰ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] kw454oouxn4s4tow1edcvn5dhf8qq0s 518839 518838 2025-06-17T09:32:49Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল */ 518839 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_White '''এঞ্জেলা হোৱাইট'''] এগৰাকী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু পৰিচালিকা। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Luvana '''কাৰ্মেন লুভানা'''] (প্ৰকৃত নাম: মিচেল চেণ্ডোভাল,<ref name="Vocero 9-3-23">{{cite web|url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/espectaculos/v-deo-joshua-pauta-y-carmen-luvana-maduran-como-pareja-y-equipo/article_cc32b164-bdfc-11ed-92e7-27116220892e.html |title=Los creadores de contenido lideran la obra ¿Pa' qué cara@%& me casé?, este fin de semana, en el Teatro Tapia|first1=Alexandra Acosta|last1=Vilanova|work=El Vocero|date=9 March 2023}}</ref> জন্ম: ২৩ আগষ্ট ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু থিয়েটাৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytherea_(actress) '''চাইথেৰিয়া'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। যৌন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বীৰ্যপাতৰ ক্ষমতাৰ অধিক হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক উদ্যোগত "squirting" বুলি পৰিচিত। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyanna_Lauren '''ডায়েনা লৰেন'''] (জন্ম: ১৮ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৬৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান কামুক নৃত্যশিল্পী, পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, গায়িকা আৰু পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Beauchamp '''বিয়াংকা বিউচাম্প'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী কানাডিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ফেটিছ মডেল যিয়ে তেওঁৰ গ্লেমাৰ, ইৰ'টিক আৰু লেটেক্স ফেটিছ মডেলিঙৰ বাবে বেছিকৈ পৰিচিত।<ref name=bbgl>{{cite web | url=http://www.biancabeauchamp.com/bianca_beauchamp_glamour_lounge_bio.html | title=Bianca Beauchamp's Biography | date = October 2003 | access-date = 24 August 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091029/http://www.biancabeauchamp.com/bianca_beauchamp_glamour_lounge_bio.html| archive-date=July 20, 2011 | url-status= dead |website=Bianca Beauchamp Official website}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Zdrok '''ভিক্টোৰিয়া ঝড্ৰক উইলছন''']<ref name="Wilson 2011">{{Cite book |title=The 30-Day Sex Solution: How to Build Intimacy, Enhance your Sex Life, and Strengthen Your Relationship on One Month's Time |last1=Wilson |first1=Victoria Zdrok |last2=Wilson |first2=John |year=2011 |publisher=Adams Media |location=New York |isbn=978-1-6055-0680-7}}{{page needed|date=May 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, লেখিকা আৰু মডেল। ১৯৯৪ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত তেওঁ প্লেবয়ৰ প্লেমেট আছিল। ২০০২ চনৰ জুন মাহত তেওঁ পেণ্টহাউছ আলোচনীৰ পেট অৱ দ্য মান্থ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়, পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ ২০০৪ চনৰ পেণ্টহাউছ পেট অৱ দ্য ইয়েৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। ঝড্ৰক এজন নন-প্ৰেকটিচিং এটৰ্নী, এজন ক্লিনিকেল চাইক'লজিষ্ট আৰু চেক্স থেৰাপিষ্টো । *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels '''ষ্টৰ্মি ডেনিয়েলছ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু প্ৰাক্তন ষ্ট্ৰিপাৰ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] sy9nggveomq8eecm9drcagqr68dkqu0 518842 518839 2025-06-17T09:33:58Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল */ 518842 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_White '''এঞ্জেলা হোৱাইট'''] এগৰাকী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু পৰিচালিকা। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Brooks '''এবি ব্ৰুক্স'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Luvana '''কাৰ্মেন লুভানা'''] (প্ৰকৃত নাম: মিচেল চেণ্ডোভাল,<ref name="Vocero 9-3-23">{{cite web|url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/espectaculos/v-deo-joshua-pauta-y-carmen-luvana-maduran-como-pareja-y-equipo/article_cc32b164-bdfc-11ed-92e7-27116220892e.html |title=Los creadores de contenido lideran la obra ¿Pa' qué cara@%& me casé?, este fin de semana, en el Teatro Tapia|first1=Alexandra Acosta|last1=Vilanova|work=El Vocero|date=9 March 2023}}</ref> জন্ম: ২৩ আগষ্ট ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু থিয়েটাৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytherea_(actress) '''চাইথেৰিয়া'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। যৌন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বীৰ্যপাতৰ ক্ষমতাৰ অধিক হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক উদ্যোগত "squirting" বুলি পৰিচিত। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=CNBC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyanna_Lauren '''ডায়েনা লৰেন'''] (জন্ম: ১৮ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৬৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান কামুক নৃত্যশিল্পী, পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, গায়িকা আৰু পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Beauchamp '''বিয়াংকা বিউচাম্প'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী কানাডিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ফেটিছ মডেল যিয়ে তেওঁৰ গ্লেমাৰ, ইৰ'টিক আৰু লেটেক্স ফেটিছ মডেলিঙৰ বাবে বেছিকৈ পৰিচিত।<ref name=bbgl>{{cite web | url=http://www.biancabeauchamp.com/bianca_beauchamp_glamour_lounge_bio.html | title=Bianca Beauchamp's Biography | date = October 2003 | access-date = 24 August 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091029/http://www.biancabeauchamp.com/bianca_beauchamp_glamour_lounge_bio.html| archive-date=July 20, 2011 | url-status= dead |website=Bianca Beauchamp Official website}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Zdrok '''ভিক্টোৰিয়া ঝড্ৰক উইলছন''']<ref name="Wilson 2011">{{Cite book |title=The 30-Day Sex Solution: How to Build Intimacy, Enhance your Sex Life, and Strengthen Your Relationship on One Month's Time |last1=Wilson |first1=Victoria Zdrok |last2=Wilson |first2=John |year=2011 |publisher=Adams Media |location=New York |isbn=978-1-6055-0680-7}}{{page needed|date=May 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, লেখিকা আৰু মডেল। ১৯৯৪ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত তেওঁ প্লেবয়ৰ প্লেমেট আছিল। ২০০২ চনৰ জুন মাহত তেওঁ পেণ্টহাউছ আলোচনীৰ পেট অৱ দ্য মান্থ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়, পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ ২০০৪ চনৰ পেণ্টহাউছ পেট অৱ দ্য ইয়েৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। ঝড্ৰক এজন নন-প্ৰেকটিচিং এটৰ্নী, এজন ক্লিনিকেল চাইক'লজিষ্ট আৰু চেক্স থেৰাপিষ্টো । *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels '''ষ্টৰ্মি ডেনিয়েলছ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু প্ৰাক্তন ষ্ট্ৰিপাৰ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] oou6hil6uqhds0fdq795sdvc5fky8wc 518845 518842 2025-06-17T09:44:37Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518845 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_White '''এঞ্জেলা হোৱাইট'''] এগৰাকী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু পৰিচালিকা। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[এবে ব্ৰুকছ]]''' (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Luvana '''কাৰ্মেন লুভানা'''] (প্ৰকৃত নাম: মিচেল চেণ্ডোভাল,<ref name="Vocero 9-3-23">{{cite web|url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/espectaculos/v-deo-joshua-pauta-y-carmen-luvana-maduran-como-pareja-y-equipo/article_cc32b164-bdfc-11ed-92e7-27116220892e.html |title=Los creadores de contenido lideran la obra ¿Pa' qué cara@%& me casé?, este fin de semana, en el Teatro Tapia|first1=Alexandra Acosta|last1=Vilanova|work=El Vocero|date=9 March 2023}}</ref> জন্ম: ২৩ আগষ্ট ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু থিয়েটাৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytherea_(actress) '''চাইথেৰিয়া'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। যৌন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বীৰ্যপাতৰ ক্ষমতাৰ অধিক হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক উদ্যোগত "squirting" বুলি পৰিচিত। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=CNBC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyanna_Lauren '''ডায়েনা লৰেন'''] (জন্ম: ১৮ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৬৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান কামুক নৃত্যশিল্পী, পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, গায়িকা আৰু পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Beauchamp '''বিয়াংকা বিউচাম্প'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী কানাডিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ফেটিছ মডেল যিয়ে তেওঁৰ গ্লেমাৰ, ইৰ'টিক আৰু লেটেক্স ফেটিছ মডেলিঙৰ বাবে বেছিকৈ পৰিচিত।<ref name=bbgl>{{cite web | url=http://www.biancabeauchamp.com/bianca_beauchamp_glamour_lounge_bio.html | title=Bianca Beauchamp's Biography | date = October 2003 | access-date = 24 August 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091029/http://www.biancabeauchamp.com/bianca_beauchamp_glamour_lounge_bio.html| archive-date=July 20, 2011 | url-status= dead |website=Bianca Beauchamp Official website}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Zdrok '''ভিক্টোৰিয়া ঝড্ৰক উইলছন''']<ref name="Wilson 2011">{{Cite book |title=The 30-Day Sex Solution: How to Build Intimacy, Enhance your Sex Life, and Strengthen Your Relationship on One Month's Time |last1=Wilson |first1=Victoria Zdrok |last2=Wilson |first2=John |year=2011 |publisher=Adams Media |location=New York |isbn=978-1-6055-0680-7}}{{page needed|date=May 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, লেখিকা আৰু মডেল। ১৯৯৪ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত তেওঁ প্লেবয়ৰ প্লেমেট আছিল। ২০০২ চনৰ জুন মাহত তেওঁ পেণ্টহাউছ আলোচনীৰ পেট অৱ দ্য মান্থ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়, পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ ২০০৪ চনৰ পেণ্টহাউছ পেট অৱ দ্য ইয়েৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। ঝড্ৰক এজন নন-প্ৰেকটিচিং এটৰ্নী, এজন ক্লিনিকেল চাইক'লজিষ্ট আৰু চেক্স থেৰাপিষ্টো । *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels '''ষ্টৰ্মি ডেনিয়েলছ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু প্ৰাক্তন ষ্ট্ৰিপাৰ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] h9nbw2qgqd5hx390hw7ugnhmt6fv14h 518855 518845 2025-06-17T09:57:55Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* বাহ্যিক সংযোগ */ 518855 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_White '''এঞ্জেলা হোৱাইট'''] এগৰাকী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু পৰিচালিকা। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[এবে ব্ৰুকছ]]''' (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Luvana '''কাৰ্মেন লুভানা'''] (প্ৰকৃত নাম: মিচেল চেণ্ডোভাল,<ref name="Vocero 9-3-23">{{cite web|url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/espectaculos/v-deo-joshua-pauta-y-carmen-luvana-maduran-como-pareja-y-equipo/article_cc32b164-bdfc-11ed-92e7-27116220892e.html |title=Los creadores de contenido lideran la obra ¿Pa' qué cara@%& me casé?, este fin de semana, en el Teatro Tapia|first1=Alexandra Acosta|last1=Vilanova|work=El Vocero|date=9 March 2023}}</ref> জন্ম: ২৩ আগষ্ট ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু থিয়েটাৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytherea_(actress) '''চাইথেৰিয়া'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। যৌন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বীৰ্যপাতৰ ক্ষমতাৰ অধিক হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক উদ্যোগত "squirting" বুলি পৰিচিত। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=CNBC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyanna_Lauren '''ডায়েনা লৰেন'''] (জন্ম: ১৮ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৬৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান কামুক নৃত্যশিল্পী, পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, গায়িকা আৰু পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Beauchamp '''বিয়াংকা বিউচাম্প'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী কানাডিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ফেটিছ মডেল যিয়ে তেওঁৰ গ্লেমাৰ, ইৰ'টিক আৰু লেটেক্স ফেটিছ মডেলিঙৰ বাবে বেছিকৈ পৰিচিত।<ref name=bbgl>{{cite web | url=http://www.biancabeauchamp.com/bianca_beauchamp_glamour_lounge_bio.html | title=Bianca Beauchamp's Biography | date = October 2003 | access-date = 24 August 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091029/http://www.biancabeauchamp.com/bianca_beauchamp_glamour_lounge_bio.html| archive-date=July 20, 2011 | url-status= dead |website=Bianca Beauchamp Official website}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Zdrok '''ভিক্টোৰিয়া ঝড্ৰক উইলছন''']<ref name="Wilson 2011">{{Cite book |title=The 30-Day Sex Solution: How to Build Intimacy, Enhance your Sex Life, and Strengthen Your Relationship on One Month's Time |last1=Wilson |first1=Victoria Zdrok |last2=Wilson |first2=John |year=2011 |publisher=Adams Media |location=New York |isbn=978-1-6055-0680-7}}{{page needed|date=May 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, লেখিকা আৰু মডেল। ১৯৯৪ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত তেওঁ প্লেবয়ৰ প্লেমেট আছিল। ২০০২ চনৰ জুন মাহত তেওঁ পেণ্টহাউছ আলোচনীৰ পেট অৱ দ্য মান্থ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়, পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ ২০০৪ চনৰ পেণ্টহাউছ পেট অৱ দ্য ইয়েৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। ঝড্ৰক এজন নন-প্ৰেকটিচিং এটৰ্নী, এজন ক্লিনিকেল চাইক'লজিষ্ট আৰু চেক্স থেৰাপিষ্টো । *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels '''ষ্টৰ্মি ডেনিয়েলছ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু প্ৰাক্তন ষ্ট্ৰিপাৰ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] *[https://as.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল] (অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া) ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] beznrur3ces27jxwsqqk4jfygclicny 518856 518855 2025-06-17T09:59:49Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* বাহ্যিক সংযোগ */ 518856 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_White '''এঞ্জেলা হোৱাইট'''] এগৰাকী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু পৰিচালিকা। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[এবে ব্ৰুকছ]]''' (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Luvana '''কাৰ্মেন লুভানা'''] (প্ৰকৃত নাম: মিচেল চেণ্ডোভাল,<ref name="Vocero 9-3-23">{{cite web|url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/espectaculos/v-deo-joshua-pauta-y-carmen-luvana-maduran-como-pareja-y-equipo/article_cc32b164-bdfc-11ed-92e7-27116220892e.html |title=Los creadores de contenido lideran la obra ¿Pa' qué cara@%& me casé?, este fin de semana, en el Teatro Tapia|first1=Alexandra Acosta|last1=Vilanova|work=El Vocero|date=9 March 2023}}</ref> জন্ম: ২৩ আগষ্ট ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু থিয়েটাৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytherea_(actress) '''চাইথেৰিয়া'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। যৌন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বীৰ্যপাতৰ ক্ষমতাৰ অধিক হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক উদ্যোগত "squirting" বুলি পৰিচিত। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=CNBC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyanna_Lauren '''ডায়েনা লৰেন'''] (জন্ম: ১৮ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৬৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান কামুক নৃত্যশিল্পী, পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, গায়িকা আৰু পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Beauchamp '''বিয়াংকা বিউচাম্প'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী কানাডিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ফেটিছ মডেল যিয়ে তেওঁৰ গ্লেমাৰ, ইৰ'টিক আৰু লেটেক্স ফেটিছ মডেলিঙৰ বাবে বেছিকৈ পৰিচিত।<ref name=bbgl>{{cite web | url=http://www.biancabeauchamp.com/bianca_beauchamp_glamour_lounge_bio.html | title=Bianca Beauchamp's Biography | date = October 2003 | access-date = 24 August 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091029/http://www.biancabeauchamp.com/bianca_beauchamp_glamour_lounge_bio.html| archive-date=July 20, 2011 | url-status= dead |website=Bianca Beauchamp Official website}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Zdrok '''ভিক্টোৰিয়া ঝড্ৰক উইলছন''']<ref name="Wilson 2011">{{Cite book |title=The 30-Day Sex Solution: How to Build Intimacy, Enhance your Sex Life, and Strengthen Your Relationship on One Month's Time |last1=Wilson |first1=Victoria Zdrok |last2=Wilson |first2=John |year=2011 |publisher=Adams Media |location=New York |isbn=978-1-6055-0680-7}}{{page needed|date=May 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, লেখিকা আৰু মডেল। ১৯৯৪ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত তেওঁ প্লেবয়ৰ প্লেমেট আছিল। ২০০২ চনৰ জুন মাহত তেওঁ পেণ্টহাউছ আলোচনীৰ পেট অৱ দ্য মান্থ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়, পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ ২০০৪ চনৰ পেণ্টহাউছ পেট অৱ দ্য ইয়েৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। ঝড্ৰক এজন নন-প্ৰেকটিচিং এটৰ্নী, এজন ক্লিনিকেল চাইক'লজিষ্ট আৰু চেক্স থেৰাপিষ্টো । *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels '''ষ্টৰ্মি ডেনিয়েলছ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু প্ৰাক্তন ষ্ট্ৰিপাৰ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[https://as.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল] *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pornographic_film_actresses Pornographic film actresses] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091001214741/http://www.avnawards.com/ AVN Awards] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] mnkihsd909or9mbfpadqzr3tswpdolk 518857 518856 2025-06-17T10:18:24Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* আৰু চাওক */ 518857 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Angelina '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_White '''এঞ্জেলা হোৱাইট'''] এগৰাকী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু পৰিচালিকা। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[এবে ব্ৰুকছ]]''' (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Luvana '''কাৰ্মেন লুভানা'''] (প্ৰকৃত নাম: মিচেল চেণ্ডোভাল,<ref name="Vocero 9-3-23">{{cite web|url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/espectaculos/v-deo-joshua-pauta-y-carmen-luvana-maduran-como-pareja-y-equipo/article_cc32b164-bdfc-11ed-92e7-27116220892e.html |title=Los creadores de contenido lideran la obra ¿Pa' qué cara@%& me casé?, este fin de semana, en el Teatro Tapia|first1=Alexandra Acosta|last1=Vilanova|work=El Vocero|date=9 March 2023}}</ref> জন্ম: ২৩ আগষ্ট ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু থিয়েটাৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytherea_(actress) '''চাইথেৰিয়া'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। যৌন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বীৰ্যপাতৰ ক্ষমতাৰ অধিক হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক উদ্যোগত "squirting" বুলি পৰিচিত। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=CNBC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyanna_Lauren '''ডায়েনা লৰেন'''] (জন্ম: ১৮ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৬৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান কামুক নৃত্যশিল্পী, পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, গায়িকা আৰু পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Beauchamp '''বিয়াংকা বিউচাম্প'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী কানাডিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ফেটিছ মডেল যিয়ে তেওঁৰ গ্লেমাৰ, ইৰ'টিক আৰু লেটেক্স ফেটিছ মডেলিঙৰ বাবে বেছিকৈ পৰিচিত।<ref name=bbgl>{{cite web | url=http://www.biancabeauchamp.com/bianca_beauchamp_glamour_lounge_bio.html | title=Bianca Beauchamp's Biography | date = October 2003 | access-date = 24 August 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091029/http://www.biancabeauchamp.com/bianca_beauchamp_glamour_lounge_bio.html| archive-date=July 20, 2011 | url-status= dead |website=Bianca Beauchamp Official website}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Zdrok '''ভিক্টোৰিয়া ঝড্ৰক উইলছন''']<ref name="Wilson 2011">{{Cite book |title=The 30-Day Sex Solution: How to Build Intimacy, Enhance your Sex Life, and Strengthen Your Relationship on One Month's Time |last1=Wilson |first1=Victoria Zdrok |last2=Wilson |first2=John |year=2011 |publisher=Adams Media |location=New York |isbn=978-1-6055-0680-7}}{{page needed|date=May 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, লেখিকা আৰু মডেল। ১৯৯৪ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত তেওঁ প্লেবয়ৰ প্লেমেট আছিল। ২০০২ চনৰ জুন মাহত তেওঁ পেণ্টহাউছ আলোচনীৰ পেট অৱ দ্য মান্থ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়, পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ ২০০৪ চনৰ পেণ্টহাউছ পেট অৱ দ্য ইয়েৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। ঝড্ৰক এজন নন-প্ৰেকটিচিং এটৰ্নী, এজন ক্লিনিকেল চাইক'লজিষ্ট আৰু চেক্স থেৰাপিষ্টো । *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels '''ষ্টৰ্মি ডেনিয়েলছ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু প্ৰাক্তন ষ্ট্ৰিপাৰ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==আৰু চাওক== *[https://as.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল] *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pornographic_film_actresses Pornographic film actresses] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] qee5u4ct51dtp5cegi135mv2fdd26vn 518863 518857 2025-06-17T10:33:41Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518863 wikitext text/x-wiki '''পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰী''' বুলি ক'লে সিহঁতক বুজায় যিয়ে [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি]] [[চলচ্চিত্ৰ]]ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত [[মানৱ যৌনতা|যৌনতা]]ক দৃশ্যৰ মাধ্যমত উপস্থাপন কৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ' নিৰ্মাণ কৰাৰ আগতে [[অভিনেতা]]/[[অভিনেত্ৰী]]সকলক তেওঁলোকৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এনেদৰে বাছনি কৰা হয় যাতে তেওঁলোকে মানুহৰ যৌন কল্পনা পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়৷ সাধাৰণতে দুটা মূল শাখা থাকে; "চফ্টকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত [[অনাভেদী যৌনক্ৰিয়া]] থাকে কিন্তু "ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা" বা "অত্যধিক যৌনতা" নাথাকে, আৰু "হাৰ্ডকোৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী", য'ত ভেদকাৰী যৌনতা আৰু অত্যধিক যৌনতা বা কামুকতা থাকে। ভিডিঅ' মূলতঃ মানুহৰ প্ৰয়োজন অনুযায়ী তৈয়াৰ কৰা হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক ভিডিঅ’ৰ ধাৰা আৰু উপধাৰাৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৰিৱেশ, অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বয়স, অভিনেত্ৰীগৰাকীৰ কামুকতা, শাৰীৰিক ক্ষমতা, আৱেগিকভাৱে উত্তেজিত হোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা আদি কাৰকে চৰিত্ৰটোক বাস্তৱিক ৰূপ দিবলৈ বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি, জনপ্ৰিয়তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি, পৰিবেশকসকলে প্ৰায়ে [[সমকামী]] পুৰুষ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[লেচবিয়ান]] মহিলা পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি, [[এলজিবিটি]], বিডিএছএম, ষ্ট্ৰেপ-অন যৌনতা, [[পায়ু সংগম|পায়ুপথৰ যৌনতা]], দ্বৈত অনুপ্ৰৱেশ, কিশোৰী ছোৱালী, আন্তঃবৰ্ণীয়, MILFs, [[আঙুলি সঞ্চালন]], [[দলগত যৌনকাৰ্য]], [[উভকামিতা]], [[বিপৰীতকামিতা]], [[মুখমৈথুন]], [[হস্তমৈথুন]], [[হেনটাই]], [[স্তন সংগম]], [[পশুকামিতা]] আদি নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধাৰাত বিভক্ত হয়। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিত অভিনয় কৰাৰ সময়ত সকলো অভিনেতা-অভিনেত্ৰী আংশিক বা সম্পূৰ্ণ নগ্ন হ’ব লাগে। ==পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল== *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Bitoni '''অড্ৰে বিটোনী'''] (জন্ম: ১৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৮৬) হৈছে আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Snow '''অৰোৰা স্নো'''] এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী,<ref name="Snow 2017a">{{cite news |last=Snow |first=Aurora |title=Retired Porn Star's Bittersweet Return to the Spotlight |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/a-retired-porn-stars-bittersweet-return-to-the-spotlight |work=The Daily Beast |date=April 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> পৰিচাৰিকা আৰু স্তম্ভলেখিকা।<ref name="Snow 2013b">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-a-porn-star-retires-aurora-snow-on-life-after-porn |title=How a Porn Star Retires: Aurora Snow on Life After Porn |access-date=July 9, 2013 |first=Aurora |last=Snow |date=June 18, 2013 |work=The Daily Beast |url-access=subscription}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Kincaid '''অষ্টিন কিনকেইড'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Akira '''আসা আকিৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৩ জানুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৬) এগৰাকী জাপানী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিচালক। *'''[[ইণ্ডিয়া ছামাৰ]]''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন মডেল আৰু এভিএন আৰু এক্সআৰচিঅ’ হলছ অৱ ফেমৰ সদস্য। *'''[[ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা]]''' (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Carrera '''এচিয়া কাৰেৰা'''] (জন্ম: ৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_White '''এঞ্জেলা হোৱাইট'''] এগৰাকী অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু পৰিচালিকা। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Dawn '''এনেট ডন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭৮), এগৰাকী হাঙ্গেৰীয়ান পতিতা, মেকআপ শিল্পী, চিৰামিচিষ্ট, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[এবে ব্ৰুকছ]]''' (জন্ম: ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Magnolia '''এমা মেগনোলিয়া'''] (জন্ম: ১০ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৯২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। এভিএন বঁটা (২০২৪), পৰ্ণহাব বঁটা (২০২৪), আৰু এক্সবিআইজেড বঁটা (২০২৫) ৰ বাবে মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13497154/awards/|title=Emma Magnolia - Awards|lang=en-US|website=IMDb|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmgmanagement.com/2023/11/22/2024-xbiz-awards-nominees-announced/|title=2024 XBIZ Awards Nominees Announced|lang=en-US|last=NMG|website=NMG Management|access-date=2025-06-05}}</ref> *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Texas '''এলেক্সিচ টেক্সাচ'''] (জন্ম: ২৫ মে', ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান AVN পুৰস্কাৰ বিজয়ী প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী তথা পৰিচালক।<ref name=avnhof>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2022-avn-award-winners-announced-905527.html | title=2022 AVN Award Winners Announced AVN }}</ref> ২০২০ চনত টেক্সাছক "সৰ্বাধিক জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্ণ পৰিবেশক" হিচাপে চিহ্নিত কৰা হয়, অনুগামীৰ ভিত্তিত তেওঁৰ ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম ফ'ল'ৱাৰৰ প্ৰায় ৬০ লাখ। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress) '''কাৰ্মেন কিম মূৰ'''] (কিম্বাৰ্লি য়াজি নামেৰেও পৰিচিত, ২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৬ – আগষ্ট ২০১৮) এগৰাকী স্থানীয় আমেৰিকান (নাভাজো নেচন) অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। ২০০৮ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে অভিনয় কৰাৰ পিছত ৩৪ খন মৌলিক ছবিত অভিনয় কৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ উদ্যোগত অভিনয় জীৱন আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Luvana '''কাৰ্মেন লুভানা'''] (প্ৰকৃত নাম: মিচেল চেণ্ডোভাল,<ref name="Vocero 9-3-23">{{cite web|url=https://www.elvocero.com/escenario/espectaculos/v-deo-joshua-pauta-y-carmen-luvana-maduran-como-pareja-y-equipo/article_cc32b164-bdfc-11ed-92e7-27116220892e.html |title=Los creadores de contenido lideran la obra ¿Pa' qué cara@%& me casé?, este fin de semana, en el Teatro Tapia|first1=Alexandra Acosta|last1=Vilanova|work=El Vocero|date=9 March 2023}}</ref> জন্ম: ২৩ আগষ্ট ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু থিয়েটাৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু অৱসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crissy_Moran '''ক্ৰিচ্চী মোৰান'''] (জন্ম: ২২ ডিচেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৫) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Madison '''কেলি মেডিচন''' ] (জন্ম: ২৬ আগষ্ট, ১৯৬৭) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফী উদ্যোগী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytherea_(actress) '''চাইথেৰিয়া'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল। যৌন কাৰ্য্য সম্পাদন কৰাৰ সময়ত তেওঁৰ বীৰ্যপাতৰ ক্ষমতাৰ অধিক হোৱা বাবে তেওঁ প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক উদ্যোগত "squirting" বুলি পৰিচিত। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmane_Star '''চাৰ্মান ষ্টাৰ'''] (জন্ম:৫ মে' ১৯৭৯) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ছ’ফি এণ্ডাৰছন]]''' (কাৰেন এন কুক, ২৩ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৮৭ – ৩০ নৱেম্বৰ ২০২৩) এগৰাকী ইংৰাজী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ইণ্টাৰনেট ব্যক্তিত্ব আছিল। *'''[[ছানী লিয়নি]]''' (জন্ম: ১৩ মে', ১৯৮১) এগৰাকী [[ভাৰতীয়]] বংশোদ্ভূত কানাডীয় আৰু মাৰ্কিন অভিনেত্ৰী, ব্যৱসায়ী, মডেলৰ লগতে প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en|title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn|work=SunnyLeone.com|accessdate=April 11, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunny Leone profile|url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html|publisher=AVN|accessdate=Dec 27, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|url-status=live|archivedate=December 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> *'''[[ছানি লেন]]'''<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|title=Sunny Lane Biography|work=sunnylanelive.com|year=2009|accessdate=29 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005231101/http://www.sunnylanelive.com/bio.html|archivedate=5 October 2013}}</ref> (জন্ম: ২ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮০) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু নগ্ন ষ্টেজ মডেল। *'''[[জেজমিন চৌধুৰী]]''' (জন্ম: ১৫ মে ১৯৮৫) বাংলাদেশী/আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফি অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[জেনা জেমছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৯ এপ্ৰিল, ১৯৭৪) এগৰাকী প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী।<ref name="CNBC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title=The return of Jenna Jameson|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=2014-01-15|publisher=CNBC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016012417/https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338733|archivedate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> *'''[[টেইলৰ ৱেন]]''' এগৰাকী বৃটিছ অভিনেত্ৰী, মডেল আৰু প্ৰাক্তন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ পৰিবেশক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyanna_Lauren '''ডায়েনা লৰেন'''] (জন্ম: ১৮ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৬৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান কামুক নৃত্যশিল্পী, পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, গায়িকা আৰু পৰিচালক। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Beauchamp '''বিয়াংকা বিউচাম্প'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী কানাডিয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু ফেটিছ মডেল যিয়ে তেওঁৰ গ্লেমাৰ, ইৰ'টিক আৰু লেটেক্স ফেটিছ মডেলিঙৰ বাবে বেছিকৈ পৰিচিত।<ref name=bbgl>{{cite web | url=http://www.biancabeauchamp.com/bianca_beauchamp_glamour_lounge_bio.html | title=Bianca Beauchamp's Biography | date = October 2003 | access-date = 24 August 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091029/http://www.biancabeauchamp.com/bianca_beauchamp_glamour_lounge_bio.html| archive-date=July 20, 2011 | url-status= dead |website=Bianca Beauchamp Official website}}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brianna_Love '''ব্ৰিয়ানা লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ ১৯৮৫), এগৰাকী অবসৰপ্ৰাপ্ত মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[ব্ৰী অ'ল্চন]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=March 1, 2011|title=Rachel Oberlin's Mom Worried about Her with Charlie Sheen|url=https://people.com/celebrity/rachel-oberlin-charlie-sheens-girlfriend-has-worried-mom/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=January 14, 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৭ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৮৬), এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belladonna_(actress) '''বেলাডোনা'''] এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Zdrok '''ভিক্টোৰিয়া ঝড্ৰক উইলছন''']<ref name="Wilson 2011">{{Cite book |title=The 30-Day Sex Solution: How to Build Intimacy, Enhance your Sex Life, and Strengthen Your Relationship on One Month's Time |last1=Wilson |first1=Victoria Zdrok |last2=Wilson |first2=John |year=2011 |publisher=Adams Media |location=New York |isbn=978-1-6055-0680-7}}{{page needed|date=May 2025}}</ref> (জন্ম: ৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, লেখিকা আৰু মডেল। ১৯৯৪ চনৰ অক্টোবৰ মাহত তেওঁ প্লেবয়ৰ প্লেমেট আছিল। ২০০২ চনৰ জুন মাহত তেওঁ পেণ্টহাউছ আলোচনীৰ পেট অৱ দ্য মান্থ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হয়, পিছলৈ তেওঁলোকৰ ২০০৪ চনৰ পেণ্টহাউছ পেট অৱ দ্য ইয়েৰ হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত হয়। ঝড্ৰক এজন নন-প্ৰেকটিচিং এটৰ্নী, এজন ক্লিনিকেল চাইক'লজিষ্ট আৰু চেক্স থেৰাপিষ্টো । *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Vette '''ভিকি ভেট'''] (জন্ম: ১২ জুন, ১৯৬৫)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/195667/vicky-vette-celebrates-turning-50-with-site-promotion |title=Vicky Vette Celebrates Turning 50 With Site Promotion |access-date=15 December 2023 |first=John |last=Sanford |date= 12 June 2015 |website=XBIZ}}</ref> পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Lux '''ভেনাছ লাক্স'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান তৃতীয় লিংগৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক, প্ৰযোজক আৰু শিক্ষাবিদ। *'''[[মিয়া খলিফা]]''' (জন্ম: ১০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী, ১৯৯৩) এগৰাকী লেবানন-আমেৰিকান ইণ্টাৰনেট চেলিব্ৰিটি, ৱেবকেম মডেল আৰু প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক মডেল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique_Alexander '''মনিক আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী, নগ্ন মডেল, আৰু ২০১৭ চনৰ এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত।<ref name="Street 2016">{{cite web |last1=Street |first1=Sharan |title=Class of 2017: The AVN Hall of Fame's Newest Inductees |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |website=AVN |access-date=26 June 2024 |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171303/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2017-the-new-inductees-into-the-avn-hall-of-fame-707363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Monroe '''মেমফিচ মনৰো'''] (জন্ম: ২৩ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৫) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[লানা ৰোডছ]]''' (জন্ম: ৬ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৯৬) এগৰাকী পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰ্ মডেল। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ann '''লিচা এন'''] (জন্ম: ৯ মে', ১৯৭২) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Sparks '''লিচা স্পাৰ্কচ'''] (জন্ম: ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭৭) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Love '''শাই লাভ'''] (জন্ম: ২৭ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৮) এগৰাকী ইটালীয়ান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। * [https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Jordan '''শে জোৰ্ডন'''] (জন্ম: ১৭ নভেম্বৰ ১৯৮৫, ফিলিপাইন) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ]]''' (আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন, ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭) এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু মডেল আছিল। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormy_Daniels '''ষ্টৰ্মি ডেনিয়েলছ'''] এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী, পৰিচালক আৰু প্ৰাক্তন ষ্ট্ৰিপাৰ। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Grey '''সাশা গ্ৰে'''] (জন্ম: ১৪ মাৰ্চ, ১৯৮৮)<ref name="Commanducci-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/sasha-grey-particulars/article4277473/ |title=Sasha Grey: Particulars |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publication-place=Toronto |date=June 25, 2009 |last1=Commanducci |first1=Massimo |url-access=subscription }}</ref> এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_(actress) '''সাভান্নাহ'''] (জন্ম: ৯ অক্টোবৰ, ১৯৭০, মৃত্যু: ১১ জুলাই, ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী মাৰ্কিন পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আছিল। *'''[[হলি চেম্পছন]]''' (জন্ম: ৪ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ, ১৯৭৩) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *[https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Harper '''হান্না হাৰ্পাৰ'''] (জন্ম: ৪ জুলাই, ১৯৮২) পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী। *'''[[য়াছমিন লী]]''' এগৰাকী কম্বোডিয়ান আমেৰিকান ট্ৰেন্সজেণ্ডাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী আৰু এগৰাকী মডেল। ==স্বাস্থ্যজনিত বিপদ== ৱেব সন্ধানৰ ফলাফল অনুসৰি পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীসকল বিশেষভাৱে বিভিন্ন যৌন সংক্ৰমণ (STI) বিশেষকৈ এইচ পি ভি, জিকা [[জ্বৰ]], ক্ল’মাইডিয়া, [[গনৰিয়া]], [[চিফিলিছ]], আৰু এইচ আই ভি/[[এইডছ]]ৰ বাবে বিপদত পৰে। এনে কিছুমান সংক্ৰমণ মাৰাত্মক হ’ব পাৰে বা গুৰুতৰ স্বাস্থ্যজনিত সমস্যাৰ সৃষ্টি কৰিব পাৰে। পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা/অভিনেত্ৰীয়ে কামৰ সময়ত এইচ আই ভি আৰু অন্যান্য এছ টি আই ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱাৰ কেইবাটাও ঘটনা সংঘটিত হৈছে।<ref name="gawker">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian |date=2011-03-30 |title=Porn Star HIV Test Database Leaked |url=https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |access-date=January 11, 2015 |work=Gawker |publisher= |archivedate=January 20, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120053539/https://www.gawker.com/5787392/porn-star-hiv-test-database-leaked |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref name=foxnews>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/porn-actors-personal-information-hiv-status-released-through-california-health-clinic-report-says/ | work=Fox News | title=Porn Actors' Personal Information, HIV Status Released Through California Health Clinic, Report Says | date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ==আত্মজীৱনী== *জেনা জেমচন – How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale (২০০৫)<ref name=CNBC2014>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/jenna-jameson-makes-post-retirement-comback-to-porn.html|title= The return of Jenna Jameson|access-date= 2014-04-03|author= Chris Morris|date= 2014-01-15|publisher= CNBC}}</ref> ==আৰু চাওক== *[https://as.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী সকল] *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pornographic_film_actresses Pornographic film actresses] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মানৱ যৌনতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন অভিমুখিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:যৌন সংক্ৰামক ৰোগ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমকামিতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:এলজিবিটি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:নাৰীবাদ]] kq7sbndjccjf6tuvnlh96c6dn64n7pd 0 116846 518713 495295 2025-06-17T03:31:31Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518713 wikitext text/x-wiki '''হো জামালো''' ({{lang-en|Ho Jamalo}}) হ'ল এক [[সিন্ধী ভাষা|সিন্ধী ভাষা]]ৰ লোকগীত আৰু সিন্ধী সংস্কৃতিৰ লগত জড়িত নৃত্য। থলুৱা লোকনায়ক জামালোৰ বিষয়ে এই উপস্থাপন। বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰৰ বাহিৰেও হাতৰ চাপৰিৰ দ্বাৰা সৃষ্টি হোৱা ছন্দত ইয়াক কোৰাছত গোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ ৰচনা সৰল আৰু প্ৰতিজন সিন্ধিৰ বাবে বোধগম্য। ‘জামালো’ শব্দটো আৰৱী ভাষাৰ জামাল শব্দৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হৈছে যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে সৌন্দৰ্য্য।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Allana|first1=Dr. Ghulam Ali|title=Folk Music Of Sind|date=1982|publisher=Institute of Sindhology, University of Sindh|page=70}}</ref> বিজয় বা উদযাপনৰ অংশ হিচাপে এই নৃত্য পৰিৱে‍শন কৰা হয়। যদিও ইয়াৰ উৎপত্তি সিন্ধত হৈছিল, ই সমগ্ৰ [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ লগতে [[ভাৰত]]ৰ সিন্ধী হিন্দুসকলৰ মাজত জনপ্ৰিয়। <ref>{{Cite book|last=Ember|first1=Melvin|title=Countries and their cultures|date=2001|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|place=New York|isbn=9780028649504|page=1701}}</ref> গীতটোৰ এটা পাঞ্জাৱী পৰিৱে‍শন ক’ক ষ্টুডিঅ’ পাকিস্তানৰ ১১ সংখ্যক ছিজনত আলী ছেঠী আৰু হুমাইৰা আৰ্ছাদে পৰিৱে‍শন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/10/30/coke-studio-season-11-from-the-highs-of-shikwa-to-the-slumps-of-ko-ko-korina/|title=Coke Studio Season 11: From the highs of 'Shikwa' to the slumps of 'Ko Ko Korina'|date=30 October 2018|access-date=13 May 2022|archivedate=14 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514112156/https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/10/30/coke-studio-season-11-from-the-highs-of-shikwa-to-the-slumps-of-ko-ko-korina/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == হো জামালোৰ ইতিহাস == হো জামালোৰ ইতিহাসৰ কেইবাটাও সংস্কৰণ আছে। এটা মূল কাহিনী অনুসৰি, ব্ৰিটিছ ঔপনিৱেশিক শাসনৰ সময়ত চুক্কুৰৰ মৃত্যুদণ্ডৰ বন্দী জামালো শ্বীদীয়ে নিজৰ স্বাধীনতাৰ বিনিময়ত স্বেচ্ছাই নতুনকৈ নিৰ্মাণ কৰা চুক্কুৰ দলং (লেন্সডাউন দলং) পাৰ হৈ ৰে’ল পৰীক্ষামূলকভাৱে চলাবলৈ আগবাঢি় আহিছিল। তেওঁ সফলভাৱে‍ পাৰ হোৱাৰ বিনিময়ত তেওঁ ক্ষমা লাভ কৰিছিল আৰু আনন্দত তেওঁৰ আত্মীয়সকলে "হো জামালো, ৱাহ ৱাহ জামালো" গীতটো ৰচনা কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jamalo Sheedi’s ‘Ho Jamalo, Wah Wah Jamalo’|url=https://sindhnews.com.pk/jamalo-sheedis-ho-jamalo-wah-wah-jamalo|work=sindhnews.com.pk|language=en|date=27 April 2022|access-date=6 March 2025|archivedate=18 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218091535/https://sindhnews.com.pk/jamalo-sheedis-ho-jamalo-wah-wah-jamalo/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> আন এটা কাহিনী হ’ল যে উজনিৰ সিন্ধৰ ক’ৰবাত তীব্ৰ যুদ্ধ হৈছিল আৰু সেই অঞ্চলৰ বাসিন্দাসকলে আক্ৰমণকাৰীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে চৰম প্ৰত্যাহ্বানৰ সন্মুখীন হৈছিল। এই সন্ধিক্ষণত অতি সাহসী জামাল নামৰ এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে এটা সৰু সৈন্যবাহিনীক নেতৃত্ব দি আক্ৰমণকাৰীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যুঁজ দিছিল। এক ভয়ংকৰ আৰু ৰক্তাক্ত সংঘৰ্ষ হৈছিল আৰু তেওঁ বিজয়ী হৈছিল। যেতিয়া তেওঁ তেওঁলোকৰ বসতিস্থল চাই চাই ঘৰমুৱা হৈছিল তেতিয়া অঞ্চলটোৰ মহিলাসকলে ‘হো জামালো, খাতি আয়ো খাইৰ ছান’ গীতটি গাই ওলাই আহিছিল। গীতটিৰ অনুবাদঃ হে মহান জামালো, আপুনি কোনো ক্ষতিৰ সন্মুখীন নোহোৱাকৈ বিজয়ী হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ho Jamalo|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1433223|work=DAWN.COM|language=en|date=16 September 2018}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:লোকগীত]] esqlizz9b3hnwmmw4djhteqq5p8p2cl 0 117185 518518 491304 2025-06-16T12:29:14Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox academic | name = ডলী কিকন | image = Dolly Kikon in Guwahati.jpg | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1975}} | citizenship = ভাৰতীয় | alma_mater = [[ষ্টেনফৰ্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]], [[হংকং বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰযুক্তি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]], [[দিল্লী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]। | discipline = [[নৃতত্ত্ব]] | sub_discipline = [[উন্নয়ন অধ্যয়ন]] | main_interests = [[লিংগ]], [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ নৃতত্ত্ব]], [[নাগৰিকত্ব]], [[মানৱ অধিকাৰ]], [[মানৱ প্ৰব্ৰজন|প্ৰব্ৰজন]], [[সম্পদৰ সংঘাত]], [[খাদ্য অধ্যয়ন]]। }} '''ডলী কিকন''' {{ lang-en|: Dolly Kikon}} ;ভাৰতৰ নাগালেণ্ডৰ এগৰাকী খিলঞ্জীয়া নৃতত্ত্ববিদ আৰু লেখিকা। [[ছান্টা ক্ৰুজৰ কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ নৃতত্ত্ব বিভাগৰ অধ্যাপিকা আছিল। ইয়াৰ পূৰ্বে তেওঁ [[মেলবৰ্ণ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ৰ নৃতত্ত্বৰ সহযোগী অধ্যাপিকা<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/profile/774007-dolly-kikon|title = Dr Dolly Kikon}}</ref> আৰু অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া ইণ্ডিয়া ইনষ্টিটিউটৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ গৱেষণা উপদেষ্টা আছিল, ভাৰত আৰু অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াৰ মাজত গৱেষণা আৰু নীতিগত পদক্ষেপত জড়িত আছিল।<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.morungexpress.com/social-relations-are-based-respect-equality-and-partnerships-dolly-kikon|title=Social relations are based on respect, equality and partnerships: Dolly Kikon|last=Krocha|first=Vishü Rita|date=9 January 2020|work=The Morung Express|access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref> তেওঁ দ্য ইণ্ডিয়া ফ'ৰামৰ উপদেষ্টা পৰিষদত কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/council-advisors|title=The Council of Advisors|date=2019-02-25|website=The India Forum|language=en|access-date=2020-02-01}}</ref> ==শিক্ষা== ১৯৯৭ চনত কিকনে দিল্লী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ [[মিৰাণ্ডা হাউচ কলেজ]]ৰ পৰা ইতিহাসত সন্মান সহ বি.এ.ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite news |last=K.B |first=Pragati |date=2020-11-06 |title=Oppressive hierarchies in India are reiterated through everyday mundane experiences like food |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/politics-on-my-plate-anthropologist-dolly-kikon-examines-the-politics-of-food/article33038386.ece |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> ২০০১ চনত দিল্লী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ কেম্পাছ ল চেণ্টাৰৰ পৰা এল.এল.বি সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছত [[হংকং ইউনিভাৰ্চিটি অৱ চাইন্স এণ্ড টেকন’লজি]]লৈ গৈ এম ফিলৰ বাবে অধ্যয়ন আৰম্ভ কৰে। তেওঁৰ গৱেষণা পত্ৰখনৰ শিৰোনাম আছিল আপোচ কৰা গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু অংশগ্ৰহণৰ ৰাজনীতি: উত্তৰ-পূব ভাৰতৰ নগা জনগোষ্ঠীৰ এটা কেছ ষ্টাডি (২০০২-২০০৪)। এই থিছিছত ভাৰতীয় নিৰ্বাচনী ব্যৱস্থাত নগা জনসাধাৰণৰ অংশগ্ৰহণ, ভাৰতীয় নিৰাপত্তা বাহিনীৰ উন্নয়নমূলক পদক্ষেপ আৰু ভাৰত-নগা যুদ্ধবিৰতি আলোচনাৰ বিষয়ে পৰীক্ষা কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-5543|title=Compromised democracy and the politics of participation : a case study of the Naga people from Northeast India|last=Kikon|first=Dolly|date=2004|website=repository.ust.hk|language=English|access-date=2020-02-13|archivedate=2020-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213155003/http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-5543|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তেওঁ ২০১৩ চনত ষ্টেনফ'ৰ্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা সমাজ আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক নৃতত্ত্বত ডক্টৰেট উপাধি অৰ্জন কৰে। তেওঁৰ প্ৰবন্ধ "Disturbed Areas Act: Anxiety, Intimacy and the State in Northeast India"-ত সমকালীন ভাৰতৰ ৰাজ্য গঠন প্ৰক্ৰিয়া আৰু ফ'টহিল অঞ্চলৰ লোকসকলৰ সাংস্কৃতিক-ৰাজনৈতিক ভূমিকা লৈ কৰা সংযোগ আৰু প্ৰতিবাদৰ বিষয়ে আলোচনা কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite thesis|url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/10221163|title=Disturbed area acts anxiety, intimacy, and the state in Northeast India /|last=Kikon|first=Dolly|year=2013}}</ref> উক্ত বিষয়বস্তু ওপৰত অধ্যয়নৰ সময়ত, তেওঁ ডিচাৰ্টেচন ফিল্ডৱৰ্ক গ্ৰাণ্ট,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wennergren.org/grantees/kikon-dolly-0|title=Kikon, Dolly {{!}} The Wenner-Gren Foundation|website=www.wennergren.org|access-date=2020-02-01}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ষ্টেনফৰ্ড ইন্টাৰডিচিপ্লিনেৰী গ্ৰেজুৱেট ফেল'শ্বিপ, চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ চাউথ এছিয়া কমিউনিটি চাৰ্ভিচ ফেল'শ্বিপ (ষ্টেনফৰ্ড বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) আৰু মেলন ফাউণ্ডেশ্যন ডিচাৰ্টেচন ফেল'শ্বিপ লাভ কৰিছিল। ==কৰ্ম জীৱন== ২০২৪ চনত কিকনে ইউচিএছচিৰ নৃতত্ত্ব বিভাগত অধ্যাপক আৰু চেনেটৰ অধ্যাপক হিচাপে যোগদান কৰে।<ref>https://apo.ucsc.edu/advancement/forms/docs/web-new-hires-rept.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Senate Faculty |url=https://anthro.ucsc.edu/faculty/index.php?uid=dkikon |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=anthro.ucsc.edu}}</ref> ২০২৪ চনৰ পৰা কিকন ইউচিএছচিৰ চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ চাউথ এছিয়ান ষ্টাডিজৰ পৰিচালক হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty {{!}} CSAS |url=https://csas.ucsc.edu/faculty/ |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=csas.ucsc.edu}}</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ডলী কিকন [[লোথা নাগা]] পৰিয়ালৰ এজন সদস্য। তেওঁৰ পিতৃ-পিতামহৰ গাঁও খনৰ নাম চুঙিকি , যি খন ৱখা জিলা অৱস্থিত। তেওঁৰ মাতৃ ম্হালো কিকন অসমৰ গোলাঘাট মিছন গাৰ্লছ হাইস্কুলত শিক্ষাগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল, আৰু সেই খন আমেৰিকান মিছনাৰীৰ দ্বাৰা স্থাপিত হৈছিল। তেওঁৰ পিতা ৱোপানছাও কিকন কৈহিমাত শিক্ষাগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল আৰু যুৱ অৱস্থাত বিভিন্ন নাগা দলৰ হৈ ফুটবল খেলিছিল। কিকনৰ মাতৃৰ ফালৰ ককা-আইতাক এনজিঅ’ হুম্চোয়ে আৰু অপনলুমী হুম্চোয়ে দুয়োজনে ব্যাপটিস্ট পাষ্টৰ আছিল। বৰ্তমান, ৱখা জিলাৰ লোথা ব্যাপটিস্ট মিছন তেওঁলোকক খ্রীষ্টান ধৰ্ম প্রচাৰৰ পথপ্ৰদৰ্শক হিচাপে স্বীকৃতি দিয়ে। তেওঁলোক আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ সহকৰ্মীসকলে চুঙিকি গাঁও আৰু ৱখা চহৰত খ্রীষ্টান বিশ্বাস প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰিছিল। কিকনৰ পিতৃ ফালৰ ককা লুক কিকন এজন মেডিকেল কম্পাউণ্ডাৰ আছিল আৰু তেওঁৰ আইতা অ'ৰেনো কিকন এগৰাকী ব্যৱসায়ী আছিল, যিয়ে ৱখা চহৰত প্ৰথমগৰাকী মহিলা ব্যৱসায়ী হিচাপে দোকান স্থাপন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kikon |first1=Dolly |last2=Karlsson |first2=Bengt G. |title=Leaving the land: Indigenous Migration and Affective Labour in India |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=9781108494427 |page=116}}</ref> কিকনে [[সঞ্জয় বাৰবৰা]] সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হয়, তেওঁ পূৰ্বে [[টাটা ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ছ'চিয়েল চাইন্সেছ]]ত <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Laishram |first=Indira |date=2 March 2021 |title=Dolly Kikon's four continent life experience |url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2021/03/02/learning-curve-meet-anthropologist-writer-filmmaker-dolly-kikon/ |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=The Indian Sun}}</ref> আৰু বৰ্তমান [[কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]], চান্টা ক্ৰুজৰ সমাজবিজ্ঞান বিভাগত অধ্যাপনা কৰি আছে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Barbora: UCSC Sociology faculty |url=https://sociology.ucsc.edu/about/directory-faculty.php?uid=sbarbora |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=sociology.ucsc.edu}}</ref> ==তথ্য সূত্ৰ== {{ Ref list}} rlnsj3vtbqq6uf2z9i0kj1e7g81mawf 0 117544 518725 515357 2025-06-17T05:31:21Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer |name=ৰেইন চুদোৰী |image=Rain Chudori 2021.jpg |caption= |pseudonym= |birth_date={{birth date and age|1994|11|10|df=yes}} |birth_place={{nowrap|[[জাকাৰ্টা]], ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া}} |death_date= |death_place= |occupation={{hlist|লেখিকা|কিউৰেটৰ|অভিনেত্ৰী}} |nationality= |alma_mater= |period=২০০৯ চনৰ পৰা বৰ্তমানলৈকে |genre= |subject= |movement= |signature= |website={{url|peronhouse.com}}|imagesize=|influences=}} '''ৰেইন চুদোৰী-ছ'ৰজোৱাটমোদজো''' (ইংৰাজী : Rain Chudori-Soerjoatmodjo ; জন্ম: ১০ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯৯৪) এগৰাকী ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান সৃষ্টিশীল উদ্যোগী, লেখিকা, কিউৰেটৰ আৰু অভিনেত্ৰী। মাতৃ লেইলা চুদোৰীৰ সৈতে মিলি তেওঁ ''পেৰন হাউছ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Peron House Debut: Bridging Literary Heritage and Innovation|url=https://www.ubudwritersfestival.com/programs/peron-house-debut-bridging-literary-heritage-and-innovation|work=Ubud Writers and Readers Festival|language=en}}</ref> নামৰ এটা প্ৰকাশন কোম্পানী প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে যিয়ে ২০২৩ চনত উবুদ ৰাইটাৰ্ছ এণ্ড ৰিডাৰ্ছ ফেষ্টিভেলত আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰে। চুদোৰীৰ কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থ প্ৰকাশ পাইছে। == জীৱন বৃত্তান্ত == ৰেইন চুদোৰী হৈছে লেখিকা লৈলা চুদোৰী আৰু কিউৰেটৰ ইউধি সূৰ্যোআতমদ্জো-ৰ জীয়াৰী আৰু সংবাদিক মুহাম্মদ চুদোৰী-ৰ ধৈৰ। চুদোৰী নিউ দিল্লীত বাস কৰে আৰু বৰ্তমান নিউয়ৰ্কত শিল্প-আবাসিক হিচাপে কাৰ্যৰত।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Art Omi: Writers Reading with Nuyorican Poets Café – Art Omi |url=https://artomi.org/event/art-omi-writers-reading-with-nuyorican-poets-cafe/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> চুদোৰীৰ ছোট গল্প সংকলন ''Monsoon Tiger and Other Stories'' (২০১৩)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Monsoon tiger and other Stories: From woman for women|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/01/04/monsoon-tiger-and-other-stories-from-woman-women.html|access-date=2019-02-04|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en}}</ref> ২০১৫ চনত জাকাৰ্টাত উন্মোচন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|title=Monsoon tiger and other Stories: From woman for women|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/01/04/monsoon-tiger-and-other-stories-from-woman-women.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en}}</ref> এই কিতাপখন ২০১৮ চনত ''Biru dan Kisah-Kisah Lainnya'' শীৰ্ষক ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষালৈ অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-08|title=Rain Chudori: Terjun Langsung Mengembangkan Industri Sastra|url=http://crafters.getcraft.com/id/rain-chudori-terjun-langsung-dan-mengembangkan-industri-sastra/|access-date=2019-02-04|website=Crafters|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-02-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204122328/http://crafters.getcraft.com/id/rain-chudori-terjun-langsung-dan-mengembangkan-industri-sastra/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তেওঁৰ দ্বিতীয়খন কিতাপ, ''Imaginary City'' নামৰ এখন উপন্যাস, ২০১৭ চনত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shaidra|first=Aisha|date=2017-10-18|title=Imaginary City, Novel Pertama Rain Chudori|url=https://seleb.tempo.co/read/1025888/imaginary-city-novel-pertama-rain-chudori|access-date=2019-02-04|website=Tempo|language=en}}</ref> চুদোৰী হৈছে Peron House নামৰ এখন প্ৰকাশন উদ্যোগৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক আৰু Penerbit KPG (Kompas, Gramedia)-ৰ অধীনস্থ Comma Books নামৰ প্ৰকাশন শাখাৰ কিউৰেটৰ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/12/15/rain-chudori-rattling-cages-with-comma-books.html|title=Rain Chudori: Rattling cages with Comma Books|last=Heriyanto|first=Devina|date=|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-05-01}}</ref> তেওঁ ২০১৫ চনত ফ্ৰাংকফুৰ্ট বই মেলাত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পুস্তক সমিতিৰ অনুবাদ বাছনি, আৰু ২০১৮ আৰু ২০১৯ চনত লণ্ডন বই মেলাত LitRi অনুদান লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://islandsofimagination.id/web/articles/translation-funding-program|title=Translation Funding Program {{!}} Islands of Imagination|website=islandsofimagination.id|access-date=2019-02-04|archivedate=2019-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424041733/http://islandsofimagination.id/web/articles/translation-funding-program|deadurl=yes}}</ref> তেওঁ The Jakarta Post, The Jakarta Globe, Tempo, Salihara, VICE, Whiteboard Journal, Portside Review,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of The Soul - Editorial by Rain Chudori |url=https://www.portsidereview.com/of-the-soul |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Portside Review |language=en-US}}</ref> The Letters Page, আৰু Kill Your Darlings-ত লিখা প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। তেওঁ Ubud Writers and Readers Festival,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rain Chudori, UWRF |url=https://www.ubudwritersfestival.com/rain-chudori-2/}}</ref> Singapore Writers Festival,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore Writers Festival 2020: More headliners and programme highlights to catch |url=https://www.esquiresg.com/singapore-writers-festival-2020-digital-navigating-intimacy-headliners-programme-highlights-to-catch-virtual/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |archivedate=2022-11-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129205420/https://www.esquiresg.com/singapore-writers-festival-2020-digital-navigating-intimacy-headliners-programme-highlights-to-catch-virtual/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Brahmaputra Literary Festival,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Authors From Across The Globe Meet At Brahmaputra Literary Festival |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/society-news-authors-from-across-the-globe-meet-at-brahmaputra-literary-festival/325180}}</ref> আদিত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছে। চুদোৰী ''Rocket Rain'' নামৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছিল, যিটো Jogja-Netpac চলচ্চিত্ৰ উৎসৱত মনোনীত হৈছিল আৰু Geber Award লাভ কৰিছিল। এই চলচ্চিত্ৰখন Apresiasi Film Indonesia-ত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ নন-চিনেমা ফিচাৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰিচালক শ্ৰেণীত মনোনীত হৈছিল। চুদোৰীক Piala Maya Indonesia-ৰ পৰা শ্ৰেষ্ঠ নতুন অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে মনোনীত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hot.detik.com/movie/d-2766573/ini-nominasi-piala-maya-2014|title=Ini Nominasi Piala Maya 2014|website=detikhot|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref> ২০১৭ চনত তেওঁ ''Galih dan Ratna'' চলচ্চিত্ৰত এটা ভূমিকাত অভিনয় কৰিছিল। ==গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী== * ''মনছুন টাইগাৰ এণ্ড আদাৰ ষ্ট'ৰিচ'' (২০১৫)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20151221192600-241-99708/monsoon-tiger-and-other-stories-kedewasaan-gadis-14-tahun|title='Monsoon Tiger and Other Stories,' Kedewasaan Gadis 14 Tahun|last=Priherdityo|first=Endro|website=hiburan|language=en|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref> * ''ইমেজিনাৰি ছিটি'' (২০১৮)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_asia/article/kz79yv/read-an-excerpt-from-rain-chudoris-new-novel-an-imaginary-city|title=Read an Excerpt from Rain Chudori's New Novel 'An Imaginary City'|last1=Chudori|first1=Rain|last2=Marsha|first2=Alia|date=2017-10-09|website=Vice|language=en-asia|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref> * ''Biru dan Kisah-Kisah Lainnya'' (নীলা আৰু অন্যান্য কাহিনী) (২০১৮) * ''ইমেজিনাৰি ছিটি: এ ভিজুৱেল নৱেল (২০২২)'' ==ফিল্মগ্ৰাফী== * ''ৰকেট ৰেইন'' (২০১২) * ''গালিহ দান ৰত্না'' (গালিহ আৰু ৰত্ন) (২০১৭) ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:লেখিকা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান অভিনেত্ৰী]] 4h3fudcdwx0ipxo1qnaz1apce7jlghy 0 117950 518722 499158 2025-06-17T05:26:46Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = ৰিৱায়ত | image = Riwayat.jpg | alt = | caption = Poster | director = [[বিজয় পাটকাৰ]] | producer = সঞ্জয় পাটোলে<br>[[অজয় ৰাণে]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/indian-origin-professor-ajay-rane-conferred-with-order-of-australia-medal-190134481.html | title=Indian-origin Professor Ajay Rane Conferred With Order of Australia Medal | publisher=PR News | work=Newsdesk | date=7 February 2013 | accessdate=5 February 2016}}</ref> | writer = অজয় পাটোলে<br>সঞ্জয় পাটোলে<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Its-tough-dealing-with-reality-Dr-Sanjay-Patole/articleshow/16503119.cms | title=It's tough dealing with reality: Dr Sanjay Patole | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=[[The Times Group]] | date=23 September 2012 | accessdate=5 February 2016 | author=Mohd. Salman Khan}}</ref> | starring = {{ubl|[[খালিদ ছিদ্দিকী]]|[[সমাপিকা দেৱনাথ]]|[[Saurabh Dubey (actor)|সৌৰভ ডুবে]]|[[ছালিল অংকোলা]]}} | music = সুশীল লালজী | cinematography = সুৰেশ সুবৰ্ণ | editing = দীনেশ মেংগাদে | studio = হৰাইজন ফিল্মছ প্ৰাইভেট লিমিটেড | distributor = | released = {{film date|2010|05|08|মনাকো চেৰিটি ফিল্ম ফেষ্টিভেল|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/adupont/docs/brochure_version_longue_web|title=MONACO CHARITY FILM FESTIVAL BROCHURE 2010|work=Issuu|date=7 April 2010|accessdate=29 June 2020|archivedate=15 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915081537/https://issuu.com/adupont/docs/brochure_version_longue_web|deadurl=yes}}</ref>|2012|9|7|ভাৰত}} | runtime = ১২২ মিনিট<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/movie/147148/riwayat | title=Riwayat | work=[[The Guardian]] | accessdate=5 February 2016}}</ref> | country = ভাৰত | language = হিন্দী | budget = | gross = }} '''ৰিৱায়ত''' ({{lang-en|Riwayat}}) (অনুবাদঃ পৰম্পৰা) হ'ল ২০১০ চনত বিজয় পাটকাৰৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত আৰু অজয় ৰানে আৰু সঞ্জয় পাটোলেৰ প্ৰযোজনাত নিৰ্মিত এখন ভাৰতীয় বোলছবি।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/riwayat-a-film-on-female-foeticide-by-doctors-news-national-mjdsatadceasi.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205170024/http://www.sify.com/movies/riwayat-a-film-on-female-foeticide-by-doctors-news-national-mjdsatadceasi.html|archivedate=5 February 2016|title='Riwayat' a film on female foeticide by doctors|work=[[Sify]]|date=3 September 2012|accessdate=5 February 2016|last=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> ছবিখনত মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছে খালিদ ছিদ্দিকী, সমপিকা দেৱনাথ, সৌৰভ ডুবে আৰু সলিল অংকোলাই। ছবিখন [[ভাৰতত কন্যা ভ্ৰুণ হত্যা|ভাৰতত কন্যা ভ্ৰূণহত্যা]] বিষয়ৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হোৱা ছবিখনে কেইবাটাও আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বঁটা লাভ কৰে। == অভিনয়ত == * ৰাজা দেশাই হিচাপে খালিদ ছিদ্দিকী * অনিতা দেশাই হিচাপে সামপিকা দেৱনাথ * দীপক দেশাই হিচাপে সলিল অংকোলা * সৌৰভ ডুবে-শেঠ গিৰ্ধৰ দেশাই (ৰাজা আৰু দীপকৰ পিতৃ) * কবীৰ হিচাপে নৰেন্দ্ৰ ঝা * গংগাৰাম হিচাপে আদিত্য লাখিয়া * ছায়াজী শ্বিন্দে * [[বিক্ৰমজিৎ কঁৱৰপাল|বিক্ৰমজিৎ কানৱাৰপাল]] * অচিন্ত কৌৰ * ৰাজেন্দ্ৰ গুপ্তা * ৰাধাৰ চৰিত্ৰত গৌৰী কুলকাৰ্ণী == সমালোচনামূলক অভ্যৰ্থনা == ছবিখনে লাভ কৰিছিল মিশ্ৰিত সমালোচনা। দ্য টাইমছ অৱ ইণ্ডিয়াৰ পৰা সৃজনা দাস মিত্ৰই ছবিখনক ৫ৰ ভিতৰত ২ ৰেটিং দি অভিনয়ক প্ৰশংসা কৰে আৰু সমালোচনা কৰে যে ছবিখনে "কেৱল বিষয়টোৰ ওপৰত আলোকপাত কৰা উচিত আছিল।" <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Riwayat/movie-review/16297407.cms|title=Riwayat Movie Review|publisher=[[Times of India]]|work=[[The Times Group]]|date=7 September 2012|accessdate=4 February 2016|last=Srijana Das Mitra}}</ref> মিড-ডেৰ শ্বাহীন পাৰ্কাৰে ৫ৰ ভিতৰত ১.৫ ৰেটিং পোৱা ছবিখনৰ কাহিনী আৰু পৰিচালনাক সমালোচনা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/movie-review-riwayat/180543|title=Movie review: Riwayat|publisher=[[Mid-Day]]|date=8 September 2012|accessdate=5 February 2016|last=Shaheen Parker}}</ref> == প্ৰশংসা == মনাকো চেৰিটি আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ, কান চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ, কায়ৰো আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ, টালিন ব্লেক নাইটছ চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ, চিনেফেষ্টঅ’জেড, ভাৰতৰ বিভিন্ন চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱকে ধৰি বহু চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত এই ছবিখন আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে নিৰ্বাচিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/cairo-international-film-festival.htm|title=Cairo International Film Festival|publisher=[[Cairo International Film Festival]]|date=2010|accessdate=5 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="festts">{{Cite web|url=http://indyanews.in/riwayat-when-traditions-kill/|title=RIWAYAT- When traditions kill|publisher=IndyaNews|date=18 August 2012|accessdate=5 February 2016}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> চলচ্চিত্ৰখনে বিভিন্ন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱত পাঁচটা বঁটা লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/city-anchor-film-on-female-foeticide-by-australiabased-docs-out-next-month/990574/|title=city anchor: Film on female foeticide by Australia-based docs out next month|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|work=[[Indian Express Group]]|date=20 August 2012|accessdate=5 February 2016|last=Garima Mishra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/previews/Riwayat/articleshow/15389207.cms|title=Riwayat - TOI|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|work=[[The Times Group]]|date=7 August 2012|accessdate=5 February 2016|last=TNN}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! বঁটা প্ৰদান ! অনুষ্ঠান ! ফলাফল ! প্ৰসংগ (ছ) |- |উৎকৃষ্টতাৰ বাবে বঁটা |প্ৰশংসা প্ৰতিযোগিতা| বিজয়ী |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://accoladecompetition.org/past-winners/august-2010/|title=Winners of August 2010|publisher=The Accolade Competition|date=2010|accessdate=5 February 2016|archivedate=5 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205181154/http://accoladecompetition.org/past-winners/august-2010/|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |- |বিশেষ জুৰী বঁটা |মোনাকো দাতব্য আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ|বিজয়ী |<ref name="festts"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/doctor-sanjay-patole-writes-script-for-indias-national-ill/story-e6frgcjx-1225874174684|title=Doctor Sanjay Patole writes script for India's national ill|publisher=[[The Australian]]|date=2 June 2010|accessdate=5 February 2016}}</ref> |- |জুৰী বঁটা (কেনেছ চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ) |কান চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ|বিজয়ী |<ref name="festts"/> |- |শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহ-অভিনেত্ৰী-গৌৰী কুলকাৰ্ণী |মেভেৰিক চলচ্চিত্ৰ বঁটা|বিজয়ী |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maverickmovieawards.com/2010.html|title=2010 Maverick Movie Awards|publisher=[[Maverick Movie Awards]]|date=2010|accessdate=5 February 2016|archivedate=24 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324061813/http://www.maverickmovieawards.com/2010.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |- |বিশ্ব প্ৰিমিয়াৰৰ সৈতে আগন্তুক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবে য়েলো ৰোজ বঁটা-বিজয় পাটকাৰ |জয়পুৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ মহোৎসৱ|বিজয়ী |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/external_clips/191906/50fa2dbfad8a5RED-CARPET-FINAL-PR.doc.pdf|title=3rd Jaipur International Film Festival 27-30 January, 2011|publisher=Jaipur International Film Festival|date=2011|accessdate=5 February 2016}}</ref> |} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ নাৰী সম্পৰ্কীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:২০১০ বৰ্ষৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] 591qcomjhe49fuzdi6iyrmnbq3t4aii 0 119792 518690 499113 2025-06-16T20:29:37Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518690 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ভিভিয়ান অনানো''' ({{Lang-en|Vivian Onano}})(জন্ম-১৯৯১) কেনিয়াৰ এগৰাকী আফ্ৰিকান সমাজকৰ্মী আৰু সামাজিক উদ্যোগী যি আফ্ৰিকাত ছোৱালীৰ শিক্ষা আৰু [[বাল্য বিবাহ|বাল্যবিবাহ]]ৰ অন্ত পেলোৱাৰ পোষকতা কৰে। যুৱক-যুৱতী, মহিলা আৰু অক্ষম ব্যক্তিৰ বাবে উপযুক্ত সুযোগ প্ৰদান কৰি দৰিদ্ৰতা দূৰ কৰাৰ লক্ষ্যৰে লিডিং লাইট ইনিচিয়েটিভৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপক আৰু পৰিচালক।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Leadership Series |url=https://teachforall.org/africa-leadership-series |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Teach For All |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-15 |title=Vivian Onano - Global Citizen Forum |url=https://www.globalcitizenforum.org/speakers2/vivian-onano/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Global Citizen Forum |language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vivian Onano |url=https://womendeliver.org/classmember/vivian-onano/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Women Deliver |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-09 |title=Kenyan Vivian Onano promotes girls access to education |url=https://www.businessghana.com/site/news/general/260434/Kenyan-Vivian-Onano-promotes-girls-access-to-education |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=BusinessGhana}}</ref> == শিক্ষা == ভিভিয়ানে উইচকনচিনৰ কেনোছাৰ কাৰ্থেজ কলেজত উচ্চ শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰে<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bisciglia |first=Sandra |date=2016-02-16 |title=Vivian Onano ’14 speaks on “The Power of a Dream” TODAY |url=https://www.carthage.edu/live/news/9522-vivian-onano-14-speaks-on-the-power-of-a-dream |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Carthage College |language=en}}</ref> য'ত তেওঁ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰে আৰু পেৰিছৰ বিজ্ঞান প'ৰ পৰা জনসংযোগত স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী লাভ কৰি শৈক্ষিক সাধনা আগবঢ়ায়।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-20 |title=The Role of Education in Upholding Universal Values |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/fr/evenements/the-role-of-education-in-upholding-universal-values |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Sciences Po |language=fr}}</ref> তেওঁৰ শৈক্ষিক পটভূমিয়ে তেওঁক জটিল সামাজিক আৰু উন্নয়নমূলক প্ৰত্যাহ্বানসমূহৰ সৈতে মোকাবিলা কৰিবলৈ প্ৰয়োজনীয় জ্ঞান আৰু দক্ষতাৰে সজ্জিত কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vivian Onano |url=https://www.wise-qatar.org/biography/vivian-onano/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=WISE |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vivian Onano {{!}} Eurafrican Forum |url=https://www.eurafricanforum.org/contributors-2022/vivian-onano/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == কৰ্মজীৱন == ভিভিয়ানক ২০১৪ চনৰ পৰা ২০১৬ চনলৈকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ মহিলা গ্ল’বেল চিভিল ছ’চাইটি এডভাইজাৰী গ্ৰুপৰ যুৱ উপদেষ্টা হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়৷ ২০১৯ চনত তেওঁ ইউনেস্ক’ৰ বাবে গ্ল’বেল এডুকেশ্যন মনিটৰিং ৰিপ’ৰ্টৰ যুৱ উপদেষ্টা হিচাপে নিযুক্তি লাভ কৰে,<ref>{{Citation |title=International Day of Persons with Disabilities Podcast |url=https://soundcloud.com/gem-report-unesco/idpd-podcast |access-date=2024-04-17 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-17 |title=26th Session of the Youth Assembly Virtual |url=https://www.gcedclearinghouse.org/ru/node/81356?language=ru |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=GCED Clearinghouse |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Women Experts |url=http://africawomenexperts.com/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=africawomenexperts.com}}</ref> তেওঁ বিশ্ব মানৱীয় মঞ্চ যুৱ পৰিষদৰ সদস্য, কনকৰ্ডিয়া আফ্ৰিকাৰ উপদেষ্টা, আৰু উপ-সভাপতি গ্ল’বেল যুৱ সবলীকৰণ পুঁজি। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vivian Onano |url=https://www.concordia.net/community/vivian-onano/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Concordia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/accounts/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instagram.com%2Fvivianonano%2F%3Figsh%3DMzRlODBiNWFlZA%253D%253D&is_from_rle |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> তেওঁৰ বিশেষজ্ঞতা শিক্ষা, লিংগ সমতা, যুৱ সবলীকৰণ, আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উন্নয়নৰ দৰে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বিশ্বব্যাপী বিষয়সমূহৰ ওপৰত ৰাজহুৱা ভাষণ দিয়ালৈকে বিস্তৃত। ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ সাধাৰণ পৰিষদ, বিশ্ব মানৱীয় মঞ্চ, আফ্ৰেক্সিমবাংক বাৰ্ষিক মঞ্চ, ৰেইকজাভিক গ্ল’বেল ফ’ৰাম, আফ্ৰিকা বিজনেছ ফ’ৰাম, ফৰ্বছ মহিলা আফ্ৰিকা আঞ্চলিক মঞ্চ, শিক্ষাৰ বাবে বিশ্ব উদ্ভাৱন সন্মিলন, কনকৰ্ডিয়া সন্মিলন, ইউৰআফ্ৰিকান মঞ্চ আৰু ক্লিণ্টন গ্ল’বেল ইনিচিয়েটিভত তেওঁ প্ৰভাৱশালী ভাষণ প্ৰদান কৰিছে।. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-05 |title=Vivian Onano is on top of the world at only 24 |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/lifestyle/vivian-onano-is-on-top-of-the-world-at-only-24--1118060 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Youth Flash March 2015 {{!}} United Nations For Youth |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/youth-flash-march-2015.html |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=www.un.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Onano |first=Vivian |date=2020-10-09 |title=Just 2% of the poorest rural girls complete secondary education |url=https://africanarguments.org/2020/10/just-2-of-the-poorest-rural-girls-complete-secondary-education/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=African Arguments |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-13 |title=Vivian Onano & Talimka Yordanova attend the Global Citizen Forum’s... |url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/vivian-onano-talimka-yordanova-attend-the-global-citizen-news-photo/1358779427 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Getty Images |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Young People Must Be at Centre of Sustainable Development Agenda, Speakers Say, as General Assembly Marks Anniversary of World Programme of Action for Youth {{!}} Meetings Coverage and Press Releases |url=https://press.un.org/en/2015/ga11648.doc.htm |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=press.un.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonnella-Platts |first=Natalie |date=2018-10-06 |title=African first ladies leading the way |url=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2018/oct/06/african-first-ladies-leading-the-way/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Las Vegas Sun}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Global Partnership for Education - GPE |title=Vivian Adhiambo Onano Women & Girls Advocate, Kenya |date=2017-03-02 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/gpforeducation/33051960502/ |access-date=2024-04-17}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:কেনিয়াৰ নাৰী অধিকাৰ কৰ্মী]] euqcihd64px9tozy1dime9vvm6rz7al 0 120798 518704 509696 2025-06-17T00:41:25Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ | image = Shyla Stylez AVN 2010 2.jpg | caption = ২০১০ চনত শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ | birth_name = আমাণ্ডা হাৰ্ডি | birth_date = {{Birth date|1982|9|23}} | birth_place = আৰ্মষ্ট্ৰং, ব্ৰিটিছ কলম্বিয়া, কানাডা | death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|11|9|1982|9|2}} | death_place = আৰ্মষ্ট্ৰং, ব্ৰিটিছ কলম্বিয়া, কানাডা | nationality = কানাডিয়ান | alias = শ্বাইলা, আমাণ্ডা অক্লেয়াৰ, শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলছ, শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেক্স, আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডলেণ্ড | height = ৫ ফুট ৩ ইন্সি (১৬০ ছে.মি.)<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Miller|first=Dan|date=May 29, 2010|url=http://business.avn.com/articles/technology/Cybersiren-of-the-Month-Shyla-Stylez-398156.html|title=Cybersiren of the Month: Shyla Stylez|magazine=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]|access-date=December 19, 2015|archive-date=December 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222152941/http://business.avn.com/articles/technology/Cybersiren-of-the-Month-Shyla-Stylez-398156.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=December 22, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222152941/http://business.avn.com/articles/technology/Cybersiren-of-the-Month-Shyla-Stylez-398156.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> | website = }} '''আমাণ্ডা ফ্ৰাইডমেন''' (''আৰ্মষ্ট্ৰং'', ২৩ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ ১৯৮২ – ৯ নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৭), '''শ্বাইলা ষ্টাইলেজ''' নামেৰে বেছি পৰিচিত, এগৰাকী কানাডাৰ [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনয় শিল্পী|পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী]] আৰু মডেল আছিল। == জীৱন তথা কাৰ্যজীৱন == শাইলা ষ্টাইলজে কৈশোৰ কালৰে পৰা পৰ্নোগ্ৰাফি উদ্যোগত প্ৰৱেশৰ আগ্ৰহ দেখুৱাইছিল আৰু পাছত ভেঙ্কুভাৰলৈ স্থানান্তৰিত হয়। তাত তেওঁ এখন ষ্ট্ৰিপ ক্লাবত নৃত্যশিল্পী হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল আৰু লগতে এখন ৱেবকেম মডেল হিচাপেও কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিছিল। লগতে, ''হাষ্টলাৰ'' আৰু ''স্বেংক'' আদি প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক সাময়িকীসমূহত নগ্ন আলোকচিত্ৰ প্ৰকাশ পায়। অৱসৰৰ সময়ত তেওঁ ইমেইল আৰু ফোনযোগে বিভিন্ন ষ্টুডিঅ'ৰ সৈতে যোগাযোগ স্থাপন কৰি কিদৰে চলচ্চিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিব পাৰি সেই বিষয়ে জানিব খুজিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOK_Y0N0O1s|title=Q & A with ZT Doll Shyla Stylez|website=YouTube|date=April 21, 2011|access-date=January 9, 2012|archive-date=August 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808191628/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOK_Y0N0O1s|url-status=dead}}</ref> তেওঁ ২০০১ চনত প্ৰথমটো প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক দৃশ্যত অভিনয় কৰিছিল আৰু ২০০৩ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে এভিএন বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন লাভ কৰিছিল, য’ত “সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ নতুন অভিনেত্ৰী” শ্ৰেণীতো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।<ref name=":0" /> ষ্টাইলজৰ নাম এটা যৌন কেলেংকাৰীতো জড়িত আছিল, য’ত তেওঁ অৰেঞ্জ কাউণ্টীৰ উপ-পুলিচ অধীক্ষক জৰ্জ জাৰামিল্লোৰ সৈতে বহু যৌন সম্পৰ্ক স্থাপন কৰিছিল বুলি উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।<ref name="Moxley">{{cite news|last=Moxley|first=R. Scott|date=May 26, 2005 |url=http://www.ocweekly.com/2005-05-26/features/internal-affairs |title=Internal Affairs|work=OC Weekly|access-date=April 11, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922012718/http://www.ocweekly.com/2005-05-26/features/internal-affairs/|archive-date=September 22, 2008}}</ref> ষ্টাইলজে জিল কেলী প্ৰডাকশ্যনছৰ সৈতে এক্সক্লুছিভ কণ্ট্ৰেক্ট স্বাক্ষৰ কৰিছিল আৰু তাৰপাছত ২০০২ চনৰ ২৫ অক্টোবৰত কোম্পানীটোৰ সিইঅ' বব ফ্ৰিডলেণ্ডক বিবাহ কৰিছিল। এই দম্পতীটো ২০০৩ চনৰ আগষ্টত বিবাহ বিচ্ছেদ কৰে।<ref name="Pardon">{{cite news|last=Pardon|first=Rhett |date=November 10, 2017|url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/231669/adult-film-star-shyla-stylez-passes-away|title=Adult Star Shyla Stylez Passes Away|work=XBIZ|access-date=November 20, 2017}}</ref> ২০০৫ চনৰ আগষ্টত জিল কেলী প্ৰডাকশ্যনছ দেউলিয়া ঘোষণা কৰে।<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://avn.com/avnid/jill-kelly-productions-63652.html|title=Jill Kelly Productions |magazine=AVN|access-date=November 20, 2017}}</ref> ষ্টাইলজে তাৰ পাছৰ বছৰটোতেই পুনৰ হাৰ্ডকোৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰত অভিনয় আৰম্ভ কৰে।<ref name=":0" /> তেওঁ ২০০৭ চনৰ এক্স আৰ চি' বঁটাত “বেষ্ট কামব্যাক” শ্ৰেণীত মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2 March 2007 |title=XRCO 2006 Nominations Announced AVN |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/xrco-2006-nominations-announced-30233.html |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=AVN}}</ref> সেই একে বছৰত তেওঁ লছ এঞ্জেলছৰ “আন-ৱায়াৰ্ড টিভি” নামৰ স্বতন্ত্ৰ টিভি অনুষ্ঠানটোত পৰিচালক হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un-wiredtv.com |title=UN Wire Television |date=February 25, 2008 |access-date=March 15, 2008 |archive-date=March 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323113713/http://www.un-wiredtv.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shylastylez.ca/news.html|title=Latest Shyla Stylez News|website=ShylaStylez.ca|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529132932/http://www.shylastylez.ca/news.html|archive-date=May 29, 2008|access-date=April 5, 2025|archivedate=March 11, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311194644/http://www.shylastylez.ca/news.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ২০০৮ চনত, ষ্টাইলজে এভিএন বঁটাৰ “সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহ-অভিনেত্ৰী” শ্ৰেণীত মনোনীত হৈছিল।<ref name="2008AVN" /> তাৰ পাছৰ বছৰত তেওঁ এক্সবিজ বঁটাৰ “ফিমেল পাৰফৰ্মাৰ অফ দ্য ইয়েৰ” শ্ৰেণীত মনোনীত হয়। লগতে, ''কাৰ্ভি গাৰ্লছ'', ''ফুল ষ্ট্ৰিমছ এহেড'' আৰু ''পাইৰেটছ টু'' চলচ্চিত্ৰসমূহত তেওঁৰ অভিনয়ৰ বাবে এভিএন বঁটাতো মনোনয়ন লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name=":4" /><ref name="AVN09" /> ২০০৯ চনৰ ৩০ জুলাইত, তেওঁ “দ্য হাৱাৰ্ড ষ্টাৰ্ন শ্ব’”ত গিয়ানা মাইকেলচৰ সৈতে অতিথি হিচাপে অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। ২০১০ চনত, ''মেক্সিম'' আলোচনীয়াই তেওঁক পৰ্ন উদ্যোগৰ ১২জন শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মহিলা তাৰকাসকলৰ ভিতৰত স্থান দিছিল।<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/video/Maxim-U-K-Names-Top-12-Porn-Stars-400571.html |title=Maxim U.K. Names Top 12 Porn Stars |magazine=AVN |date=June 18, 2010 |access-date=January 9, 2012 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043858/http://business.avn.com/articles/video/Maxim-U-K-Names-Top-12-Porn-Stars-400571.html |url-status=dead |archivedate=March 4, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043858/http://business.avn.com/articles/video/Maxim-U-K-Names-Top-12-Porn-Stars-400571.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ষ্টাইলজ ২০১১ আৰু ২০১৬ চনত যথাক্ৰমে আৰ্বান এক্স বঁটা আৰু এভিএন হল অফ ফেমত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /> তেওঁ ২০১৬ চনত পৰ্ন উদ্যোগৰ পৰা অৱসৰ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref name=":0" /> == মৃত্যু == ষ্টাইলজ ২০১৭ চনৰ ৯ নৱেম্বৰত, কানাডাৰ ব্ৰিটিছ কলম্বিয়াৰ অ্যাবটছফৰ্ডস্থিত নিজৰ ঘৰতে ৩৫ বছৰ বয়সত মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰে।<ref name="Pardon" /> তেওঁৰ মাতৃয়ে সংবাদ মাধ্যমলৈ জনোৱা অনুসৰি, তেওঁ ৰাতিপুৱা শুই থকা অৱস্থাত মৃত্যু হোৱা অৱস্থাত পোৱা যায়।<ref name="Cosmopolitan">{{cite web |last=Ravitz |first=Justin |date=November 13, 2017 |title=Adult Film Actress Shyla Stylez Dies at 35 |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/a13468570/shyla-stylez-porn-star-dead/ |website=Cosmopolitan |access-date=January 9, 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> মৃত্যুৰ সঠিক কাৰণ প্ৰকাশ কৰা হোৱা নাছিল।<ref name="Pardon" /> == বঁটা আৰু মনোনয়ন == * ২০০৩ চনৰ AVN বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ নতুন তাৰকা<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avnawards.com/nominees.shtml |title=This Year's Nominees|website=AVN Awards |access-date=January 9, 2012 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021127014135/http://www.avnawards.com/nominees.shtml |archive-date=November 27, 2002}}</ref> * ২০০৩ চনৰ AVN বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গোট যৌন দৃশ্য, ভিডিঅ’ – ''Ass Worship 2''<ref name="Program">{{cite magazine |date=January 11, 2003 |title=20th Anniversary AVN Awards |magazine=The 2003 AVN Awards Show program |publisher=AVN Publications, Inc. |location=Chatsworth, California}}</ref> * ২০০৩ চনৰ XRCO বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ তিনিজনৰ যৌন দৃশ্য – ''The Gangbang Girl 34''<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Belladonna Dominates XRCO Nominations AVN |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/belladonna-dominates-xrco-nominations-32631.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=AVN}}</ref> * ২০০৩ চনৰ XRCO বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গোট দৃশ্য – ''Balls Deep 4''<ref name=":6" /> * ২০০৪ চনৰ AVN বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অল-গাৰ্ল যৌন দৃশ্য, ভিডিঅ’ – ''When The Boyz Are Away, The Girlz Will Play 8''<ref name="Nominations">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Trent |date=December 1, 2003 |title=AVN Award Nominations Released; Winners Announced Jan. 10 in Vegas |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/video/I-AVN-i-Award-Nominations-Released-Winners-Annouced-Jan-10-in-Vegas-37194.html |access-date=January 22, 2016 |website=Adult Video News |publisher=AVN Media Network |archive-date=January 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128064902/http://business.avn.com/articles/video/I-AVN-i-Award-Nominations-Released-Winners-Annouced-Jan-10-in-Vegas-37194.html |url-status=dead |archivedate=January 28, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128064902/http://business.avn.com/articles/video/I-AVN-i-Award-Nominations-Released-Winners-Annouced-Jan-10-in-Vegas-37194.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> * ২০০৭ চনৰ AVN বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অল-গাৰ্ল যৌন দৃশ্য, ভিডিঅ’ – ''Girlvana 2''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.excaliburfilms.com/excal/avn/2007avnnominations_mc.htm |title=Adult Video News Nominations for 2007 |website=Excalibur Films |access-date=January 9, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530183135/http://www.excaliburfilms.com/excal/avn/2007avnnominations_mc.htm |archive-date=May 30, 2012 |archivedate=May 30, 2012 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120530183135/http://www.excaliburfilms.com/excal/avn/2007avnnominations_mc.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> * ২০০৭ চনৰ XRCO বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন – বেষ্ট কামবেক (Best Cumback)<ref name=":2" /> * ২০০৮ চনৰ AVN বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সহ-অভিনেত্ৰী, ভিডিঅ’ – ''Coming Home''<ref name="2008AVN">{{cite magazine|last=Rutter|first=Jared|date=November 27, 2007|url=http://business.avn.com/articles/3060.html|title=Nominations for 25th Anniversary AVN Awards Announced|magazine=AVN|access-date=February 18, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809102020/http://business.avn.com/articles/3060.html|archive-date=August 9, 2009|archivedate=August 9, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809102020/http://business.avn.com/articles/3060.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> * ২০০৮ চনৰ AVN বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ইণ্টাৰেক্টিভ DVD – ''My Plaything: Shyla Stylez''<ref name="2008AVN" /> * ২০০৯ চনৰ AVN বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ টিজ (Tease) পৰিৱেশন – ''Curvy Girls''<ref name="AVN09">{{cite web|title=Nominations 2009 AVN Adult Movie Awards |website=AVN Awards |url=http://avnawards.com/pdf/2009_AVN_NOMINATIONS_11_25_08.pdf |date=November 25, 2008 |access-date=November 26, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327184833/http://avnawards.com/pdf/2009_AVN_NOMINATIONS_11_25_08.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2009}}</ref> * ২০০৯ চনৰ AVN বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ POV যৌন দৃশ্য – ''Full Streams Ahead''<ref name="AVN09" /> * ২০০৯ চনৰ AVN বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ গোট যৌন দৃশ্য – ''Pirates II''<ref name="AVN09" /> * ২০০৯ চনৰ XBIZ বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন – বৰ্ষৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মহিলা পৰিৱেশক<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Tod |date=2008-12-03 |title=XBIZ Awards 2009 Official Nominees Announced |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/102373/xbiz-awards-2009-official-nominees-announced |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=XBIZ |language=en}}</ref> * ২০১০ চনৰ AVN বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ POV যৌন দৃশ্য – ''Jack's POV 12''<ref>{{cite magazine |title=2010 Nominees |magazine=AVN |url=http://avnawards.avn.com/about/nominees.html |access-date=November 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026142002/http://avnawards.avn.com/about/nominees.html |archive-date=October 26, 2009 |archivedate=October 26, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026142002/http://avnawards.avn.com/about/nominees.html |deadurl=yes }}</ref> * ২০১১ চনৰ AVN বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ এনেল যৌন দৃশ্য – ''Big Butts Like It Big 6''<ref name=":3">{{cite magazine |title=2011 AVN Award Nominations |url=http://avnawards.avn.com/2011_nominations2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329112839/http://avnawards.avn.com/2011_nominations2.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |access-date=September 4, 2018 |magazine=AVN |archivedate=December 15, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215000902/http://avnawards.avn.com/2011_nominations2.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> * ২০১১ চনৰ AVN বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ তিনিজনৰ যৌন দৃশ্য – ''Pornstar Workout 2''<ref name=":3" /> * ২০১১ চনৰ XRCO বঁটাৰ মনোনয়ন – অৰ্গাজমিক এনেলিষ্ট<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Dan |date=2011-02-22 |title=2011 XRCO Award Nominations Announced |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/130914/2011-xrco-award-nominations-announced |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=XBIZ |language=en}}</ref> * ২০১১ চনৰ Urban X বঁটা – হল অফ ফেম<ref name=":5">{{cite web|title=Urban X Awards Hall of Fame 2011|url=http://www.urbanxawards.com/urbanxongoing/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52&Itemid=66|publisher=Urban X Awards|access-date=July 23, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501075946/http://www.urbanxawards.com/urbanxongoing/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52&Itemid=66|archive-date=May 1, 2012|url-status=dead|archivedate=September 2, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902083010/http://www.urbanxawards.com/urbanxongoing/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52&Itemid=66|deadurl=yes}}</ref> * ২০১৬ চনৰ AVN হল অফ ফেম অন্তৰ্ভুক্তি<ref name=":1">{{cite magazine|last=Blocks|first=Iris|date=December 18, 2015|url=http://business.avn.com/articles/video/Class-of-2016-The-AVN-Hall-of-Fame-Inductees-615710.html|title=Class of 2016: The AVN Hall of Fame Inductees|magazine=AVN|access-date=December 19, 2015|archive-date=February 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210090726/http://business.avn.com/articles/video/Class-of-2016-The-AVN-Hall-of-Fame-Inductees-615710.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=February 10, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210090726/http://business.avn.com/articles/video/Class-of-2016-The-AVN-Hall-of-Fame-Inductees-615710.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== * {{IMDb name|1138135|Shyla Stylez}} ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] ewjbn9rhtjwl2u2uuqkeey6ld5zmnta 0 121041 518586 503927 2025-06-16T17:33:30Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518586 wikitext text/x-wiki '''বিশ্ব কলা দিৱস''' ({{Lang-en|World Art Day}}) হৈছে [[কলা|সুকুমাৰ কলা]]ৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদযাপন যিটো বিশ্বজুৰি সৃষ্টিশীল কাৰ্যকলাপৰ প্ৰতি সজাগতা বৃদ্ধিৰ উদ্দেশ্যে ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল এছ’চিয়েচন অৱ আৰ্ট (IAA)য়ে ঘোষণা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ownpage">{{Cite web|title=Why World Art Day?|publisher=International Association of Art|url=http://iaaworldartday.com/why-wad/|accessdate=February 10, 2014|archivedate=December 25, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225154413/http://iaaworldartday.com/why-wad/|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name="sciencelens">{{Cite news|location=New Zealand|date=April 7, 2013|url=http://sciencelens.co.nz/2013/04/15/world-art-day/}}</ref> == প্ৰতিষ্ঠা == গুৱাডালাজাৰাত অনুষ্ঠিত ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল এছ’চিয়েচন অৱ আৰ্টৰ ১৭তম সাধাৰণ সভাত [[১৫ এপ্ৰিল]]ক বিশ্ব কলা দিৱস হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ দাখিল কৰা হয় আৰু ২০১২ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে এই দিৱস পালন কৰা হয়। এই প্ৰস্তাৱ [[তুৰস্ক]]ৰ বেড্ৰি বায়কামে পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা কৰিছিল আৰু [[মেক্সিকো]]ৰ ৰোজা মাৰিলো বুৰিলো ভেলাস্কো, [[ফ্ৰান্স]]ৰ এন্নে প'ৰ্নি, [[চীন]]ৰ লিউ ডাৱেই, [[চাইপ্ৰাছ|চাইপ্ৰাছৰ]] ক্রিষ্টোছ চাইমিঅ'নিডেছ, ছুইডেনৰ এণ্ডাৰছ লিডেন, [[জাপান]]ৰ কান ইৰি, শ্লোভাকিয়াৰ পাভেল ক্ৰাল, [[মৰিছাছ]]ৰ ডেভ চ'ৰামুন আৰু [[নৰৱে]]ৰ হিল্ডে ৰগনস্কোগে সহযোগী স্বাক্ষৰ কৰিছিল। সাধাৰণ পৰিষদে সৰ্বসন্মতিক্ৰমে প্ৰস্তাৱটি গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref name="ownpage"/><ref name="hurriyet">{{Cite news|location=Istanbul|date=April 11, 2012|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/world-art-day-to-be-celebrated-april-15.aspx?pageID=238&nID=18099&NewsCatID=359}}</ref><ref name="elunicaracas">{{Cite news|location=Caracas|date=April 12, 2012|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/arte-y-entretenimiento/cultura/120412/dia-mundial-del-arte-se-celebra-este-sabado-en-caracas}}</ref> [[লিঅ'নাৰ্ড' দা ভিন্সি|লিঅ'নাৰ্ড' দা ভিন্সিৰ]] জন্মদিনৰ লগত সংগতি ৰাখি এই দিৱসটিৰ তাৰিখ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা হৈছে৷ এই মহান শিল্পীজনে বিশ্ব শান্তি, মত প্ৰকাশৰ স্বাধীনতা, সহনশীলতা, ভাতৃত্ববোধ, আৰু বহুসংস্কৃতিবাদৰ লগতে অন্যান্য ক্ষেত্ৰত অৰিহণা যোগোৱাত শিল্পৰ গুৰুত্বৰ উদাহৰণ এৰি থৈ গৈছে। তেওঁক যথোপযুক্ত সন্মান জনাবলৈ ১৫ এপ্ৰিলৰ তাৰিখটো বাছি লোৱা হৈছিল।<ref name="sciencelens"/><ref name="elunicaracas"/> == অতীতৰ উদযাপন == ২০১২ চনৰ ১৫ এপ্ৰিলত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা প্ৰথম বিশ্ব কলা দিৱসত ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল এছ’চিয়েচন অৱ আৰ্টৰ সকলো ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সমিতি আৰু ফ্ৰান্স, ছুইডেন, শ্লোভাকিয়া, দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা, চাইপ্ৰাছ আৰু ভেনিজুৱেলাকে ধৰি ১৫০ গৰাকী শিল্পীয়ে সমৰ্থন আগবঢ়াইছিল যদিও এই অনুষ্ঠানৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল সাৰ্বজনীন।<ref name="hurriyet"/><ref name="elunicaracas"/> বিশেষ সংগ্ৰহালয় ভ্ৰমণৰ পৰা আদি কৰি সন্মিলন আৰু অন্যান্য বহুতো কাৰ্যসূচী ইয়াত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল।<ref name="ownpage"/> উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে ভেনিজুৱেলাত চিত্ৰকলা, ভাস্কৰ্য্য, প্ৰিন্ট, ভিডিঅ' আৰু আন বহুতো বৰ্হি-শিল্প প্ৰদৰ্শনী অনুষ্ঠিত কৰাৰ লগতে দা ভিন্সিৰ সন্মানত ফ্ল'ৰেন্টাইন ৰন্ধন প্ৰদৰ্শন অনুষ্ঠিত কৰা হয়।<ref name="elunicaracas" /> ২০১৩ চনত [[দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰ ম্বম্বেলা পৌৰসভাৰ কলা সংগ্ৰহালয়কে ধৰি সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বতে আৰু অধিক অনুষ্ঠান অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল।<ref name="mbombela">{{Cite web|title="World Art Day" Exhibition|publisher=MBombela Art Gallery|location=South Africa|url=http://www.mbombela.gov.za/drysdale%20street%20world%20art%20day%20exhibition.pdf|accessdate=February 10, 2014|archivedate=August 19, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819204155/https://www.mbombela.gov.za/drysdale%20street%20world%20art%20day%20exhibition.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> কিন্তু ছুইডেনৰ উদযাপনত বিতৰ্কৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল যেতিয়া ছুইডেনৰ সংস্কৃতি মন্ত্ৰী লেনা এডেলছন লিলজেৰথে এগৰাকী কৃষ্ণাংগ আফ্ৰিকান মহিলাক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা কেকৰ যৌনাংগ কাটিছিল। পৰিৱেশন কলাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল যৌনাংগ বিকৃতিৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বক্তব্য দিয়া যদিও বহুতে এই চিত্ৰণক বৰ্ণবাদী বুলি বিবেচনা কৰিছিল।<ref name="ysimpore">{{Cite news|location=New York|date=April 22, 2013|url=http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2013/apr/22/swedish-minister-celebrates-world-art-day-by/}}</ref> বিশ্ব কলা দিৱসক অনলাইনতো সহায় কৰা হৈছে, বিশেষকৈ গুগল আৰ্ট প্ৰজেক্টৰ দ্বাৰা।<ref name="epalmermo">{{Cite news|date=April 15, 2013|url=http://www.technewsdaily.com/17753-google-art-project.html}}</ref> == লগতে চাওক == * [[সাংস্কৃতিক সাৰ্বজনীন দিৱস]] == তথ্য উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{Official website|https://www.iaa-usa.org/}} [[শ্ৰেণী:দিৱসসমূহ]] 10sc0asg6wooek35hdaskwehselu44b 0 121198 518707 506634 2025-06-17T01:24:15Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ|image=Satyendranath Tagore.JPG|image_size=|caption=সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ|birth_date=১ জুন ১৮৪২|birth_place=[[কলিকতা]], [[বেংগল প্ৰেচিডেঞ্চি|বংগ]], ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত|death_date=৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯২৩ (বয়স ৮০)|death_place=[[কলিকতা]], [[বেংগল প্ৰেচিডেঞ্চি|বংগ]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ ৰাজ|ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত]]|occupation=অসামৰিক সেৱা বিষয়া, কবি, সুৰকাৰ, লেখক, সমাজ সংস্কাৰক আৰু ভাষাবিদ|known_for=আই চি এছ বিষয়া হোৱা প্ৰথমগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় (বৰ্তমান [[ভাৰতীয় প্ৰশাসনিক সেৱা|আই এ এছ]] বিষয়াৰ সমতুল্য), ভাৰতীয় নাৰীবাদী আন্দোলন|nationality=ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰতীয়|spouse=[[জ্ঞানদানন্দিনী দেৱী]]|organization=[[ব্ৰাহ্ম সমাজ]]|alma_mater=[[প্ৰেচিডেন্সি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, কলকাতা|প্ৰেচিডেন্সি কলেজ, কলিকতা]]{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}}} '''সত্যেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ''' ({{Lang-en|Satyendranath Tagore}}) (১ জুন ১৮৪২ - ৯ জানুৱাৰী ১৯২৩) আছিল এগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় অসামৰিক সেৱা বিষয়া, কবি, সুৰকাৰ, লেখক, সমাজ সংস্কাৰক আৰু ভাষাতত্ত্ববিদ। তেওঁ [[বংগ]]ৰ [[কলিকতা]] চহৰৰ বাসিন্দা আছিল। তেওঁ আছিল ১৮৬৩ চনত ভাৰতীয় অসামৰিক সেৱা বিষয়া হোৱা প্ৰথমগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় ব্যক্তি।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-02-05|title=Satyendranath Tagore (1842–1923); brother of Rabindranath|url=https://scotstagore.org/satyendranath-tagore-1842-1923-brother-of-rabindranath-by-christine-kupfer/|accessdate=2022-01-30|work=The Scottish Centre of Tagore Studies|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Tagore, Satyendranath|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Tagore,_Satyendranath|accessdate=2022-01-30|work=Banglapedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Tagore women: A step ahead of their times|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/the-tagore-women-a-step-ahead-of-their-times|access-date=2022-01-30|work=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref> তেওঁ [[ব্ৰাহ্ম সমাজ]]ৰ এগৰাকী সদস্য আছিল।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == জীৱনী == ১৮৪২ চনৰ ১ জুন তাৰিখে, তেওঁ [[কলিকতা|কলিকতাৰ]] জোড়াসাঁকোৰ ঠাকুৰ পৰিয়ালত [[দেবেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ|মহৰ্ষি দেবেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]] আৰু সাৰদা দেৱীৰ ঘৰত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে। তেওঁৰ পত্নীৰ নাম আছিল [[জ্ঞানদানন্দিনী দেৱী]]।<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=A special write up on Indian Author Satyendranath Tagore|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/patrika/a-special-write-up-on-indian-author-satyendranath-tagore-1.1074112|accessdate=2022-01-30|work=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref> তেওঁলোকৰ এজন পুত্ৰ আৰু এজনী কন্যা আছিল ক্ৰমে সুৰেন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ আৰু [[ইন্দিৰা দেৱী চৌধুৰানী|ইন্দিৰা দেৱী চৌধুৰাণী। ]]<ref name=":1"/> তেওঁ আছিল [[প্ৰেচিডেন্সি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, কলকাতা|প্ৰেচিডেন্সি কলেজৰ]] ছাত্ৰ। ভাৰতীয় অসামৰিক সেৱাৰ (আই চি এছ) প্ৰথমগৰাকী ভাৰতীয় বিষয়া। ১৮৬৪ চনত তেওঁ এই সেৱাত যোগদান কৰে।<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == সাহিত্যিক কৰ্মৰাজি == * সুশিলা হে বীৰসিংহ * বোম্বাই চিত্ৰ * নবৰত্নমালা * স্ত্ৰীস্বাধীনতা * বৌদ্ধধৰ্ম * অমৰ বাল্যকথা ও বোম্বাই প্ৰবাস * ভাৰতবৰ্ষীয় ইংৰেজ * ৰাজা ৰামমোহন ৰায় * বীৰসিংহ * আমাৰ বাল্যকথা * আত্মকথা * শ্ৰীমদ্ভাগৱতগীতা তেওঁ বহু গীত ৰচনা কৰিছিল। তেওঁৰ দেশপ্ৰেমমূলক বঙালী ভাষাৰ গীত "মিলে সৱ ভাৰত সন্তান, একতান গাহ গান" (unite, India's children, sing in unison), যিয়ে ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমটো জাতীয় সংগীতৰ মৰ্যাদা পাইছিল।<ref name=":2"/> == মৃত্যু == ১৯২৩ চনৰ ৯ জানুৱাৰীত কলিকতাত তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref>{{Cite web|title=The First Indian to Join the I.C.S. (Satyendranath Tagore Biography) - Free Online India|date=4 September 2016|url=https://www.freeonlineindia.in/first-joini-c-s-satyendranath-tagore/|accessdate=2022-01-30|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130213624/https://www.freeonlineindia.in/first-joini-c-s-satyendranath-tagore/|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> == বংশবৃক্ষ == {{main|ঠাকুৰ পৰিয়াল#বংশবৃক্ষ}} == লগতে চাওক == * [[ঠাকুৰ পৰিয়াল]] * [[ভাৰতীয় অসামৰিক সেৱাৰ ভাৰতীয় সদস্যসকলৰ তালিকা]] * [[কলকাতা প্ৰেচিডেন্সিয়ানসকলৰ তালিকা]] * [[হিন্দু মেলা]] * [[বঙালী ভাষাৰ লেখকসকলৰ তালিকা (বৰ্ণানুক্ৰমিক)]] == তথ্য উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * [https://bn.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%95:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0 Satyendranath Tagore at Bengali wikisource] * https://indianmasterminds.com/features/tales-from-the-legends/satyendranath-tagore-the-first-indian-civil-servant/ * https://www.thebrahmosamaj.net/samajes/adibrahmosamaj.html * https://iasbabuji.com/ias-ips-officers/satyendranath-tagore/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209181044/https://iasbabuji.com/ias-ips-officers/satyendranath-tagore/ |date=2022-12-09 }} * https://granthagara.com/writer/1854-satyendranath-tagore/ {{কৰ্তৃপক্ষ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় সুৰকাৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় সাহিত্যিক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বঙালী কবি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ সংস্কাৰক]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বঙালী ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] nqi0uqw8oagieede41scx5cqcgtrhzz 0 121595 518691 505900 2025-06-16T20:39:00Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518691 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:National Library of Bhutan sign.jpg|thumb|[[জোংখা ভাষা|জোংখা]] আৰু [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী]] ভাষাত ভূটানৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ্ৰন্থাগাৰৰ ফলক]] [[File:KBD-DZ-shift-2009.png|thumb|জোংখা কীবোৰ্ড বিন্যাস]] {{Annotated image |caption=ভূটানৰ ভাষাসমূহ |image-width=350 |width=350 |float=left |image-bg-color=#F4E2BA |imagemap= <imagemap> Image:Languages of Bhutan.svg|300px default [[File:Languages of Bhutan with labels.svg]] desc none # Dots and long names in small, Dzongkha in big </imagemap> |annotations= {{Annotation|50|65|'''[[:en:Dzongkha|জোংখা]]'''}} {{Annotation|149|73|<small>'''[[:en:Bumthang language|বুমথাং]]'''</small>}} {{Annotation|174|16|<small>[[:en:Kurtöp language|কোৰটুপ]]</small>}} {{Annotation|204|42|<small>[[:en:Dzala language|জালা]]</small>}} {{Annotation|231|28|<small>[[:en:Khams Tibetan language|খাম্পা-তিব্বতীয়ান]]</small>}} {{Annotation|122|42|<small>[[:en:Lakha|লাখা]]</small>}} {{Annotation|100|81|<small>[[:en:Nyenkha|নিয়েনখা|]]</small>}} {{Annotation|136|91|<small>[[:en:'Olekha|অ’লেখা (মনপা)]]</small>}} {{Annotation|165|56|<small>[[:en:Brokkat language|ব্ৰ’কাত]]</small>}} {{Annotation|207|61|<small>[[:en:Chocangacakha|চ’চাংগাচাখা]]</small>}} {{Annotation|213|90|<small>[[:en:Chali language|ছালি]]</small>}} {{Annotation|222|80|<small>[[:en:Dakpa language|ডকাপা]]</small>}} {{Annotation|275|75|<small>[[:en:Brokpa language|ব্ৰ’কপা]]</small>}} {{Annotation|264|138|'''[[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]]'''}} {{Annotation|10|118|'''[[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]]'''}} {{Annotation|120|123|'''[[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]]'''}} {{Annotation|53|113|<small>[[:en:Lepcha language|লেপছা]]</small>}} {{Annotation|58|126|<small>[[:en:Lhokpu language|লোকপু]]</small>}} {{Annotation|165|111|<small>[[:en:Kheng language|খেঙ]]</small>}} {{Annotation|192|119|<small>[[:en:Gongduk language|গঙডুক]]</small>}} {{Annotation|228|100|<small>'''[[:en:Tshangla language|ছাঙলা]]<br>[[:en:Tshangla language|(ছাৰছ’পখা)]]'''</small>}} }} [[ভূটান]]ৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা হৈছে '''[[জোংখা ভাষা]]''', যাক ভূটানীজ ভাষা বুলিও কোৱা হয়। ইয়াৰ লিপিৰ নাম হৈছে "চৌকী" (ধৰ্ম ভাষা) (Chhokey, Dharma Language)। এই লিপিৰ তিব্বতীয় ভাষাৰ লগত মিল আছে। বিদ্যালয়সমূহত শিক্ষাৰ মাধ্যম [[ইংৰাজী]] আৰু জোংখা ভাষা জাতীয় ভাষা হিচাপে পঢ়োৱা হয়। বৰ্তমান ভূটানত ২৪টা ভাষা প্ৰচলিত। এই ভাষাসমূহ তিব্বত-বাৰ্মা ভাষাৰ পৰা উৎপত্তি হৈছে। আনহাতে ভূটানত প্ৰচলিত [[নেপালী ভাষা]]ৰ উৎপত্তি ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য্য ভাষাৰ পৰা হৈছে। ভূটানৰ গৌণ ভাষাসমূহ হ'ল: ব্ৰোক্কাট, ব্ৰোকপা, চোকাংচাখা, খাম-তিব্বতী, লাখা, ছিক্কিমীজ, বুমথাং, চালি, ডাক্‌পা, ন্যেন ভাষা, গুৰুং, কিৰান্তি ভাষাসমূহ, লেপচা, নেৱাৰ, তামাং, গংদুক, লোকপু আৰু অলে ভাষা। == চীন-তিব্বতীয় ভাষাসমূহ == ভূটানত বহুলভাৱে কোৱা ভাষাবিলাক প্ৰধানকৈ চীন-তিব্বতীয় ভাষাপৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্গত। [[জোংখা ভাষা|জোংখা]] (རྫོང་ཁ་) ভূটানৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ভাষা আৰু এইটো দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম চীন আৰু উত্তৰ ভাৰতত কোৱা ভাষাসমূহৰ সৈতে জড়িত। জোংখা ভাষা তিব্বতীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ পৰা বিকাশ হোৱা বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। উত্তৰ আৰু মধ্য ভূটানত বুমথাং, খেং, আৰু কুৰ্তোপ আদিকে একেলগে "বুমথাং ভাষা গোট" হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়। এইবোৰ ভাষা জোংখাৰ সৈতে সম্পৰ্কিত যদিও একে নহয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত চালি আৰু লাখা ভাষাও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। ভুটানৰ পূৱ ভাগত চাংলা বা শাৰচপ ভাষা বহুলভাৱে কোৱা হয়। ই এক পৃথক শাখাৰ ভাষা যদিও ই আধুনিক জোংখাৰ সৈতে আংশিক মিল আছে। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও, চোকাংচাখা, ব্ৰোকপা (লুনানা অঞ্চল), আৰু ব্ৰোক্কাট আদি ক্ষুদ্ৰ সংখ্যক ভাষা আছে, যিবোৰও চীন-তিব্বতীয় ভাষা পৰিয়ালৰ অংশ। আন এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভাষা হ'ল গংদুক ভাষা, যাক এক অতিপ্ৰাচীন আৰু পৃথক ভাষা বুলি বিবেচনা কৰা হয়। ই গংদুক অঞ্চলত কেইবাহাজন মানুহে কোৱা এটি সংৰক্ষিত ভাষা। == ভাৰত-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহ == ভুটানত ভাৰত-ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত [[নেপালী ভাষা|নেপালী]] (স্থানীয়ভাৱে "লোটশামখা" নামেৰে জনাজাত) অন্যতম। ই ইণ্ডো-আৰ্য ভাষাসমূহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। নেপালী ভাষা দক্ষিণ ভুটানত বহুলভাৱে কোৱা হয়, বিশেষকৈ লোটশাম্পা জনজাতিৰ মাজত, যি নেপালীয় উৎসৰ ভুটানী নাগৰিক। ইয়াৰ বাহিৰেও, [[হিন্দী ভাষা|হিন্দী]] আৰু [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা]] ব্যাপকভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ইংৰাজী ভাষা বিদ্যালয়, চৰকাৰী কাৰ্যালয় আৰু ব্যৱসায়িক ক্ষেত্ৰসমূহত প্ৰধান মাধ্যম হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। ই মূলত শিক্ষা আৰু ব্যৱসায়ৰ ভাষা। ভূটানত ইংৰাজীৰ জনপ্ৰিয়তা বৃদ্ধি পাইছে বিশেষকৈ গ্লোবেলাইজেশ্যন আৰু উন্নয়নৰ ফলত। যদিও স্থানীয় ভাষাবোৰ সংৰক্ষণৰ প্ৰচেষ্টা চলি আছে, তথাপি ইংৰাজীৰ ব্যৱহাৰ শিক্ষিত আৰু যুৱ প্ৰজন্মৰ মাজত অধিক বৃদ্ধি পাইছে। == অধিক তথ্যৰ বাবে চাওক == * [https://www.ethnologue.com/language/dzo Ethnologue: Dzongkha] * [https://glottolog.org Glottolog] * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Bhutan/Languages Britannica - Languages of Bhutan] * [https://www.linguistlist.org/ Linguist List] * [https://minorityrights.org/country/bhutan/ Minority Rights Group] * [https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000225366 UNESCO Language Report] * [https://www.bhutannewsservice.org/ Bhutan News Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222201546/https://www.bhutannewsservice.org/ |date=2024-02-22 }} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100822182059/http://www.dzongkha.gov.bt/index.en.html জোংখা উন্নয়ন আয়োগ] - ভূটানৰ চৰকাৰী ভাষাৰ সংস্থা। [[শ্ৰেণী:ভূটান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাষা]] 8z3usql2h7omqa7it87tuih64szc1r7 0 121631 518716 515287 2025-06-17T04:13:51Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox writer |name='''ৰবিজিতা গগৈ''' |image = Robijita gogoi.jpg |caption=<small>'''ৰবিজিতা গগৈ'''</small> |birth_name= |birth_date= [[৭ আগষ্ট]], ১৯৭২ |birth_place= [[ডিফু]], [[কাৰ্বি আংলং]] |death_date= |death_place= |occupation=নাট্যকাৰ, প্ৰযোজক, পৰিচালক, লেখক, অনুবাদক |nationality= [[ভাৰত|ভাৰতীয়]] |ethnicity= |citizenship= ভাৰতীয় |language= [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] |education= বি.এ, NSD ৰ পৰা নাটকৰ (বিশেষতঃ অভিনয়,ডিজাইন আৰু পৰিচালনা) স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লমা |alma_mater= [[সন্দিকৈ ছোৱালী মহাবিদ্যালয়]], [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাট্য বিদ্যালয়]], ১৯৯৭ |period= |genre= [[নাটক]] |subject= |notableworks= জিৰছং থিয়েটাৰ, ধ্ৰুৱস্বামিনী (হিন্দী, মূল- জয়শংকৰ প্ৰসাদ), গাথা-দ্যা ফাৰ্ষ্ট টেক্সট, ইতি মৃণালিনী (অভিযোজনা, মূল- [[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]]), ৰংফাৰপী ৰংৱে ([[কাৰ্বি ভাষা]]), থং নকৱে (কাৰ্বি ভাষা) |spouse= |partner= |children= |relatives= |influences= |influenced= |awards= একা এবং কয়েকজন সামাজিক-সাংস্কৃতিক গোষ্ঠী, অসমৰ য়ুথ এচিভাৰ এৱাৰ্ড,২০০৫, [[সংগীত নাটক অকাডেমী বঁটা|সংগীত নাটক অকাডেমীৰ ওষ্টাদ বিছমিল্লা খান বঁটা, ২০০৬]], শ্বেৰ চৌধুৰী উৎকৰ্ষ বঁটা, ২০২১ |signature=Robijita signature.jpg |signature_alt=ৰবিজিতা গগৈৰ স্বাক্ষৰ |website=}} '''[[ৰবিজিতা গগৈ]]''' ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ত স্বীকৃতি প্ৰাপ্ত এগৰাকী অসমীয়া নাট্যকাৰ, প্ৰযোজক, পৰিচালক, লেখক তথা অনুবাদক। তেওঁ [[অসমীয়া]], [[হিন্দী]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[কাৰ্বি]], [[বড়ো]], [[নাগামিজ]], [[কন্নড়]], [[মালয়ালম]] আদি বিভিন্ন ভাষাত নাট ৰচনা কৰি নাট্যসাহিত্যৰ ভঁৰাল সমৃদ্ধ কৰিছে। তদুপৰি তেওঁ [[ফৰাচী ভাষা|ফৰাচী]], [[ইংৰাজী]], [[বাংলা]], [[হিন্দী]] আদি বিভিন্ন ভাষাৰ ভালেমান মননশীল নাট অসমীয়ালৈ ভাঙনি কৰি পৰিৱেশন কৰি আহিছে। অসমীয়া নাটকৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনলৈ উত্তৰ আধুনিকতাবাদী ধাৰাৰ সূচনাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁ অন্যতম পথিকৃৎ। =='''জন্ম'''== '''ৰবিজিতা গগৈ'''ৰ জন্ম হৈছিল [[কাৰ্বি আংলং]] জিলাৰ [[ডিফু]]ত ১৯৭২ চনৰ ৭ আগষ্ট তাৰিখে। তেওঁৰ পিতৃ স্বৰ্গীয় দেবেন চন্দ্ৰ গগৈ আৰু মাতৃ সাৱিত্ৰী গগৈ।<ref>https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/in-an-experimental-mode-personality/cid/1556457 </ref> =='''শিক্ষা'''== তেওঁ উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক পৰ্যায়লৈকে ডিফুতে শিক্ষাগ্ৰহণ কৰে। জন্ম চহৰ ডিফুত কটোৱা এই সময়চোৱাই তেওঁৰ পৰৱৰ্তী নাট্যযাত্ৰাত বাৰুকৈয়ে অনুপ্ৰেৰণা যোগায়। তাৰপাছতে তেওঁ গুৱাহাটীৰ সন্দিকৈ ছোৱালী মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা স্নাতক মহলাৰ শিক্ষা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ১৯৯৭ চনত তেওঁ নতুন দিল্লীস্থিত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাট্য বিদ্যালয় (National School of Drama) ৰ পৰা নাটকৰ অভিনয়, ডিজাইন আৰু পৰিচালনা বিষয়ক তিনিবছৰীয়া পাঠ্যক্ৰম সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰি স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিপ্লমা লাভ কৰে। অসম অভিনয় প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ পৰাও তেওঁ ১৯৯১ চনত ছমহীয়া পাঠ্যক্ৰমৰ ডিপ্লমা অৰ্জন কৰে। ১৯৯৯ চনত তেওঁ কেৰেলাৰ পৰম্পৰাগত সামৰিক কলা কালাৰিপায়াত্তুৰ তিনিমহীয়া বিশেষ প্ৰশিক্ষণ গ্ৰহণ কৰে। জাপান ফাউণ্ডেশ্বন প্ৰকল্পৰ অধীনত ১৯৯৮ চনত জাপানৰ ৰাজধানী চহৰ টকিঅ’ত Noh আৰু Kabuki থিয়েটাৰৰ আঢ়ৈ মাহৰ দিকবিন্যাস অনুষ্ঠানতো তেওঁ প্ৰশিক্ষণ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref>সুকন্যা,দেওবৰীয়া,নিয়মীয়া বাৰ্তা,২০ এপ্ৰিল,২০২৫</ref> =='''কৰ্ম জীৱন'''== সন্দিকৈ মহাবিদ্যালয়ত অধ্যয়নৰত সময়ত (১৯১১-১৯৯৩) ''''যাত্ৰা'''' (১৯৯২) আৰু ''''আত্মজ'''' (১৯৯৩) নামেৰে দুখন একাংকিকা নাটক ৰচনা আৰু পৰিচালনা কৰি নাটকৰ ক্ষেত্ৰখনত প্ৰবেশ কৰে। ১৯১৩ চনতে অসম নাট্য সন্মিলনৰ ডিফু শাখাৰ উদ্যোগত প্ৰখ্যাত মাৰাঠী নাট্যকাৰ মহেশ এলকুনচৱাৰ ৰচিত আৰু নয়ন প্ৰসাদৰ দ্বাৰা অসমীয়ালৈ অনূদিত ''''হোলী'''' নামৰ পূৰ্ণাংগ নাটক পৰিচালনা কৰে। 'হোলী' তেওঁৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰথম পূৰ্ণাংগ নাট-পৰিচালনা। ১৯৯৫ চনত এটি নাট্য দলৰ প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা অনুভৱ কৰি জিৰছং থিয়েটাৰ গঠন কৰি গতিৰোধক, হৈ-চৈ আৰু কাঞ্চনজংঘা নামেৰে তিনিখন চুটি নাটক নিবেদনেৰে জিৰছং থিয়েটাৰক দৰ্শকৰ মাজলৈ আগবঢ়াই দিয়ে।<ref>শিতানঃ বহুমুখ, আমাৰ অসম, ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ২০১০, বুধবাৰ</ref> তদুপৰি তেওঁ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাট্য বিদ্যালয়, দিল্লী, হাইদৰাবাদ কেন্দ্ৰীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, তেজপুৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, ভাটেণ্ডু নাট্যকলা কেন্দ্ৰ, ভূপাল, ভাণ্ডাৰকৰ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, মাংগালুৰ আদি শিক্ষা প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ তেওঁ আতিথি নাট বিশেষজ্ঞ হিচাপে আমন্ত্ৰিত হৈ বক্তৃতা তথা প্ৰশিক্ষণ প্ৰদান কৰি আহিছে। =='''নাট পৰিচালনা'''== বিগত সময়ছোৱাত তেওঁ পঞ্চল্লিশখনৰো অধিক নাটক বিভিন্ন ভাৰতীয় ভাষা যেনে হিন্দী, কানাড়া, মালয়ালম, অসমীয়া, বড়ো, ইংৰাজী, কাৰ্বি আৰু নাগামিজ ভাষাত পৰিচালনা কৰিছে। এই নাটকসমূহৰ ভিতৰত জয় শংকৰ প্ৰসাদ, [[গিৰিশ কৰ্ণাড]], মহেশ এলকুনচৱাৰ, [[বিজয় টেণ্ডুলকাৰ]], [[মামণি ৰয়চম গোস্বামী]], [[ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]], ছফ’ক্লিছ, শিশিৰ কুমাৰ দাস, মাৰ্গেৰিট ড্যুৰাচ, হেৰল্ড পিণ্টাৰ, মোহন ৰাকেশ আদিৰ দৰে যশস্বী লেখক-নাট্যকাৰৰ সাহিত্যকৃতিও আছে। এই নাট্য, কৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত কেইখনমান গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ নাটক হৈছে— * ১৯৯৮ চনত দিল্লীৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাট্য বিদ্যালয়ৰ ৰংগমন্ডল অনুষ্ঠানৰ বাবে জয় শংকৰ প্ৰসাদৰ প্ৰখ্যাত হিন্দী নাট '''ধ্ৰুৱস্বামিনী''' পৰিচালনাৰ যোগেদি ভাৰতীয় নাটকৰ বিশাল ক্ষেত্ৰখনত প্ৰৱেশ কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনত তেওঁ কাৰ্বি সমাজত প্ৰচলিত লোককথাৰ আধাৰত '''ৰংফাৰপী ৰংৱে''' নামৰ নাটখন পৰিৱেশন কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনতে নগা নৃগোষ্ঠীয় শিল্পীসকলৰ দ্বাৰা তেওঁ নাগামিজ ভাষাত পাণ্ডুলিপিবিহীন নাট (Devised Play) '''নিছেলী''' পৰিৱেশন কৰে। * ২০০৬ চনত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাট্য বিদ্যালয়ৰ ৰিপোৰ্টেৰি কোম্পেনীত আন এখন পাণ্ডুলিপিবিহীন নাট '''মেমচাহেব পৃথিৱী''' পৰিচালনা কৰে।<ref>https://northeasterner.wordpress.com/2009/08/13/robijita-gogoi-and-her-creation/</ref> * ২০০৮ চনত নতুন দিল্লীৰ শ্ৰীৰাম পৰিৱেশ্য কলা কেন্দ্ৰৰ ৰিপোৰ্টেৰি কোম্পেনীত প্ৰখ্যাত নাট্যকাৰ বিজয় টেণ্ডুলকাৰৰ '''কন্যাদান''' নাটখন পৰিচালনা কৰে। * ১৯৯৯ চনত তেওঁৰ পৰিচালনাতে জিৰচং থিয়েটাৰৰ প্ৰযোজনাত নতুন দিল্লীত নোবেল বঁটা প্ৰাপক ইংৰাজ নাট্যকাৰ হেৰল্ড পিণ্টাৰৰ '''দ্য ডাম্ব ৱেইটাৰ''' নাটখন মঞ্চস্থ হয়। * ২০১২ চনত writer’s Blog for National Theatre London & Rage Theatre, India Project-ৰ অধীনত তেওঁৰ পৰিচালনাত পূৰ্বা নৰেশৰ '''অ’কে টা টা বাই বাই''' নাটখন পৰিৱেশন কৰা হয়।<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/theatre/ok-tata-bye-bye-pune/articleshow/53861203.cms</ref> * প্ৰখ্যাত হিন্দী কাহিনীকাৰ ফণীশ্বৰ নাথ ৰেণুৰ গল্পৰ আধাৰত ২০১৪ চনত Art Firm production, Mumbai ৰ বেনাৰত '''ডিলডাৰ এক্সপ্ৰেছ''' নাটখন মঞ্চস্থ কৰা হয়। * ২০০০ চনত প্ৰখ্যাত ফৰাচী ঔপন্যাসিক তথা নাট্যকাৰ মাৰ্গেৰিট ড্যুৰাচৰ নাট অসমীয়ালৈ '''নিশাৰ ৰাগিনী''' নামেৰে ভাঙনি কৰি পৰিচালনা কৰে। * মামণি ৰয়ছম গোস্বামীৰ '''দেৱী পীঠৰ তেজ''' উপন্যাসখন একে নামতে মঞ্চ অভিযোজনা কৰি ২০০০ চনত পৰিচালনা কৰে। * আইৰিচ নাট্যকাৰ জে. এম. চিঞ্জৰ নাট অসমীয়াত '''মৃত্যুৰ ডাঠ ছাঁ''' নামেৰে অনুসৃষ্টি কৰি ২০০২ চনত পকিচালনা কৰে। * পোন প্ৰথম বাৰৰ বাবে ২০০৩ চনত অসমীয়া নাটকৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত পাণ্ডুলিপিবিহীন নাটৰ ধাৰণাৰে '''গাথা-দ্য ফাৰ্ষ্ট টেক্সট''' নাটকৰ ডিজাইন আৰু পৰিচালনা কৰে। * ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰৰ গল্প স্ত্ৰীৰ পত্ৰ অসমীয়ালৈ '''ইতি মৃণালিনী''' নামেৰে ভাঙনি কৰি ২০১২ চনত পৰিচালনা কৰে। * মূল গিৰীশ কৰ্ণাডৰ নাটক '''ব্ৰোকেন ইমেজেচ''' (অৰিন্দম বৰকটকীয়ে কৰা অনুবাদ) পৰিচালনা কৰে ২০১৩ চনত। * শিশিৰ কুমাৰ দাসৰ বাংলা নাট '''বাঘ''' পৰিচালনা কৰে ২০১৭ চনত। * ছ’ফোক্লিছৰ '''এণ্টিগণি''' নাটক পৰিচালনা কৰে ২০১৭ চনত। * অঞ্জন ভূঞাৰ নাটক '''টিকনি ৰজাৰ সাধু''' ২০১৮ চনত পৰিচালনা কৰে। * ছ’ফোক্লিছৰ এণ্টিগণি নাটকৰ জ্যা আনহুইয়ে কৰা ফৰাচী অভিযোজনাৰ আধাৰত '''এণ্টিগণি মেনিয়া''' পৰিচালনা কৰে ২০১৯ চনত। * ২০২১ চনত '''আনটাইটেল্ড''' নামৰ এখন পাণ্ডুলিপিবিহীন নাট পৰিচালনা কৰে। <ref>শিতানঃ বহুমুখ, আমাৰ অসম, ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ২০১০, বুধবাৰ</ref> =='''নাট প্ৰশিক্ষক তথা নাট্যক্ষেত্ৰত আন্তৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংহতি স্থাপকৰ ভূমিকাত'''== * ১৯৯৯ চনত জাপানৰ টকিঅ’ত অনুষ্ঠিত ভাৰত-জাপান সহযোগিতামূলক প্ৰকল্প-“মিৱা”ত সহঃ কষ্টিউম ডিজাইনাৰ হিচাপে অংশগ্ৰহণ * ২০০৫ চনত টকিঅ’ত অনুষ্ঠিত এছিয়া মিটচ এছিয়া শীৰ্ষক সহযোগিতামূলক প্ৰকল্পৰ অধীনত অনুষ্ঠিত Unbearable Dreams/3 অনুষ্ঠানত পৰিৱেশনকাৰী হিচাপে যোগদান * ২০০৯ চনত পুনৰ টকিঅ’ত অনুষ্ঠিত এছিয়া মিটচ এছিয়া শীৰ্ষক সহযোগিতামূলক প্ৰকল্পৰ অধীনত অনুষ্ঠিত Unbearable Dreams/4 lost Home অনুষ্ঠানত Cyber পৰিৱেশনকাৰী হিচাপে যোগদান * ২০০৯ চনত ভাৰত আৰু সংযুক্ত যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ সহযোগিতাত তথা বৃটিছ কাউন্সিলৰ সৌজন্যত এডিনবাৰ্গ,স্কটলেণ্ডত অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা থিয়েটাৰ সূত্ৰ শীৰ্ষক সৃষ্টিশীল কলা প্ৰকল্পত অংশগ্ৰহণ।<ref>শিতানঃ বহুমুখ, আমাৰ অসম, ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ২০১০, বুধবাৰ</ref> =='''নাট্যানুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠাপকৰ ভূমিকাত'''== * ১৯৯৫ চনত ডিফু চহৰত তেওঁ '''জিৰছং থিয়েটাৰ''' নামৰ এটা নাট্যগোষ্ঠী গঠন কৰে। সম্প্ৰতিও এই গোষ্ঠীটোৱে অসমৰ বিভিন্ন স্থানত ভালেমান নাট মঞ্চস্থ কৰি নাট্যশিল্পৰ চৰ্চাক উজ্জ্বীৱিত কৰি ৰাখিছে। <ref>আমাৰ অসম, ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ২০১০, বুধবাৰ</ref> * '''স্বয়ম'''– জিৰছং থিয়েটাৰৰ উদ্যোগত স্বয়ম শীৰ্ষক ভাৰতীয় মহিলা পৰিচালকৰ নাটক আৰু নাট সন্মিলন অনুষ্ঠানটো আয়োজিত হৈছিল ২০১৫ চনত গুৱাহাটীৰ ৰবীন্দ্ৰ ভৱন আৰু ৰাজ্যিক সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ কনকলাল বৰুৱা প্ৰেক্ষাগৃহত। অসমত নাৰী নাট্যকৰ্মীৰ হকে অনুষ্ঠিত হোৱা ই এক অগ্ৰগণ্য অনুষ্ঠান। এই অনুষ্ঠানত দেশৰ চাৰিখন ৰাজ্য যথা- পঞ্জাৱ,মণিপুৰ,দিল্লী আৰু অসমৰ চাৰিগৰাকী প্ৰথিতযশা নাৰী নাট পৰিচালকৰ সন্মিলন তথা নাট পৰিৱেশন কৰা হৈছিল। তাৰ ভিতৰত– পাকিজা বেগমৰ অভিনয়, পৰিচালনা আৰু ডিজাইনেৰে পদ্মাপ্ৰিয়া, পাপৰি মেধিৰ অভিনয় আৰু শ্ৰী মতী গগণদ্বীপৰ পৰিচালনাৰে সময় কা ঘাটা, দীপিকা ডেকাৰ ৰচনা আৰু পৰিচালনাৰে বাটৰ নাট- কাঠ পুতলা, ড° এছ থানিনলাইমাৰ ৰচনা আৰু পৰিচালনাৰে নেইহাতপিৰাবা, চজিডাৰ পৰিচালনাৰে বাডা 'দ্য শ্লথাৰ হাউচ' আছিল অন্যতম। এই অনুষ্ঠানৰ সৈতে সংগতি ৰাখি এখন নাৰী সন্মিলনো অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল য’ত বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ অনুভৱী নাৰীসকলে অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। <ref>অসমীয়া প্ৰতিদিন, ১৪ জুন, দেওবাৰ, ২০১৫, দৈনিক অসম, ২৬ জুন, ২০১৫, শুক্ৰবাৰ</ref> [[চিত্ৰ:Swyam.jpg|thumb|middle|200px|]] * '''মঞ্চযাত্ৰা'''– ৰবিজিতা গগৈৰ উদ্যোগত তথা জিৰছং থিয়েটাৰ গোষ্ঠীৰ দ্বাৰা অনুষ্ঠিত এইটো আছিল এটা ভ্ৰাম্যমাণ নাট্যযাত্ৰা। ২০০৫-২০০৬ চনত গোষ্ঠীটোৱে উত্তৰ-পূৱ ভাৰতৰ সকলো ৰাজ্যত বাছেৰে ভ্ৰমণ কৰি ৰবিজিতা গগৈৰ গাথা-দ্য ফাৰ্ষ্ট টেক্সট নাটখনৰ ১৪টা দৰ্শনী কৰিছিল। এই নাট্যযাত্ৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্য আছিল নাট্যশিল্পৰ মাধ্যমেৰে উত্তৰ-পূৱ ভাৰতৰ সংহতি শক্তিশালী কৰা। <ref>https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/theatre-on-wheels-on-a-roll-troupe-launches-tour-of-region-to-develop-common-platform-for-drama/cid/720633 </ref> =='''ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়-আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সন্মিলনত অংশগ্ৰহণ'''== * ২০০২ চনত বাংলাদেশৰ ঢাকাত আয়োজিত Relevance of a Doll’s House- Translation & Adaptation বিষয়ক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ইবচেন সন্মিলনত ‘Norha In the context of Northeast India’ গৱেষণা পত্ৰ উপস্থাপন * ২০০৩ চনত অনুষ্ঠিত পূৰ্বা শীৰ্ষক এছিয়াৰ মহিলা নাট্যকৰ্মীৰ সন্মিলন আৰু নাট মহোৎসৱত নতুন প্ৰজন্মৰ থিয়েটাৰ পৰিচালক বিষয়ত বক্তৃতা প্ৰদান। * ২০০৯ চনত নেপালৰ কাঠমাণ্ডুত অনুষ্ঠিত DAWN,South and South East Asian Regional Consultation on Feminist Engagement with Conflict, Impunity and Peace শীৰ্ষক অনুষ্ঠানত ‘Conflict, Women and peace- Reflection in Art in the context of India’s Northeast ‘ বিষয়ত বক্তৃতা প্ৰদান। * ২০১৪ চনত জাপানৰ টকিঅ’ত Indian Theatre: tradition and Contemporary Practise বিষয়ক বক্তৃতা প্ৰদান। [[চিত্ৰ:Rabijita japan.jpg|thumb|right|200px|]] * ২০০৯ চনত ৮ম আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নাৰী নাট্যকাৰ সন্মিলন, মুম্বাইত ভৱিষ্যতৰ থিয়েটাৰ বিষয়ত বক্তৃতা প্ৰদান। * ২০০৯ চনত Project Sutra, Creative Collaborations between India & UK, Edinburgh, Scotland, British Council ত ‘Indian Prospective on Collaboration’ বিষয়ত বক্তৃতা প্ৰদান। * ২০১৮ চনত ঢাকাত অনুষ্ঠিত এছিয়ান থিয়েটাৰ সন্মিলনত Asian Theatre (Past, Present & Future) of India বিষয়ত বক্তৃতা প্ৰদান।<ref>https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=318210</ref> =='''উত্তৰ-পূৰ্বাঞ্চলৰ বিভিন্ন জনজাতীয় ভাষাৰ নাট্যক্ষেত্ৰলৈ অৱদান'''== * '''ৰংফাৰপী ৰংৱে''', কাৰ্বি লোককথাৰ আধাৰত পৰিচালিত কাৰ্বি ভাষাৰ নাটক, ১৯৯৯ * '''থং নকৱে''', কাৰ্বি লোককথাৰ আধাৰত পৰিচালিত কাৰ্বি ভাষাৰ নাটক, ২০০০ * '''ছমাইনি খুচেৰনাই''', বড়ো ভাষাত পৰিচালিত নাটক * '''ফাখন''', ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰৰ নোটবুক গল্পৰ আধাৰত বড়ো ভাষাত ৰচিত আৰু পৰিচালিত নাটক,২০১৩ * '''নিছেলী''', নাগামিজ ভাষাত পৰিৱেশিত নাটক,১৯৯৯ * '''টেকণিকালাৰ ড্ৰিম''', নাগালেণ্ডত পৰিৱেশিত বহুভাষিক পাণ্ডুলিপিবিহীন নাট,২০০৮<ref>https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2008/09/21/dreamz-unlimited-the-theater-group-of-nagaland/{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * '''টেকণিকালাৰ ড্ৰিম ২''', নাগালেণ্ডত পৰিৱেশিত বহুভাষিক পাণ্ডুলিপিবিহীন নাট,২০০৮ =='''সাহিত্য কৃতি'''== ===নাট্য সংকলন=== # ''নিশাৰ ৰাগিনী আৰু অন্য নাটক'', অন্বেষা, ২০০৫। # ''পদ্মাপ্ৰিয়া,বিন্দু,ভোগৰাজ আৰু জানকীৰ কথাৰে'' (সম্পা.), জিৰছং থিয়েটাৰ প্ৰকাশন, ISBN: 978-93-341-7822-7, ২০২৪।<ref>https://www.nezine.com/info/dXovTEdEMEJaaEQ2dkFEZWt3MVFWUT09/dramatization-of-literary-works:-padmapriya,-bindu,-bhograj-aru-janokir-kothare-is-a-successful-experiment-in-assamese-theatre.html</ref> ===গ্ৰন্থ অধ্যায়=== # ''Relevance of a Doll’s House- Translation & Adaptation'' # ''নাটক আৰু মঞ্চকলা'', চন্দ্ৰ প্ৰকাশ, ২০১৮,ISBN: 978-81-244-0453-9,<ref>নাটক আৰু মঞ্চকলা, চন্দ্ৰ প্ৰকাশ, ২০১৮,ISBN: 978-81-244-0453-9</ref> [[চিত্ৰ:নিশাৰ ৰাগিনী.jpg|thumb|middle|150px|]] [[চিত্ৰ:পদ্মাপ্ৰিয়া,ভোগৰাজ ৰবিজিতা গগৈ.jpg|thumb|middle|200px|]] =='''বঁটা আৰু সন্মান'''== # ২০০৫ চনত একা এবং কয়েকজন সামাজিক-সাংস্কৃতিক গোষ্ঠী, অসমৰ য়ুথ এচিভাৰ এৱাৰ্ড<ref>শিতানঃ বহুমুখ, আমাৰ অসম, ৬ অক্টোবৰ, ২০১০, বুধবাৰ</ref> # ২০০৬ চনত সংগীত নাটক অকাডেমীৰ ওষ্টাদ বিছমিল্লা খান বঁটা<ref>https://voice24x7.in/entertainment/jirsong-theatres-swayam-natak-samaroh-at-kalakshetra-on-september-8-10/{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> # ২০২১ চনত সূৰ্য-সামাজিক,সাংস্কৃতিক সংগঠন,অসমৰ শ্বেৰ চৌধুৰী উৎকৰ্ষ বঁটা<ref>https://www.asomiyapratidin.in/assam/surya-club-honours-t-director-rabijita-gogoi-and-kripal-kalita</ref> # Junior fellowship of Ministry of Culture, Government of India for research on performance elements in six major tribes in Assam, 1999. # Senior fellowship of Ministry of Culture, Government of India for research on Post independent modern Assamese theatre in the context of Text & Transformation of Ideas across Brahmaputra Valley, 2021-22. =='''তথ্যসূত্ৰ''' == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:জীৱিত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সংগীত নাটক অকাডেমিৰ ওষ্টাদ বিছমিল্লা খান বঁটা বিজয়ী]] s5adssbpvksx1uieq6j59omtxf6a8pi 0 121801 518712 510311 2025-06-17T01:59:55Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518712 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Surdas.jpg|thumb|১৯৫২ চনৰ ১ অক্টোবৰত ইণ্ডিয়া পোষ্টে জাৰি কৰা সুৰদাসৰ স্মৃতিচাৰণ ডাক টিকট]] '''সুৰদাস''' আছিল ষোড়শ শতিকাৰ এজন অন্ধ হিন্দু ভক্তি কবি আৰু গায়ক, যি কৃষ্ণৰ প্ৰশংসাত ৰচিত ৰচনাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত আছিল৷<ref name=Klaustermaier>{{cite book|author=Klaus K. Klostermaier|title=A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_6-JbUiHB4C&pg=PA215| date=2007-07-05| publisher=SUNY Press| isbn=978-0-7914-7082-4|page=215}}</ref> তেওঁৰ ৰচনাসমূহে তেওঁৰ [[কৃষ্ণ]]ৰ প্ৰতি থকা ভক্তিক ধৰি ৰাখিছিল। তেওঁৰ অধিকাংশ কবিতা [[ব্ৰজ ভাষা]]ত ৰচনা হোৱাৰ বিপৰীতে কিছুমান মধ্যযুগীয় [[হিন্দী]]ৰ আন উপভাষাতো ৰচনা কৰা হৈছিল, যেনে [[অৱধী ভাষা|অৱধী]]।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-17 |title=Surdas Biography - Surdas Poems - Life History in English |url=https://indiathedestiny.com/icons/poets-writers/surdas-biography/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=India the Destiny |language=en-US |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626144617/https://indiathedestiny.com/icons/poets-writers/surdas-biography/ |url-status=dead |archivedate=2022-06-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626144617/https://indiathedestiny.com/icons/poets-writers/surdas-biography/ |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ''সুৰ সাগৰ'' নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখন পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে সুৰদাসৰ বুলি কোৱা হয়। অৱশ্যে গ্ৰন্থখনৰ বহু কবিতা পিছৰ কবিসকলে সুৰৰ নামত লিখা যেন লাগে। বৰ্তমানৰ ৰূপত সুৰসাগৰখনে গোকুল আৰু ব্ৰজৰ মৰমলগা সন্তান হিচাপে কৃষ্ণক গোপীসকলৰ দৃষ্টিকোণৰ পৰা লিখা বৰ্ণনাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিছে। == জীৱনী == ''ভাৰতীয় সাহিত্য বিশ্বকোষ''ৰ মতে ১২৫৮ চনত [[উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ]]ৰ এটা ব্ৰাহ্মণ পৰিয়ালত সুৰদাসৰ জন্ম হৈছিল।<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo, Volume 1 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1987 |isbn=9788126018031 |pages=79 |quote=}}</ref> আনহাতে ''বিশ্বকোষ ব্ৰিটানিকা''ৰ মতে তেওঁৰ জন্ম হৈছিল ১৪৮৩ চনত আৰু মৃত্যু হৈছিল ১৫৬৩ চনত।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sūrdās {{!}} 15th Century Indian Poet & Bhakti Movement Devotee {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Surdas |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> সুৰদাসৰ নাম "সূৰ্য্যৰ দাস" বুলি অনুবাদ কৰা হয়, ব্ৰজ ভাষাত কাব্যিক শিল্পকলাৰ শিখৰ হিচাপে উদযাপন কৰা হয়। এই ভাষা ব্ৰজ অঞ্চলৰ সৈতে জড়িত, য'ত কৃষ্ণই শৈশৱ পাৰ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হয়। হাজিঅ'গ্ৰাফাৰ নভা দাসে তেওঁৰ ভক্তমালত সুৰদাসৰ কাব্যিক দক্ষতাৰ বাবে প্ৰশংসা কৰিছিল, বিশেষকৈ "হৰিৰ চঞ্চল কাৰ্য্য" চিত্ৰিত কৰাত, যিটো কৃষ্ণৰ ঐশ্বৰিক কাৰ্য্যকলাপৰ উল্লেখ। সুৰদাসে ৰাম আৰু সীতাৰ বিষয়েও কবিতা ৰচনা কৰিছিল যদিও মূলতঃ কৃষ্ণৰ জীৱন আৰু কৰ্মৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰিছিল।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sūradāsa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iJ9oAEACAAJ |title=Sur's Ocean: Poems from the Early Tradition |date=2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-42777-8 |pages=vii-xi |language=en}}</ref> == সুৰদাসৰ কবিতা == সুৰদাসৰ কবিতা ব্ৰজ ভাষা নামৰ হিন্দীৰ উপভাষাত ৰচনা কৰা হৈছিল , যিটো তেতিয়ালৈকে অতি সাধাৰণ ভাষা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হৈছিল, কিয়নো প্ৰচলিত সাহিত্যিক ভাষাবোৰ হয় পাৰ্চী বা [[সংস্কৃত]] আছিল । তেওঁৰ এই ৰচনাই ব্ৰজ ভাষাৰ মৰ্যাদা অখাদ্য ভাষাৰ পৰা সাহিত্যিক ভাষালৈ উন্নীত কৰিছিল।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Surdas (Sur Das, Soordas) |url=https://chandrakantha.com/biodata/surdas.html |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=chandrakantha.com |language=en}}</ref> সুৰদাসৰ নামত আৰোপ কৰা কবিতাৰ বৃহৎ পৰিমাণৰ বাবে সুৰদাসৰ কবিতাসমূহক সামূহিকভাৱে সুৰসাগৰ বা "সুৰৰ সাগৰ" বুলি জনা যায়। হিন্দু শাস্ত্ৰ ভাগৱত পুৰাণৰ দৰেই সুৰসাগৰৰ পৰম্পৰাগত আৰ্হি বাৰটা ভাগত বিভক্ত । ভাগৱত পুৰাণত যিদৰে কৃষ্ণৰ জীৱন আৰু কৰ্মৰ বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে , সুৰসাগৰেও কৃষ্ণৰ প্ৰতি উৎসৰ্গিত কবিতাৰ গৰিষ্ঠসংখ্যকেৰে একেধৰণৰ কৃতিত্ব গ্ৰহণ কৰিছে। সুৰসাগৰত পোৱা বহু কবিতা পেড, ছয়ৰ পৰা দহটা ছন্দযুক্ত পদ। আন আন বিষয়সমূহ সামৰি লোৱা হৈছে ৰাম আৰু সীতা , বিষ্ণু , শিৱ , হিন্দু ধৰ্মৰ ভিতৰৰ গজেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ৰজা বালিৰ দৰে বীৰ , কবিৰ আধ্যাত্মিক সংগ্ৰাম।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&q=bryant+edwin+krishna+a+source+book |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803400-1 |pages=224 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnmPzgEACAAJ |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z |date=2002 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4 |pages=673–674 |language=en}}</ref> ==দৰ্শন== বল্লভ আচাৰ্যৰ আঠজন শিষ্যক অষ্টাচাপ , (হিন্দীত আঠটা ছীল) বুলি কোৱা হয় , সাহিত্যিক ৰচনাৰ সামৰণিত লিখা মৌখিক স্বাক্ষৰ চপৰ নামেৰে নামকৰণ কৰা হৈছে। তাৰ ভিতৰত সুৰক আগশাৰীৰ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aṣṭachāp {{!}} Indian Poetry, Devotional Verse, Sanskrit {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Astachap |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> ==চলচ্চিত্ৰ== কবি সুৰদাসৰ জীৱনক লৈ কেইবাখনো ছবি নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত আছে:<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|access-date=12 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696}}</ref> কৃষ্ণ দেৱ মেহৰাৰ ''সুৰদাস (১৯৩৯)'', চতুৰ্ভুজ দোষীৰ ''ভক্ত সুৰদাস (১৯৪২)'', ৰবীন্দ্ৰ দৱেৰ ''সন্ত সুৰদাস (১৯৭৫)'', ৰাম পাহৱাৰ ''চিন্তামণি সুৰদাস (১৯৮৮)''। অন্ধ কবি বিলৱামংগলা (সুৰদাসৰ সৈতে পৰিচয়) আৰু চিন্তামণিৰ কিংবদন্তি ভাৰতীয় চিনেমাতো কেইবাবাৰো অভিযোজিত হৈছে। এই ছবিসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে:<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999"/> ৰুস্তমজী ধোতিৱালাৰ ''বিল্বমঙ্গল অথবা ভগত ছুৰদাস (১৯১৯)'', ''বিল্বমঙ্গল (১৯৩২)'', কল্লাকুৰি সদাচিৱ ৰাওৰ ''চিন্তামণি (১৯৩৩)'', ৱাই ভি ৰাওৰ ''চিন্তামণি (১৯৩৭)'' , শান্তি কুমাৰৰ ''ভক্ত বিল্বমঙ্গল (১৯৪৮)'', ''বিল্বমঙ্গল (১৯৫৪)'', ডি এন মাধোকৰ ''ভক্ত বিল্বমঙ্গল (১৯৫৪)'' পিনাকি ভূষণ মুখাৰ্জীৰ ''চিন্তামণি (১৯৫৬)'', পি এছ ৰামকৃষ্ণ ৰাওৰ ''চিন্তামণি (১৯৫৭)'', এম এন বাসৱৰাজৈয়াৰ ''চিলাম্বলী (১৯৬৩)'', জি কে ৰামুৰ ''বিল্বমঙ্গল (১৯৭৬)'', গোবিন্দ ৰয়ৰ ''বিল্বমঙ্গল'', সঞ্জয় বীৰ্মানীৰ ''বিল্বমঙ্গল কী প্ৰতিজ্ঞা (১৯৯৬)''। == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{IMDb name|nm11509579}} == তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ == [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় কবি]] f44xdelvgqmhe23c27zw39thwvl9q79 2 121841 518607 518489 2025-06-16T18:05:04Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধ */ 518607 wikitext text/x-wiki ==অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধ== ''তলত [[অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ বাবে অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকা দিয়া হ'ল। ইয়াৰ পৰা প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰি অসমীয়া [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ সমৃদ্ধিত আপুনিও অংশীদাৰ হ'ব পাৰে।'' ===ক্ৰীড়া/খেল=== # [[বেকগেমন]] ([[:en:Backgammon]]) # [[গ' খেল]] ([[:en:Go (game)]]) # [[জুদো]] ([[:en:Judo]]) # [[বেছবল]] ([[:en:Baseball]]) # [[গল্ফ]] ([[:en:Golf]]) # [[ৰাগবী]] ([[:en:Rugby football]]) ===ইতিহাস=== # [[আব্বাচীয় খিলাফত]] ([[:en:Abbasid Caliphate]]) # [[এজটেক]] ([[:en:Aztecs]]) # [[বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Byzantine Empire]]) # [[পবিত্ৰ ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Holy Roman Empire]]) # [[ইনকা সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Inca Empire]]) # [[মালি সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Mali Empire]]) # [[মংগোল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Mongol Empire]]) # [[মিং ৰাজবংশ]] ([[:en:Ming Dynasty]]) # [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মসংস্কাৰ আন্দোলন]] ([[:en:Protestant Reformation]]) # [[টাং সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Tang Dynasty]]) # [[আৰব-ইজৰাইল বিবাদ]] ([[:en:Arab-Israeli conflict]]) # [[আমেৰিকান গৃহ যুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:American Civil War]]) # [[মেইজি পুনৰ্গঠন]] ([[:en:Meiji Restoration]]) # [[চিং ৰাজবংশ]] ([[:en:Qing Dynasty]]) # [[ভিয়েটনাম যুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:Vietnam War]]) ===জীৱনী=== ;শিল্পী আৰু স্থপতিবিদ # [[মিমাৰ চিনান]] ([[:en:Mimar Sinan]]) # [[ডিয়েগো ৱেলাজকেজ]] ([[:en:Diego Velázquez]]) # [[এণ্ডি ৱাৰহ'ল]] ([[:en:Andy Warhol]]) # [[ফ্ৰেঙ্ক লইড ৰাইট]] ([[:en:Frank Lloyd Wright]]) ;লেখক, নাট্যকাৰ, কবি # [[আবু নুৱাচ]] ([[:en:Abu Nuwas]]) # [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]] ([[:en:Hans Christian Andersen]]) # [[মাৎসু বাসো]] ([[:en:Matsuo Bashō]]) # [[হাফিজ শ্বিৰাজী]] ([[:en:Hafez]]) # [[হোৰ্হে লুইচ বৰ্হেচ]] ([[:en:Jorge Luis Borges]]) # [[মিগেল দে চেৰ্ভানটেচ]] ([[:en:Miguel de Cervantes]]) # [[জোহান ভোল্ফগেং ফন গ্যোটে]] ([[:en:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]) # [[ভিক্টৰ হিউগ']] ([[:en:Victor Hugo]]) # [[জেমছ জয়ছ]] ([[:en:James Joyce]]) # [[মলিয়েৰ]] ([[:en:Molière]]) # [[অ'ভিদ]] ([[:en:Ovid]]) ;সুৰকাৰ আৰু সঙ্গীতশিল্পী # [[লুইচ আৰ্মষ্ট্ৰং]] ([[:en:Louis Armstrong]]) # [[জোহানেচ ব্ৰাম্স]] ([[:en:Johannes Brahms]]) # [[ফ্ৰেডেৰিক চোপাঁ]] ([[:en:Frédéric Chopin]]) # [[এণ্টনিন দ্ভাৰাক]] ([[:en:Antonín Dvořák]]) # [[জৰ্জ ফেড্ৰিক হাণ্ডেল]] ([[:en:Georg Frideric Handel]]) # [[জোছেফ হেইডেন]] ([[:en:Joseph Haydn]]) # [[গুস্তৱ মাহলাৰ]] ([[:en:Gustav Mahler]]) # [[মোৎজাৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]) # [[জিয়'ভানি পিয়েৰলুইগি দা পেলেষ্ট্ৰিনা]] ([[:en:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]]) # [[এদিত পিয়াফ]] ([[:en:Édith Piaf]]) # [[এলভিচ প্ৰেচলি]] ([[:en:Elvis Presley]]) # [[জ্যাক'ম' পুচ্চিনি]] ([[:en:Giacomo Puccini]]) # [[ফ্ৰান্‌জ সুবৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Franz Schubert]]) # [[আইগৰ ষ্ট্ৰাভিন্সকি]] ([[:en:Igor Stravinsky]]) # [[পিওটাৰ ইলিচ চালইকভস্কি]] ([[:en:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]) # [[জিছেপ্পে ভেৰ্দি]] ([[:en:Giuseppe Verdi]]) # [[এণ্টোনিয়' ভিভাল্ডি]] ([[:en:Antonio Vivaldi]]) ;অভিযাত্ৰী আৰু ভ্ৰমণকাৰী # [[ৰুৱাল আমুন্সেন]] ([[:en:Roald Amundsen]]) # [[জ্যেক কাৰ্টিয়ে]] ([[:en:Jacques Cartier]]) # [[এৰ্ণান কৰ্টেছ]] ([[:en:Hernán Cortés]]) # [[চেং হো]] ([[:en:Zheng He]]) ;উদ্ভাৱক, বিজ্ঞানী আৰু গণিতজ্ঞ # [[ইবন চিনা]] ([[:en:Avicenna]]) # [[গালেন]] ([[:en:Galen]]) # [[জেমছ প্ৰেস্কট জুল]] ([[:en:James Prescott Joule]]) # [[ডিমিট্ৰী মেণ্ডেলিভ]] ([[:en:Dmitri Mendeleev]]) # [[আৰৱিন শ্ৰুডিঙগাৰ]] ([[:en:Erwin Schrödinger]]) ;দাৰ্শনিক আৰু সমাজ বিজ্ঞানী # [[চিমন দে ব্যাভুৱাৰ]] ([[:en:Simone de Beauvoir]]) # [[ইবন খালদুন]] ([[:en:Ibn Khaldun]]) # [[জন মেনাৰ্ড কেইনছ]] ([[:en:John Maynard Keynes]]) # [[লাউযি]] ([[:en:Laozi]]) # [[নিক্কোলো মাকিয়াভেল্লি]] ([[:en:Niccolò Machiavelli]]) # [[সিমা কিয়ান]] ([[:en:Sima Qian]]) # [[লুডৱিগ ৱিটগেনষ্টাইন]] ([[:en:Ludwig Wittgenstein]]) # [[চ্যু জি]] ([[:en:Zhu Xi]]) ;ৰাজনীতিবিদ # [[মোস্তাফা কামাল আতাতুৰ্ক]] ([[:en:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]) # '''[[আগষ্টাচ]] ([[:en:Augustus]])''' # [[অটো ৱন বিজমাৰ্ক]] ([[:en:Otto von Bismarck]]) # '''[[সিমন বলিভাৰ]]''' ([[:en:Simón Bolívar]]) # [[শাৰ্লেমেন]] ([[:en:Charlemagne]]) # '''[[ৱিনষ্টন চাৰ্চিল]]''' ([[:en:Winston Churchill]]) # [[মহান কনষ্টেনটাইন]] ([[:en:Constantine the Great]]) # '''[[মহান চাইৰাচ]] ([[:en:Cyrus the Great]])''' # [[চাৰ্লচ দ্য গ'ল]] ([[:en:Charles de Gaulle]]) # '''[[এলিজাবেথ প্ৰথম]]''' ([[:en:Elizabeth I of England]]) # '''[[লুই চতুৰ্থ]]''' ([[:en:Louis XIV of France]]) # [[ৰোজা লাক্সেমবাৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Rosa Luxemburg]]) # [[কোৱামে নক্ৰুমা]] ([[:en:Kwame Nkrumah]]) # '''[[মহান পিটাৰ]]''' ([[:en:Peter the Great]]) # [[যোছেফ ষ্টালিন]] ([[:en:Joseph Stalin]]) # [[ছুলেইমান প্ৰথম]] ([[:en:Suleiman the Magnificent]]) # [[চান য়াট-চেন]] ([[:en:Sun Yat-sen]]) # [[তৈমুৰ লং]] ([[:en:Timur]]) # [[ওমৰ]] ([[:en:Umar]]) # '''[[জৰ্জ ৱাশ্বিংটন]]''' ([[:en:George Washington]]) ;ধৰ্মীয় গুৰু আৰু ধৰ্মতত্ত্ববিদ # [[টমাচ আকুইনাচ]] ([[:en:Thomas Aquinas]]) # [[হিপ্পোৰ আগষ্টিন]] ([[:en:Augustine of Hippo]]) # [[আল-গজ্জালি]] ([[:en:Al-Ghazali]]) # '''[[মাৰ্টিন লুথাৰ]]''' ([[:en:Martin Luther]]) # [[মোজেচ]] ([[:en:Moses]]) ==অন্যান্য== <span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;">[[User:Kandarpajit Kallol|<font color="#872455">'''কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল'''</font>]]&nbsp;([[User Talk:Kandarpajit Kallol|বাৰ্তা]])</span> o80f7av3g1kyxdms90evabwm6gzibj4 518618 518607 2025-06-16T18:31:54Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518618 wikitext text/x-wiki ==অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধ== ''তলত [[অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ বাবে অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকা দিয়া হ'ল। ইয়াৰ পৰা প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰি অসমীয়া [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ সমৃদ্ধিত আপুনিও অংশীদাৰ হ'ব পাৰে।'' ===ইতিহাস=== # [[আব্বাচীয় খিলাফত]] ([[:en:Abbasid Caliphate]]) # [[এজটেক]] ([[:en:Aztecs]]) # [[বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Byzantine Empire]]) # [[পবিত্ৰ ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Holy Roman Empire]]) # [[ইনকা সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Inca Empire]]) # [[মালি সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Mali Empire]]) # [[মংগোল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Mongol Empire]]) # [[মিং ৰাজবংশ]] ([[:en:Ming Dynasty]]) # [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মসংস্কাৰ আন্দোলন]] ([[:en:Protestant Reformation]]) # [[টাং সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Tang Dynasty]]) # [[আৰব-ইজৰাইল বিবাদ]] ([[:en:Arab-Israeli conflict]]) # [[আমেৰিকান গৃহ যুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:American Civil War]]) # [[মেইজি পুনৰ্গঠন]] ([[:en:Meiji Restoration]]) # [[চিং ৰাজবংশ]] ([[:en:Qing Dynasty]]) # [[ভিয়েটনাম যুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:Vietnam War]]) ===জীৱনী=== ;শিল্পী আৰু স্থপতিবিদ # [[মিমাৰ চিনান]] ([[:en:Mimar Sinan]]) # [[ডিয়েগো ৱেলাজকেজ]] ([[:en:Diego Velázquez]]) # [[এণ্ডি ৱাৰহ'ল]] ([[:en:Andy Warhol]]) # [[ফ্ৰেঙ্ক লইড ৰাইট]] ([[:en:Frank Lloyd Wright]]) ;লেখক, নাট্যকাৰ, কবি # [[আবু নুৱাচ]] ([[:en:Abu Nuwas]]) # [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]] ([[:en:Hans Christian Andersen]]) # [[মাৎসু বাসো]] ([[:en:Matsuo Bashō]]) # [[হাফিজ শ্বিৰাজী]] ([[:en:Hafez]]) # [[হোৰ্হে লুইচ বৰ্হেচ]] ([[:en:Jorge Luis Borges]]) # [[মিগেল দে চেৰ্ভানটেচ]] ([[:en:Miguel de Cervantes]]) # [[জোহান ভোল্ফগেং ফন গ্যোটে]] ([[:en:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]) # [[ভিক্টৰ হিউগ']] ([[:en:Victor Hugo]]) # [[জেমছ জয়ছ]] ([[:en:James Joyce]]) # [[মলিয়েৰ]] ([[:en:Molière]]) # [[অ'ভিদ]] ([[:en:Ovid]]) ;সুৰকাৰ আৰু সঙ্গীতশিল্পী # [[লুইচ আৰ্মষ্ট্ৰং]] ([[:en:Louis Armstrong]]) # [[জোহানেচ ব্ৰাম্স]] ([[:en:Johannes Brahms]]) # [[ফ্ৰেডেৰিক চোপাঁ]] ([[:en:Frédéric Chopin]]) # [[এণ্টনিন দ্ভাৰাক]] ([[:en:Antonín Dvořák]]) # [[জৰ্জ ফেড্ৰিক হাণ্ডেল]] ([[:en:Georg Frideric Handel]]) # [[জোছেফ হেইডেন]] ([[:en:Joseph Haydn]]) # [[গুস্তৱ মাহলাৰ]] ([[:en:Gustav Mahler]]) # [[মোৎজাৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]) # [[জিয়'ভানি পিয়েৰলুইগি দা পেলেষ্ট্ৰিনা]] ([[:en:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]]) # [[এদিত পিয়াফ]] ([[:en:Édith Piaf]]) # [[এলভিচ প্ৰেচলি]] ([[:en:Elvis Presley]]) # [[জ্যাক'ম' পুচ্চিনি]] ([[:en:Giacomo Puccini]]) # [[ফ্ৰান্‌জ সুবৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Franz Schubert]]) # [[আইগৰ ষ্ট্ৰাভিন্সকি]] ([[:en:Igor Stravinsky]]) # [[পিওটাৰ ইলিচ চালইকভস্কি]] ([[:en:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]) # [[জিছেপ্পে ভেৰ্দি]] ([[:en:Giuseppe Verdi]]) # [[এণ্টোনিয়' ভিভাল্ডি]] ([[:en:Antonio Vivaldi]]) ;অভিযাত্ৰী আৰু ভ্ৰমণকাৰী # [[ৰুৱাল আমুন্সেন]] ([[:en:Roald Amundsen]]) # [[জ্যেক কাৰ্টিয়ে]] ([[:en:Jacques Cartier]]) # [[এৰ্ণান কৰ্টেছ]] ([[:en:Hernán Cortés]]) # [[চেং হো]] ([[:en:Zheng He]]) ;উদ্ভাৱক, বিজ্ঞানী আৰু গণিতজ্ঞ # [[ইবন চিনা]] ([[:en:Avicenna]]) # [[গালেন]] ([[:en:Galen]]) # [[জেমছ প্ৰেস্কট জুল]] ([[:en:James Prescott Joule]]) # [[ডিমিট্ৰী মেণ্ডেলিভ]] ([[:en:Dmitri Mendeleev]]) # [[আৰৱিন শ্ৰুডিঙগাৰ]] ([[:en:Erwin Schrödinger]]) ;দাৰ্শনিক আৰু সমাজ বিজ্ঞানী # [[চিমন দে ব্যাভুৱাৰ]] ([[:en:Simone de Beauvoir]]) # [[ইবন খালদুন]] ([[:en:Ibn Khaldun]]) # [[জন মেনাৰ্ড কেইনছ]] ([[:en:John Maynard Keynes]]) # [[লাউযি]] ([[:en:Laozi]]) # [[নিক্কোলো মাকিয়াভেল্লি]] ([[:en:Niccolò Machiavelli]]) # [[সিমা কিয়ান]] ([[:en:Sima Qian]]) # [[লুডৱিগ ৱিটগেনষ্টাইন]] ([[:en:Ludwig Wittgenstein]]) # [[চ্যু জি]] ([[:en:Zhu Xi]]) ;ৰাজনীতিবিদ # [[মোস্তাফা কামাল আতাতুৰ্ক]] ([[:en:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]) # '''[[আগষ্টাচ]] ([[:en:Augustus]])''' # [[অটো ৱন বিজমাৰ্ক]] ([[:en:Otto von Bismarck]]) # '''[[সিমন বলিভাৰ]]''' ([[:en:Simón Bolívar]]) # [[শাৰ্লেমেন]] ([[:en:Charlemagne]]) # '''[[ৱিনষ্টন চাৰ্চিল]]''' ([[:en:Winston Churchill]]) # [[মহান কনষ্টেনটাইন]] ([[:en:Constantine the Great]]) # '''[[মহান চাইৰাচ]] ([[:en:Cyrus the Great]])''' # [[চাৰ্লচ দ্য গ'ল]] ([[:en:Charles de Gaulle]]) # '''[[এলিজাবেথ প্ৰথম]]''' ([[:en:Elizabeth I of England]]) # '''[[লুই চতুৰ্থ]]''' ([[:en:Louis XIV of France]]) # [[ৰোজা লাক্সেমবাৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Rosa Luxemburg]]) # [[কোৱামে নক্ৰুমা]] ([[:en:Kwame Nkrumah]]) # '''[[মহান পিটাৰ]]''' ([[:en:Peter the Great]]) # [[যোছেফ ষ্টালিন]] ([[:en:Joseph Stalin]]) # [[ছুলেইমান প্ৰথম]] ([[:en:Suleiman the Magnificent]]) # [[চান য়াট-চেন]] ([[:en:Sun Yat-sen]]) # [[তৈমুৰ লং]] ([[:en:Timur]]) # [[ওমৰ]] ([[:en:Umar]]) # '''[[জৰ্জ ৱাশ্বিংটন]]''' ([[:en:George Washington]]) ;ধৰ্মীয় গুৰু আৰু ধৰ্মতত্ত্ববিদ # [[টমাচ আকুইনাচ]] ([[:en:Thomas Aquinas]]) # [[হিপ্পোৰ আগষ্টিন]] ([[:en:Augustine of Hippo]]) # [[আল-গজ্জালি]] ([[:en:Al-Ghazali]]) # '''[[মাৰ্টিন লুথাৰ]]''' ([[:en:Martin Luther]]) # [[মোজেচ]] ([[:en:Moses]]) ==অন্যান্য== <span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;">[[User:Kandarpajit Kallol|<font color="#872455">'''কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল'''</font>]]&nbsp;([[User Talk:Kandarpajit Kallol|বাৰ্তা]])</span> ie7r353iqdbge9d2h1xzptl5tbwmqyl 518876 518618 2025-06-17T11:00:19Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518876 wikitext text/x-wiki ==অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধ== ''তলত [[অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ বাবে অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় প্ৰবন্ধৰ তালিকা দিয়া হ'ল। ইয়াৰ পৰা প্ৰবন্ধ সৃষ্টি কৰি অসমীয়া [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া]]ৰ সমৃদ্ধিত আপুনিও অংশীদাৰ হ'ব পাৰে।'' ===ইতিহাস=== # [[আব্বাচীয় খিলাফত]] ([[:en:Abbasid Caliphate]]) # [[এজটেক]] ([[:en:Aztecs]]) # [[বাইজেণ্টাইন সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Byzantine Empire]]) # [[পবিত্ৰ ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Holy Roman Empire]]) # [[ইনকা সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Inca Empire]]) # [[মালি সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Mali Empire]]) # [[মংগোল সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Mongol Empire]]) # [[মিং ৰাজবংশ]] ([[:en:Ming Dynasty]]) # [[খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্মসংস্কাৰ আন্দোলন]] ([[:en:Protestant Reformation]]) # [[টাং সাম্ৰাজ্য]] ([[:en:Tang Dynasty]]) # [[আৰব-ইজৰাইল বিবাদ]] ([[:en:Arab-Israeli conflict]]) # [[আমেৰিকান গৃহ যুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:American Civil War]]) # [[মেইজি পুনৰ্গঠন]] ([[:en:Meiji Restoration]]) # [[চিং ৰাজবংশ]] ([[:en:Qing Dynasty]]) # [[ভিয়েটনাম যুদ্ধ]] ([[:en:Vietnam War]]) ===জীৱনী=== ;শিল্পী আৰু স্থপতিবিদ # [[মিমাৰ চিনান]] ([[:en:Mimar Sinan]]) # [[ডিয়েগো ৱেলাজকেজ]] ([[:en:Diego Velázquez]]) # [[এণ্ডি ৱাৰহ'ল]] ([[:en:Andy Warhol]]) # [[ফ্ৰেঙ্ক লইড ৰাইট]] ([[:en:Frank Lloyd Wright]]) ;লেখক, নাট্যকাৰ, কবি # [[আবু নুৱাচ]] ([[:en:Abu Nuwas]]) # [[হান্স খ্ৰীষ্টিয়ান এণ্ডাৰচন]] ([[:en:Hans Christian Andersen]]) # [[মাৎসু বাসো]] ([[:en:Matsuo Bashō]]) # [[হাফিজ শ্বিৰাজী]] ([[:en:Hafez]]) # [[হোৰ্হে লুইচ বৰ্হেচ]] ([[:en:Jorge Luis Borges]]) # [[মিগেল দে চেৰ্ভানটেচ]] ([[:en:Miguel de Cervantes]]) # [[জোহান ভোল্ফগেং ফন গ্যোটে]] ([[:en:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]) # [[জেমছ জয়ছ]] ([[:en:James Joyce]]) # [[মলিয়েৰ]] ([[:en:Molière]]) # [[অ'ভিদ]] ([[:en:Ovid]]) ;সুৰকাৰ আৰু সঙ্গীতশিল্পী # [[লুইচ আৰ্মষ্ট্ৰং]] ([[:en:Louis Armstrong]]) # [[জোহানেচ ব্ৰাম্স]] ([[:en:Johannes Brahms]]) # [[ফ্ৰেডেৰিক চোপাঁ]] ([[:en:Frédéric Chopin]]) # [[এণ্টনিন দ্ভাৰাক]] ([[:en:Antonín Dvořák]]) # [[জৰ্জ ফেড্ৰিক হাণ্ডেল]] ([[:en:Georg Frideric Handel]]) # [[জোছেফ হেইডেন]] ([[:en:Joseph Haydn]]) # [[গুস্তৱ মাহলাৰ]] ([[:en:Gustav Mahler]]) # [[মোৎজাৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]) # [[জিয়'ভানি পিয়েৰলুইগি দা পেলেষ্ট্ৰিনা]] ([[:en:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina]]) # [[এদিত পিয়াফ]] ([[:en:Édith Piaf]]) # [[এলভিচ প্ৰেচলি]] ([[:en:Elvis Presley]]) # [[জ্যাক'ম' পুচ্চিনি]] ([[:en:Giacomo Puccini]]) # [[ফ্ৰান্‌জ সুবৰ্ট]] ([[:en:Franz Schubert]]) # [[আইগৰ ষ্ট্ৰাভিন্সকি]] ([[:en:Igor Stravinsky]]) # [[পিওটাৰ ইলিচ চালইকভস্কি]] ([[:en:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]) # [[জিছেপ্পে ভেৰ্দি]] ([[:en:Giuseppe Verdi]]) # [[এণ্টোনিয়' ভিভাল্ডি]] ([[:en:Antonio Vivaldi]]) ;অভিযাত্ৰী আৰু ভ্ৰমণকাৰী # [[ৰুৱাল আমুন্সেন]] ([[:en:Roald Amundsen]]) # [[জ্যেক কাৰ্টিয়ে]] ([[:en:Jacques Cartier]]) # [[এৰ্ণান কৰ্টেছ]] ([[:en:Hernán Cortés]]) # [[চেং হো]] ([[:en:Zheng He]]) ;উদ্ভাৱক, বিজ্ঞানী আৰু গণিতজ্ঞ # [[ইবন চিনা]] ([[:en:Avicenna]]) # [[গালেন]] ([[:en:Galen]]) # [[জেমছ প্ৰেস্কট জুল]] ([[:en:James Prescott Joule]]) # [[ডিমিট্ৰী মেণ্ডেলিভ]] ([[:en:Dmitri Mendeleev]]) # [[আৰৱিন শ্ৰুডিঙগাৰ]] ([[:en:Erwin Schrödinger]]) ;দাৰ্শনিক আৰু সমাজ বিজ্ঞানী # [[চিমন দে ব্যাভুৱাৰ]] ([[:en:Simone de Beauvoir]]) # [[ইবন খালদুন]] ([[:en:Ibn Khaldun]]) # [[জন মেনাৰ্ড কেইনছ]] ([[:en:John Maynard Keynes]]) # [[লাউযি]] ([[:en:Laozi]]) # [[নিক্কোলো মাকিয়াভেল্লি]] ([[:en:Niccolò Machiavelli]]) # [[সিমা কিয়ান]] ([[:en:Sima Qian]]) # [[লুডৱিগ ৱিটগেনষ্টাইন]] ([[:en:Ludwig Wittgenstein]]) # [[চ্যু জি]] ([[:en:Zhu Xi]]) ;ৰাজনীতিবিদ # [[মোস্তাফা কামাল আতাতুৰ্ক]] ([[:en:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]) # '''[[আগষ্টাচ]] ([[:en:Augustus]])''' # [[অটো ৱন বিজমাৰ্ক]] ([[:en:Otto von Bismarck]]) # '''[[সিমন বলিভাৰ]]''' ([[:en:Simón Bolívar]]) # [[শাৰ্লেমেন]] ([[:en:Charlemagne]]) # '''[[ৱিনষ্টন চাৰ্চিল]]''' ([[:en:Winston Churchill]]) # [[মহান কনষ্টেনটাইন]] ([[:en:Constantine the Great]]) # '''[[মহান চাইৰাচ]] ([[:en:Cyrus the Great]])''' # [[চাৰ্লচ দ্য গ'ল]] ([[:en:Charles de Gaulle]]) # '''[[এলিজাবেথ প্ৰথম]]''' ([[:en:Elizabeth I of England]]) # '''[[লুই চতুৰ্থ]]''' ([[:en:Louis XIV of France]]) # [[ৰোজা লাক্সেমবাৰ্গ]] ([[:en:Rosa Luxemburg]]) # [[কোৱামে নক্ৰুমা]] ([[:en:Kwame Nkrumah]]) # '''[[মহান পিটাৰ]]''' ([[:en:Peter the Great]]) # [[যোছেফ ষ্টালিন]] ([[:en:Joseph Stalin]]) # [[ছুলেইমান প্ৰথম]] ([[:en:Suleiman the Magnificent]]) # [[চান য়াট-চেন]] ([[:en:Sun Yat-sen]]) # [[তৈমুৰ লং]] ([[:en:Timur]]) # [[ওমৰ]] ([[:en:Umar]]) # '''[[জৰ্জ ৱাশ্বিংটন]]''' ([[:en:George Washington]]) ;ধৰ্মীয় গুৰু আৰু ধৰ্মতত্ত্ববিদ # [[টমাচ আকুইনাচ]] ([[:en:Thomas Aquinas]]) # [[হিপ্পোৰ আগষ্টিন]] ([[:en:Augustine of Hippo]]) # [[আল-গজ্জালি]] ([[:en:Al-Ghazali]]) # '''[[মাৰ্টিন লুথাৰ]]''' ([[:en:Martin Luther]]) # [[মোজেচ]] ([[:en:Moses]]) ==অন্যান্য== <span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;">[[User:Kandarpajit Kallol|<font color="#872455">'''কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল'''</font>]]&nbsp;([[User Talk:Kandarpajit Kallol|বাৰ্তা]])</span> l2snqqdf0mdih4ezu13dw0akkm5at0f 0 122206 518692 513621 2025-06-16T21:22:31Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{পোখালি}}{{Infobox settlement | name = মস্কো | native_name = Москва | native_name_lang = ru | settlement_type = ৰাজধানী আৰু ফেডাৰেল চহৰ | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = Russia#Europe | pushpin_map_caption= | coordinates = | subdivision_type = দেশ | subdivision_name = [[ৰাছিয়া]] | established_title = প্ৰতিষ্ঠা | established_date = ১১৪৭ | leader_title = মেয়ৰ | leader_name = চাৰ্গেই ছোবিয়ানিন<ref name="mayor">{{Cite web |title=Mayor of Moscow |url=https://www.mos.ru/en/mayor/ |access-date=২৯ মে’ ২০২৫}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 2561.5 | elevation_m = 156 | population_total = 13010112 | population_as_of = 2021<ref name="pop2021">{{Cite web |title=Population statistics of Moscow, 2021 |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/ |access-date=২৯ মে’ ২০২৫}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = MSK | utc_offset = +3 | postal_code_type = ডাক কোড | postal_code = 101000–135999 | area_code = +7 495, +7 499 | registration_plate = 77, 97, 99, 177, 197, 199, 777, 797, 799 | website = [https://www.mos.ru/en/ www.mos.ru] }} '''মস্কো''' ({{lang-ru|Москва}}) হৈছে [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ ৰাজধানী আৰু আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল [[চহৰ]], যি কেন্দ্ৰীয় ৰাছিয়াৰ মস্কভা [[নদী]]ৰ পাৰত অৱস্থিত। চহৰখনৰ সীমাৰ ভিতৰত জনসংখ্যা প্ৰায় ১.৩ কোটি,<ref name="pop2021" /> নগৰ অঞ্চলত ১.৯ কোটিৰো অধিক, আৰু মহানগৰ অঞ্চলত ২.১ কোটিৰো অধিক বাসিন্দা আছে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moscow population overview |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/moscow-population |access-date=২৯ মে’ ২০২৫}}</ref> মস্কো [[ইউৰোপ]]ৰ আটাইতকৈ জনবহুল চহৰ আৰু ইউৰোপৰ ভিতৰত বৃহত্তম নগৰ আৰু মহানগৰ অঞ্চল। চহৰখনৰ ইতিহাস ১১৪৭ চনত প্ৰথম উল্লেখ পোৱা যায়।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hosking |first=Geoffrey |title=Russia and the Russians: A History |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-674-00473-3 |page=72}}</ref> ১৬ আৰু ১৭ শতিকাত মস্কো তিনিটা চক্ৰাকাৰ প্ৰাচীৰে সুৰক্ষিত কৰা হৈছিল: কিতাই-গোৰোদ, হোৱাইট চিটি আৰু অৰ্থেন চিটি।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moscow’s ancient fortifications |url=https://www.rbth.com/travel/330777-moscow-kremlin-city-walls |access-date=২৯ মে’ ২০২৫}}</ref> ১৫৪৭ চনত অগ্নিকাণ্ডে চহৰখনৰ বৃহৎ অংশ ধ্বংস কৰে, আৰু ১৫৭১ চনত ক্ৰিমিয়ান টাটাৰসকলে মস্কো দখল কৰি ক্ৰেমলিন বাদে সকলো জ্বলাই দিয়ে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Riasanovsky |first=Nicholas V. |title=A History of Russia |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-534197-3 |page=172}}</ref> ১৫৯১ চনত পুনৰ আক্ৰমণ ঘটে, কিন্তু নতুন প্ৰাচীৰে আক্ৰমণ ৰোধ কৰে। মস্কোত কেইবাটাও UNESCO বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্য স্থান আছে, যেনে ৰেড স্কুৱাৰ, ছেইণ্ট বেছিল কেথেড্ৰেল আৰু মস্কো ক্ৰেমলিন, যি ৰাছিয়াৰ চৰকাৰৰ আসন।<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Russia |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ru |access-date=২৯ মে’ ২০২৫}}</ref> চহৰখনত চাৰিটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় বিমানবন্দৰ, দশটা ৰেলৱে টাৰ্মিনেল, আৰু মস্কো মেট্ৰো আছে, যি ইউৰোপৰ আটাইতকৈ ব্যস্ত মেট্ৰো ব্যৱস্থা।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moscow Metro facts and statistics |url=https://www.mosmetro.ru/en/about/facts/ |access-date=২৯ মে’ ২০২৫ }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> চহৰখনৰ ৪০% ৰো অধিক অঞ্চল সেউজীয়া, যাৰ ফলত মস্কো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ সেউজীয়া চহৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত পৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moscow: One of the greenest capitals in the world |url=https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/332223-moscow-green-city |access-date=২৯ মে’ ২০২৫}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভূগোল]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চল]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইউৰোপৰ ৰাজধানী]] 0atdmqqmocct168p29z3id7tfxn8v9a 0 122336 518702 514722 2025-06-17T00:01:49Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Hindu leader | name = লোকনাথ ব্ৰহ্মচাৰী | image = BabaBIG.jpg | image_size = 225px | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1730|8|31|df=y}}<ref name="Date of Birth">[http://www.usingha.com/sal/1137.html ১৭৩০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দেৰ গ্ৰেগোৰিয়ান আৰু বাংলা বৰ্ষপঞ্জী]</ref> | birth_place = কচুয়া, [[বংগ|ভাৰত]]<ref name="kachua">{{cite book |title=কচুয়া: লোকনাথ-গঙ্গাৰ ত্ৰিবেনী সঙ্গম |last=Basak |first=Tushar Kanti |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2023 |publisher=Lokenath Mission, Kachua |location= |isbn= |page=6 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="banik">{{cite book |title=বাৰদীৰ গোঁসাই: শ্ৰীশ্ৰী লোকনাথ ব্ৰহ্মচাৰী |last=Banik |first=Shri Haribhakta |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2013 |publisher=Shri Shital Chandra Pal |location= |isbn= |page=18 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> | birth_name = লোকনাথ ঘোষাল | death_date = ১ জুন ১৮৯০<ref name="Date of Death">{{cite web|title=পঞ্জিকা ১২৯৭ বঙ্গাব্দ|url=http://www.usingha.com/sal/1297.html|work=usingha.com|access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref> (বয়স ১৬০)<ref name=":0" /><ref>জয়নাল হোসেন কৰ্তৃক লিখিত "ৰাজা ভাওয়াল সন্ন্যাসী ও ভাওয়াল পৰগনা গ্ৰন্থ।" </ref><ref>[http://www.usingha.com/sal/1297.html|১৮৯০ খ্ৰিষ্টাব্দেৰ গ্ৰেগোৰিয়ান ও বাংলা বৰ্ষপঞ্জী]{{Dead link|date=নৱেম্বৰ ২০২২ |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | death_place = বাৰদী, [[ঢাকা]], [[বংগ|বাংলাদেশ]], [[ব্ৰিটিছ ৰাজ|ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰত]] | nationality = | guru =ভগৱান গাংগুলী | disciple = | photography = Razendrabarayan Roy Chowdhury, King of Bhawal Estate | honours = | founder = | Literary works = | influenced = | quote = | signature = | footnotes = }} '''লোকনাথ ব্ৰহ্মচাৰী''' (জন্ম: ৩১ আগষ্ট ১৭৩০<ref>{{cite web|title=পঞ্জিকা ১১৩৭ বঙ্গাব্দ|url=http://www.usingha.com/sal/1137.html|work=usingha.com|access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref> - মৃত্যু: ১ জুন ১৮৯০<ref name="Date of Death">{{cite web|title=পঞ্জিকা ১২৯৭ বঙ্গাব্দ|url=http://www.usingha.com/sal/1297.html|work=usingha.com|access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>) আছিল এগৰাকী [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] সিদ্ধপুৰুষ। তেওঁক '''বাবা লোকনাথ''' নামেৰেও জনা যায়। হিন্দু ধৰ্মাৱলম্বীসকলৰ মাজত লোকনাথ ব্ৰহ্মচাৰী এক পূজনীয় ব্যক্তিত্ব। তেওঁ দেহত্যাগৰ আগলৈকে [[বাংলাদেশ]]ৰ নাৰায়ণগঞ্জৰ সোণাৰগাঁৱৰ বাৰদী আশ্ৰমত থাকিছিল। নাৰায়ণগঞ্জ জিলাৰ সোণাৰগাঁও উপজিলাৰ বাৰদীত অৱস্থিত বাবা লোকনাথ ব্ৰহ্মচাৰী আশ্ৰম হিন্দুসকলৰ এটি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ তীৰ্থভূমি। বিশেষকৈ [[বাঙালী হিন্দু]]সকলৰ বাবে ই এক জনপ্ৰিয় তীৰ্থস্থান।<ref name=":0">[[s:চিত্ৰ:সিদ্ধজীবনী - ব্ৰহ্মানন্দ ভাৰতী.pdf|সিদ্ধজীবনী]] - [[ব্ৰহ্মানন্দ ভাৰতী]], ১৯৫৭, কলকাতা।</ref><ref name="এনটিভি বিডি">{{Cite web|language=bn|title=লোকনাথ ব্ৰহ্মচাৰীৰ আশ্ৰমে একদিন|url=https://www.ntvbd.com/travel/199223/লোকনাথ-ব্ৰহ্মচাৰীৰ-আশ্ৰমে-একদিন|access-date=১১ জুন ২০২০|website=এনটিভি বিডি}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == শৈশৱ == ১৭৩০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ৩১ [[আগষ্ট]]<ref name="Date of Birth" /> (১৮ [[ভাদ]], ১১৩৭ বঙ্গাব্দ) তাৰিখে, ভগৱান [[শ্ৰীকৃষ্ণ|শ্ৰীকৃষ্ণৰ]] জন্মতিথি অৰ্থাৎ [[জন্মাষ্টমী]]ৰ দিনা [[কলিকতা]]ৰ পৰা কিছু দূৰৈত বৰ্তমানৰ উত্তৰ চব্বিশ পৰগণা জিলাৰ কচুয়া গাঁৱত (কচুয়াধাম নামেৰে পৰিচিত) এটি ব্ৰাহ্মণ পৰিয়ালত বাবা লোকনাথে জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref name="kachua"></ref><ref name="banik"></ref> (লোকনাথৰ জন্মস্থানক লৈ তেওঁৰ শিষ্যসকলৰ মাজতো মতভেদ আছে। নিত্যগোপাল সাহাই এই বিষয়ে উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ত গোচৰ তৰে আৰু ৰায় অনুসৰি তেওঁৰ জন্মস্থান কচুয়া বুলি চিহ্নিত হয়। ) তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰ নাম আছিল ৰামনাৰায়ণ ঘোষাল আৰু মাতৃৰ নাম আছিল শ্ৰীমতী কমলা দেৱী। তেওঁ পিতৃ-মাতৃৰ চতুৰ্থ পুত্ৰ আছিল।<ref name=":0" /> তেওঁৰ পিতৃ ৰামনাৰায়ণ ঘোষাল আছিল এগৰাকী ধৰ্মপৰায়ণ ব্যক্তি আৰু গুপ্তসাধক। তেওঁৰ ইচ্ছা আছিল এগৰাকী সন্তানক ব্ৰহ্মচাৰী বনোৱা। কিন্তু মাতৃস্নেহত আচ্ছন্ন মাকে তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰসকলক ব্ৰহ্মচাৰী হোৱাৰ সম্মতি দিব নিবিচাৰিছিল। অৱশেষত, যেতিয়া চতুৰ্থ সন্তান লোকনাথৰ জন্ম হৈছিল, তেতিয়া তেওঁৰ মাতৃ কমলা দেৱীয়ে নিজে ব্ৰহ্মচাৰী হʼবলৈ সম্মতি দিয়ে।<ref name=":0" /> ইয়াৰ পিছত ৰামনাৰায়ণে, আচাৰ্য গাংগুলী (ভগৱান চন্দ্ৰ গংগোপাধ্যায়)ক লোকনাথৰ আচাৰ্য ৰূপে ‍উপনয়ন সংস্কাৰ কৰোৱাই আধ্যাত্মিক জীৱনৰ দায়িত্ব লʼবলৈ অনুৰোধ কৰে। আচাৰ্য গাংগুলী আছিল পৰম নিষ্ঠাৱান আৰু সৰ্বশাস্ত্ৰত সুপণ্ডিত গৃহী সন্ন্যাসী। তেওঁ চৌৰাশীচাকলা গাঁৱৰ ওচৰত স্থিত কাঁকড়া গাঁৱত বসবাস কৰিছিল। সেই সময়ত গাঁওখনক কচুয়া নামেৰে জনা গৈছিল। উপনয়নৰ বাবে লোকনাথে আচাৰ্য গাংগুলীৰ শিষ্যত্ব লাভ কৰে। লগতে তেওঁৰ প্ৰিয় সখা বেণীমাধৱ চক্ৰৱৰ্তীয়েও ভগৱান গাংগুলীৰ শিষ্যত্ব লাভ কৰে। তেতিয়া লোকনাথ আৰু তেওঁৰ সখা বেণীমাধৱৰ বয়স আছিল ১১ বছৰ আৰু আচাৰ্য গাংগুলীৰ বয়স আছিল ৬০ বছৰ। ইয়াৰ পিছত আচাৰ্য গাংগুলীৰ সৈতে এই বালক দুগৰাকীয়ে বেদোক্ত বিধিমতে নৈষ্ঠিক-ব্ৰহ্মচাৰী হৈ গৃহস্থাশ্ৰম ত্যাগ কৰে।<ref name=":0" /> == সিদ্ধিলাভ == গৃহ ত্যাগৰ পিছত ১১৪৮ বঙ্গাব্দত আচাৰ্য গাংগুলীয়ে তেওঁলোকক কালীঘাটৰ শক্তিপীঠলৈ লৈ আহে। একাৱন্ন পীঠৰ অন্যতম এই মহাপীঠ কালীঘাট। তেতিয়া কালীঘাট আছিল ঘন অৰণ্যৰে বেষ্টিত অঞ্চল। কালীঘাটলৈ অহাৰ পিছত, বাল্য ব্ৰহ্মচাৰীদ্বয়ে আচাৰ্যক সাধন-ভজন শিকাবলৈ কৈছিল। তেওঁলোকে কালীঘাটৰ পৰা সাধন-ভজন শিকিবলৈ এটি নিৰ্জন ঠাইলৈ ৰাওনা হৈছিল। নিৰ্জন স্থানলৈ আহি শিষ্যদ্বয়ে কঠোৰ সংযম পালন কৰে আৰু দীৰ্ঘ ৩০-৪০ বছৰ নক্ত-ব্ৰত (দিনত অনাহাৰে থাকি ৰাতি আহাৰ গ্ৰহণ) পালন কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছত একান্তৰা-ব্ৰত (এদিন উপবাসৰ পিছৰ দিনা আহাৰ গ্ৰহণ), ত্ৰিৰাত্ৰি, পঞ্চহ, নৱৰাত্ৰি ব্ৰত পালন কৰে। আচাৰ্য গাংগুলীয়ে তেওঁলোকক ধ্যান আৰু যোগৰ শিক্ষা দিয়ে। ইয়াৰ পিছত সিদ্ধিলাভৰ বাবে তেওঁলোক [[হিমালয়]]ৰ বৰফাবৃত এক নিৰ্জন স্থানলৈ যায়। পঞ্চাশ বছৰৰো অধিক সময় কঠোৰ তপস্যা কৰি লোকনাথে সমাধিৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ শিখৰত উপনীত হয় আৰু পৰমতত্ত্ব লাভ কৰে। তেতিয়া তেওঁৰ বয়স ৯০ বছৰ আছিল।<ref name=":0" /> == ভ্ৰমণ == ==== মক্কালৈ যাত্ৰা ==== শিষ্যসকলে সিদ্ধি লাভ কৰাৰ পিছত, ভগৱান গাংগুলীয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ সৈতে [[মক্কা]] ভ্ৰমণ কৰিব বিচাৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে খোজকাঢ়িয়েই মক্কাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে যাত্ৰা আৰম্ভ কৰে। প্ৰথমে তেওঁলোক কাবুলত উপস্থিত হয়। তাত তেওঁলোকে 'মোল্লা সাদি' নামৰ এজন ধাৰ্মিক মুছলমানক লগ পাইছিল। তেওঁৰ লগত [[কোৰআন]] আৰু [[ইছলাম]] ধৰ্মৰ বিষয়ে বহুতো আলোচনা হৈছিল। ইয়াত লোকনাথে কোৰআন অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল। তেওঁলোকে উপলব্ধি কৰিছিল যে বাহ্যিক আচৰণৰ বাহিৰে দুয়োটা ধৰ্মৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। কাবুলৰ পিছত তেওঁলোক [[মদিনা]]লৈ আহিছিল। ইয়াতো, [[বেদ]] আৰু [[কোৰআন]]ৰ বিষয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ সৈতে আলোচনা কৰা হৈছিল। তাৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে মক্কালৈ যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল। বাটত 'আব্দুল গফুৰ' নামৰ এজন ৪০০ বছৰীয়া উচ্চ পদস্থ মুছলমান ফকীৰক চাবলৈ তেওঁৰ বাসগৃহলৈ গৈছিল। তেওঁ সদায় নীৰৱ আৰু সমাধিৰ অৱস্থাত থাকিছিল। সিদ্ধপুৰুষ লোকনাথক দেখি তেওঁ নিজৰ সমাধি ভাঙি তেওঁক সাৱটি ধৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকে দুৰ্গম পথ এটি অতিক্ৰম কৰি মক্কা পাইছিল।<ref name=":0" /> ==== কাশীধামলৈ যাত্ৰা ==== কিছুদিন মক্কাত থকাৰ পিছত তেওঁলোকে বাৰাণসীৰ কাশীধামলৈ ৰাওনা হয়। তাতেই মহাযোগী ত্ৰৈলঙ্গস্বামীৰ কুটিৰ অৱস্থিত। গাংগুলীয়ে তেওঁৰ দুই শিষ্যৰ সকলো দায়িত্ব ত্ৰৈলঙ্গস্বামীক হস্তান্তৰ কৰিছিল আৰু [[গঙ্গা]]ৰ পাৰত ধ্যানমগ্ন অৱস্থাতেই বিদায় লৈছিল। ত্ৰৈলঙ্গস্বামীৰ প্ৰকৃত নাম আছিল পণ্ডিত হিতলাল মিশ্ৰ। তাত তেওঁলোকে কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে স্বামীজীৰ সৈতে যোগ-অধ্যয়ন কৰিছিল আৰু যাত্ৰালৈ গৈছিল।<ref name=":0" /> ==== বিশ্ব ভ্ৰমণ ==== ভ্ৰমণৰ উদ্দেশ্যে তেওঁলোকে ভাৰতৰ পশ্চিমে [[আফগানিস্তান]], আৰৱ, [[ইজৰাইল]], পাৰস্য, [[ইউৰোপ]] আদিৰ মাজেৰে [[আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰ]]ৰ উপকূললৈকে যাত্ৰা কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁলোক ভাৰতলৈ উভতি আহিছিল আৰু পুনৰ উত্তৰদিশে গৈছিল। বৰফাচ্ছন্ন [[সুমেৰু|সুমেৰু অঞ্চল]]লৈ যোৱাৰ পূৰ্ব প্ৰস্তুতি উপলক্ষে শীতপ্ৰধান অঞ্চল হিচাপে তেওঁলোক [[বদ্ৰীনাথ মন্দিৰ|বদ্ৰীনাথ শ্ৰীমন্দিৰ আশ্ৰম]]ত থাকিছিল। তাৰ পৰাই তেওঁলোকে আধুনিক পৰিজ্ঞাত সীমা অতিক্ৰম কৰি উত্তৰে বহুদূৰলৈ গুচি গৈছিল। খোজ কাঢ়িয়েই তেওঁলোক [[চাইবেৰিয়া]]লৈ যায়। সূৰ্য্যোদয় নোহোৱাৰ বাবে সময় নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰিব পৰা নগʼল; কিন্তু তেওঁলোকে বাটত ২০ বাৰ বৰফ পৰা আৰু গলি যোৱা দেখিছিল। কেইটামান বৰফৰ স্তম্ভৰ কাষলৈ আহি তেওঁলোকে তেওঁলোকৰ যাত্ৰা সমাপ্ত কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ পিছত পূব দিশলৈ আগবাঢ়ি গৈ তেওঁ [[চীন]] দেশত উপস্থিত হয়। তাৰ পৰা ত্ৰৈলঙ্গস্বামীয়ে উদয়চলালৈ যোৱা পথত ৰাওনা হ’ল। লোকেনাথ আৰু বেণীমাধব তিব্বত আৰু বদ্ৰীনাথ পাহাৰত থাকিল। তাৰ পাছত বেণীমাধব [[কামৰূপ ৰাজ্য|কামাখ্যা]]লৈ ৰাওনা হ’ল আৰু লোকনাথে চন্দ্ৰনাথ পৰ্বতৰ গাতে লাগি থকা হাবিখনৰ মাজেৰে খোজ কাঢ়ি গ’ল।<ref name=":0" /> == বাৰদীত থকা সময়ছোৱা == অৰণ্যৰ মাজেৰে যাত্ৰা কৰোঁতে, হঠাতে অৰণ্যত অগ্নিকাণ্ড সংঘটিত হয়। তেওঁ লক্ষ্য কৰিলে যে গছৰ তলত এগৰাকী জটাজুটধাৰী সন্ন্যাসী ধ্যানমগ্ন অৱস্থাত আছে। তেওঁ যোগ শক্তিৰে লোকনাথক নিৰাপদ স্থানলৈ লৈ আহিছিল। তেওঁ আছিল বিজয়কৃষ্ণ গোস্বামী। ইয়াৰ পিছত লোকনাথ তেতিয়াৰ [[ত্ৰিপুৰা]] জিলাৰ দাউদকান্দি গাঁৱলৈ আহে। বাৰদী গাঁৱৰ ডেংগু কৰ্মকাৰ নামৰ এজন ব্যক্তি তেতিয়া ফৌজদাৰী গোচৰত অভিযুক্ত হৈ দাউদকান্দিত আছিল। বিচলিত ডেংগু কৰ্মকাৰে লোকেনাথক দেখি সকলো কথা বিৱৰি ক'লে। তেতিয়া লোকনাথে তেওঁক নিৰ্ভয়ে থাকিবলৈ কৈছিল। পিছদিনা, ন্যায়াধীশে ডেংগুক নিৰ্দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰে। ডেংগুৱে লোকনাথক নিজৰ ঘৰলৈ লৈ যায়। ডেংগুৰ মৃত্যুৰ পিছত বাৰদীৰ জমিদাৰে তেওঁক জমিদাৰ গৃহলৈ লৈ যায়। জমিদাৰে তেওঁক ‘ছাৱাল বাঘিনী’ নদীৰ পাৰত এটি নিৰ্জন শ্মশানত আশ্ৰম পাতি দিছিল। সুদীৰ্ঘ ছাব্বিশ বছৰ কাল তেওঁ তাত আছিল। তেতিয়াৰ পৰাই লোকনাথ “বাৰদী’ৰ ব্ৰহ্মচাৰী” নামেৰে পৰিচিত হৈছিল।<ref name=":0" /> == মহাপ্ৰয়াণ == বৰদীত থকা সময়ছোৱাত ভক্তসকলে কৃপা লভিবলৈ তেওঁৰ ওচৰলৈ আহিছিল। এদিন এজন ভক্তই তেওঁৰ পুত্ৰৰ দুৰাৰোগ্য যক্ষ্মা ৰোগৰ আৰোগ্য কামনাৰে তেওঁৰ ওচৰলৈ আহিছিল। লোকনাথে বুজি পালে যে পুত্ৰৰ আয়ুস শেষ হৈ আহিছে। তথাপিও, ভক্তক কৃপা কৰি তেওঁ নিজ শৰীৰত যক্ষ্মা ৰোগ গ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। যদিও পুত্ৰ লাহে লাহে এই ৰোগৰ পৰা আৰোগ্য হৈছিল, কেইদিনমানৰ ভিতৰতে তেওঁৰ মৃত্যু হয়। কিন্তু লোকনাথৰ শৰীৰত যক্ষ্মা ৰোগ বাঢ়ি গৈ আছিল। তাৰ পিছত জেঠ মাহৰ ১৯ তাৰিখে তেওঁ মৃত্যুৰ কথা ঘোষণা কৰে। এই খবৰ পোৱাৰ পিছত, ভাৰাক্ৰান্ত আৰু অশ্ৰুসিক্ত ভক্তসকলে দলবদ্ধভাৱে বাৰদীৰ আশ্ৰমলৈ আহিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে। তাত তেওঁ সকলোকে প্ৰসাদ লʼবলৈ কৈছিল।<ref name=":0" /> তাৰ পিছত, ১৯ [[জেঠ]], ১২৯৭ বঙ্গাব্দ (১ জুন, ১৮৯০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দ)ত<ref name="Date of Death" /> এটি ৰʼদঘাই দিনত পুৱা ১১:৪৫ বজাত, তেওঁ বাংলাদেশৰ নাৰায়ণগঞ্জৰ সোণাৰগাঁৱৰ বাৰদী আশ্ৰমত মহাসমাধিত মগ্ন হয়। তেতিয়া তেওঁৰ বয়স আছিল ১৬০ বছৰ।<ref name=":0" /> == জন্মস্থানক লৈ বিতৰ্ক == বাবা লোকনাথৰ উৎপত্তিস্থল অৰ্থাৎ জন্মস্থান ৰহস্যৰে আবৃত। ১৮৮৫ চনৰ ৮ এপ্ৰিল তাৰিখে, টি. নেইলৰ, সহকাৰীৰ ওচৰত এটি আচল ডিক্ৰি (১৯৩৫ চনৰ ৮২ নং) লোৱা হৈছিল। ১৮৭২ চনৰ "প্ৰভিশ্যন এক্ট এক্স"-ৰ অধীনত নাৰায়ণগঞ্জৰ মেজিষ্ট্ৰেট যʼত দৃশ্যত বাবা লোকনাথে একেই কথা কৈছিল <ref name="kachua4">{{Cite book|last=Basak|first=Tushar Kanti|title=কচুয়া: লোকনাথ-গঙ্গাৰ ত্ৰিবেনী সঙ্গম|publisher=Lokenath Mission, Kachua|year=2023|pages=11-13}}</ref>: <blockquote>"My name is Lokenath Brahmachari. My father's name is Ram Narain Ghosal. I am by caste Brahman. My home is at Mouza Chakla, Thana zilla Barasat. I reside at present in Mouza Baradi. Thana Narainganj, Zilla Dacca, where I am preist." "মোৰ নাম লোকনাথ ব্ৰহ্মচাৰী। মোৰ পিতৃৰ নাম ৰাম নাৰায়ণ ঘোষাল। মই ব্ৰাহ্মণ জাতিৰ অন্তৰ্গত। মোৰ ঘৰ মৌজা চাকলা, থানা জিলা বাৰাসতত অৱস্থিত। বৰ্তমান মই মৌজা বাৰদীত থাকোঁ। থানা নাৰায়ণগঞ্জ, জিলা ঢাকা, যʼত মই এগৰাকী পুৰোহিত।" </blockquote> তুষাৰ কান্তি বসাকৰ গ্ৰন্থ "কচুয়া: লোকনাথ-গঙ্গাৰ ত্ৰিবেনী সংগম"-ত তেওঁ উল্লেখ কৰিছে <ref name="kachua2">{{Cite book|last=Basak|first=Tushar Kanti|title=কচুয়া: লোকনাথ-গঙ্গাৰ ত্ৰিবেনী সঙ্গম|publisher=Lokenath Mission, Kachua|year=2023|pages=11-14}}</ref>, ১৮৮৫ চনত "...জিলা বাৰাসত" উল্লেখ কৰা সম্ভৱ নহয় যʼত (তেওঁৰ মতে) বাৰাসত জিলা ১৮৩৪-১৮৬২ চনৰ ভিতৰত বিদ্যমান আছিল (তেওঁ উল্লেখ কৰিছে<ref name="biswakosh">{{Cite book|last=Basu|first=Nagendranath Kanti|title=বিশ্বকোষ - খণ্ড ১২|publisher=West Bengal Public Library Network|year=1901|pages=756}}</ref>)। ১৮৬১ চনত, যৌথ মেজিষ্ট্ৰেচি বিলুপ্ত কৰা হয় আৰু "বাৰাসাত জিলা" চব্বিশ পৰগনা জিলাৰ এটি মহকুমালৈ পৰিণত হয়।<ref name="barasat">{{cite web |url=https://www.barasatmunicipality.org/about-barasat-city#:~:text=At%20present%20it%20is%20the,Municipality%20became%20an%20autonomous%20body. |title= About Barasat city |author=Barasat Municipality |website= Barasat Minicipality |publisher= Adenis Infotech}}</ref> তেওঁ আৰু উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে লোকনাথে নকʼলেহেঁতেন যে তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰ নাম "ৰাম নাৰায়ণ ঘোষাল" কিয়নো তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰ আচল নাম আছিল "ৰাম কানাই ঘোষাল।" <ref name="kachua3">{{Cite book|last=Basak|first=Tushar Kanti|title=কচুয়া: লোকনাথ-গঙ্গাৰ ত্ৰিবেনী সঙ্গম|publisher=Lokenath Mission, Kachua|year=2023|pages=14}}</ref> এনে ধৰণৰ বিসংগতিৰ বাবে বসাকে তেওঁৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে,’ লোকনাথ ব্ৰহ্মচাৰীৰ জন্মস্থান হʼব লাগে ‘কচুয়াধাম। লেখিকা জিতবতী দাসে তেওঁৰ গ্ৰন্থ - "বিশুদ্ধ প্ৰেম"-ত উল্লেখ কৰিছে: যে <ref name="prem">{{Cite book|last=Das|first=Jitavati |title=Visuddha Prema|publisher=Notion Press|year=2023|isbn=9798888839744}}</ref> "...শ্ৰী লোকনাথ ব্ৰহ্মচাৰী অবিভক্ত বংগ দেশৰ কচুয়া (বৰ্তমানৰ ভাৰতৰ পশ্চিমবংগত) নামৰ এখন গাঁৱত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।" বাৰদীৰ গোঁসাই: শ্ৰীশ্ৰী লোকনাথ ব্ৰহ্মচাৰী গ্ৰন্থত লেখকে উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে, লোকনাথ ব্ৰহ্মচাৰীয়ে ১১৩৭ চনত (বাংলা বৰ্ষপঞ্জী অনুসৰি) কাঁকড়া-কচুয়াত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল।<ref name="banik"></ref> লোকনাথ মিছনৰ ২০১১ গ্ৰন্থৰ স্বামীবাগ ৰোড শাখাত: শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি ১২১তম তিতিন দিৱস, বিষ্ণুপদ ভৌমিকেও উল্লেখ কৰে যে লোকনাথ ব্ৰহ্মচাৰীয়ে ১৭৩০ চনত কচুয়াত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল <ref name="tomo">{{Cite book|last=Bhowmick|first=Bishnupada|title=প্ৰাণেৰ ঠাকুৰ বাবা লোকনাথেৰ মহাপ্ৰয়াণ শ্বৰোণে - শ্ৰদ্ধাঞ্জলি ১২১তম তিৰোধন দিবস|publisher=স্বামীবাগ ৰোড Branch|year=2011|pages=30}}</ref>। == উদ্ধৃতি == * "ৰণে-বনে-জলে-জঙ্গলে যেতিয়াই বিপদত পৰিবা, মোক স্মৰণ কৰিবা, মই তোমাক ৰক্ষা কৰিম।" <ref>{{cite web|url=http://bani.com.bd/595/2725/|title=বাণী চিৰন্তণী|access-date=১৭ আগষ্ট ২০১৬|archivedate=১৩ অক্টোবৰ ২০১৬|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013223116/http://bani.com.bd/595/2725/|urlstatus=dead}}</ref> * "বাক্যৰ কাঁড়, বন্ধুৰ পৰা বিচ্ছেদৰ কাঁড় আৰু ধনৰ পৰা বিচ্ছেদৰ কাঁড়; যদি এই তিনিটা কাঁড় সহ্য কৰিব পৰা যায়, তেন্তে মৃত্যুও ৰোধ কৰিব পৰা যায়।"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bani.com.bd/595/2733/|title=বাণী চিৰন্তণী|accessdate=১৭ আগষ্ট ২০১৬|archivedate=১৩ অক্টোবৰ ২০১৬|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013184930/http://bani.com.bd/595/2733/|urlstatus=dead}}</ref> * "এয়া মোৰ পৰামৰ্শৰ ঠাই নহয়, আদেশৰ ঠাই"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bani.com.bd/595/2732/|title=বাণী চিৰন্তণী|accessdate=১৭ আগষ্ট ২০১৬|archivedate=৩১ আগষ্ট ২০১৬|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831083201/http://bani.com.bd/595/2732/|urlstatus=dead}}</ref> == তথ্য উৎস == {{ৰেফলিষ্ট}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509055643/http://www.babalokenath.org/ www.babalokenath.org - বাবা লোকনাথ ব্ৰহ্মচাৰীৰ বিষয়ে এটি ৱেবচাইট] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু সন্ত]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু ধৰ্মগুৰু]] [[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বঙালী ব্যক্তি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতীয় ব্যক্তি]] gxsfmi4ag66gyrzfi7hbvlblnuamauv 0 122445 518694 515706 2025-06-16T21:46:49Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} [[চিত্ৰ:Microplastics_in_sediments.jpg|thumb| জাৰ্মানীৰ চাৰিখন নদীৰ পলসত মাইক্ৰ’প্লাষ্টিক। বৈচিত্ৰময় আকৃতিবোৰ মন কৰক। বগা কাঁড়চিহ্নবোৰে এলুমিনিয়াম, কাঁচ আৰু বালিক সূচায়। (বগা দণ্ডচিহ্নবোৰে স্কেলৰ বাবে ১ মিলিমিটাৰক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।)]] [[চিত্ৰ:Plastic_straw_photo-degraded_and_brittle.webm|thumb| ফটোডিগ্ৰেডেড প্লাষ্টিক ষ্ট্ৰ। এটি পাতল স্পৰ্শই ডাঙৰ ষ্ট্ৰ ভাঙি মাইক্ৰ’প্লাষ্টিকলৈ পৰিণত কৰে।]] '''মাইক্ৰ'প্লাষ্টিক''' ({{Lang-en|Microplastics}}) হৈছে "নিয়মীয়া বা অনিয়মীয়া আকৃতিৰ এনে কিছুমান কৃত্ৰিম কঠিন কণা বা পলিমেৰিক মেট্ৰিচ, যাৰ আকাৰ ১ মাইক্ৰʼমিটাৰৰ পৰা ৫ মিলিমিটাৰলৈকে, উৎপত্তিৰ দিশৰ পৰা যিবোৰ প্ৰাথমিক বা গৌণ মূলৰ, যিবোৰ পানীত অদ্ৰৱণীয়।"<ref name="Microplastics: Finding a consensus">{{Cite journal|last=Frias|first1=J.P.G.L.|last2=Nash|first2=Roisin|title=Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|date=January 2019|volume=138|pages=145–147|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022|pmid=30660255|bibcode=2019MarPB.138..145F}}</ref> মাইক্ৰʼপ্লাষ্টিক মানুহৰ স্বাস্থ্য{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} আৰু পৰিৱেশৰ বাবে বিপজ্জনক কাৰণ ইয়াত ক্ষতিকাৰক ৰাসায়নিক পদাৰ্থ থাকে যিবোৰ পিছলৈ বায়ু, পানী আৰু খাদ্যলৈ বিয়পে। মাইক্ৰʼপ্লাষ্টিকে প্ৰসাধন সামগ্ৰী, [[কাপোৰ]], [[নিৰ্মাণ]], পুনঃসংস্কাৰ, খাদ্য পেকেজিং, আৰু ঔদ্যোগিক প্ৰক্ৰিয়াকে ধৰি বিভিন্ন উৎসৰ পৰা [[প্ৰকৃতি|প্ৰাকৃতিক]] [[পৰিস্থিতিতন্ত্ৰ|পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰত]] প্ৰৱেশ কৰি [[প্ৰদূষণ|প্ৰদূষণৰ]] সৃষ্টি কৰে। ''মাইক্ৰ'প্লাষ্টিক'' শব্দটো ডাঙৰ, অ-মাইক্ৰস্কোপিক প্লাষ্টিক আৱৰ্জনাসমূহৰ পৰা মাইক্ৰʼপ্লাষ্টিকক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। মাইক্ৰ’প্লাষ্টিকসমূহৰ দুটা শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন বৰ্তমান স্বীকৃতিপ্ৰাপ্ত। প্ৰাথমিক মাইক্ৰʼপ্লাষ্টিকত যিকোনো [[প্লাষ্টিক]]ৰ টুকুৰা বা কণা অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত থাকে যিবোৰ [[প্ৰাকৃতিক পৰিৱেশ|পৰিৱেশ]]ত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ আগতে ইতিমধ্যে ৫ মিমি বা তাতকৈ কম আকাৰৰ হয়। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত আছে কাপোৰৰ মাইক্ৰʼফাইবাৰ, মাইক্ৰʼবিড, প্লাষ্টিকৰ গ্লিটাৰ<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Green|first1=Dannielle Senga|last2=Jefferson|first2=Megan|last3=Boots|first3=Bas|last4=Stone|first4=Leon|title=All that glitters is litter? Ecological impacts of conventional versus biodegradable glitter in a freshwater habitat|journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials|date=January 2021|volume=402|pages=124070|doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124070|pmid=33254837|bibcode=2021JHzM..40224070G}}</ref> আৰু প্লাষ্টিকৰ ছুৰি বা পেলেট (নাৰ্ডল বুলিও কোৱা হয়)।<ref name="Cole-2013">{{Cite journal|last=Cole|first1=M|last2=Lindeque|first2=P|last3=Fileman|first3=E|last4=Halsband|first4=C|last5=Goodhead|first5=R|last6=Moger|first6=J|last7=Galloway|first7=TS|title=Microplastic Ingestion by Zooplankton|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|year=2013|volume=47|issue=12|pages=6646–6655|doi=10.1021/es400663f|pmid=23692270|bibcode=2013EnST...47.6646C|url=http://plymsea.ac.uk/id/eprint/5461/1/Cole%20et%20al.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marinelitterthefacts.com/sources|title=Where Does Marine Litter Come From?|work=Marine Litter Facts|publisher=British Plastics Federation|accessdate=25 September 2018|archivedate=18 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518161039/https://www.marinelitterthefacts.com/sources}}</ref><ref name="Boucher-2017">{{Cite book|last=Boucher|first1=Julien|last2=Friot|first2=Damien|year=2017|title=Primary microplastics in the oceans: A global evaluation of sources|doi=10.2305/IUCN.CH.2017.01.en|isbn=978-2-8317-1827-9}}</ref> গৌণ মাইক্ৰ’প্লাষ্টিকসমূহ পৰিৱেশত প্ৰৱেশ কৰাৰ পিছত প্ৰাকৃতিক বতৰ পৰিৱৰ্তন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ জৰিয়তে বৃহৎ প্লাষ্টিক সামগ্ৰীৰ অৱক্ষয় (বিভাজন)ৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হয়। গৌণ মাইক্ৰ’প্লাষ্টিকৰ এনে উৎসসমূহৰ ভিতৰত পানী আৰু চ’ডাৰ বটল, মাছ ধৰা জাল, প্লাষ্টিকৰ বেগ, মাইক্ৰৱেভৰ পাত্ৰ, চাহৰ বেগ আৰু টায়াৰৰ আৱৰণ আদি অন্যতম।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kovochich|first1=M|last2=Liong|first2=M|last3=Parker|first3=JA|last4=Oh|first4=SC|last5=Lee|first5=JP|last6=Xi|first6=L|last7=Kreider|first7=ML|last8=Unice|first8=KM|title=Chemical mapping of tire and road wear particles for single particle analysis|journal=Science of the Total Environment|date=February 2021|volume=757|page=144085|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144085|pmid=33333431|bibcode=2021ScTEn.75744085K}}</ref><ref name="Boucher-2017" /><ref name="Conkle-2018">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s00267-017-0947-8|pmid=29043380|title=Are We Underestimating Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Environments?|journal=Environmental Management|volume=61|issue=1|pages=1–8|year=2018|last=Conkle|first1=JL|last2=Báez Del Valle|first2=CD|last3=Turner|first3=JW|bibcode=2018EnMan..61....1C}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 July 2019|title=Plastic free July: How to stop accidentally consuming plastic particles from packaging|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/114132313/plastic-free-july-how-to-stop-accidentally-consuming-plastic-particles-from-packaging|accessdate=13 April 2021|work=Stuff|language=en|archivedate=4 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104233257/https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/114132313/plastic-free-july-how-to-stop-accidentally-consuming-plastic-particles-from-packaging}}</ref> দুয়োটা প্ৰকাৰেই বিভিন্ন স্তৰত পৰিৱেশত তিষ্ঠি থাকে, বিশেষকৈ জলজ আৰু সামুদ্ৰিক পৰিস্থিতিতন্ত্ৰত, যʼত ইহঁতে [[জল প্ৰদূষণ]]ৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।<ref name="European Investment Bank">{{Cite web|title=Development solutions: Building a better ocean|url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/plastic-pollution|accessdate=19 August 2020|work=European Investment Bank|archivedate=21 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021115556/https://www.eib.org/en/essays/plastic-pollution}}</ref> সকলো সাগৰীয় মাইক্ৰ'প্লাষ্টিকৰ প্ৰায় ৩৫% বস্ত্ৰ/কাপোৰৰ পৰা আহে, মূলতঃ পলিয়েষ্টাৰ, এক্ৰিলিক বা নাইলন ভিত্তিক কাপোৰৰ ক্ষয়ৰ বাবে, প্ৰায়ে ধোৱা প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ সময়ত।<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Resnick|first1=Brian|title=More than ever, our clothes are made of plastic. Just washing them can pollute the oceans.|url=https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/9/19/17800654/clothes-plastic-pollution-polyester-washing-machine|work=Vox|date=19 September 2018}}</ref> বায়ু আৰু স্থলজ পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰতো মাইক্ৰ'প্লাষ্টিক জমা হয়। বায়ুবাহিত মাইক্ৰ'প্লাষ্টিকসমূহ বায়ুমণ্ডলৰ লগতে ঘৰৰ ভিতৰত আৰু বাহিৰতো পোৱা গৈছে। যিহেতু প্লাষ্টিক লাহে লাহে অৱক্ষয় হয় (প্ৰায়ে শ শ বছৰৰ পৰা হাজাৰ হাজাৰ বছৰৰ ভিতৰত),<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635|title=Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment|year=2020|last=Chamas|first1=Ali|last2=Moon|first2=Hyunjin|last3=Zheng|first3=Jiajia|last4=Qiu|first4=Yang|last5=Tabassum|first5=Tarnuma|last6=Jang|first6=Jun Hee|last7=Abu-Omar|first7=Mahdi|last8=Scott|first8=Susannah L.|last9=Suh|first9=Sangwon|authorlink9=Sangwon Suh|journal=ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering|volume=8|issue=9|pages=3494–3511}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Analysis, Occurrence, and Degradation of Microplastics in the Aqueous Environment|date=2018|title=Freshwater Microplastics|series=The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry|volume=58|pages=51–67|publisher=Springer|place=Cham.|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5_3|isbn=978-3-319-61614-8}} See Section 3, "Environmental Degradation of Synthetic Polymers".</ref> সেয়ে মাইক্ৰ'প্লাষ্টিকসমূহ বহু জীৱৰ শৰীৰ আৰু কলাত প্ৰৱেশ, অন্তৰ্ভুক্তি আৰু জমা হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা অধিক। মহাসাগৰ আৰু জলপ্ৰবাহ দুয়োটাৰ পৰা অহা বিষাক্ত ৰাসায়নিক পদাৰ্থসমূহে খাদ্য শৃংখলক জৈৱ-বিবৰ্ধিত কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="Grossman-2015a">{{cite magazine|last=Grossman|first=Elizabeth|date=15 January 2015|title=How Plastics from Your Clothes Can End up in Your Fish|url=https://time.com/3669084/plastics-pollution-fish/|magazine=Time|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=18 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118092803/https://time.com/3669084/plastics-pollution-fish/|url-status=live|journal=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://4ocean.com/blogs/blog/how-long-does-it-take-trash-to-biodegrade|date=20 January 2017|dead-url=25 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065338/https://4ocean.com/blogs/blog/how-long-does-it-take-trash-to-biodegrade|archivedate=25 September 2018}}</ref> স্থলজ পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰত মাইক্ৰ’প্লাষ্টিকে [[মাটি]]ৰ পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰৰ জীৱন ধাৰণ ক্ষমতা হ্ৰাস কৰা বুলি প্ৰমাণিত হৈছে।<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web|title=Why food's plastic problem is bigger than we realise|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/follow-the-food/why-foods-plastic-problem-is-bigger-than-we-realise.html|accessdate=27 March 2021|work=www.bbc.com|language=en|archivedate=18 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118053742/https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/follow-the-food/why-foods-plastic-problem-is-bigger-than-we-realise.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nex|first1=Sally|title=How to garden the low carbon way: the steps you can take to help combat climate change|date=2021|isbn=978-0-7440-2928-4|edition=First American|publisher=DK|place=New York|oclc=1241100709}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনলৈকে, পৰিৱেশত মাইক্ৰ’প্লাষ্টিকৰ চক্ৰ আৰু গতিৰ বিষয়ে সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে জনা নগৈছিল। [[চীন]]ৰ গভীৰ স্তৰ সামুদ্ৰিক পলস জৰীপ (২০২০)ত প্লাষ্টিক আৱিষ্কাৰতকৈ বহু পুৰণি জমা স্তৰসমূহতো প্লাষ্টিকৰ উপস্থিতি পোৱা গৈছে, যাৰ ফলত পৃষ্ঠৰ নমুনা সামুদ্ৰিক জৰীপত মাইক্ৰʼপ্লাষ্টিকৰ সন্দেহজনক অৱমূল্যায়ন হৈছে। ৰাসায়নিক অপক্ষয় প্ৰক্ৰিয়া, যান্ত্ৰিক বিচ্ছিন্নতা, আনকি প্ৰাণীৰ পাচন প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ জৰিয়তেও মাইক্ৰ’প্লাষ্টিকসমূহ সৰু সৰু নেন’প্লাষ্টিকলৈ ভাঙি যোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা থাকে। নেনʼপ্লাষ্টিক হৈছে মাইক্ৰʼপ্লাষ্টিকসমূহৰ এটা উপগোট আৰু ই ১ মাইক্ৰʼমিটাৰ (১ মাইক্ৰ'মিটাৰ = ১০০০ নেনʼমিটাৰ)তকৈও সৰু হয়। নেন’প্লাষ্টিক মানুহে খালি চকুৰে দেখা নাপায়।<ref name="USEPA">{{Cite web|date=22 Apr 2022|title=Microplastics Research|url=https://www.epa.gov/water-research/microplastics-research|accessdate=16 Dec 2024|work=US EPA}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ == {{Reflist}} === উৎস === * {{Free-content attribution|license=Cc BY-SA 3.0 IGO}} * Howell N., Lavers J., Paterson D., Garrett R. & Banati R. 2012, ''[http://www.ansto.gov.au/AboutANSTO/MediaCentre/News/ACS013097#sthash.wIvPum6r.dpuf Trace metal distribution in feathers from migratory, pelagic birds]'', Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, accessed 3 May 2014. * Emsley J. 2011, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2EfYXzwPo3UC&q=Emsley+%22Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%22 Nature's Building Blocks]'', new edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, {{ISBN|978-0-19-960563-7}}. == অধিক পঢ়ক == * {{Cite web|publisher=[[EPA (Ireland)]]|title=Sources, Pathways and Environmental Fate of Microplastics|url=https://www.epa.ie/publications/research/environment--health/Research_Report-430.pdf|date=March 2023|accessdate=22 Dec 2024}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * [https://www.infoterio.com/2022/04/Se-hallo-evidencia-de-microplasticos-en-nuestros-pulmones.html/ Evidence for microplastics in human lungs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118013310/https://www.infoterio.com/2022/04/Se-hallo-evidencia-de-microplasticos-en-nuestros-pulmones.html|date=18 January 2023}} * [https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/ NOAA Marine Debris Program] * {{Skeptoid | id=4806 | number=806 | date=16 November 2021 | title=Environmental Microplastics| access-date=28 June 2022}}<!-- Certainly suitable --> * [https://ecopicko.com/microplastics-in-our-food-and-water-shocking-truth-revealed/od,%20water%20and%20air%20study Microplastic in food, water, and air study]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. 2024 * '''[http://www.greenpeace.org/campaigns/oceans/plastic/ Greenpeace plastic campaign]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''' {{Plastics}} {{কৰ্তৃপক্ষ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ}} [[শ্ৰেণী:প্লাষ্টিক আৰু পৰিৱেশ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:পণ্যসামগ্ৰীৰ পৰিৱেশগত প্ৰভাৱ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জল প্ৰদূষণ]] 7as7u2u52ifub5qu0ngwu0igtmbu785 0 122448 518536 515736 2025-06-16T13:37:44Z Dipankar Das 36094 518536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Db-test}} ভাৰতৰ উপ ৰাষ্টপতিসকলৰ‌ তালিকা lun401j9z05wj8lg6n2njcwt8sodrv2 0 122556 518559 517119 2025-06-16T15:32:35Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518559 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:01 khafre north.jpg|thumb| ইজিপ্তৰ খাফ্ৰেৰ পিৰামিড, নিৰ্মিত গ.  খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬০০ চন]] '''পিৰামিড''' (প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীক ভাষাৰ পৰা ''πυραμίς'' (''puramís'') 'পিৰামিড')<ref>[https://perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpurami%2Fs πυραμίς], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', Perseus Digital Library। {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191759/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry%3Dpurami/s |date=2021-07-09}}</ref><ref>এই শব্দটোৰ অৰ্থ আছিল "মৌত সংৰক্ষিত ভাজি গঁজালি-গাঁজৰ এক ধৰণৰ মিঠাই।" ইজিপ্তীয় পিৰামিডসমূহৰ নাম দিয়া হৈছিল সেই মিঠাইৰ ৰূপৰ সৈতে সাদৃশ্যৰ বাবে (ৰ’বাৰ্ট এছ. পি. বিকছ, ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, পৃষ্ঠা ১২৬১)।</ref> এনে এটা গঠনবিশেষ যাৰ দৃশ্যমান পৃষ্ঠবোৰ বহল ৰূপৰেখাত ত্ৰিকোণীয় আৰু ওপৰৰ ফালে অভিসৰণ কৰে, যাৰ ফলত জ্যামিতিক অৰ্থত ইয়াৰ ৰূপ মুঠতে এটা পিৰামিডৰ দৰে। পিৰামিডৰ আধাৰ যিকোনো [[বহুভুজ]] আকৃতিৰ হ’ব পাৰে—যেনে [[ত্ৰিভুজ]] বা [[চতুৰ্ভুজ]]—আৰু ইয়াৰ পৃষ্ঠৰেখাবোৰ ভৰোৱা অথবা স্তৰযুক্ত হ’ব পাৰে। [[File:Koh Ker temple(2007).jpg|thumb|right|কম্বোডিয়াৰ কোহ কেৰত থকা প্ৰসাত থম মন্দিৰ]] পিৰামিডৰ ভৰৰ বেছিভাগ মাটিৰ ওচৰত থাকে<ref>ভৰ কেন্দ্ৰ প্ৰায়ভাগ ক্ষেত্ৰতে উচ্চতাৰ চতুৰ্থাংশত অৱস্থিত — চাওক ''ভৰৰ কেন্দ্ৰ''।</ref> আৰু শিখৰত থকা পিৰামিডিয়ানৰ ফালে ভৰ হ্ৰাস পাই যায়। ইয়াৰ কাৰণ হৈছে উচ্চতাৰ সৈতে সৈতে উলম্ব দিশত ক্ৰছ-ছেকচনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল ক্ৰমান্বয়ে কমি আহে। এই ধৰণৰ ভৰ বিতৰণে প্ৰাচীন সভ্যতাসমূহক ভাৰসাম্যপূৰ্ণ আৰু দীৰ্ঘস্থায়ী বিশাল গঠনবোৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিবলৈ সহায় কৰিছিল। পৃথিৱীৰ বহু ঠাইত প্ৰাচীন [[সভ্যতা|সভ্যতাসমূহে]] পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণৰ পথ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰিছিল। আয়তনৰ বিচাৰত পৃথিৱীৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ পিৰামিডটো হৈছে [[মেক্সিকো]]ৰ পুয়েব্লা ৰাজ্যত থকা মেছ'আমেৰিকান গ্ৰেট পিৰামিড অৱ চ'লুলা। সহস্ৰাব্দ ধৰি পৃথিৱীৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ গঠনবোৰ আছিল পিৰামিড—প্ৰথমে ডাছুৰ নেক্ৰ'পলিছৰ ৰঙা পিৰামিড আৰু তাৰ পিছত খুফুৰ গ্ৰেট পিৰামিড, দুয়োটা [[ইজিপ্ত]]ত আছে; এই অন্তিম পিৰামিডটো হৈছে প্ৰাচীন বিশ্বৰ সাতটা আশ্চৰ্য্যৰ ভিতৰত একমাত্ৰ এতিয়াও অৱশিষ্ট থকা উদাহৰণ। == প্ৰাচীন পিৰামিড == পিৰামিড ধৰণৰ গঠনসমূহৰ প্ৰথম উদাহৰণসমূহ প্ৰাচীন সভ্যতাৰ স্মাৰকৰূপে দেখা যায়। ইজিপ্তৰ গিজাৰ মহাপিৰামিড (খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২৬শ শতিকাত নিৰ্মিত) এই ধৰণৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰসিদ্ধ উদাহৰণ, যি ফাৰাও খুফুৰ সমাধিৰূপে কাম কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও মেছ' [[আমেৰিকা]]ত [[মায়া সভ্যতা|মায়া]], আজটেক আদিয়ে ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়, ধৰ্মীয় তথা জ্যোতিষবিদ্যাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। এছিয়াৰ [[কম্বোডিয়া]]ৰ অংকোৰ ৱাট, [[চীন]]ৰ কিছুমান সমাধি, আৰু [[নাইজাৰ]] আৰু [[চুদান]]ত নুবিয়ান পিৰামিডসমূহো এই ধৰণৰ গঠন ৰূপে পৰিগণিত।<ref>Mark Lehner, ''The Complete Pyramids: Solving the Ancient Mysteries'', Thames & Hudson, 1997, pp. 108–113.</ref> <ref>Joyce Marcus, ''Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth, and History in Four Ancient Civilizations'', Princeton University Press, 1992.</ref> === পশ্চিম [[এছিয়া]] === ==== মেছোপটেমিয়া ==== {{multiple image | perrow = 2 | total_width = 250 | caption_align = center | align = right | direction = vertical | image2 = The White Temple 'E at Uruk, 3500-3000 BCE.jpg | image1 = White Temple ziggurat in Uruk.jpg | footer = উৰুকৰ অনু জিগুৰাট আৰু হোৱাইট টেম্পল }} [[File:Choghazanbil2.jpg|thumb|চোঘা জানবিল [[ইৰান]]ৰ খোজেস্তান প্ৰদেশত অৱস্থিত প্ৰাচীন ইলামাইট স্থাপত্য সমাহাৰ। ]] মেছোপটেমিয়াৰ মানুহে আটাইতকৈ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক পিৰামিড আকৃতিৰ গঠনবোৰ নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল, যাক ''জিগুৰাট'' বোলা হয়। প্ৰাচীন যুগত এইবোৰ উজ্জ্বলকৈ [[সোণ]] বৰণীয়া কৰা হৈছিল। এইবোৰ সূৰ্যৰ তাপত শুকোৱা কেঁচামাটিৰ ইটাৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, আৰু বৰ্তমান সময়লৈকে খুব কম অংশহে অৱশিষ্ট আছে। জিগুৰাটসমূহ সুমেৰীয়সকল, বাবিলীয়, ইলামীয়, আক্কাদীয় আৰু আছিৰিয়াবাসীয়ে নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। প্ৰত্যেকখন জিগুৰাট এটা মন্দিৰ সমাহাৰৰ অংশ আছিল, য'ত আন কিছুমান ভবনো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত আছিল। জিগুৰাটৰ পূৰ্বসূৰিহা আছিল ওপৰলৈ ওখ কৰি তৈয়াৰ কৰা মাচা, যাৰ উদ্ভৱ উবেইদ যুগত হোৱা বুলি কোৱা হয়।<ref name="Crawford, page 73">Crawford, page 73{{Citation not found|date=October 2023}}</ref> === আফ্ৰিকা === ==== ইজিপ্ত ==== [[File:Giza-pyramids.JPG|thumb|right|আকাশৰ পৰা দৃশ্যমান গীজাৰ পিৰামিড সমাহাৰৰ পিৰামিডসমূহ]] [[আফ্ৰিকা]]ৰ আটাইতকৈ প্ৰসিদ্ধ পিৰামিডসমূহ [[ইজিপ্ত]]ত অৱস্থিত—এইবোৰ ইট বা পাথৰেৰে নিৰ্মিত বৃহৎ গঠন, প্ৰধানকৈ চুনপাথৰেৰে, যাৰ কিছুমান পৃথিৱীৰ আটাইতকৈ ডাঙৰ গঠনসমূহৰ ভিতৰত পৰে। এইবোৰ সূৰ্যৰ ৰশ্মিৰ আকাৰত নিৰ্মিত হৈছিল। অধিকাংশ পিৰামিডত চকচকীয়া শ্বেত চূণশিলৰে আৱৰণ দিয়া হৈছিল। এই চকচকীয়া প্ৰস্থৰবোৰৰ বহু অংশ ইতিমধ্যে খহি পৰিছে বা [[কাইৰো]] চহৰত ঘৰৰ নিৰ্মাণত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Viegas |first1=Jennifer |date=28 April 2008 |title=Pyramids packed with fossil shells |work=ABC Science |url=https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/04/28/2229383.htm |access-date=1 August 2021 |archive-date=1 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801134658/https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/04/28/2229383.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> শীৰ্ষৰ টুপীটো সাধাৰণতে চূণশিল, গ্ৰেনাইট বা বাছাল্টৰে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু কিছুমানত ইলেক্ট্ৰামৰ আৱৰণো থাকিব পাৰে।<ref name="pennstate-pyramid">{{cite web |last1=Redford |first1=Donald B. |last2=McCauley |first2=Marissa |date=2014-04-15 |title=How were the Egyptian pyramids built? |url=http://www.rps.psu.edu/probing/pyramids.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222053326/http://www.rps.psu.edu/probing/pyramids.html |archive-date=22 December 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012 |work=Research |publisher=The Pennsylvania State University}}</ref> ==== [[চুদান]] ==== [[File:Nubian20pyramids.jpg|right|thumb|মেৰোইত অৱস্থিত পিৰামিডসমূহ যাৰ প্ৰৱেশদ্বাৰ পাইলনৰ দৰে]] [[File:Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe-114973.jpg|thumb|মেৰোই দ্বীপৰ পুৰাতাত্ত্বিক স্থানত নুবিয়ান পিৰামিডসমূহ]] === ইউৰোপ === ==== গ্ৰীচ ==== [[File:Elliniko Piramid - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|হেল্লিনিকন পিৰামিড]] ==== স্পেইন ==== [[File:Pyramide Güimar.jpg|thumb|গুইমাৰৰ পিৰামিড, টেনেৰিফে, [[স্পেইন]]]] ==== ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্য ==== [[File:Pyramid of cestius.jpg|thumb|[[ইটালী]]ৰ [[ৰোম]] চহৰত অৱস্থিত চেষ্টিয়াছৰ পিৰামিড]] ২৭ মিটাৰ উচ্চতাৰ চেষ্টিয়াছৰ পিৰামিড খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ১ম শতাব্দীৰ শেষৰ ফালে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল আৰু পোৰ্টা ছান পাওলোৰ ওচৰত বৰ্তমানো অক্ষত অৱস্থাত আছে। আন এখন পিৰামিড, যাক ''মেটা ৰোমুলি'' বোলা হৈছিল, সেই সময়ৰ ''এগাৰ ভাটিকানুস'' (আজিৰ বৰ্গো) অঞ্চলত অৱস্থিত আছিল, কিন্তু ১৫শ শতিকাৰ শেষত ভঙা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lacovara|first1=Peter|date=2018|title=Pyramids and Obelisks Beyond Egypt|url=https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/aegyp/article/view/48018/41478|journal=Aegyptiaca|issue=2|pages=124–129|doi=10.11588/aegyp.2018.2.48018|access-date=17 June 2019|archive-date=17 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617112712/https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/aegyp/article/view/48018/41478|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== মধ্যযুগীয় ইউৰোপ ==== === [[আমেৰিকা]] === [[File:PyramidOfTheMoonTeotihuacan.jpg|thumb|right|[চাঁদৰ পিৰামিড, টেউতিহুৱাকান, যাক ১০০-৪৫০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দৰ ভিতৰত নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল]] ==== মেছ’আমেৰিকা ==== [[File:Chichen Itza 3.jpg|thumb|চিচেন ইট্‌জাৰ এল কাচতিল্লো]] ==== [[যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] ==== [[File:Mississippian culture mound components HRoe 2011.jpg|thumb|পূৱ [[উত্তৰ আমেৰিকা]]ৰ প্লেটফৰ্ম মাউণ্ডসমূহৰ বিভিন্ন উপাদানৰ এটি চিত্ৰ]] [[File:Monk Mound - Flickr - GregTheBusker.jpg|thumb|কাহ'কিয়াত অৱস্থিত মঙ্কছ মাউণ্ড]] === এছিয়া === [[চিত্ৰ:Tomb of the General 1.jpg|right|thumb|[[চীন]]ৰ উত্তৰ-পূবত অৱস্থিত জীয়ান চহৰত এটা প্ৰাচীন কোৰিয়ান সমাধি]] [[চিত্ৰ:Shaohao - pyramid - P1050739.JPG|thumb|[[চীন]]ৰ কুফু চহৰৰ শাওহাও পিৰামিড]] ==== ভাৰত ==== দক্ষিণ [[ভাৰত]]ত চোল সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সময়ত বহু বৃহৎ গ্ৰেনাইট শিলৰ দ্বাৰা মন্দিৰ পিৰামিড নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল, যাৰ বহুতো আজিও ব্যৱহৃত হৈ আছে। এইবোৰৰ ভিতৰত থাঞ্জাভূৰৰ ব্ৰিহদীশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ, গংগাইকোণ্ড চোলপুৰমৰ ব্ৰিহদীশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ, আৰু দাৰাসুৰামৰ ঐৰাবতেৰশ্বৰ মন্দিৰ উল্লেখযোগ্য। সৰ্ববৃহৎ মন্দিৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফলৰ হিচাপত শ্ৰীৰংগমৰ ৰংগনাথস্বামী মন্দিৰক গণ্য কৰা হয়। থাঞ্জাভূৰৰ মন্দিৰটো ৰজা ৰজা চোলাই ১১শ শতিকাত নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। থাঞ্জাভূৰৰ ব্ৰিহদীশ্বৰ মন্দিৰটো ১৯৮৭ চনত ইউনেস্ক'ই বিশ্বৰ ঐতিহ্যবাহী স্থান হিচাপে ঘোষণা কৰিছিল; গংগাইকোণ্ড চোলপুৰমৰ আৰু দাৰাসুৰামৰ মন্দিৰ দুটাক ২০০৪ চনত তালিকাভুক্ত কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2004/whc04-28com-inf14ae.pdf|title=EVALUATIONS OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES|website=Whc.unesco.org|access-date=5 March 2022|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303113016/https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2004/whc04-28com-inf14ae.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed"> File:Big Temple-Temple.jpg|১০১০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত নিৰ্মিত ব্ৰিহদীশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ গ্ৰেনাইট গোপুৰম। File:Back view of Raja gopuram.jpg|গংগাইকোণ্ড চোলপুৰমৰ ব্ৰিহদীশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ গাৰ্ভগৃহৰ ওপৰৰ পিৰামিডৰ আকৃতি। File:"Architecture of World Heritage Monument Airavatesvara Temple".JPG|ঐৰাবতেৰশ্বৰ মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰৰ পিৰামিড গঠন। File:Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, dedicated to Vishnu, in Srirangam, near Tiruchirappali (24) (37254366620).jpg|শ্ৰীৰংগমৰ ৰংগনাথস্বামী মন্দিৰৰ গোপুৰম, যি [[হিন্দু দেৱতা]] [[বিষ্ণু]]ৰ ৰংগনাথ ৰূপলৈ উৎসৰ্গিত। </gallery> ==== ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া ==== [[চিত্ৰ:Borobudur-Nothwest-view.jpg|thumb|right|[[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ মধ্য জাভাৰ বৰোবুদুৰ]] [[চিত্ৰ:Candi Sukuh 2007.JPG|thumb|জাভাৰ কেণ্ডি চুকু মন্দিৰ]] অষ্ট্ৰোনেছিয়ান মেগালিথিক সংস্কৃতিৰ অংশ হিচাপে [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ত ''পুণ্ডেন বৰুন্দাক'' নামেৰে পৰিচিত ধাপযুক্ত পিৰামিড আকৃতিৰ মাটিৰ আৰু পাথৰৰ গঠন দেখা পোৱা যায়। এইবোৰ চিছ'লকৰ কাষৰ পাংগুগাংগান আৰু কুনিঙানৰ ওচৰৰ চিপাৰি অঞ্চলত পোৱা গৈছে।<ref>{{cite web | title = Pangguyangan | work = Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat | url = http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=878&lang=id | language = id | access-date = 2017-05-17 | archive-date = 2019-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191224184236/http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=878&lang=id | url-status = dead | archivedate = 2019-12-24 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20191224184236/http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=878&lang=id | deadurl = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Hasil Pemugaran dan Temuan Benda Cagar Budaya PJP I | author1 =I.G.N. Anom | author2 = Sri Sugiyanti | author3 = Hadniwati Hasibuan | editor1 = Maulana Ibrahim | editor2 = Samidi | publisher = Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan | year = 1996 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BjXkCgAAQBAJ&q=Punden+Berundak+Cipari&pg=PA87 | page = 87 | language = id}}</ref> এই ধৰণৰ পাথৰৰ পিৰামিডবোৰত বিশ্বাস কৰা হৈছিল যে পৰ্বত বা উচ্চ স্থানবোৰ পূৰ্বজৰ আত্মাৰ বাসস্থান। ==== পূব এছিয়া, দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়া আৰু মধ্য এছিয়া ==== [[চিত্ৰ:Dotō, Panoramic View 002.jpg|thumb|right|জাপানৰ অনো-ডেৰা মন্দিৰৰ দোতো স্তূপ]] পূব এছিয়াত সাধাৰণতে বৌদ্ধ স্তূপসমূহ পেগডা ৰূপে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা হৈছিল। তথাপিও কিছু পিৰামিড আকৃতিৰ স্তূপ আজিও অৱস্থিত। এক অনুমান মতে এই স্তূপবোৰ বোৰোবুদুৰৰ পৰা [[ছুমাত্ৰা]] আৰু [[জাভা]]ৰ ভিক্ষুসকলৰ জৰিয়তে অনুপ্ৰাণিত হৈছিল।<ref name="Sakai">{{cite web |url=http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MISC/misc168127.pdf |title=古代における塔型建築物の伝播 ボロブドゥールと奈良頭塔の関係について |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919210146/http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MISC/misc168127.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[তাজিকিস্তান]]ৰ ভ্ৰাং নামৰ স্থানত এনেদৰে এটা বৌদ্ধ স্মাৰক আজিও বিদ্যমান।<ref name="Natgeo">{{cite magazine |first=Paul |last=Salopek |magazine=[[National Geographic Magazine]] |date=2 October 2017 |url=https://outofedenwalk.nationalgeographic.org:443/articles/2017-10-ruby-sellers-vrang/ |title=The Ruby Sellers of Vrang |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308223953/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/out-of-eden-walk/articles/2017-10-ruby-sellers-vrang/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kumayama">{{cite magazine |first=Paul |last=Salopek |magazine=[[National Geographic Magazine]] |date=14 July 2015 |url=http://kiwarabi.html.xdomain.jp/vantokumarama.pdf |title=ブァン仏教遺跡と熊山遺跡の比較検討 |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615090607/http://kiwarabi.html.xdomain.jp/vantokumarama.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> মুঠতে, [[কোৰিয়া]]ৰ পূৰ্ব গেংছাং প্ৰদেশত ৪টা, [[জাপান]]ত ৩টা, [[ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া]]ৰ বোৰোবুদুৰত এটা আৰু [[তাজিকিস্তান]]ত এটা এনেধৰণৰ ধাপযুক্ত বৌদ্ধ পিৰামিডৰ অস্তিত্ব পোৱা গৈছে।<ref name="Sakai"/><ref name="Kumayama"/> ==আধুনিক পিৰামিড== * [[আয়াৰলেণ্ড]]ৰ Maudlin's Cemetery-ত প্ৰায় ১৮৪০ চনত De Burgh পৰিয়ালে দুটা পিৰামিড আকৃতিৰ সমাধি নিৰ্মাণ কৰিছিল। * [[File:Louvre at dusk.JPG|thumb|১৯৮৯ চনত সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা [[ফ্ৰান্স]]ৰ [[পেৰিছ]]স্থিত লুভ সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ চৌহদত অৱস্থিত লুভ পিৰামিড]] * [[File:SF Transamerica full CA.jpg|thumb|130px|ট্ৰেন্সআমেৰিকা পিৰামিড, ছান ফ্ৰান্সিছকো]] * [[File:Sunway Pyramid front.jpg|thumb|right|Subang Jaya-ৰ Sunway Pyramid শ্বপিং মলত পিৰামিড]] * [[File:MAM Caracas.jpg|thumb|Caracas-ত Oscar Niemeyer-ৰ ডিজাইনৰ এক সোঁৱৰণি]] {{Clear}}<gallery mode="packed"> File:Stockport Pyramid.jpg|ষ‌ট'কপ'ৰ্ট, যুক্তৰাজ্যৰ ষ্ট'কপ'ৰ্ট পিৰামিড File:Karlsruhe Pyramide Winter Nacht 01.JPG|কাৰ্লছ্ৰুহে পিৰামিড, [[জাৰ্মানী]] File:Hanoi Museum 01a.JPG|[[ভিয়েটনাম]]ৰ হানই মিউজিয়াম, ওলোটা পিৰামিড আকৃতিৰ File:Upside down Pyramid, Bratislava 02.jpg|স্লোভাক ৰেডিঅ' বিল্ডিং, ব্ৰাটিস্লাভা, [[শ্লোভাকিয়া]] File:Architektura kazan.JPG|কাজান, [[ৰাছিয়া]]ৰ "পিৰামিড" কমপ্লেক্স File:Luxor Hotel.jpg|লুজ'ৰ হোটেল, লাছ ভেগাছ File:Pyramid Arena.jpg|মেমফিছ, টেনেচিৰ পিৰামিড এৰেনা File:Walter Pyramid.jpg|কেলিফ'ৰ্ণিয়াৰ লং বীচত ৱাল্টাৰ পিৰামিড </gallery> === আধুনিক সমাধিসমূহ === [[File:MetCemBrunswigPyramid1.jpg|thumb|মেটাৰি কবৰস্থান, নিউ অৰলিন্স]] উনবিংশ আৰু বিংশ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে মিচৰৰ পুনৰুজ্জীৱন আন্দোলনৰ সময়ত, পিৰামিড আকৃতিৰ সমাধি স্থাপত্যত অধিক প্ৰচলিত হয়। কুইন্টিনো চেলাৰ সমাধি, ওৰোপাৰ বাহিৰত থকা কীৰ্তিচিহ্নযুক্ত কবৰস্থান আদি পিৰামিড আকৃতিৰ।<ref>{{cite web |author=Luisa Bocchietto, Mario Coda and Carlo Gavazzi |title=THE OTHER OROPA: A Guide to the Monumental Cemetery of the Sanctuary |url=http://www.santuariodioropa.it/db/images/pdf/guida_cimitero_monumentale_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517152603/http://www.santuariodioropa.it/db/images/pdf/guida_cimitero_monumentale_en.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-17 |access-date=2013-06-21 |archivedate=2014-05-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517152603/http://www.santuariodioropa.it/db/images/pdf/guida_cimitero_monumentale_en.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> এই শৈলী [[সংযুক্ত ৰাজ্য]]ৰ টাইকুনসকলৰ মাজতো জনপ্ৰিয় হৈছিল। চিকাগোৰ শ্বোয়েনহ'ফেন পিৰামিড মৌছলিয়াম (১৮৮৯) ফিনিক্স, এৰিজোনা হাণ্ট সমাধি (১৯৩০) উল্লেখযোগ্য। কিছুমান ব্যক্তিয়ে নিজৰ বাবে পিৰামিড সমাধি নিৰ্মাণ কৰে। অভিনেতা নিকোলাছ কেজে নিউ অৰলিন্সৰ এক প্ৰসিদ্ধ কবৰস্থানত নিজৰ বাবে এটা পিৰামিড সমাধি কিনি লৈছে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Nicolas Cage's Pyramid Tomb |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/nicolas-cage-s-pyramid-tomb |website=Atlasobscura.com |access-date=18 June 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512000322/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/nicolas-cage-s-pyramid-tomb |url-status=live }}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাস্কৰ্য]] g0zbov49gu8ox9t0ytq985gi3hher9s 0 122573 518734 516257 2025-06-17T05:45:28Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518734 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of the Red Cross.svg|thumb|ৰেড ক্ৰছৰ পতাকা]] '''ৰেড ক্ৰছ''' (ইংৰাজীত ''Red Cross'') হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মানবিক সংগঠন, যাৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে [[যুদ্ধ]], বিপৰ্যয়, আৰু সংকটকালত আহত, পীড়িত আৰু দুৰ্গত লোকক সহায় প্ৰদান কৰা। এই সংগঠনটো "আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ৰেড ক্ৰছ আৰু ৰেড চেণ্ট (ICRC)" নামেৰে ১৮৬৩ চনত হেনৰী ডুনাণ্ট আৰু গুস্তাভ ময়নিয়েৰৰ নেতৃত্বত [[ছুইজাৰলেণ্ড]]ৰ [[জেনেভা]] চহৰত স্থাপন কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল অনুপ্ৰেৰণা আছিল ১৮৫৯ চনৰ ছলফেৰিনোৰ যুদ্ধত আহত সৈনিকৰ অবস্থা দেখি হেনৰী ডুনাণ্টৰ হৃদয়বিদাৰক অভিজ্ঞতা।<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Red Cross |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/who-we-are/history |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |access-date=2025-06-08}}</ref> ৰেড ক্ৰছৰ পতাকা এখন ওলোটা ছুইচ পতাকা (সেউজীয়া পৃষ্ঠাত ৰঙা ক্ৰছ), যি নিৰপেক্ষতা আৰু মানবতাক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Red Cross emblem |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/document/emblems-red-cross-red-crescent |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |access-date=2025-06-08}}</ref> ৰেড ক্ৰছ সংগঠনৰ গঠন বহুলাংশে তিনিটা উপাদানত বিভক্ত—আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ৰেড ক্ৰছ সমিতি (ICRC), ৰেড ক্ৰছ আৰু ৰেড চেণ্টৰ আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ফেডাৰেচন (IFRC), আৰু বিভিন্ন দেশৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চেপ্টাৰসমূহ। ICRC হৈছে যুদ্ধকালত কাৰ্যকাৰী সংগঠন, যিয়ে জেনেভা অধিৱেশনৰ অধীনত যুদ্ধবন্দী আৰু অসামৰিক লোকৰ অধিকাৰ ৰক্ষা কৰে। IFRC হৈছে প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ বা সংকটৰ সময়ত সহায় প্ৰদান কৰা সংস্থা। ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চেপ্টাৰসমূহ স্বতন্ত্ৰভাৱে নিজ নিজ দেশত কাম কৰে, কিন্তু ICRC আৰু IFRCৰ নীতি-আদৰ্শ অনুসৰণ কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Structure of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement |url=https://www.ifrc.org/who-we-are |website=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies |access-date=2025-06-08}}</ref> এই সংগঠনসমূহে একেটা মানৱিক নীতিত বিশ্বাস কৰে, যেনে— [[মানৱতা]], নিৰপেক্ষতা, [[স্বাধীনতা]], স্বেচ্ছাসেৱা, একতা আৰু সৰ্বজনীনতা।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Principles of the Red Cross |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/who-we-are/movement |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |access-date=2025-06-08 |archivedate=2024-06-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618070925/https://www.icrc.org/en/who-we-are/movement |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ৰেড ক্ৰছৰ ভূমিকা বিশ্বজুৰি বিস্তৃত। ই বিশ্বৰ সকলো মহাদেশত ১৯০ৰো অধিক দেশত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন ৰূপে সক্ৰিয়, আৰু যুদ্ধ, শৰণাৰ্থী সমস্যা, মহামাৰী, [[ভূমিকম্প]], বান, খৰাং আদিৰ সময়ত সহায় কৰে। COVID-19 মহামাৰীৰ সময়ত ৰেড ক্ৰছই জনসচেতনতা, [[স্বাস্থ্য]] সামগ্ৰী বিতৰণ আৰু টিকাকৰণ অভিযানত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা লৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Cross and COVID-19 Response |url=https://media.ifrc.org/ifrc/covid-19/ |website=IFRC |access-date=2025-06-08}}</ref> লগতে ই আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় মানৱিক [[আইন]]ৰ প্ৰচাৰ, শিক্ষা আৰু লঙ্ঘনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তদন্ত কাৰ্য্যও কৰে। এই সংগঠন বিশ্বমানৱতাৰ পৰিচয়বাহী হৈ পৰিছে আৰু বহুতোক্ষেত্ৰত [[শান্তি]]ৰ [[নোবেল বঁটা]] লাভ কৰিছে (১৯১৭, ১৯৪৪, ১৯৬৩)।<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Peace Prize and the Red Cross |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/the-red-cross-and-the-nobel-peace-prize |website=NobelPrize.org |access-date=2025-06-08}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> == উৎস == * https://www.icrc.org/en/who-we-are/history — International Committee of the Red Cross * https://www.ifrc.org/who-we-are — International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies * https://media.ifrc.org/ifrc/covid-19/ * https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/the-red-cross-and-the-nobel-peace-prize [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] 5wtd4noqq7v6h39sq87ah0qinlm1lxa 0 122586 518570 516391 2025-06-16T16:59:20Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 পৃষ্ঠাটোক "{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} [[File:|thumb|right|জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘৰ পতাকা]] '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}) == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]]"ৰে সলনি কৰা হ'ল 518570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} [[File:|thumb|right|জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘৰ পতাকা]] '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}) == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] dsq0cww73ti1ys0dq3y0trqsr87sopk 518571 518570 2025-06-16T17:00:50Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Infobox international organization |name = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল |image = Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations.svg |image_size = 200px |caption = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ পতাকা |map = Commonwealth_of_Nations_members.svg |map_size = 250px |map_caption = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ (নীলা ৰঙে) |type = আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন |membership = ৫৬ খন দেশ |leader_title1 = মহাসচিব |leader_name1 = পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড |established = ১৯৩১ (ষ্টেটুছ অফ ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰ), পুনঃগঠন – ১৯৪৯ |headquarters = লণ্ডন, ইংলেণ্ড |website = [https://thecommonwealth.org/ thecommonwealth.org] }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}), সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেল্থ''' বুলি জনা যায়, হৈছে এখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মুখ্যকৈ ৫৬ খন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যো থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিবেশ বা উপনিবেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ [[Statute of Westminster]]-ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত [[London Declaration]] অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক রাষ্ট্রপ্রধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == কমনৱেল্থৰ ৫৬ খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তর্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে [[Patricia Scotland|পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড]]। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|CHOGM]]-ৰ যোগে যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। [[Commonwealth Games|কমনৱেল্থ গেমছ]] নামৰ এক ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিবেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফর্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == চাওক লগতে == * [[Commonwealth Games]] * [[British Empire]] * [[Head of the Commonwealth]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] gpwawdceev5qiwqjaazkf9zpvd1ty7b 518572 518571 2025-06-16T17:01:25Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Infobox international organization |name = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল |image = Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations.svg |image_size = 200px |caption = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ পতাকা |map = Commonwealth_of_Nations_members.svg |map_size = 250px |map_caption = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ (নীলা ৰঙে) |type = আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন |membership = ৫৬ খন দেশ |leader_title1 = মহাসচিব |leader_name1 = পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড |established = ১৯৩১ (ষ্টেটুছ অফ ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰ), পুনঃগঠন – ১৯৪৯ |headquarters = লণ্ডন, ইংলেণ্ড |website = [https://thecommonwealth.org/ thecommonwealth.org] }} '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' বা '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}), সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেল্থ''' বুলি জনা যায়, হৈছে এখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মুখ্যকৈ ৫৬ খন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যো থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিবেশ বা উপনিবেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ [[Statute of Westminster]]-ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত [[London Declaration]] অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক রাষ্ট্রপ্রধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == কমনৱেল্থৰ ৫৬ খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তর্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে [[Patricia Scotland|পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড]]। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|CHOGM]]-ৰ যোগে যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। [[Commonwealth Games|কমনৱেল্থ গেমছ]] নামৰ এক ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিবেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফর্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == চাওক লগতে == * [[Commonwealth Games]] * [[British Empire]] * [[Head of the Commonwealth]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] m9ietvmr7rd0ygbiv6f14q0pyhvp1sf 518573 518572 2025-06-16T17:16:16Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Infobox international organization |name = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল |image = Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations.svg |image_size = 200px |caption = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ পতাকা |map = Commonwealth_of_Nations_members.svg |map_size = 250px |map_caption = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ (নীলা ৰঙে) |type = আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন |membership = ৫৬ খন দেশ |leader_title1 = মহাসচিব |leader_name1 = পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড |established = ১৯৩১ (ষ্টেটুছ অফ ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰ), পুনঃগঠন – ১৯৪৯ |headquarters = লণ্ডন, ইংলেণ্ড |website = [https://thecommonwealth.org/ thecommonwealth.org] }} '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' বা '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}), সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেল্থ''' বুলি জনা যায়, হৈছে এখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মুখ্যকৈ ৫৬ খন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যো থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিবেশ বা উপনিবেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ [[Statute of Westminster]]-ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত [[London Declaration]] অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক রাষ্ট্রপ্রধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == কমনৱেল্থৰ ৫৬ খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তর্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে [[Patricia Scotland|পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড]]। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|CHOGM]]-ৰ যোগে যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। [[Commonwealth Games|কমনৱেল্থ গেমছ]] নামৰ এক ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিবেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফর্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] rsyt8tevoxgvuqf3aus6j7l9rlz7mr9 518574 518573 2025-06-16T17:17:27Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Infobox international organization |name = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল |image = Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations.svg |image_size = 200px |caption = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ পতাকা |map = Commonwealth_of_Nations_members.svg |map_size = 250px |map_caption = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ (নীলা ৰঙে) |type = আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন |membership = ৫৬ খন দেশ |leader_title1 = মহাসচিব |leader_name1 = পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড |established = ১৯৩১ (ষ্টেটুছ অফ ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰ), পুনঃগঠন – ১৯৪৯ |headquarters = লণ্ডন, ইংলেণ্ড |website = [https://thecommonwealth.org/ thecommonwealth.org] }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' বা '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}), সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেল্থ''' বুলি জনা যায়), হৈছে এখন আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মুখ্যকৈ ৫৬ খন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যো থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিবেশ বা উপনিবেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ [[Statute of Westminster]]-ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত [[London Declaration]] অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক রাষ্ট্রপ্রধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == কমনৱেল্থৰ ৫৬ খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তর্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে [[Patricia Scotland|পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড]]। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|CHOGM]]-ৰ যোগে যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। [[Commonwealth Games|কমনৱেল্থ গেমছ]] নামৰ এক ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিবেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফর্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] 3ame0a8r7juxzmi3rkxjq5wt4sdpx3o 518575 518574 2025-06-16T17:18:21Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Infobox international organization |name = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল |image = Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations.svg |image_size = 200px |caption = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ পতাকা |map = Commonwealth_of_Nations_members.svg |map_size = 250px |map_caption = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ (নীলা ৰঙে) |type = আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন |membership = ৫৬ খন দেশ |leader_title1 = মহাসচিব |leader_name1 = পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড |established = ১৯৩১ (ষ্টেটুছ অফ ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰ), পুনঃগঠন – ১৯৪৯ |headquarters = লণ্ডন, ইংলেণ্ড |website = [https://thecommonwealth.org/ thecommonwealth.org] }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' বা '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}})শ, সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেল্থ''' বুলি জনা যায়) হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মূলতঃ ৫৬ খন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যও থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিবেশ বা উপনিবেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ [[Statute of Westminster]]-ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত [[London Declaration]] অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক রাষ্ট্রপ্রধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == কমনৱেল্থৰ ৫৬ খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তর্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে [[Patricia Scotland|পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড]]। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|CHOGM]]-ৰ যোগে যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। [[Commonwealth Games|কমনৱেল্থ গেমছ]] নামৰ এক ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিবেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফর্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] c2l1iltj6srramv5nunc5oult1x1mlu 518576 518575 2025-06-16T17:19:03Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Infobox geopolitical organization |name = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল |image = Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations.svg |image_size = 200px |caption = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ পতাকা |map = Commonwealth_of_Nations_members.svg |map_size = 250px |map_caption = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ (নীলা ৰঙে) |type = আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন |membership = ৫৬ খন দেশ |leader_title1 = মহাসচিব |leader_name1 = পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড |established = ১৯৩১ (ষ্টেটুছ অফ ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰ), পুনঃগঠন – ১৯৪৯ |headquarters = লণ্ডন, ইংলেণ্ড |website = [https://thecommonwealth.org/ thecommonwealth.org] }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' বা '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}})শ, সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেল্থ''' বুলি জনা যায়) হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মূলতঃ ৫৬ খন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যও থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিবেশ বা উপনিবেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ [[Statute of Westminster]]-ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত [[London Declaration]] অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক রাষ্ট্রপ্রধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == কমনৱেল্থৰ ৫৬ খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তর্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে [[Patricia Scotland|পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড]]। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|CHOGM]]-ৰ যোগে যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। [[Commonwealth Games|কমনৱেল্থ গেমছ]] নামৰ এক ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিবেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফর্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] 410uiqmzleqw7vghn2yb9enm57puux8 518577 518576 2025-06-16T17:19:38Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 পৃষ্ঠা [[জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ]]ৰ পৰা [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল]]লৈ Kandarpajit Kallolয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 518576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Infobox geopolitical organization |name = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল |image = Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations.svg |image_size = 200px |caption = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ পতাকা |map = Commonwealth_of_Nations_members.svg |map_size = 250px |map_caption = ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ (নীলা ৰঙে) |type = আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন |membership = ৫৬ খন দেশ |leader_title1 = মহাসচিব |leader_name1 = পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড |established = ১৯৩১ (ষ্টেটুছ অফ ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰ), পুনঃগঠন – ১৯৪৯ |headquarters = লণ্ডন, ইংলেণ্ড |website = [https://thecommonwealth.org/ thecommonwealth.org] }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' বা '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}})শ, সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেল্থ''' বুলি জনা যায়) হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মূলতঃ ৫৬ খন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যও থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিবেশ বা উপনিবেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ [[Statute of Westminster]]-ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত [[London Declaration]] অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক রাষ্ট্রপ্রধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == কমনৱেল্থৰ ৫৬ খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তর্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে [[Patricia Scotland|পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড]]। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|CHOGM]]-ৰ যোগে যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। [[Commonwealth Games|কমনৱেল্থ গেমছ]] নামৰ এক ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিবেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফর্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] 410uiqmzleqw7vghn2yb9enm57puux8 518581 518577 2025-06-16T17:25:53Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | name = '''কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ''' | linking_name = কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ | image_flag = Commonwealth Flag 2013.svg | symbol_type = প্ৰতীক | image_symbol = Commonwealth of Nations logo.svg | symbol_width = 150px | image_map = Carte des pays du Commonwealth.png | image_map_size = 300px | map_caption = {{Legend|#000081|[[কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ#বৰ্তমান সদস্য|বৰ্তমান সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]}} {{Legend|lime|[[গেবন|আংশিকভাৱে স্থগিত সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]}} {{Legend|#F57A00|[[কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ#পূৰ্ব সদস্য|পূৰ্ব সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]}} {{Legend|lightblue|[[ব্ৰিটিছ অ'ভাৰচীজ টেৰিটৰিজ]]<br />আৰু [[ক্ৰাউন ডিপেণ্ডেন্সিজ]]}} | org_type = ইচ্ছাধীনভাৱে গঠন হোৱা সংঘ[[Commonwealth Charter|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|title=Commonwealth Charter|date=6 June 2013|quote=কমনৱেলথ হৈছে স্বাধীন আৰু সমঅধিকাৰভুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ এক ইচ্ছাধীন সংগঠন। এই সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ প্রত্যেকটিয়ে নিজৰ নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণত স্বয়ংসম্পূৰ্ণ, আৰু এইসকল ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মানুহৰ কল্যাণ, আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদ্ভাৱ আৰু বিশ্ব শান্তিৰ প্ৰচাৰত পৰস্পৰে পৰামৰ্শ আৰু সহযোগিতা কৰে। |access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044606/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] | membership_type = সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ | membership = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; | title = [[কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ|৫৬ খন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|এন্টিগুৱা আৰু বাৰবুডা}}}} | {{flaglist|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া}} | {{flaglist|বাংলাদেশ}} | {{flaglist|বাৰবাডছ}} | {{flaglist|বেলিজ}} | {{flaglist|বটছৱানা}} | {{flaglist|ব্ৰুনেই}} | {{flaglist|কেমেৰুন}} | {{flaglist|কানাডা}} | {{flaglist|চিপ্ৰাছ}} | {{flaglist|ড'মিনিকা}} | {{flaglist|এছৱাটিনি}} | {{flaglist|ফিজি}} | {{flaglist|গেবন}} | {{flaglist|গাম্বিয়া}} | {{flaglist|ঘানা}} | {{flaglist|গ্ৰেনাডা}} | {{flaglist|গায়ানা}} | {{flaglist|ভাৰত}} | {{flaglist|জামাইকা}} | {{flaglist|কেনিয়া}} | {{flaglist|কিৰিবাটি}} | {{flaglist|লেছোথো}} | {{flaglist|মালাৱি}} | 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admin_center = [[মাৰ্লব'ৰো হাউছ]], লণ্ডন, যুক্ত ৰাজ্য | languages_type = [[কমনৱেলথত ইংৰাজী ভাষা|কৰ্মভাষা]] | languages = ইংৰাজী | p1 = ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্য | flag_p1 = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg | leader_title1 = [[কমনৱেলথৰ নেতা]] | leader_name1 = [[চাৰ্লছ তৃতীয়]]<ref name="commonwealth 090922"/> | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|[[কমনৱেলথ সচিব-জেনেৰেল]]}} | leader_name2 = [[শাৰ্লি আইয়ৰকাৰ ব'চৱেই]] | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[কমনৱেলথ চেয়াৰ-ইন-অফিছ]]}} | leader_name3 = [[ফিয়ামে নাওমি মাতাআফা]] | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[বেলফোৰ ঘোষণাপত্ৰ, ১৯২৬]]}} | established_date1 = ১৯ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯২৬ | established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰৰ আইনৰ দলিল, ১৯৩১]]}} | established_date2 = {{nowrap|১১ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৩১<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206072849/http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2011 |title=Annex B – Territories Forming Part of the Commonwealth |date=September 2011 |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Civil Service]] |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref>}} | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ]]}} | established_date3 = ২৮ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৪৯ | area_km2 = ২৯,৯৫৮,০৫০ | area_sq_mi = ১১,৫৬৬,৮৭০ | population_estimate = ২,৪১৮,৯৬৪,০০০ | population_estimate_year = ২০১৬ | population_density_km2 = ৭৫ | population_density_sq_mi = ১৯৪ | official_website = {{URL|https://thecommonwealth.org/|thecommonwealth.org}} | footnotes = | demonym = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | today = }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' বা '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}, কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ, সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেল্থ''' বুলি জনা যায়) হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মূলতঃ ৫৬ খন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যও থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিবেশ বা উপনিবেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ [[Statute of Westminster]]-ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত [[London Declaration]] অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক রাষ্ট্রপ্রধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == কমনৱেল্থৰ ৫৬ খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তর্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে [[Patricia Scotland|পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড]]। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|CHOGM]]-ৰ যোগে যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। [[Commonwealth Games|কমনৱেল্থ গেমছ]] নামৰ এক ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিবেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফর্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] aoifk7ulluow2gcg8d42x5dalgshkqy 518582 518581 2025-06-16T17:26:21Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 518582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | name = '''কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ''' | linking_name = কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ | image_flag = Commonwealth Flag 2013.svg | symbol_type = প্ৰতীক | image_symbol = Commonwealth of Nations logo.svg | symbol_width = 150px | image_map = Carte des pays du Commonwealth.png | image_map_size = 300px | map_caption = {{Legend|#000081|[[কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ#বৰ্তমান সদস্য|বৰ্তমান সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]}} {{Legend|lime|[[গেবন|আংশিকভাৱে স্থগিত সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]}} {{Legend|#F57A00|[[কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ#পূৰ্ব সদস্য|পূৰ্ব সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]}} {{Legend|lightblue|[[ব্ৰিটিছ অ'ভাৰচীজ টেৰিটৰিজ]]<br />আৰু [[ক্ৰাউন ডিপেণ্ডেন্সিজ]]}} | org_type = ইচ্ছাধীনভাৱে গঠন হোৱা সংঘ[[Commonwealth Charter|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|title=Commonwealth Charter|date=6 June 2013|quote=কমনৱেলথ হৈছে স্বাধীন আৰু সমঅধিকাৰভুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ এক ইচ্ছাধীন সংগঠন। এই সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ প্ৰত্যেকটিয়ে নিজৰ নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণত স্বয়ংসম্পূৰ্ণ, আৰু এইসকল ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মানুহৰ কল্যাণ, আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদ্ভাৱ আৰু বিশ্ব শান্তিৰ প্ৰচাৰত পৰস্পৰে পৰামৰ্শ আৰু সহযোগিতা কৰে। |access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044606/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] | membership_type = সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ | membership = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; | title = [[কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ|৫৬খন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|এণ্টিগুৱা আৰু বাৰবুডা}}}} | {{flaglist|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া}} | {{flaglist|বাংলাদেশ}} | {{flaglist|বাৰবাডছ}} | {{flaglist|বেলিজ}} | {{flaglist|বটছৱানা}} | {{flaglist|ব্ৰুনেই}} | {{flaglist|কেমেৰুন}} | {{flaglist|কানাডা}} | {{flaglist|চিপ্ৰাছ}} | {{flaglist|ড'মিনিকা}} | {{flaglist|এছৱাটিনি}} | {{flaglist|ফিজি}} | {{flaglist|গেবন}} | {{flaglist|গাম্বিয়া}} | {{flaglist|ঘানা}} | {{flaglist|গ্ৰেনাডা}} | {{flaglist|গায়ানা}} | 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{{flaglist|উগাণ্ডা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য}}}} | {{flaglist|ভানুৱাটু}} | {{flaglist|জাম্বিয়া}} }} | admin_center_type = মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় | admin_center = [[মাৰ্লব'ৰো হাউছ]], লণ্ডন, যুক্ত ৰাজ্য | languages_type = [[কমনৱেলথত ইংৰাজী ভাষা|কৰ্মভাষা]] | languages = ইংৰাজী | p1 = ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্য | flag_p1 = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg | leader_title1 = [[কমনৱেলথৰ নেতা]] | leader_name1 = [[চাৰ্লছ তৃতীয়]]<ref name="commonwealth 090922"/> | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|[[কমনৱেলথ সচিব-জেনেৰেল]]}} | leader_name2 = [[শাৰ্লি আইয়ৰকাৰ ব'চৱেই]] | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[কমনৱেলথ চেয়াৰ-ইন-অফিছ]]}} | leader_name3 = [[ফিয়ামে নাওমি মাতাআফা]] | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[বেলফোৰ ঘোষণাপত্ৰ, ১৯২৬]]}} | established_date1 = ১৯ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯২৬ | established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰৰ আইনৰ দলিল, ১৯৩১]]}} | established_date2 = {{nowrap|১১ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৩১<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206072849/http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2011 |title=Annex B – Territories Forming Part of the Commonwealth |date=September 2011 |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Civil Service]] |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref>}} | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ]]}} | established_date3 = ২৮ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৪৯ | area_km2 = ২৯,৯৫৮,০৫০ | area_sq_mi = ১১,৫৬৬,৮৭০ | population_estimate = ২,৪১৮,৯৬৪,০০০ | population_estimate_year = ২০১৬ | population_density_km2 = ৭৫ | population_density_sq_mi = ১৯৪ | official_website = {{URL|https://thecommonwealth.org/|thecommonwealth.org}} | footnotes = | demonym = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | today = }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' বা '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}, কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ, সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেল্থ''' বুলি জনা যায়) হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মূলতঃ ৫৬খন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যও থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিবেশ বা উপনিবেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ [[Statute of Westminster]]-ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত [[London Declaration]] অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপ্ৰধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == কমনৱেল্থৰ ৫৬খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে [[Patricia Scotland|পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড]]। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|CHOGM]]-ৰ যোগে যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। [[Commonwealth Games|কমনৱেল্থ গেমছ]] নামৰ এক ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিবেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফৰ্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] pn56pfcki313u17g33mzzf8u3sdp8sg 518583 518582 2025-06-16T17:29:19Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | name = '''কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ''' | linking_name = কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ | image_flag = Commonwealth Flag 2013.svg | symbol_type = প্ৰতীক | image_symbol = Commonwealth of Nations logo.svg | symbol_width = 150px | image_map = Carte des pays du Commonwealth.png | image_map_size = 300px | map_caption = {{Legend|#000081|বৰ্তমান সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lime|আংশিকভাৱে স্থগিত সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|#F57A00|পূৰ্বৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lightblue|ব্ৰিটিছ অ'ভাৰচীজ টেৰিটৰিজ<br />আৰু ক্ৰাউন ডিপেণ্ডেন্সিজ}} | org_type = ইচ্ছাধীনভাৱে গঠন হোৱা সংঘ[[Commonwealth Charter|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|title=Commonwealth Charter|date=6 June 2013|quote=কমনৱেলথ হৈছে স্বাধীন আৰু সমঅধিকাৰভুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ এক ইচ্ছাধীন সংগঠন। এই সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ প্ৰত্যেকটিয়ে নিজৰ নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণত স্বয়ংসম্পূৰ্ণ, আৰু এইসকল ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মানুহৰ কল্যাণ, আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদ্ভাৱ আৰু বিশ্ব শান্তিৰ প্ৰচাৰত পৰস্পৰে পৰামৰ্শ আৰু সহযোগিতা কৰে। |access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044606/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] | membership_type = সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ | membership = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; | title = ৫৬খন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ | {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|এণ্টিগুৱা আৰু বাৰবুডা}}}} | {{flaglist|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া}} | {{flaglist|বাংলাদেশ}} | {{flaglist|বাৰবাডছ}} | {{flaglist|বেলিজ}} | {{flaglist|বটছৱানা}} | {{flaglist|ব্ৰুনেই}} | {{flaglist|কেমেৰুন}} | {{flaglist|কানাডা}} | {{flaglist|চিপ্ৰাছ}} | {{flaglist|ড'মিনিকা}} | {{flaglist|এছৱাটিনি}} | {{flaglist|ফিজি}} | {{flaglist|গেবন}} | {{flaglist|গাম্বিয়া}} | {{flaglist|ঘানা}} | {{flaglist|গ্ৰেনাডা}} | {{flaglist|গায়ানা}} | {{flaglist|ভাৰত}} | {{flaglist|জামাইকা}} | {{flaglist|কেনিয়া}} | {{flaglist|কিৰিবাটি}} | 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}} | admin_center_type = মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় | admin_center = মাৰ্লব'ৰো হাউছ, লণ্ডন, যুক্ত ৰাজ্য | languages_type = কৰ্মভাষা | languages = ইংৰাজী | p1 = ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্য | flag_p1 = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg | leader_title1 = কমনৱেলথৰ নেতা | leader_name1 = চাৰ্লছ তৃতীয় | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ সচিব-জেনেৰেল}} | leader_name2 = শাৰ্লি আইয়ৰকাৰ ব'চৱেই | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ চেয়াৰ-ইন-অফিছ}} | leader_name3 = ফিয়ামে নাওমি মাতাআফা | established_event1 = {{nowrap|বেলফোৰ ঘোষণাপত্ৰ, ১৯২৬}} | established_date1 = ১৯ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯২৬ | established_event2 = {{nowrap|ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰৰ আইনৰ দলিল, ১৯৩১}} | established_date2 = {{nowrap|১১ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৩১<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206072849/http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2011 |title=Annex B – Territories Forming Part of the Commonwealth |date=September 2011 |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Civil Service]] |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref>}} | established_event3 = {{nowrap|লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ}} | established_date3 = ২৮ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৪৯ | area_km2 = ২৯,৯৫৮,০৫০ | area_sq_mi = ১১,৫৬৬,৮৭০ | population_estimate = ২,৪১৮,৯৬৪,০০০ | population_estimate_year = ২০১৬ | population_density_km2 = ৭৫ | population_density_sq_mi = ১৯৪ | official_website = {{URL|https://thecommonwealth.org/|thecommonwealth.org}} | footnotes = | demonym = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | today = }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' বা '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}, কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ, সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেল্থ''' বুলি জনা যায়) হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মূলতঃ ৫৬খন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যও থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিবেশ বা উপনিবেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ [[Statute of Westminster]]-ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত [[London Declaration]] অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপ্ৰধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == কমনৱেল্থৰ ৫৬খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে [[Patricia Scotland|পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড]]। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|CHOGM]]-ৰ যোগে যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। [[Commonwealth Games|কমনৱেল্থ গেমছ]] নামৰ এক ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিবেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফৰ্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] o60qck4qzvb0opyj3slq1i9w43zn9n0 518584 518583 2025-06-16T17:30:25Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | name = '''কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ''' | linking_name = কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ | image_flag = Commonwealth Flag 2013.svg | symbol_type = প্ৰতীক | image_symbol = Commonwealth of Nations logo.svg | symbol_width = 150px | image_map = Carte des pays du Commonwealth.png | image_map_size = 300px | map_caption = {{Legend|#000081|বৰ্তমান সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lime|আংশিকভাৱে স্থগিত সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|#F57A00|পূৰ্বৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lightblue|ব্ৰিটিছ অ'ভাৰচীজ টেৰিটৰিজ<br />আৰু ক্ৰাউন ডিপেণ্ডেন্সিজ}} | org_type = ইচ্ছাধীনভাৱে গঠন হোৱা সংঘ[[Commonwealth Charter|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|title=Commonwealth Charter|date=6 June 2013|quote=কমনৱেলথ হৈছে স্বাধীন আৰু সমঅধিকাৰভুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ এক ইচ্ছাধীন সংগঠন। এই সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ প্ৰত্যেকটিয়ে নিজৰ নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণত স্বয়ংসম্পূৰ্ণ, আৰু এইসকল ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মানুহৰ কল্যাণ, আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদ্ভাৱ আৰু বিশ্ব শান্তিৰ প্ৰচাৰত পৰস্পৰে পৰামৰ্শ আৰু সহযোগিতা কৰে। |access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044606/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] | membership_type = সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ | membership = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; | title = ৫৬খন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ | {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|এণ্টিগুৱা আৰু বাৰবুডা}}}} | {{flaglist|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া}} | {{flaglist|বাংলাদেশ}} | {{flaglist|বাৰবাডছ}} | {{flaglist|বেলিজ}} | {{flaglist|বটছৱানা}} | {{flaglist|ব্ৰুনেই}} | {{flaglist|কেমেৰুন}} | {{flaglist|কানাডা}} | {{flaglist|চিপ্ৰাছ}} | {{flaglist|ড'মিনিকা}} | {{flaglist|এছৱাটিনি}} | {{flaglist|ফিজি}} | {{flaglist|গেবন}} | {{flaglist|গাম্বিয়া}} | {{flaglist|ঘানা}} | {{flaglist|গ্ৰেনাডা}} | {{flaglist|গায়ানা}} | {{flaglist|ভাৰত}} | {{flaglist|জামাইকা}} | {{flaglist|কেনিয়া}} | {{flaglist|কিৰিবাটি}} | {{flaglist|লেছোথো}} | {{flaglist|মালাৱি}} | {{flaglist|মালেচিয়া}} | {{flaglist|মালদ্বীপ}} | {{flaglist|মাল্টা}} | {{flaglist|মৰিছাছ}} | {{flaglist|ম'জাম্বিক}} | {{flaglist|নামিবিয়া}} | {{flaglist|নাউৰু}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|নিউজিলেণ্ড}}}} | {{flaglist|নাইজেৰিয়া}} | {{flaglist|পাকিস্তান}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|পাপুৱা নিউ গিনি}}}} | {{flaglist|ৰুৱাণ্ডা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট কিটছ আৰু নেভিছ}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট লুচিয়া}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট ভিনচেণ্ট আৰু গ্ৰেনাডিনছ}}}} | {{flaglist|চাম'আ}} | {{flaglist|ছিচেলছ}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|চিয়েৰা লিঅ'ন}}}} | {{flaglist|চিংগাপুৰ}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|চ'লোমন দ্বীপপুঞ্জ}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|শ্ৰীলংকা}}}} | {{flaglist|টাঞ্জানিয়া}} | {{flaglist|বাহামাছ}} | {{flaglist|টোগো}} | {{flaglist|টঙা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ট্ৰিনিডাড আৰু টোবাগো}}}} | {{flaglist|টুভালু}} | {{flaglist|উগাণ্ডা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য}}}} | {{flaglist|ভানুৱাটু}} | {{flaglist|জাম্বিয়া}} }} | admin_center_type = মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় | admin_center = মাৰ্লব'ৰো হাউছ, লণ্ডন, যুক্ত ৰাজ্য | languages_type = কৰ্মভাষা | languages = ইংৰাজী | p1 = ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্য | flag_p1 = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg | leader_title1 = কমনৱেলথৰ নেতা | leader_name1 = চাৰ্লছ তৃতীয় | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ সচিব-জেনেৰেল}} | leader_name2 = শাৰ্লি আইয়ৰকাৰ ব'চৱেই | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ চেয়াৰ-ইন-অফিছ}} | leader_name3 = ফিয়ামে নাওমি মাতাআফা | established_event1 = {{nowrap|বেলফোৰ ঘোষণাপত্ৰ, ১৯২৬}} | established_date1 = ১৯ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯২৬ | established_event2 = {{nowrap|ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰৰ আইনৰ দলিল, ১৯৩১}} | established_date2 = {{nowrap|১১ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৩১<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206072849/http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2011 |title=Annex B – Territories Forming Part of the Commonwealth |date=September 2011 |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Civil Service]] |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref>}} | established_event3 = {{nowrap|লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ}} | established_date3 = ২৮ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৪৯ | area_km2 = ২৯,৯৫৮,০৫০ | area_sq_mi = ১১,৫৬৬,৮৭০ | population_estimate = ২,৪১৮,৯৬৪,০০০ | population_estimate_year = ২০১৬ | population_density_km2 = ৭৫ | population_density_sq_mi = ১৯৪ | official_website = {{URL|https://thecommonwealth.org/|thecommonwealth.org}} | footnotes = | demonym = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | today = }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' বা '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}, কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ, সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেলথ''' বুলি জনা যায়) হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মূলতঃ ৫৬খন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যও থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিবেশ বা উপনিবেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ [[Statute of Westminster]]-ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত [[London Declaration]] অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপ্ৰধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == কমনৱেল্থৰ ৫৬খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে [[Patricia Scotland|পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড]]। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|CHOGM]]-ৰ যোগে যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। [[Commonwealth Games|কমনৱেল্থ গেমছ]] নামৰ এক ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিবেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফৰ্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] 7tjqstzw007nf9i7tfy07ovzywb4z11 518585 518584 2025-06-16T17:31:52Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | name = '''কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ''' | linking_name = কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ | image_flag = | symbol_type = | image_symbol = | symbol_width = | image_map = Carte des pays du Commonwealth.png | image_map_size = 300px | map_caption = {{Legend|#000081|বৰ্তমান সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lime|আংশিকভাৱে স্থগিত সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|#F57A00|পূৰ্বৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lightblue|ব্ৰিটিছ অ'ভাৰচীজ টেৰিটৰিজ<br />আৰু ক্ৰাউন ডিপেণ্ডেন্সিজ}} | org_type = ইচ্ছাধীনভাৱে গঠন হোৱা সংঘ[[Commonwealth Charter|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|title=Commonwealth Charter|date=6 June 2013|quote=কমনৱেলথ হৈছে স্বাধীন আৰু সমঅধিকাৰভুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ এক ইচ্ছাধীন সংগঠন। এই সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ প্ৰত্যেকটিয়ে নিজৰ নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণত স্বয়ংসম্পূৰ্ণ, আৰু এইসকল ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মানুহৰ কল্যাণ, আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদ্ভাৱ আৰু বিশ্ব শান্তিৰ প্ৰচাৰত পৰস্পৰে পৰামৰ্শ আৰু সহযোগিতা কৰে। |access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044606/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] | membership_type = সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ | membership = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; | title = ৫৬খন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ | 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{{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট ভিনচেণ্ট আৰু গ্ৰেনাডিনছ}}}} | {{flaglist|চাম'আ}} | {{flaglist|ছিচেলছ}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|চিয়েৰা লিঅ'ন}}}} | {{flaglist|চিংগাপুৰ}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|চ'লোমন দ্বীপপুঞ্জ}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|শ্ৰীলংকা}}}} | {{flaglist|টাঞ্জানিয়া}} | {{flaglist|বাহামাছ}} | {{flaglist|টোগো}} | {{flaglist|টঙা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ট্ৰিনিডাড আৰু টোবাগো}}}} | {{flaglist|টুভালু}} | {{flaglist|উগাণ্ডা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য}}}} | {{flaglist|ভানুৱাটু}} | {{flaglist|জাম্বিয়া}} }} | admin_center_type = মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় | admin_center = মাৰ্লব'ৰো হাউছ, লণ্ডন, যুক্ত ৰাজ্য | languages_type = কৰ্মভাষা | languages = ইংৰাজী | p1 = ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্য | flag_p1 = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg | leader_title1 = কমনৱেলথৰ নেতা | leader_name1 = চাৰ্লছ তৃতীয় | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ সচিব-জেনেৰেল}} | leader_name2 = শাৰ্লি আইয়ৰকাৰ ব'চৱেই | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ চেয়াৰ-ইন-অফিছ}} | leader_name3 = ফিয়ামে নাওমি মাতাআফা | established_event1 = {{nowrap|বেলফোৰ ঘোষণাপত্ৰ, ১৯২৬}} | established_date1 = ১৯ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯২৬ | established_event2 = {{nowrap|ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰৰ আইনৰ দলিল, ১৯৩১}} | established_date2 = {{nowrap|১১ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৩১<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206072849/http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2011 |title=Annex B – Territories Forming Part of the Commonwealth |date=September 2011 |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Civil Service]] |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref>}} | established_event3 = {{nowrap|লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ}} | established_date3 = ২৮ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৪৯ | area_km2 = ২৯,৯৫৮,০৫০ | area_sq_mi = ১১,৫৬৬,৮৭০ | population_estimate = ২,৪১৮,৯৬৪,০০০ | population_estimate_year = ২০১৬ | population_density_km2 = ৭৫ | population_density_sq_mi = ১৯৪ | official_website = {{URL|https://thecommonwealth.org/|thecommonwealth.org}} | footnotes = | demonym = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | today = }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' বা '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}, কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ, সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেলথ''' বুলি জনা যায়) হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মূলতঃ ৫৬খন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যও থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিবেশ বা উপনিবেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ [[Statute of Westminster]]-ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত [[London Declaration]] অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপ্ৰধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == কমনৱেল্থৰ ৫৬খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে [[Patricia Scotland|পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড]]। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|CHOGM]]-ৰ যোগে যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। [[Commonwealth Games|কমনৱেল্থ গেমছ]] নামৰ এক ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিবেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফৰ্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] r3pvw1ewotggpj3beeqbq6guuoq4oe0 518587 518585 2025-06-16T17:39:57Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | name = '''কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ''' | linking_name = কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ | image_flag = | symbol_type = | image_symbol = | symbol_width = | image_map = Carte des pays du Commonwealth.png | image_map_size = 300px | map_caption = {{Legend|#000081|বৰ্তমান সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lime|আংশিকভাৱে স্থগিত সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|#F57A00|পূৰ্বৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lightblue|ব্ৰিটিছ অ'ভাৰচীজ টেৰিটৰিজ<br />আৰু ক্ৰাউন ডিপেণ্ডেন্সিজ}} | org_type = ইচ্ছাধীনভাৱে গঠন হোৱা সংঘ[[Commonwealth Charter|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|title=Commonwealth Charter|date=6 June 2013|quote=কমনৱেলথ হৈছে স্বাধীন আৰু সমঅধিকাৰভুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ এক ইচ্ছাধীন সংগঠন। এই সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ প্ৰত্যেকটিয়ে নিজৰ নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণত স্বয়ংসম্পূৰ্ণ, আৰু এইসকল ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মানুহৰ কল্যাণ, আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদ্ভাৱ আৰু বিশ্ব শান্তিৰ প্ৰচাৰত পৰস্পৰে পৰামৰ্শ আৰু সহযোগিতা কৰে। |access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044606/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] | membership_type = সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ | membership = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; | title = ৫৬খন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ | {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|এণ্টিগুৱা আৰু বাৰবুডা}}}} | {{flaglist|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া}} | {{flaglist|বাংলাদেশ}} | {{flaglist|বাৰবাডছ}} | {{flaglist|বেলিজ}} | {{flaglist|বটছৱানা}} | {{flaglist|ব্ৰুনেই}} | {{flaglist|কেমেৰুন}} | {{flaglist|কানাডা}} | {{flaglist|চিপ্ৰাছ}} | {{flaglist|ড'মিনিকা}} | {{flaglist|এছৱাটিনি}} | {{flaglist|ফিজি}} | {{flaglist|গেবন}} | {{flaglist|গাম্বিয়া}} | {{flaglist|ঘানা}} | {{flaglist|গ্ৰেনাডা}} | {{flaglist|গায়ানা}} | {{flaglist|ভাৰত}} | {{flaglist|জামাইকা}} | {{flaglist|কেনিয়া}} | {{flaglist|কিৰিবাটি}} | {{flaglist|লেছোথো}} | {{flaglist|মালাৱি}} | {{flaglist|মালেচিয়া}} | {{flaglist|মালদ্বীপ}} | {{flaglist|মাল্টা}} | {{flaglist|মৰিছাছ}} | {{flaglist|ম'জাম্বিক}} | {{flaglist|নামিবিয়া}} | {{flaglist|নাউৰু}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|নিউজিলেণ্ড}}}} | {{flaglist|নাইজেৰিয়া}} | {{flaglist|পাকিস্তান}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|পাপুৱা নিউ গিনি}}}} | {{flaglist|ৰুৱাণ্ডা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট কিটছ আৰু নেভিছ}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট লুচিয়া}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট ভিনচেণ্ট আৰু গ্ৰেনাডিনছ}}}} | {{flaglist|চাম'আ}} | {{flaglist|ছিচেলছ}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|চিয়েৰা লিঅ'ন}}}} | {{flaglist|চিংগাপুৰ}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|চ'লোমন দ্বীপপুঞ্জ}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|শ্ৰীলংকা}}}} | {{flaglist|টাঞ্জানিয়া}} | {{flaglist|বাহামাছ}} | {{flaglist|টোগো}} | {{flaglist|টঙা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ট্ৰিনিডাড আৰু টোবাগো}}}} | {{flaglist|টুভালু}} | {{flaglist|উগাণ্ডা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য}}}} | {{flaglist|ভানুৱাটু}} | {{flaglist|জাম্বিয়া}} }} | admin_center_type = মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় | admin_center = মাৰ্লব'ৰো হাউছ, লণ্ডন, যুক্ত ৰাজ্য | languages_type = কৰ্মভাষা | languages = ইংৰাজী | p1 = ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্য | flag_p1 = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg | leader_title1 = কমনৱেলথৰ নেতা | leader_name1 = চাৰ্লছ তৃতীয় | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ সচিব-জেনেৰেল}} | leader_name2 = শাৰ্লি আইয়ৰকাৰ ব'চৱেই | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ চেয়াৰ-ইন-অফিছ}} | leader_name3 = ফিয়ামে নাওমি মাতাআফা | established_event1 = {{nowrap|বেলফোৰ ঘোষণাপত্ৰ, ১৯২৬}} | established_date1 = ১৯ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯২৬ | established_event2 = {{nowrap|ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰৰ আইনৰ দলিল, ১৯৩১}} | established_date2 = {{nowrap|১১ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৩১<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206072849/http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2011 |title=Annex B – Territories Forming Part of the Commonwealth |date=September 2011 |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Civil Service]] |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref>}} | established_event3 = {{nowrap|লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ}} | established_date3 = ২৮ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৪৯ | area_km2 = ২৯,৯৫৮,০৫০ | area_sq_mi = ১১,৫৬৬,৮৭০ | population_estimate = ২,৪১৮,৯৬৪,০০০ | population_estimate_year = ২০১৬ | population_density_km2 = ৭৫ | population_density_sq_mi = ১৯৪ | official_website = {{URL|https://thecommonwealth.org/|thecommonwealth.org}} | footnotes = | demonym = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | today = }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' বা '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}, কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ, সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেলথ''' বুলি জনা যায়) হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মূলতঃ ৫৬খন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যও থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিৱেশ বা ঔপনিৱেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ [[Statute of Westminster]]-ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত [[London Declaration]] অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপ্ৰধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == কমনৱেল্থৰ ৫৬খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে [[Patricia Scotland|পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড]]। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|CHOGM]]-ৰ যোগে যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। [[Commonwealth Games|কমনৱেল্থ গেমছ]] নামৰ এক ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিবেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফৰ্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] doh2uwmlgwpshdekb3011rgy6iex87c 518588 518587 2025-06-16T17:41:16Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* ইতিহাস */ 518588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | name = '''কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ''' | linking_name = কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ | image_flag = | symbol_type = | image_symbol = | symbol_width = | image_map = Carte des pays du Commonwealth.png | image_map_size = 300px | map_caption = {{Legend|#000081|বৰ্তমান সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lime|আংশিকভাৱে স্থগিত সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|#F57A00|পূৰ্বৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lightblue|ব্ৰিটিছ অ'ভাৰচীজ টেৰিটৰিজ<br />আৰু ক্ৰাউন ডিপেণ্ডেন্সিজ}} | org_type = ইচ্ছাধীনভাৱে গঠন হোৱা সংঘ[[Commonwealth Charter|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|title=Commonwealth Charter|date=6 June 2013|quote=কমনৱেলথ হৈছে স্বাধীন আৰু সমঅধিকাৰভুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ এক ইচ্ছাধীন সংগঠন। এই সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ প্ৰত্যেকটিয়ে নিজৰ নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণত স্বয়ংসম্পূৰ্ণ, আৰু এইসকল ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মানুহৰ কল্যাণ, আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদ্ভাৱ আৰু বিশ্ব শান্তিৰ প্ৰচাৰত পৰস্পৰে পৰামৰ্শ আৰু সহযোগিতা কৰে। |access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044606/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] | membership_type = সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ | membership = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; | title = ৫৬খন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ | {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|এণ্টিগুৱা আৰু বাৰবুডা}}}} | {{flaglist|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া}} | {{flaglist|বাংলাদেশ}} | {{flaglist|বাৰবাডছ}} | {{flaglist|বেলিজ}} | {{flaglist|বটছৱানা}} | {{flaglist|ব্ৰুনেই}} | {{flaglist|কেমেৰুন}} | {{flaglist|কানাডা}} | {{flaglist|চিপ্ৰাছ}} | {{flaglist|ড'মিনিকা}} | {{flaglist|এছৱাটিনি}} | {{flaglist|ফিজি}} | {{flaglist|গেবন}} | {{flaglist|গাম্বিয়া}} | {{flaglist|ঘানা}} | {{flaglist|গ্ৰেনাডা}} | {{flaglist|গায়ানা}} | {{flaglist|ভাৰত}} | {{flaglist|জামাইকা}} | {{flaglist|কেনিয়া}} | {{flaglist|কিৰিবাটি}} | {{flaglist|লেছোথো}} | {{flaglist|মালাৱি}} | {{flaglist|মালেচিয়া}} | {{flaglist|মালদ্বীপ}} | {{flaglist|মাল্টা}} | {{flaglist|মৰিছাছ}} | {{flaglist|ম'জাম্বিক}} | {{flaglist|নামিবিয়া}} | {{flaglist|নাউৰু}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|নিউজিলেণ্ড}}}} | {{flaglist|নাইজেৰিয়া}} | {{flaglist|পাকিস্তান}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|পাপুৱা নিউ গিনি}}}} | {{flaglist|ৰুৱাণ্ডা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট কিটছ আৰু নেভিছ}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট লুচিয়া}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট ভিনচেণ্ট আৰু গ্ৰেনাডিনছ}}}} | {{flaglist|চাম'আ}} | {{flaglist|ছিচেলছ}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|চিয়েৰা লিঅ'ন}}}} | {{flaglist|চিংগাপুৰ}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|চ'লোমন দ্বীপপুঞ্জ}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|শ্ৰীলংকা}}}} | {{flaglist|টাঞ্জানিয়া}} | {{flaglist|বাহামাছ}} | {{flaglist|টোগো}} | {{flaglist|টঙা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ট্ৰিনিডাড আৰু টোবাগো}}}} | {{flaglist|টুভালু}} | {{flaglist|উগাণ্ডা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য}}}} | {{flaglist|ভানুৱাটু}} | {{flaglist|জাম্বিয়া}} }} | admin_center_type = মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় | admin_center = মাৰ্লব'ৰো হাউছ, লণ্ডন, যুক্ত ৰাজ্য | languages_type = কৰ্মভাষা | languages = ইংৰাজী | p1 = ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্য | flag_p1 = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg | leader_title1 = কমনৱেলথৰ নেতা | leader_name1 = চাৰ্লছ তৃতীয় | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ সচিব-জেনেৰেল}} | leader_name2 = শাৰ্লি আইয়ৰকাৰ ব'চৱেই | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ চেয়াৰ-ইন-অফিছ}} | leader_name3 = ফিয়ামে নাওমি মাতাআফা | established_event1 = {{nowrap|বেলফোৰ ঘোষণাপত্ৰ, ১৯২৬}} | established_date1 = ১৯ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯২৬ | established_event2 = {{nowrap|ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰৰ আইনৰ দলিল, ১৯৩১}} | established_date2 = {{nowrap|১১ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৩১<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206072849/http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2011 |title=Annex B – Territories Forming Part of the Commonwealth |date=September 2011 |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Civil Service]] |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref>}} | established_event3 = {{nowrap|লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ}} | established_date3 = ২৮ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৪৯ | area_km2 = ২৯,৯৫৮,০৫০ | area_sq_mi = ১১,৫৬৬,৮৭০ | population_estimate = ২,৪১৮,৯৬৪,০০০ | population_estimate_year = ২০১৬ | population_density_km2 = ৭৫ | population_density_sq_mi = ১৯৪ | official_website = {{URL|https://thecommonwealth.org/|thecommonwealth.org}} | footnotes = | demonym = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | today = }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' বা '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}, কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ, সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেলথ''' বুলি জনা যায়) হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মূলতঃ ৫৬খন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যও থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিৱেশ বা ঔপনিৱেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ ৱেষ্টমিনিষ্টাৰৰ বিধিৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপ্ৰধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == কমনৱেল্থৰ ৫৬খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে [[Patricia Scotland|পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড]]। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|CHOGM]]-ৰ যোগে যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। [[Commonwealth Games|কমনৱেল্থ গেমছ]] নামৰ এক ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিবেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফৰ্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] aroiak6vld4qe8mapnzvkl23csvu4xc 518589 518588 2025-06-16T17:41:49Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* সদস্যতা */ 518589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | name = '''কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ''' | linking_name = কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ | image_flag = | symbol_type = | image_symbol = | symbol_width = | image_map = Carte des pays du Commonwealth.png | image_map_size = 300px | map_caption = {{Legend|#000081|বৰ্তমান সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lime|আংশিকভাৱে স্থগিত সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|#F57A00|পূৰ্বৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lightblue|ব্ৰিটিছ অ'ভাৰচীজ টেৰিটৰিজ<br />আৰু ক্ৰাউন ডিপেণ্ডেন্সিজ}} | org_type = ইচ্ছাধীনভাৱে গঠন হোৱা সংঘ[[Commonwealth Charter|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|title=Commonwealth Charter|date=6 June 2013|quote=কমনৱেলথ হৈছে স্বাধীন আৰু সমঅধিকাৰভুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ এক ইচ্ছাধীন সংগঠন। এই সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ প্ৰত্যেকটিয়ে নিজৰ নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণত স্বয়ংসম্পূৰ্ণ, আৰু এইসকল ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মানুহৰ কল্যাণ, আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদ্ভাৱ আৰু বিশ্ব শান্তিৰ প্ৰচাৰত পৰস্পৰে পৰামৰ্শ আৰু সহযোগিতা কৰে। |access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044606/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] | membership_type = সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ | membership = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; | title = ৫৬খন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ | {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|এণ্টিগুৱা আৰু বাৰবুডা}}}} | {{flaglist|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া}} | {{flaglist|বাংলাদেশ}} | {{flaglist|বাৰবাডছ}} | {{flaglist|বেলিজ}} | {{flaglist|বটছৱানা}} | {{flaglist|ব্ৰুনেই}} | {{flaglist|কেমেৰুন}} | {{flaglist|কানাডা}} | {{flaglist|চিপ্ৰাছ}} | {{flaglist|ড'মিনিকা}} | {{flaglist|এছৱাটিনি}} | {{flaglist|ফিজি}} | {{flaglist|গেবন}} | {{flaglist|গাম্বিয়া}} | {{flaglist|ঘানা}} | {{flaglist|গ্ৰেনাডা}} | {{flaglist|গায়ানা}} | {{flaglist|ভাৰত}} | {{flaglist|জামাইকা}} | {{flaglist|কেনিয়া}} | {{flaglist|কিৰিবাটি}} | {{flaglist|লেছোথো}} | {{flaglist|মালাৱি}} | {{flaglist|মালেচিয়া}} | {{flaglist|মালদ্বীপ}} | {{flaglist|মাল্টা}} | {{flaglist|মৰিছাছ}} | {{flaglist|ম'জাম্বিক}} | {{flaglist|নামিবিয়া}} | {{flaglist|নাউৰু}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|নিউজিলেণ্ড}}}} | {{flaglist|নাইজেৰিয়া}} | {{flaglist|পাকিস্তান}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|পাপুৱা নিউ গিনি}}}} | {{flaglist|ৰুৱাণ্ডা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট কিটছ আৰু নেভিছ}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট লুচিয়া}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট ভিনচেণ্ট আৰু গ্ৰেনাডিনছ}}}} | {{flaglist|চাম'আ}} | {{flaglist|ছিচেলছ}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|চিয়েৰা লিঅ'ন}}}} | {{flaglist|চিংগাপুৰ}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|চ'লোমন দ্বীপপুঞ্জ}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|শ্ৰীলংকা}}}} | {{flaglist|টাঞ্জানিয়া}} | {{flaglist|বাহামাছ}} | {{flaglist|টোগো}} | {{flaglist|টঙা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ট্ৰিনিডাড আৰু টোবাগো}}}} | {{flaglist|টুভালু}} | {{flaglist|উগাণ্ডা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য}}}} | {{flaglist|ভানুৱাটু}} | {{flaglist|জাম্বিয়া}} }} | admin_center_type = মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় | admin_center = মাৰ্লব'ৰো হাউছ, লণ্ডন, যুক্ত ৰাজ্য | languages_type = কৰ্মভাষা | languages = ইংৰাজী | p1 = ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্য | flag_p1 = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg | leader_title1 = কমনৱেলথৰ নেতা | leader_name1 = চাৰ্লছ তৃতীয় | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ সচিব-জেনেৰেল}} | leader_name2 = শাৰ্লি আইয়ৰকাৰ ব'চৱেই | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ চেয়াৰ-ইন-অফিছ}} | leader_name3 = ফিয়ামে নাওমি মাতাআফা | established_event1 = {{nowrap|বেলফোৰ ঘোষণাপত্ৰ, ১৯২৬}} | established_date1 = ১৯ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯২৬ | established_event2 = {{nowrap|ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰৰ আইনৰ দলিল, ১৯৩১}} | established_date2 = {{nowrap|১১ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৩১<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206072849/http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2011 |title=Annex B – Territories Forming Part of the Commonwealth |date=September 2011 |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Civil Service]] |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref>}} | established_event3 = {{nowrap|লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ}} | established_date3 = ২৮ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৪৯ | area_km2 = ২৯,৯৫৮,০৫০ | area_sq_mi = ১১,৫৬৬,৮৭০ | population_estimate = ২,৪১৮,৯৬৪,০০০ | population_estimate_year = ২০১৬ | population_density_km2 = ৭৫ | population_density_sq_mi = ১৯৪ | official_website = {{URL|https://thecommonwealth.org/|thecommonwealth.org}} | footnotes = | demonym = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | today = }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' বা '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}, কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ, সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেলথ''' বুলি জনা যায়) হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মূলতঃ ৫৬খন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যও থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিৱেশ বা ঔপনিৱেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ ৱেষ্টমিনিষ্টাৰৰ বিধিৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপ্ৰধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ ৫৬খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে [[Patricia Scotland|পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড]]। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|CHOGM]]-ৰ যোগে যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। [[Commonwealth Games|কমনৱেল্থ গেমছ]] নামৰ এক ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিবেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফৰ্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] 7285vdrqk4knp66iarb07vhmksg8uiq 518590 518589 2025-06-16T17:42:53Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* সংগঠনৰ গঠন */ 518590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | name = '''কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ''' | linking_name = কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ | image_flag = | symbol_type = | image_symbol = | symbol_width = | image_map = Carte des pays du Commonwealth.png | image_map_size = 300px | map_caption = {{Legend|#000081|বৰ্তমান সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lime|আংশিকভাৱে স্থগিত সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|#F57A00|পূৰ্বৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lightblue|ব্ৰিটিছ অ'ভাৰচীজ টেৰিটৰিজ<br />আৰু ক্ৰাউন ডিপেণ্ডেন্সিজ}} | org_type = ইচ্ছাধীনভাৱে গঠন হোৱা সংঘ[[Commonwealth Charter|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|title=Commonwealth Charter|date=6 June 2013|quote=কমনৱেলথ হৈছে স্বাধীন আৰু সমঅধিকাৰভুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ এক ইচ্ছাধীন সংগঠন। এই সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ প্ৰত্যেকটিয়ে নিজৰ নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণত স্বয়ংসম্পূৰ্ণ, আৰু এইসকল ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মানুহৰ কল্যাণ, আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদ্ভাৱ আৰু বিশ্ব শান্তিৰ প্ৰচাৰত পৰস্পৰে পৰামৰ্শ আৰু সহযোগিতা কৰে। |access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044606/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] | membership_type = সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ | membership = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; | title = ৫৬খন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ | {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|এণ্টিগুৱা আৰু বাৰবুডা}}}} | {{flaglist|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া}} | {{flaglist|বাংলাদেশ}} | {{flaglist|বাৰবাডছ}} | {{flaglist|বেলিজ}} | {{flaglist|বটছৱানা}} | {{flaglist|ব্ৰুনেই}} | {{flaglist|কেমেৰুন}} | {{flaglist|কানাডা}} | {{flaglist|চিপ্ৰাছ}} | {{flaglist|ড'মিনিকা}} | {{flaglist|এছৱাটিনি}} | {{flaglist|ফিজি}} | {{flaglist|গেবন}} | {{flaglist|গাম্বিয়া}} | {{flaglist|ঘানা}} | {{flaglist|গ্ৰেনাডা}} | {{flaglist|গায়ানা}} | {{flaglist|ভাৰত}} | {{flaglist|জামাইকা}} | {{flaglist|কেনিয়া}} | {{flaglist|কিৰিবাটি}} | {{flaglist|লেছোথো}} | {{flaglist|মালাৱি}} | {{flaglist|মালেচিয়া}} | {{flaglist|মালদ্বীপ}} | {{flaglist|মাল্টা}} | {{flaglist|মৰিছাছ}} | {{flaglist|ম'জাম্বিক}} | {{flaglist|নামিবিয়া}} | {{flaglist|নাউৰু}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|নিউজিলেণ্ড}}}} | {{flaglist|নাইজেৰিয়া}} | {{flaglist|পাকিস্তান}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|পাপুৱা নিউ গিনি}}}} | {{flaglist|ৰুৱাণ্ডা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট কিটছ আৰু নেভিছ}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট লুচিয়া}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট ভিনচেণ্ট আৰু গ্ৰেনাডিনছ}}}} | {{flaglist|চাম'আ}} | {{flaglist|ছিচেলছ}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|চিয়েৰা লিঅ'ন}}}} | {{flaglist|চিংগাপুৰ}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|চ'লোমন দ্বীপপুঞ্জ}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|শ্ৰীলংকা}}}} | {{flaglist|টাঞ্জানিয়া}} | {{flaglist|বাহামাছ}} | {{flaglist|টোগো}} | {{flaglist|টঙা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ট্ৰিনিডাড আৰু টোবাগো}}}} | {{flaglist|টুভালু}} | {{flaglist|উগাণ্ডা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য}}}} | {{flaglist|ভানুৱাটু}} | {{flaglist|জাম্বিয়া}} }} | admin_center_type = মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় | admin_center = মাৰ্লব'ৰো হাউছ, লণ্ডন, যুক্ত ৰাজ্য | languages_type = কৰ্মভাষা | languages = ইংৰাজী | p1 = ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্য | flag_p1 = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg | leader_title1 = কমনৱেলথৰ নেতা | leader_name1 = চাৰ্লছ তৃতীয় | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ সচিব-জেনেৰেল}} | leader_name2 = শাৰ্লি আইয়ৰকাৰ ব'চৱেই | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ চেয়াৰ-ইন-অফিছ}} | leader_name3 = ফিয়ামে নাওমি মাতাআফা | established_event1 = {{nowrap|বেলফোৰ ঘোষণাপত্ৰ, ১৯২৬}} | established_date1 = ১৯ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯২৬ | established_event2 = {{nowrap|ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰৰ আইনৰ দলিল, ১৯৩১}} | established_date2 = {{nowrap|১১ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৩১<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206072849/http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2011 |title=Annex B – Territories Forming Part of the Commonwealth |date=September 2011 |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Civil Service]] |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref>}} | established_event3 = {{nowrap|লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ}} | established_date3 = ২৮ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৪৯ | area_km2 = ২৯,৯৫৮,০৫০ | area_sq_mi = ১১,৫৬৬,৮৭০ | population_estimate = ২,৪১৮,৯৬৪,০০০ | population_estimate_year = ২০১৬ | population_density_km2 = ৭৫ | population_density_sq_mi = ১৯৪ | official_website = {{URL|https://thecommonwealth.org/|thecommonwealth.org}} | footnotes = | demonym = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | today = }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' বা '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}, কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ, সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেলথ''' বুলি জনা যায়) হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মূলতঃ ৫৬খন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যও থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিৱেশ বা ঔপনিৱেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ ৱেষ্টমিনিষ্টাৰৰ বিধিৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপ্ৰধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ ৫৬খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা কমনৱেলথ চৰকাৰৰ মুৰব্বীসকলৰ বৈঠকৰ যোগেদি যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। [[Commonwealth Games|কমনৱেল্থ গেমছ]] নামৰ এক ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিবেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফৰ্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] 40z4cu2gzwrv1bmso77mo8b14cl0l9t 518592 518590 2025-06-16T17:43:41Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য */ 518592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | name = '''কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ''' | linking_name = কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ | image_flag = | symbol_type = | image_symbol = | symbol_width = | image_map = Carte des pays du Commonwealth.png | image_map_size = 300px | map_caption = {{Legend|#000081|বৰ্তমান সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lime|আংশিকভাৱে স্থগিত সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|#F57A00|পূৰ্বৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lightblue|ব্ৰিটিছ অ'ভাৰচীজ টেৰিটৰিজ<br />আৰু ক্ৰাউন ডিপেণ্ডেন্সিজ}} | org_type = ইচ্ছাধীনভাৱে গঠন হোৱা সংঘ[[Commonwealth Charter|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|title=Commonwealth Charter|date=6 June 2013|quote=কমনৱেলথ হৈছে স্বাধীন আৰু সমঅধিকাৰভুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ এক ইচ্ছাধীন সংগঠন। এই সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ প্ৰত্যেকটিয়ে নিজৰ নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণত স্বয়ংসম্পূৰ্ণ, আৰু এইসকল ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মানুহৰ কল্যাণ, আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদ্ভাৱ আৰু বিশ্ব শান্তিৰ প্ৰচাৰত পৰস্পৰে পৰামৰ্শ আৰু সহযোগিতা কৰে। |access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044606/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] | membership_type = সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ | membership = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; | title = ৫৬খন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ | {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|এণ্টিগুৱা আৰু বাৰবুডা}}}} | {{flaglist|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া}} | {{flaglist|বাংলাদেশ}} | {{flaglist|বাৰবাডছ}} | {{flaglist|বেলিজ}} | {{flaglist|বটছৱানা}} | {{flaglist|ব্ৰুনেই}} | {{flaglist|কেমেৰুন}} | {{flaglist|কানাডা}} | {{flaglist|চিপ্ৰাছ}} | {{flaglist|ড'মিনিকা}} | {{flaglist|এছৱাটিনি}} | {{flaglist|ফিজি}} | {{flaglist|গেবন}} | {{flaglist|গাম্বিয়া}} | {{flaglist|ঘানা}} | {{flaglist|গ্ৰেনাডা}} | {{flaglist|গায়ানা}} | {{flaglist|ভাৰত}} | {{flaglist|জামাইকা}} | {{flaglist|কেনিয়া}} | {{flaglist|কিৰিবাটি}} | {{flaglist|লেছোথো}} | {{flaglist|মালাৱি}} | {{flaglist|মালেচিয়া}} | {{flaglist|মালদ্বীপ}} | {{flaglist|মাল্টা}} | {{flaglist|মৰিছাছ}} | {{flaglist|ম'জাম্বিক}} | {{flaglist|নামিবিয়া}} | {{flaglist|নাউৰু}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|নিউজিলেণ্ড}}}} | {{flaglist|নাইজেৰিয়া}} | {{flaglist|পাকিস্তান}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|পাপুৱা নিউ গিনি}}}} | {{flaglist|ৰুৱাণ্ডা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট কিটছ আৰু নেভিছ}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট লুচিয়া}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ছেইণ্ট ভিনচেণ্ট আৰু গ্ৰেনাডিনছ}}}} | {{flaglist|চাম'আ}} | {{flaglist|ছিচেলছ}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|চিয়েৰা লিঅ'ন}}}} | {{flaglist|চিংগাপুৰ}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|চ'লোমন দ্বীপপুঞ্জ}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা}}}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|শ্ৰীলংকা}}}} | {{flaglist|টাঞ্জানিয়া}} | {{flaglist|বাহামাছ}} | {{flaglist|টোগো}} | {{flaglist|টঙা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|ট্ৰিনিডাড আৰু টোবাগো}}}} | {{flaglist|টুভালু}} | {{flaglist|উগাণ্ডা}} | {{nowrap|{{flaglist|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য}}}} | {{flaglist|ভানুৱাটু}} | {{flaglist|জাম্বিয়া}} }} | admin_center_type = মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় | admin_center = মাৰ্লব'ৰো হাউছ, লণ্ডন, যুক্ত ৰাজ্য | languages_type = কৰ্মভাষা | languages = ইংৰাজী | p1 = ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্য | flag_p1 = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg | leader_title1 = কমনৱেলথৰ নেতা | leader_name1 = চাৰ্লছ তৃতীয় | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ সচিব-জেনেৰেল}} | leader_name2 = শাৰ্লি আইয়ৰকাৰ ব'চৱেই | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ চেয়াৰ-ইন-অফিছ}} | leader_name3 = ফিয়ামে নাওমি মাতাআফা | established_event1 = {{nowrap|বেলফোৰ ঘোষণাপত্ৰ, ১৯২৬}} | established_date1 = ১৯ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯২৬ | established_event2 = {{nowrap|ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰৰ আইনৰ দলিল, ১৯৩১}} | established_date2 = {{nowrap|১১ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৩১<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206072849/http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2011 |title=Annex B – Territories Forming Part of the Commonwealth |date=September 2011 |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Civil Service]] |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref>}} | established_event3 = {{nowrap|লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ}} | established_date3 = ২৮ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৪৯ | area_km2 = ২৯,৯৫৮,০৫০ | area_sq_mi = ১১,৫৬৬,৮৭০ | population_estimate = ২,৪১৮,৯৬৪,০০০ | population_estimate_year = ২০১৬ | population_density_km2 = ৭৫ | population_density_sq_mi = ১৯৪ | official_website = {{URL|https://thecommonwealth.org/|thecommonwealth.org}} | footnotes = | demonym = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | today = }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' বা '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}, কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ, সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেলথ''' বুলি জনা যায়) হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মূলতঃ ৫৬খন স্বাধীন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যও থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিৱেশ বা ঔপনিৱেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ ৱেষ্টমিনিষ্টাৰৰ বিধিৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপ্ৰধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ ৫৬খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা কমনৱেলথ চৰকাৰৰ মুৰব্বীসকলৰ বৈঠকৰ যোগেদি যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। "কমনৱেলথ গেমছ" নামৰ এক [[ক্ৰীড়া]] প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিবেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফৰ্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] ms3no26zv70c2dmdwdj5folkfif8si2 518593 518592 2025-06-16T17:44:25Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | name = '''কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ''' | linking_name = কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ | image_flag = | symbol_type = | image_symbol = | symbol_width = | image_map = Carte des pays du Commonwealth.png | image_map_size = 300px | map_caption = {{Legend|#000081|বৰ্তমান সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lime|আংশিকভাৱে স্থগিত সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|#F57A00|পূৰ্বৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lightblue|ব্ৰিটিছ অ'ভাৰচীজ টেৰিটৰিজ<br />আৰু ক্ৰাউন ডিপেণ্ডেন্সিজ}} | org_type = ইচ্ছাধীনভাৱে গঠন হোৱা সংঘ[[Commonwealth Charter|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|title=Commonwealth Charter|date=6 June 2013|quote=কমনৱেলথ হৈছে স্বাধীন আৰু সমঅধিকাৰভুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ এক ইচ্ছাধীন সংগঠন। এই সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ প্ৰত্যেকটিয়ে নিজৰ নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণত স্বয়ংসম্পূৰ্ণ, আৰু এইসকল ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মানুহৰ কল্যাণ, আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদ্ভাৱ আৰু বিশ্ব শান্তিৰ প্ৰচাৰত পৰস্পৰে পৰামৰ্শ আৰু সহযোগিতা কৰে। |access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044606/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] | membership_type = 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{{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ সচিব-জেনেৰেল}} | leader_name2 = শাৰ্লি আইয়ৰকাৰ ব'চৱেই | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ চেয়াৰ-ইন-অফিছ}} | leader_name3 = ফিয়ামে নাওমি মাতাআফা | established_event1 = {{nowrap|বেলফোৰ ঘোষণাপত্ৰ, ১৯২৬}} | established_date1 = ১৯ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯২৬ | established_event2 = {{nowrap|ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰৰ আইনৰ দলিল, ১৯৩১}} | established_date2 = {{nowrap|১১ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৩১<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206072849/http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2011 |title=Annex B – Territories Forming Part of the Commonwealth |date=September 2011 |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Civil Service]] |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref>}} | established_event3 = {{nowrap|লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ}} | established_date3 = ২৮ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৪৯ | area_km2 = ২৯,৯৫৮,০৫০ | area_sq_mi = ১১,৫৬৬,৮৭০ | population_estimate = ২,৪১৮,৯৬৪,০০০ | population_estimate_year = ২০১৬ | population_density_km2 = ৭৫ | population_density_sq_mi = ১৯৪ | official_website = {{URL|https://thecommonwealth.org/|thecommonwealth.org}} | footnotes = | demonym = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | today = }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' বা '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}, কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ, সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেলথ''' বুলি জনা যায়) হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মূলতঃ ৫৬খন স্বাধীন [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যও থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিৱেশ বা ঔপনিৱেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ ৱেষ্টমিনিষ্টাৰৰ বিধিৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপ্ৰধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ ৫৬খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা কমনৱেলথ চৰকাৰৰ মুৰব্বীসকলৰ বৈঠকৰ যোগেদি যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। "কমনৱেলথ গেমছ" নামৰ এক [[ক্ৰীড়া]] প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিবেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফৰ্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] bwqnuwovjtqdy9xv0ds3izijcr4mb1v 518594 518593 2025-06-16T17:45:14Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | name = '''কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ''' | linking_name = কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ | image_flag = | symbol_type = | image_symbol = | symbol_width = | image_map = Carte des pays du Commonwealth.png | image_map_size = 300px | map_caption = {{Legend|#000081|বৰ্তমান সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lime|আংশিকভাৱে স্থগিত সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|#F57A00|পূৰ্বৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lightblue|ব্ৰিটিছ অ'ভাৰচীজ টেৰিটৰিজ<br />আৰু ক্ৰাউন ডিপেণ্ডেন্সিজ}} 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কেৱল '''কমনৱেলথ''' বুলি জনা যায়) হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মূলতঃ ৫৬খন স্বাধীন [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যও থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিৱেশ বা ঔপনিৱেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ ৱেষ্টমিনিষ্টাৰৰ বিধিৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপ্ৰধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ ৫৬খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা কমনৱেলথ চৰকাৰৰ মুৰব্বীসকলৰ বৈঠকৰ যোগেদি যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। "কমনৱেলথ গেমছ" নামৰ এক [[ক্ৰীড়া]] প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিৱেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফৰ্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] 2jdm3i8s6t3xu0i2vialgflyy7thaxu 518595 518594 2025-06-16T17:46:35Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | name = '''কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ''' | linking_name = কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ | image_flag = | symbol_type = | image_symbol = | symbol_width = | image_map = Carte des pays du Commonwealth.png | image_map_size = 300px | map_caption = {{Legend|#000081|বৰ্তমান সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lime|আংশিকভাৱে স্থগিত সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|#F57A00|পূৰ্বৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lightblue|ব্ৰিটিছ অ'ভাৰচীজ টেৰিটৰিজ<br />আৰু ক্ৰাউন ডিপেণ্ডেন্সিজ}} | org_type = ইচ্ছাধীনভাৱে গঠন হোৱা সংঘ[[Commonwealth Charter|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|title=Commonwealth Charter|date=6 June 2013|quote=কমনৱেলথ হৈছে স্বাধীন আৰু সমঅধিকাৰভুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ এক ইচ্ছাধীন সংগঠন। এই সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ প্ৰত্যেকটিয়ে নিজৰ নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণত স্বয়ংসম্পূৰ্ণ, আৰু এইসকল ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মানুহৰ কল্যাণ, আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদ্ভাৱ আৰু বিশ্ব শান্তিৰ প্ৰচাৰত পৰস্পৰে পৰামৰ্শ আৰু সহযোগিতা কৰে। |access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044606/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] | membership_type = সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ | membership = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; | title = ৫৬খন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ | {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|এণ্টিগুৱা আৰু বাৰবুডা}}}} | {{flaglist|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া}} | {{flaglist|বাংলাদেশ}} | {{flaglist|বাৰবাডছ}} | {{flaglist|বেলিজ}} | {{flaglist|বটছৱানা}} | {{flaglist|ব্ৰুনেই}} | {{flaglist|কেমেৰুন}} | {{flaglist|কানাডা}} | {{flaglist|চিপ্ৰাছ}} | {{flaglist|ড'মিনিকা}} | {{flaglist|এছৱাটিনি}} | {{flaglist|ফিজি}} | {{flaglist|গেবন}} | {{flaglist|গাম্বিয়া}} | {{flaglist|ঘানা}} | {{flaglist|গ্ৰেনাডা}} | {{flaglist|গায়ানা}} | {{flaglist|ভাৰত}} | {{flaglist|জামাইকা}} | {{flaglist|কেনিয়া}} | {{flaglist|কিৰিবাটি}} | {{flaglist|লেছোথো}} | {{flaglist|মালাৱি}} | 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admin_center = মাৰ্লব'ৰো হাউছ, লণ্ডন, যুক্ত ৰাজ্য | languages_type = কৰ্মভাষা | languages = ইংৰাজী | p1 = ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্য | flag_p1 = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg | leader_title1 = কমনৱেলথৰ নেতা | leader_name1 = চাৰ্লছ তৃতীয় | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ সচিব-জেনেৰেল}} | leader_name2 = শাৰ্লি আইয়ৰকাৰ ব'চৱেই | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|কমনৱেলথ চেয়াৰ-ইন-অফিছ}} | leader_name3 = ফিয়ামে নাওমি মাতাআফা | established_event1 = {{nowrap|বেলফোৰ ঘোষণাপত্ৰ, ১৯২৬}} | established_date1 = ১৯ নৱেম্বৰ ১৯২৬ | established_event2 = {{nowrap|ৱেষ্টমিনষ্টাৰৰ আইনৰ দলিল, ১৯৩১}} | established_date2 = {{nowrap|১১ ডিচেম্বৰ ১৯৩১<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206072849/http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2011 |title=Annex B – Territories Forming Part of the Commonwealth |date=September 2011 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জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপ্ৰধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ ৫৬খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা কমনৱেলথ চৰকাৰৰ মুৰব্বীসকলৰ বৈঠকৰ যোগেদি যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। "কমনৱেলথ গেমছ" নামৰ এক [[ক্ৰীড়া]] প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিৱেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফৰ্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] s87k07y0bcczerf92ud5zv192yuhcud 518596 518595 2025-06-16T17:47:01Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | name = '''কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ''' | linking_name = কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ | image_flag = | symbol_type = | image_symbol = | symbol_width = | image_map = Carte des pays du Commonwealth.png | image_map_size = 300px | map_caption = {{Legend|#000081|বৰ্তমান সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lime|আংশিকভাৱে স্থগিত সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|#F57A00|পূৰ্বৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lightblue|ব্ৰিটিছ অ'ভাৰচীজ টেৰিটৰিজ<br />আৰু ক্ৰাউন ডিপেণ্ডেন্সিজ}} | org_type = ইচ্ছাধীনভাৱে গঠন হোৱা সংঘ[[Commonwealth Charter|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|title=Commonwealth Charter|date=6 June 2013|quote=কমনৱেলথ হৈছে স্বাধীন আৰু সমঅধিকাৰভুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ এক ইচ্ছাধীন সংগঠন। এই সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ প্ৰত্যেকটিয়ে নিজৰ নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণত স্বয়ংসম্পূৰ্ণ, আৰু এইসকল ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মানুহৰ কল্যাণ, আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদ্ভাৱ আৰু বিশ্ব শান্তিৰ প্ৰচাৰত পৰস্পৰে পৰামৰ্শ আৰু সহযোগিতা কৰে। |access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044606/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] | membership_type = সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ | membership = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; | title = ৫৬খন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ | 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{{URL|https://thecommonwealth.org/|thecommonwealth.org}} | footnotes = | demonym = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | today = }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' বা '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}, কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ, সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেলথ''' বুলি জনা যায়) হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মূলতঃ ৫৬খন স্বাধীন [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যও থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিৱেশ বা ঔপনিৱেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ ৱেষ্টমিনিষ্টাৰৰ বিধিৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপ্ৰধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ ৫৬খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা কমনৱেলথ চৰকাৰৰ মুৰব্বীসকলৰ বৈঠকৰ যোগেদি যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। "কমনৱেলথ গেমছ" নামৰ এক [[ক্ৰীড়া]] প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিৱেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফৰ্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] 0dd3ierwzhqsjnaqp02zvnuz9q3w6hw 518597 518596 2025-06-16T17:52:34Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{confuse|ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ{{!}}ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ (United Nations)}}{{confuse|জাতিসংঘ{{!}}জাতিসংঘ (League of Nations)}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | name = '''কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ''' | linking_name = কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ | image_flag = | symbol_type = | image_symbol = | symbol_width = | image_map = Carte des pays du Commonwealth.png | image_map_size = 300px | map_caption = {{Legend|#000081|বৰ্তমান সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lime|আংশিকভাৱে স্থগিত সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|#F57A00|পূৰ্বৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lightblue|ব্ৰিটিছ অ'ভাৰচীজ টেৰিটৰিজ<br />আৰু ক্ৰাউন ডিপেণ্ডেন্সিজ}} | org_type = ইচ্ছাধীনভাৱে গঠন হোৱা সংঘ[[Commonwealth Charter|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|title=Commonwealth Charter|date=6 June 2013|quote=কমনৱেলথ হৈছে স্বাধীন আৰু সমঅধিকাৰভুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ এক ইচ্ছাধীন সংগঠন। এই সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ প্ৰত্যেকটিয়ে নিজৰ নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণত স্বয়ংসম্পূৰ্ণ, আৰু এইসকল ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মানুহৰ কল্যাণ, আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদ্ভাৱ আৰু বিশ্ব শান্তিৰ প্ৰচাৰত পৰস্পৰে পৰামৰ্শ আৰু সহযোগিতা কৰে। |access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044606/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] | membership_type = সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহ | membership = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background: transparent; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; | title = ৫৬খন ৰাষ্ট্ৰ | {{nowrap|{{flagcountry|এণ্টিগুৱা আৰু বাৰবুডা}}}} | {{flaglist|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া}} | {{flaglist|বাংলাদেশ}} | {{flaglist|বাৰবাডছ}} | {{flaglist|বেলিজ}} | {{flaglist|বটছৱানা}} | {{flaglist|ব্ৰুনেই}} | {{flaglist|কেমেৰুন}} | {{flaglist|কানাডা}} | 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|url=http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206072849/http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/AnnexB_Commonwealth.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2011 |title=Annex B – Territories Forming Part of the Commonwealth |date=September 2011 |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Civil Service]] |access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref>}} | established_event3 = {{nowrap|লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ}} | established_date3 = ২৮ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৪৯ | area_km2 = ২৯,৯৫৮,০৫০ | area_sq_mi = ১১,৫৬৬,৮৭০ | population_estimate = ২,৪১৮,৯৬৪,০০০ | population_estimate_year = ২০১৬ | population_density_km2 = ৭৫ | population_density_sq_mi = ১৯৪ | official_website = {{URL|https://thecommonwealth.org/|thecommonwealth.org}} | footnotes = | demonym = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | today = }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' বা '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}, কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ, সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেলথ''' বুলি জনা যায়) হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মূলতঃ ৫৬খন স্বাধীন [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যও থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিৱেশ বা ঔপনিৱেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ ৱেষ্টমিনিষ্টাৰৰ বিধিৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপ্ৰধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ ৫৬খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা কমনৱেলথ চৰকাৰৰ মুৰব্বীসকলৰ বৈঠকৰ যোগেদি যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। "কমনৱেলথ গেমছ" নামৰ এক [[ক্ৰীড়া]] প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিৱেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফৰ্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] j5lt64sj79yqj6dl02nyqnaod7lxb96 518601 518597 2025-06-16T17:55:24Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{confuse|ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ{{!}}ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ| জাতিসংঘ{{!}}জাতিসংঘ}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | name = '''কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ''' | linking_name = কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ | image_flag = | symbol_type = | image_symbol = | symbol_width = | image_map = Carte des pays du Commonwealth.png | image_map_size = 300px | map_caption = {{Legend|#000081|বৰ্তমান সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lime|আংশিকভাৱে স্থগিত সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|#F57A00|পূৰ্বৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lightblue|ব্ৰিটিছ অ'ভাৰচীজ টেৰিটৰিজ<br />আৰু ক্ৰাউন ডিপেণ্ডেন্সিজ}} | org_type = ইচ্ছাধীনভাৱে গঠন হোৱা সংঘ[[Commonwealth Charter|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|title=Commonwealth Charter|date=6 June 2013|quote=কমনৱেলথ হৈছে স্বাধীন আৰু সমঅধিকাৰভুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ এক ইচ্ছাধীন সংগঠন। এই সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ প্ৰত্যেকটিয়ে নিজৰ নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণত স্বয়ংসম্পূৰ্ণ, আৰু এইসকল ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মানুহৰ কল্যাণ, 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ৱেষ্টমিনিষ্টাৰৰ বিধিৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপ্ৰধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ ৫৬খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা কমনৱেলথ চৰকাৰৰ মুৰব্বীসকলৰ বৈঠকৰ যোগেদি যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। "কমনৱেলথ গেমছ" নামৰ এক [[ক্ৰীড়া]] প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিৱেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফৰ্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] 0792dbziq82ooxjxqzsidi3zcti1vcx 518720 518601 2025-06-17T05:06:34Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{confuse|ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ{{!}}ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ| জাতিসংঘ{{!}}জাতিসংঘ}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | name = '''কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ''' | linking_name = কমনৱেলথ অৱ নেচনছ | image_flag = | symbol_type = | image_symbol = | symbol_width = | image_map = Carte des pays du Commonwealth.png | image_map_size = 300px | map_caption = {{Legend|#000081|বৰ্তমান সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lime|আংশিকভাৱে স্থগিত সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|#F57A00|পূৰ্বৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ}} {{Legend|lightblue|ব্ৰিটিছ অ'ভাৰচীজ টেৰিটৰিজ<br />আৰু ক্ৰাউন ডিপেণ্ডেন্সিজ}} | org_type = ইচ্ছাধীনভাৱে গঠন হোৱা সংঘ[[Commonwealth Charter|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|title=Commonwealth Charter|date=6 June 2013|quote=কমনৱেলথ হৈছে স্বাধীন আৰু সমঅধিকাৰভুক্ত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ এক ইচ্ছাধীন সংগঠন। এই সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহৰ প্ৰত্যেকটিয়ে নিজৰ নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণত স্বয়ংসম্পূৰ্ণ, আৰু এইসকল ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ মানুহৰ কল্যাণ, আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সদ্ভাৱ আৰু বিশ্ব শান্তিৰ প্ৰচাৰত পৰস্পৰে পৰামৰ্শ আৰু সহযোগিতা কৰে। |access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044606/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] | membership_type = 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}}</ref>}} | established_event3 = {{nowrap|লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ}} | established_date3 = ২৮ এপ্ৰিল ১৯৪৯ | area_km2 = ২৯,৯৫৮,০৫০ | area_sq_mi = ১১,৫৬৬,৮৭০ | population_estimate = ২,৪১৮,৯৬৪,০০০ | population_estimate_year = ২০১৬ | population_density_km2 = ৭৫ | population_density_sq_mi = ১৯৪ | official_website = {{URL|https://thecommonwealth.org/|thecommonwealth.org}} | footnotes = | demonym = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | today = }} '''ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল''' বা '''জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ''' ({{lang-en|Commonwealth of Nations}}, কমনৱেলথ অব্‌ নেচনছ, সাধাৰণতে কেৱল '''কমনৱেলথ''' বুলি জনা যায়) হৈছে এটা আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগঠন য'ত মূলতঃ ৫৬খন স্বাধীন [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] সদস্য ৰূপে যুক্ত। এই সংগঠনটোত অতিৰিক্তকৈ বেলেগ অঞ্চল আৰু নিৰীক্ষক সদস্যও থাকে। সদস্যসকলৰ অধিকাংশেই পূৰ্বৰ বৃটিছ উপনিৱেশ বা ঔপনিৱেশিক অঞ্চল আছিল।<ref name="members" /> == ইতিহাস == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ উৎপত্তি ১৯৩১ চনৰ ৱেষ্টমিনিষ্টাৰৰ বিধিৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈছিল, যাৰ জৰিয়তে বৃটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ কিছুমান উপনিবেশক স্বাধীনতা প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৪৯ চনত লণ্ডন ঘোষণাপত্ৰ অনুসৰি, ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে বৃটিছ ৰজা-ৰাণীক আনুষ্ঠানিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰপ্ৰধান হিচাপে গ্ৰহণ নকৰিলেও সদস্য হৈ থাকিব পাৰিব বুলি সিদ্ধান্ত ল'লে। এই সময়ৰে পৰা আধুনিক ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল গঠন হ'ল।<ref name="britannica" /> == সদস্যতা == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ ৫৬খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আছে, যাৰ ভিতৰত [[India|ভাৰত]], [[Canada|কানাডা]], [[Australia|অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[Nigeria|নাইজেৰিয়া]], [[South Africa|দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[Bangladesh|বাংলাদেশ]], [[Pakistan|পাকিস্তান]] আৰু [[United Kingdom|যুক্ত ৰাজ্য]] আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সদস্যসকলে গণতন্ত্ৰ, মানৱাধিকাৰ, আৰু আইনৰ শাসন আদিত বিশ্বাস কৰে।<ref name="members" /> == সংগঠনৰ গঠন == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলৰ নেতৃত্ব এখন সচিবালয়ে দিয়ে যাৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় লণ্ডনত অৱস্থিত। মহাসচিবই সংগঠনৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী। বৰ্তমান মহাসচিব হৈছে পেট্ৰিছিয়া স্কটলেণ্ড। সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত পৰামৰ্শমূলক বৈঠক তথা কমনৱেলথ চৰকাৰৰ মুৰব্বীসকলৰ বৈঠকৰ যোগেদি যোগাযোগ ৰাখে।<ref name="secretariat" /> == কাম-কাজ আৰু লক্ষ্য == ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল বিশ্বব্যাপী শিক্ষা, স্বাস্থ্য, পৰিবেশ, মানৱাধিকাৰ আৰু গণতান্ত্ৰিক মূল্যবোধৰ উন্নয়ন আগবঢ়ায়। "কমনৱেলথ গেমছ" নামৰ এক [[ক্ৰীড়া]] প্ৰতিযোগিতা প্ৰতিটো চাৰি বছৰে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যি সংগঠনটোৰ জনপ্ৰিয় অনুষ্ঠান।<ref name="cgf" /> == সমালোচনা == কিছুমান বিশ্লেষকে ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডলক ‘পূৰ্ব বৃটিছ উপনিৱেশৰ ক্লাব’ বুলি সমালোচনা কৰে। কিছু সদস্যই গণতন্ত্ৰ আৰু মানৱাধিকাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সংগঠনৰ মূলনীতি উলংঘন কৰাৰ অভিযোগ পাইছে। এই সকলো প্ৰতিবন্ধকতাৰ ভিতৰতো সংগঠনটোৱে সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক এক প্লেটফৰ্ম প্ৰদান কৰে য'ত তেওঁলোকে সমানভাৱে মতামত প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref name="dw" /> == আৰু চাওক == * [[জাতিসংঘ]] * [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references> <ref name="members">{{cite web |title=Our Member Countries |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth (association of states) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Commonwealth-association-of-states |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="secretariat">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth Secretariat |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/secretariat |website=The Commonwealth |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="cgf">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation |url=https://thecgf.com/ |website=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> <ref name="dw">{{cite web |title=Does the Commonwealth still matter? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/does-the-commonwealth-still-matter/a-61895132 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> </references> [[শ্ৰেণী:আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমাজ বিজ্ঞান]] o26ph5rd7wuej8jgkf6g3oaqkedaa3o 0 122606 518719 518138 2025-06-17T04:59:25Z CommonsDelinker 118 Removing [[:c:File:Atul_Phukon_(অতুল_ফুকন).jpg|Atul_Phukon_(অতুল_ফুকন).jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 9 June 2025. 518719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = অতুল ফুকন <br> Atul Phukon | image = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|1|1|df=y}} |birth_place = [[চৰাইদেউ]], [[অসম]], [[ভাৰত]] | language = [[অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া]] | nationality = {{flag|ভাৰত}} | citizenship = [[ভাৰতীয়]] | alma_mater = [[ডিব্ৰুগড় হনুমানবক্স সুৰজমল কানৈ মহাবিদ্যালয়]]<br> [[ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]}} '''অতুল ফুকন''' ([[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী :]] '''Atul Phukon''') এগৰাকী সাহিত্য সেৱী তথা বৰ্তমানৰ [[পূৰ্বাঞ্চল তাই সাহিত্য সভা]]ৰ সভাপতি। [[অসম|অসমৰ]] অবিভক্ত [[শিৱসাগৰ]] জিলা (বৰ্তমান [[চৰাইদেউ জিলা]])ত তেওঁৰ জন্ম হৈছিল। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন আৰু শিক্ষা== অতুল ফুকনৰ জন্ম হৈছিল ১৯৫৯ চনৰ ১ জানুৱাৰী তাৰিখে অবিভক্ত [[শিৱসাগৰ]] আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ [[চৰাইদেউ]] জিলাৰ ৰূকাং গাঁৱত। তেওঁৰ পিতৃ স্বৰ্গীয় যোগেন্দ্ৰনাথ ফুকন আৰু মাতৃ স্বৰ্গীয়া তৰাদৈ ফুকন। জন্ম গাঁৱতে প্ৰাথমিক শিক্ষা আৰম্ভ কৰি ১৯৭৪ চনত তেওঁ পাটসাঁকো উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা মেট্ৰিকুলেচন পৰীক্ষাত উত্তীৰ্ণ হয়। ইয়াৰ পাছত তেওঁ গড়গাঁও মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ পৰা উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিক উত্তীৰ্ণ হৈ [[ডিব্ৰুগড় হনুমানবক্স সুৰজমল কানৈ মহাবিদ্যালয়]]ত বাণিজ্যত স্নাতক ডিগ্ৰী গ্ৰহণ কৰে। পৰৱৰ্ত্তী সময়ত তেওঁ বাণিজ্যতে [[ডিব্ৰুগড় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]]ত স্নাতকোত্তৰ মহলাত অধ্যয়ন কৰে। ==কৰ্ম জীৱন== ছাত্ৰাৱস্থাৰ পৰাই বিভিন্ন সামাজিক কামত জড়িত অতুল ফুকনে আনুষ্ঠানিক শিক্ষা জীৱন সামৰাৰ পাছতো বিভিন্ন সামাজিক কামত জড়িত হৈ থাকে। পাটসাঁকোৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় তাই একাডেমী, মহন-দেওধাই-বাইলুং সন্মিলন, হলগুৰি জ্যেষ্ঠ নাগৰিক মঞ্চ আদি বিভিন্ন অনুষ্ঠান-প্ৰতিষ্ঠান, সংগঠন আদিৰ লগত জড়িত থকা ফুকনৰ ডিব্ৰুগড় জিলাৰ চেপনত অৱস্থিত চেপন মহাবিদ্যালয়ৰ প্ৰতিষ্ঠাৰ আঁৰতো বিশেষ অৱদান আছে। বৰ্তমানেও তেওঁ মহাবিদ্যালয়খনৰ লগত জড়িত হৈ আছে। ==তাই ভাষা-সাহিত্যৰ লগত জড়িত== তাই ভাষাৰ সংৰক্ষণ, বিকাশ আৰু প্ৰচাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত অতুল ফুকনে বিশেষ ভুমিকা গ্ৰহণ কৰি আছে। তাই ভাষা-সাহিত্য-সংস্কৃতিৰ বিকাশ আৰু প্ৰসাৰৰ উদ্দেশ্যে ১৯৮১ চনত গঠন হোৱা জাতীয় অনুষ্ঠান [[পূৰ্বাঞ্চল তাই সাহিত্য সভা]]ৰ লগত জড়িত হোৱাৰ পৰা ভাষাটোৰ পুনৰুদ্ধাৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তেওঁ বহুবোৰ পদক্ষেপ হাতত লৈছে। প্ৰাথমিকৰ পৰা উচ্চতৰ মাধ্যমিকলৈকে তাই ভাষাক পাঠ্যক্ৰমত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰোৱাত তেওঁৰ বিশেষ অৱদান আছে। তেওঁৰ সম্পাদনাতে ২০২২ চনত প্ৰকাশ পায় ‘লিক্ খাম ম’ ডাম খাও’ নামৰ প্ৰৱন্ধ সংকলনখন। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও তেওঁ ২০২৪ চনত তাই ভাষা শিক্ষণৰ হাতপুথি ‘মা লা তান খাম তাই’ ৰচনা কৰি উলিয়াই। পুথিখন প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে কেন্দ্ৰীয় তাই একাডেমী, পাটসাঁকোয়ে। ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ১৯৮৭ চনত চেপনৰ দীপাঞ্জলি কোঁৱৰৰ সৈতে অতুল ফুকন বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হয়। বৰ্তমান তেওঁলোকৰ গৌতম আৰু দেৱীপ্ৰিয়া নামেৰে দুটি সন্তান আছে। 3c9uivz924qie21jtsr5noay3u2zkw4 4 122686 518542 517585 2025-06-16T14:27:52Z অনামিকা(চুমু) বড়া 22159 518542 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- __NOTOC__ <center><span style="text-shadow:10px 10px 10px #FCE205; font-size:20px"><font color=#6A5ACD>'''''মুঠ প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা = {{gap}}১ '''''</font></span></center> {{Rule|}} {{columns-list|3| =='''''বিশ্বৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপট'''''== ===ব্যক্তি বিষয়ক=== # [[লৰ্ড বায়ৰন]] # [[নিলুফাৰ ৰহমানী]] # [[নায়েৰা নুৰ]] # [[]] ===গ্ৰন্থ বিষয়ক=== # [[লজ্জা (উপন্যাস)]] # [[]] # [[]] ===চলচ্চিত্ৰ বিষয়ক=== # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===অন্যান্য=== # [[নৰকৰ দুৱাৰ]] # [[পৰ্তুগাল]] # [[ৱাকা ৱাকা (দিচ টাইম ফৰ আফ্ৰিকা)]] # [[কিনশাচা]] # [[হজ আৰু উমৰাৰ মন্ত্ৰালয়]] # [[ৰ’জা ক্লিন’ফিলা]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] =='''''ভাৰতীয় পটভূমি'''''== ===ব্যক্তি বিষয়ক=== # [[চন্দ্ৰ শেখৰ ঘোষ]] # [[লোকনাথ ব্ৰহ্মচাৰী]] # [[পান সিং তোমৰ]] # [[কবিৰ সুমন]] # [[চাবা সৌদাগৰ]] # [[আইশা আহমেদ]] # [[খান ছাৰ]] # [[জটিলেশ্বৰ মুখোপাধ্যায়]] # [[শিৱাজী চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] # [[সায়ন্তিকা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়]] # [[বিনয় ঘোষ]] # [[লাকী আলী]] # [[আয়ুষ্মান খুৰানা]] # [[]] ===গ্ৰন্থ বিষয়ক=== # [[হাজাৰ চুৰাশিৰ মা (উপন্যাস)]] # [[শেষেৰ কবিতা (উপন্যাস)]] # [[পুতুল নাচেৰ ইতিকথা]] # [[গোৰা (উপন্যাস)]] # [[অনিমেষ চতুষ্ক (উপন্যাস)]] # [[পথেৰ পাঁচালী (উপন্যাস)]] # [[পদ্মানদীৰ মাঝি (উপন্যাস)]] # [[নিৰ্বাচিত কলাম (গ্ৰন্থ)]] # [[]] ===চলচ্চিত্ৰ বিষয়ক=== # [[নাট বল্টু]] # [[গোপাল ভাঁড় (টেলিভিছন ধাৰাবাহিক)]] # [[বৰবাদ (২০১৪ চলচ্চিত্ৰ)]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===অন্যান্য=== # [[ভাৰতৰ ভিছা নীতি]] # [[আনন্দ পুৰস্কাৰ]] # [[জগত্তাৰিণী পদক]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] =='''''অসম বিষয়ক'''''== ===ব্যক্তি বিষয়ক=== # [[দীনেশ গোস্বামী]] # [[ধীৰেশ্বৰ কলিতা]] # [[]] # [[]] ===গ্ৰন্থ বিষয়ক=== # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===চলচ্চিত্ৰ বিষয়ক=== # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===অন্যান্য=== # [[চলিহা বাৰেঘৰ সত্ৰ]] # [[]] # [[]] =='''''সানমিহলি'''''== # [[১৯৮৭]] # [[গুৰু]] # [[অনশন ধৰ্মঘট]] # [[গণমাধ্যম]] # [[যন্ত্ৰ]] # [[ভাস্কৰ্য]] # [[মৃৎশিল্প]] # [[মতাদৰ্শ]] # [[সাম্ৰাজ্যবাদ]] # [[ঔপনিৱেশিকতাবাদ]] # [[একনায়কত্ববাদ]] # [[ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ]] # [[গণৰাজ্য]] # [[মাইক্ৰʼপ্লাষ্টিক]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] }} --> ge7cl52nyuryltrj7vd2vltb5azadcx 518554 518542 2025-06-16T15:05:20Z অনামিকা(চুমু) বড়া 22159 518554 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- __NOTOC__ <center><span style="text-shadow:10px 10px 10px #FCE205; font-size:20px"><font color=#6A5ACD>'''''মুঠ প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা = {{gap}}১ '''''</font></span></center> {{Rule|}} {{columns-list|3| =='''''বিশ্বৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপট'''''== ===ব্যক্তি বিষয়ক=== # [[লৰ্ড বায়ৰন]] # [[নিলুফাৰ ৰহমানী]] # [[নায়েৰা নুৰ]] # [[আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ পুস্কিন]] # [[ন'ম চম্‌স্কি]] # [[]] # [[]] ===গ্ৰন্থ বিষয়ক=== # [[লজ্জা (উপন্যাস)]] # [[]] # [[]] ===চলচ্চিত্ৰ বিষয়ক=== # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===অন্যান্য=== # [[নৰকৰ দুৱাৰ]] # [[পৰ্তুগাল]] # [[ৱাকা ৱাকা (দিচ টাইম ফৰ আফ্ৰিকা)]] # [[কিনশাচা]] # [[হজ আৰু উমৰাৰ মন্ত্ৰালয়]] # [[ৰ’জা ক্লিন’ফিলা]] # [[কিউবা]] # [[ভেনিজুৱেলা]] # [[ইথিঅ'পিয়া]] # [[এথেন্স]] # [[ৰিঅ' ডি জেনেৰ']] # [[ৰোম]] # [[বাৰ্লিন]] # [[চেণ্ট পিটাৰছবাৰ্গ]] # [[বগোটা]] # [[লাগ'চ]] # [[ব্ৰুচেলছ]] # [[চাও পাওল']] # [[ব্যুনেচ আইৰিচ]] # [[লচ এঞ্জেলচ]] # [[কাইৰো]] # [[মাদ্ৰিদ]] # [[মেক্সিকো চিটি]] # [[কেপ টাউন]] # [[ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্য]] # [[ৰুছ বিপ্লৱ]] # [[ষ্টেচু অফ লিবাৰ্টি]] # [[ফেচিবাদ]] # [[উইলিয়াম শ্বেইকছপীয়েৰৰ ৰচনাৱলীৰ তালিকা]] # [[আফ্ৰিকান ইউনিয়ন]] # [[ৰেডক্ৰছ]] # [[মানৱ অধিকাৰৰ সাৰ্বজনীন ঘোষণা]] # [[থানাকা]] # [[আৰব লীগ]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] =='''''ভাৰতীয় পটভূমি'''''== ===ব্যক্তি বিষয়ক=== # [[চন্দ্ৰ শেখৰ ঘোষ]] # [[লোকনাথ ব্ৰহ্মচাৰী]] # [[পান সিং তোমৰ]] # [[কবিৰ সুমন]] # [[চাবা সৌদাগৰ]] # [[আইশা আহমেদ]] # [[খান ছাৰ]] # [[জটিলেশ্বৰ মুখোপাধ্যায়]] # [[শিৱাজী চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] # [[সায়ন্তিকা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়]] # [[বিনয় ঘোষ]] # [[লাকী আলী]] # [[আয়ুষ্মান খুৰানা]] # [[ধৰ্মদাস]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===গ্ৰন্থ বিষয়ক=== # [[হাজাৰ চুৰাশিৰ মা (উপন্যাস)]] # [[শেষেৰ কবিতা (উপন্যাস)]] # [[পুতুল নাচেৰ ইতিকথা]] # [[গোৰা (উপন্যাস)]] # [[অনিমেষ চতুষ্ক (উপন্যাস)]] # [[পথেৰ পাঁচালী (উপন্যাস)]] # [[পদ্মানদীৰ মাঝি (উপন্যাস)]] # [[নিৰ্বাচিত কলাম (গ্ৰন্থ)]] # [[]] ===চলচ্চিত্ৰ বিষয়ক=== # [[নাট বল্টু]] # [[গোপাল ভাঁড় (টেলিভিছন ধাৰাবাহিক)]] # [[বৰবাদ (২০১৪ চলচ্চিত্ৰ)]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===অন্যান্য=== # [[ভাৰতৰ ভিছা নীতি]] # [[আনন্দ পুৰস্কাৰ]] # [[জগত্তাৰিণী পদক]] # [[দীনবন্ধু পুৰস্কাৰ]] # [[উমছিয়াং ডাবল-ডেকাৰ ৰুট ব্ৰীজ]] # [[ৰংথাইলিয়াং ১ শিপা দলং]] # [[চেনাব ৰেল সেতু]] # [[গোৱাৰ গীৰ্জা আৰু কনভেণ্ট]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] =='''''অসম বিষয়ক'''''== ===ব্যক্তি বিষয়ক=== # [[দীনেশ গোস্বামী]] # [[ধীৰেশ্বৰ কলিতা]] # [[]] # [[]] ===গ্ৰন্থ বিষয়ক=== # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===চলচ্চিত্ৰ বিষয়ক=== # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===অন্যান্য=== # [[চলিহা বাৰেঘৰ সত্ৰ]] # [[]] # [[]] =='''''সানমিহলি'''''== # [[১৯৮৭]] # [[গুৰু]] # [[অনশন ধৰ্মঘট]] # [[গণমাধ্যম]] # [[যন্ত্ৰ]] # [[ভাস্কৰ্য]] # [[মৃৎশিল্প]] # [[মতাদৰ্শ]] # [[সাম্ৰাজ্যবাদ]] # [[ঔপনিৱেশিকতাবাদ]] # [[একনায়কত্ববাদ]] # [[ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ]] # [[গণৰাজ্য]] # [[মাইক্ৰʼপ্লাষ্টিক]] # [[ঘঁৰিয়াল]] # [[পিৰামিড]] # [[এথলেটিকছ]] # [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] # [[ৰেলগাড়ী]] # [[সৈন্যবাহিনী]] # [[শান্তি]] # [[সংবিধান]] # [[অপপ্ৰচাৰ]] # [[অস্ত্ৰ]] # [[তৰোৱাল]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] }} --> shln15ybdym32a6tdpnzujadfkzuak7 518560 518554 2025-06-16T15:49:52Z অনামিকা(চুমু) বড়া 22159 518560 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- __NOTOC__ <center><span style="text-shadow:10px 10px 10px #FCE205; font-size:20px"><font color=#6A5ACD>'''''মুঠ প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা = {{gap}}১ '''''</font></span></center> {{Rule|}} {{columns-list|3| =='''''বিশ্বৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপট'''''== ===ব্যক্তি বিষয়ক=== # [[লৰ্ড বায়ৰন]] # [[নিলুফাৰ ৰহমানী]] # [[নায়েৰা নুৰ]] # [[আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ পুস্কিন]] # [[ন'ম চম্‌স্কি]] # [[ফ্ৰেডৰিখ নিৎসে]] # [[ৰিচাৰ্ড ৱেগনাৰ]] # [[সোফোক্লেচ]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===গ্ৰন্থ বিষয়ক=== # [[লজ্জা (উপন্যাস)]] # [[]] # [[]] ===চলচ্চিত্ৰ বিষয়ক=== # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===অন্যান্য=== # [[নৰকৰ দুৱাৰ]] # [[পৰ্তুগাল]] # [[ৱাকা ৱাকা (দিচ টাইম ফৰ আফ্ৰিকা)]] # [[কিনশাচা]] # [[হজ আৰু উমৰাৰ মন্ত্ৰালয়]] # [[ৰ’জা ক্লিন’ফিলা]] # [[কিউবা]] # [[ভেনিজুৱেলা]] # [[ইথিঅ'পিয়া]] # [[এথেন্স]] # [[ৰিঅ' ডি জেনেৰ']] # [[ৰোম]] # [[বাৰ্লিন]] # [[চেণ্ট পিটাৰছবাৰ্গ]] # [[বগোটা]] # [[লাগ'চ]] # [[ব্ৰুচেলছ]] # [[চাও পাওল']] # [[ব্যুনেচ আইৰিচ]] # [[লচ এঞ্জেলচ]] # [[কাইৰো]] # [[মাদ্ৰিদ]] # [[মেক্সিকো চিটি]] # [[কেপ টাউন]] # [[ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্য]] # [[ৰুছ বিপ্লৱ]] # [[ষ্টেচু অফ লিবাৰ্টি]] # [[ফেচিবাদ]] # [[উইলিয়াম শ্বেইকছপীয়েৰৰ ৰচনাৱলীৰ তালিকা]] # [[আফ্ৰিকান ইউনিয়ন]] # [[ৰেডক্ৰছ]] # [[মানৱ অধিকাৰৰ সাৰ্বজনীন ঘোষণা]] # [[থানাকা]] # [[আৰব লীগ]] # [[অ'পেক]] # [[বৰাক (প্ৰসাধন সামগ্ৰী)]] # [[নৱ-জাগৰণ]] # [[ইউৰোপীয় জ্ঞানোদয়]] # [[ক্ৰুচেদ]] # [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ সংস্কৃতি]] # [[ফেজেণ্ট দ্বীপ]] # [[কেপেল দ্বীপ, ছিংগাপুৰ]] # [[ডেনমাৰ্ক]] # [[আৰাফাত পৰ্বত]] # [[জিণ্ডো (দ্বীপ)]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] =='''''ভাৰতীয় পটভূমি'''''== ===ব্যক্তি বিষয়ক=== # [[চন্দ্ৰ শেখৰ ঘোষ]] # [[লোকনাথ ব্ৰহ্মচাৰী]] # [[পান সিং তোমৰ]] # [[কবিৰ সুমন]] # [[চাবা সৌদাগৰ]] # [[আইশা আহমেদ]] # [[খান ছাৰ]] # [[জটিলেশ্বৰ মুখোপাধ্যায়]] # [[শিৱাজী চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] # [[সায়ন্তিকা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়]] # [[বিনয় ঘোষ]] # [[লাকী আলী]] # [[আয়ুষ্মান খুৰানা]] # [[ধৰ্মদাস]] # [[প্ৰিয়া সৰোজ]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===গ্ৰন্থ বিষয়ক=== # [[হাজাৰ চুৰাশিৰ মা (উপন্যাস)]] # [[শেষেৰ কবিতা (উপন্যাস)]] # [[পুতুল নাচেৰ ইতিকথা]] # [[গোৰা (উপন্যাস)]] # [[অনিমেষ চতুষ্ক (উপন্যাস)]] # [[পথেৰ পাঁচালী (উপন্যাস)]] # [[পদ্মানদীৰ মাঝি (উপন্যাস)]] # [[নিৰ্বাচিত কলাম (গ্ৰন্থ)]] # [[]] ===চলচ্চিত্ৰ বিষয়ক=== # [[নাট বল্টু]] # [[গোপাল ভাঁড় (টেলিভিছন ধাৰাবাহিক)]] # [[বৰবাদ (২০১৪ চলচ্চিত্ৰ)]] # [[পান সিং তোমৰ (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)]] # [[]] # [[]] ===অন্যান্য=== # [[ভাৰতৰ ভিছা নীতি]] # [[আনন্দ পুৰস্কাৰ]] # [[জগত্তাৰিণী পদক]] # [[দীনবন্ধু পুৰস্কাৰ]] # [[উমছিয়াং ডাবল-ডেকাৰ ৰুট ব্ৰীজ]] # [[ৰংথাইলিয়াং ১ শিপা দলং]] # [[চেনাব ৰেল সেতু]] # [[গোৱাৰ গীৰ্জা আৰু কনভেণ্ট]] # [[ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ]] # [[নেওৰা উপত্যকা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] =='''''অসম বিষয়ক'''''== ===ব্যক্তি বিষয়ক=== # [[দীনেশ গোস্বামী]] # [[ধীৰেশ্বৰ কলিতা]] # [[অতুল ফুকন]] # [[]] ===গ্ৰন্থ বিষয়ক=== # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===চলচ্চিত্ৰ বিষয়ক=== # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===অন্যান্য=== # [[চলিহা বাৰেঘৰ সত্ৰ]] # [[বাঁহৰ চালানী]] # [[]] =='''''সানমিহলি'''''== # [[১৯৮৭]] # [[গুৰু]] # [[অনশন ধৰ্মঘট]] # [[গণমাধ্যম]] # [[যন্ত্ৰ]] # [[ভাস্কৰ্য]] # [[মৃৎশিল্প]] # [[মতাদৰ্শ]] # [[সাম্ৰাজ্যবাদ]] # [[ঔপনিৱেশিকতাবাদ]] # [[একনায়কত্ববাদ]] # [[ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ]] # [[গণৰাজ্য]] # [[মাইক্ৰʼপ্লাষ্টিক]] # [[ঘঁৰিয়াল]] # [[পিৰামিড]] # [[এথলেটিকছ]] # [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] # [[ৰেলগাড়ী]] # [[সৈন্যবাহিনী]] # [[শান্তি]] # [[সংবিধান]] # [[অপপ্ৰচাৰ]] # [[অস্ত্ৰ]] # [[তৰোৱাল]] # [[বৰ্ণবৈষম্য]] # [[দাসত্ব]] # [[নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ তালিকা]] # [[অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম]] # [[মুদ্ৰণ]] # [[নবীকৰণীয় শক্তি]] # [[কাঁচ]] # [[কাঠ]] # [[বাঁওপন্থী ৰাজনীতি]] # [[সোঁপন্থী ৰাজনীতি]] # [[নাস্তিকৰ বাজি]] # [[বৈদ্যুতিক প্ৰবাহ]] # [[পাৰমাণবিক শক্তি]] # [[পাৰমাণবিক অস্ত্ৰ]] # [[বিস্ফোৰক সামগ্ৰী]] # [[জীৱাশ্ম ইন্ধন]] # [[স্ক্ৰু]] # [[ধাতুবিজ্ঞান]] # [[নেন'প্ৰযুক্তি]] # [[কম্পনাংক]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] }} --> 6wuio8dwz1e6ft5dwjio1kpi6io6lh9 518562 518560 2025-06-16T16:02:37Z অনামিকা(চুমু) বড়া 22159 518562 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- __NOTOC__ <center><span style="text-shadow:10px 10px 10px #FCE205; font-size:20px"><font color=#6A5ACD>'''''মুঠ প্ৰবন্ধৰ সংখ্যা = {{gap}}১ '''''</font></span></center> {{Rule|}} {{columns-list|3| =='''''বিশ্বৰ প্ৰেক্ষাপট'''''== ===ব্যক্তি বিষয়ক=== # [[লৰ্ড বায়ৰন]] # [[নিলুফাৰ ৰহমানী]] # [[নায়েৰা নুৰ]] # [[আলেকজেণ্ডাৰ পুস্কিন]] # [[ন'ম চম্‌স্কি]] # [[ফ্ৰেডৰিখ নিৎসে]] # [[ৰিচাৰ্ড ৱেগনাৰ]] # [[সোফোক্লেচ]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===গ্ৰন্থ বিষয়ক=== # [[লজ্জা (উপন্যাস)]] # [[]] # [[]] ===চলচ্চিত্ৰ বিষয়ক=== # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===অন্যান্য=== # [[নৰকৰ দুৱাৰ]] # [[পৰ্তুগাল]] # [[ৱাকা ৱাকা (দিচ টাইম ফৰ আফ্ৰিকা)]] # [[কিনশাচা]] # [[হজ আৰু উমৰাৰ মন্ত্ৰালয়]] # [[ৰ’জা ক্লিন’ফিলা]] # [[কিউবা]] # [[ভেনিজুৱেলা]] # [[ইথিঅ'পিয়া]] # [[এথেন্স]] # [[ৰিঅ' ডি জেনেৰ']] # [[ৰোম]] # [[বাৰ্লিন]] # [[চেণ্ট পিটাৰছবাৰ্গ]] # [[বগোটা]] # [[লাগ'চ]] # [[ব্ৰুচেলছ]] # [[চাও পাওল']] # [[ব্যুনেচ আইৰিচ]] # [[লচ এঞ্জেলচ]] # [[কাইৰো]] # [[মাদ্ৰিদ]] # [[মেক্সিকো চিটি]] # [[কেপ টাউন]] # [[ব্ৰিটিছ সাম্ৰাজ্য]] # [[ৰুছ বিপ্লৱ]] # [[ষ্টেচু অফ লিবাৰ্টি]] # [[ফেচিবাদ]] # [[উইলিয়াম শ্বেইকছপীয়েৰৰ ৰচনাৱলীৰ তালিকা]] # [[আফ্ৰিকান ইউনিয়ন]] # [[ৰেডক্ৰছ]] # [[মানৱ অধিকাৰৰ সাৰ্বজনীন ঘোষণা]] # [[থানাকা]] # [[আৰব লীগ]] # [[অ'পেক]] # [[বৰাক (প্ৰসাধন সামগ্ৰী)]] # [[নৱ-জাগৰণ]] # [[ইউৰোপীয় জ্ঞানোদয়]] # [[ক্ৰুচেদ]] # [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ সংস্কৃতি]] # [[ফেজেণ্ট দ্বীপ]] # [[কেপেল দ্বীপ, ছিংগাপুৰ]] # [[ডেনমাৰ্ক]] # [[আৰাফাত পৰ্বত]] # [[জিণ্ডো (দ্বীপ)]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] =='''''ভাৰতীয় পটভূমি'''''== ===ব্যক্তি বিষয়ক=== # [[চন্দ্ৰ শেখৰ ঘোষ]] # [[লোকনাথ ব্ৰহ্মচাৰী]] # [[পান সিং তোমৰ]] # [[কবিৰ সুমন]] # [[চাবা সৌদাগৰ]] # [[আইশা আহমেদ]] # [[খান ছাৰ]] # [[জটিলেশ্বৰ মুখোপাধ্যায়]] # [[শিৱাজী চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] # [[সায়ন্তিকা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়]] # [[বিনয় ঘোষ]] # [[লাকী আলী]] # [[আয়ুষ্মান খুৰানা]] # [[ধৰ্মদাস]] # [[প্ৰিয়া সৰোজ]] # [[পায়েল সৰকাৰ]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===গ্ৰন্থ বিষয়ক=== # [[হাজাৰ চুৰাশিৰ মা (উপন্যাস)]] # [[শেষেৰ কবিতা (উপন্যাস)]] # [[পুতুল নাচেৰ ইতিকথা]] # [[গোৰা (উপন্যাস)]] # [[অনিমেষ চতুষ্ক (উপন্যাস)]] # [[পথেৰ পাঁচালী (উপন্যাস)]] # [[পদ্মানদীৰ মাঝি (উপন্যাস)]] # [[নিৰ্বাচিত কলাম (গ্ৰন্থ)]] # [[]] ===চলচ্চিত্ৰ বিষয়ক=== # [[নাট বল্টু]] # [[গোপাল ভাঁড় (টেলিভিছন ধাৰাবাহিক)]] # [[বৰবাদ (২০১৪ চলচ্চিত্ৰ)]] # [[পান সিং তোমৰ (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)]] # [[]] # [[]] ===অন্যান্য=== # [[ভাৰতৰ ভিছা নীতি]] # [[আনন্দ পুৰস্কাৰ]] # [[জগত্তাৰিণী পদক]] # [[দীনবন্ধু পুৰস্কাৰ]] # [[উমছিয়াং ডাবল-ডেকাৰ ৰুট ব্ৰীজ]] # [[ৰংথাইলিয়াং ১ শিপা দলং]] # [[চেনাব ৰেল সেতু]] # [[গোৱাৰ গীৰ্জা আৰু কনভেণ্ট]] # [[ৰাজস্থানৰ পাহাৰীয়া দুৰ্গ]] # [[নেওৰা উপত্যকা ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উদ্যান]] # [[গুণ্ডিচা মন্দিৰ]] # [[]] # [[]] =='''''অসম বিষয়ক'''''== ===ব্যক্তি বিষয়ক=== # [[দীনেশ গোস্বামী]] # [[ধীৰেশ্বৰ কলিতা]] # [[অতুল ফুকন]] # [[]] ===গ্ৰন্থ বিষয়ক=== # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===চলচ্চিত্ৰ বিষয়ক=== # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] ===অন্যান্য=== # [[চলিহা বাৰেঘৰ সত্ৰ]] # [[বাঁহৰ চালানী]] # [[]] =='''''সানমিহলি'''''== # [[১৯৮৭]] # [[গুৰু]] # [[অনশন ধৰ্মঘট]] # [[গণমাধ্যম]] # [[যন্ত্ৰ]] # [[ভাস্কৰ্য]] # [[মৃৎশিল্প]] # [[মতাদৰ্শ]] # [[সাম্ৰাজ্যবাদ]] # [[ঔপনিৱেশিকতাবাদ]] # [[একনায়কত্ববাদ]] # [[ৰাজতন্ত্ৰ]] # [[গণৰাজ্য]] # [[মাইক্ৰʼপ্লাষ্টিক]] # [[ঘঁৰিয়াল]] # [[পিৰামিড]] # [[এথলেটিকছ]] # [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] # [[ৰেলগাড়ী]] # [[সৈন্যবাহিনী]] # [[শান্তি]] # [[সংবিধান]] # [[অপপ্ৰচাৰ]] # [[অস্ত্ৰ]] # [[তৰোৱাল]] # [[বৰ্ণবৈষম্য]] # [[দাসত্ব]] # [[নিৰ্মিত ভাষাৰ তালিকা]] # [[অপাৰেটিং চিষ্টেম]] # [[মুদ্ৰণ]] # [[নবীকৰণীয় শক্তি]] # [[কাঁচ]] # [[কাঠ]] # [[বাঁওপন্থী ৰাজনীতি]] # [[সোঁপন্থী ৰাজনীতি]] # [[নাস্তিকৰ বাজি]] # [[বৈদ্যুতিক প্ৰবাহ]] # [[পাৰমাণবিক শক্তি]] # [[পাৰমাণবিক অস্ত্ৰ]] # [[বিস্ফোৰক সামগ্ৰী]] # [[জীৱাশ্ম ইন্ধন]] # [[স্ক্ৰু]] # [[ধাতুবিজ্ঞান]] # [[নেন'প্ৰযুক্তি]] # [[কম্পনাংক]] # [[আৱেশক]] # [[চেণ্ট্ৰেল প্ৰচেছিং ইউনিট]] # [[অন্তৰ্দাহী ইঞ্জিন]] # [[ৰূপান্তৰক]] # [[ৰোধক]] # [[ডুবযান]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] # [[]] }} --> dk7x1gsnf6yaajwbaecyb668g9zz6nb 0 122717 518620 517832 2025-06-16T18:36:39Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 added [[Category:কলা]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 518620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{পোখালি}}{{rough translation}}[[File:Steph Curry (51915116957).jpg|thumb]] '''বাস্কেটবল''' হৈছে এটা দলীয় [[খেল]] য'ত দুটা দলে, সাধাৰণতে পাঁচজনকৈ [[খেলুৱৈ]]ৰ সৈতে, আয়তাকাৰ ক'ৰ্টত ইজনে সিজনৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰি, ডিফেণ্ডাৰৰ হুপৰ মাজেৰে বাস্কেটবল (প্ৰায় ৯.৪ ইঞ্চি (২৪ চে.মি.) ব্যাসৰ) গতি চলোৱাৰ প্ৰধান উদ্দেশ্যেৰে প্ৰতিযোগিতাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে (১৮ ইঞ্চি (৪৬ চে.মি.) [[ব্যাস]]ৰ বাস্কেট এটা ১০ ফুট (৩.০৫ মিটাৰ) ওখলৈকে মাউণ্ট কৰা ক'ৰ্টৰ প্ৰতিটো মূৰত বেকবৰ্ড), আনহাতে বিপক্ষ দলক নিজৰ হুপৰ মাজেৰে গতি চলাবলৈ বাধা দিয়ে। ফিল্ড গ'লৰ মূল্য দুটা পইণ্ট, যদিহে তিনি পইণ্টৰ ৰেখাৰ পিছফালৰ পৰা কৰা নহয়, যেতিয়া ইয়াৰ মূল্য তিনি। তাৰ পিছত টাইমড প্লে বন্ধ হৈ যায় আৰু খেলুৱৈয়ে ফাউল কৰা বা কাৰিকৰী ফাউল শ্বুট কৰিবলৈ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰা খেলুৱৈক এটা, দুটা বা তিনিটা এক পইণ্টৰ ফ্ৰী থ্ৰ' দিয়া হয়। খেলৰ শেষত সৰ্বাধিক পইণ্ট পোৱা দলটোৱেই জয়ী হয়, কিন্তু যদি স্ক'ৰ টাই কৰি নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ খেলৰ ম্যাদ উকলি যায়, তেন্তে খেলৰ অতিৰিক্ত সময় (অভাৰটাইম) বাধ্যতামূলক কৰা হয়। খেলুৱৈয়ে খোজ কাঢ়ি বা দৌৰি থাকোঁতে বাউন্স কৰি (ড্ৰিবলিং) বা সতীৰ্থক পাছ দি বলটো আগুৱাই লৈ যায়, দুয়োটা কামতে যথেষ্ট দক্ষতাৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। অপৰাধত, খেলুৱৈয়ে বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ শ্বট ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰে – layup, জাম্প শ্বট, বা এটা ডাংক; ডিফেন্সত তেওঁলোকে ড্ৰিবলাৰৰ পৰা বল চুৰি কৰিব পাৰে, পাছ ইণ্টাৰচেপ্ট কৰিব পাৰে বা শ্বট ব্লক কৰিব পাৰে; ৰিবাউণ্ড, অৰ্থাৎ ৰিম বা বেকবৰ্ডৰ পৰা বাউন্স হোৱা মিছড শ্বট সংগ্ৰহ কৰিব পাৰে। বল ড্ৰিবল নকৰাকৈ নিজৰ পিভট ভৰিখন তুলি লোৱা বা টানি লোৱা, কঢ়িয়াই নিয়া বা দুয়োহাতেৰে বল ধৰি ৰখাৰ পিছত ড্ৰিবলিং আৰম্ভ কৰাটো এটা উলংঘা। প্ৰতিটো পক্ষৰ পাঁচজন খেলুৱৈ পাঁচটা খেলৰ স্থানত পৰে। আটাইতকৈ ওখ খেলুৱৈ সাধাৰণতে চেণ্টাৰ, দ্বিতীয় আটাইতকৈ ওখ আৰু শক্তিশালী খেলুৱৈ হ'ল পাৱাৰ ফৰৱাৰ্ড, অলপ চুটি কিন্তু অধিক চঞ্চল খেলুৱৈ হ'ল সৰু ফৰৱাৰ্ড, আৰু আটাইতকৈ চুটি খেলুৱৈ বা শ্ৰেষ্ঠ বল হেণ্ডলাৰ হ'ল শ্বুটিং গাৰ্ড আৰু পইণ্ট গাৰ্ড, যিয়ে আক্ৰমণাত্মক আৰু ৰক্ষণাত্মক খেল (প্লেয়াৰ পজিচনিং) নিষ্পাদন পৰিচালনা কৰি প্ৰশিক্ষকৰ খেল পৰিকল্পনা ৰূপায়ণ কৰে। অনানুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে খেলুৱৈয়ে তিনিৰ ওপৰত তিনি, দুটাৰ ওপৰত দুজন আৰু এজনৰ ওপৰত এজন খেলিব পাৰে। ১৮৯১ চনত কানাডিয়ান-আমেৰিকান জিম শিক্ষক জেমছ নাইছমিথে আমেৰিকাৰ স্প্ৰিংফিল্ড, মেছাচুচেটছত উদ্ভাৱন কৰা বাস্কেটবল বিশ্বৰ অন্যতম জনপ্ৰিয় আৰু বহুলভাৱে চোৱা খেল হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হৈছে।<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11348053 |title=The Canadian who invented basketball |access-date=September 14, 2011 |date=September 20, 2010 |work=BBC News |first=Sian |last=Griffiths |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425025454/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11348053 |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranking The Top 10 Most Popular Sports In The World in 2023 |last1=Maria |website=Sports Virsa |date=January 3, 2023 |url=https://sportsvirsa.com/most-popular-sports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925040942/https://sportsvirsa.com/most-popular-sports/ |archive-date=September 25, 2023}}</ref> জনপ্ৰিয়তা, দৰমহা, প্ৰতিভা আৰু প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ স্তৰৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত নেচনেল বাস্কেটবল এছ'চিয়েচন (NBA) হৈছে বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ উল্লেখযোগ্য পেছাদাৰী বাস্কেটবল লীগ<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Forbes |first1=Alicia |last1=Jessop |title=The Surge of the NBA's International Viewership and Popularity |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/aliciajessop/2012/06/14/the-surge-of-the-nbas-international-viewership-and-popularity/ |url-access=subscription |date=June 14, 2012 |access-date=June 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618104120/http://www.forbes.com/sites/aliciajessop/2012/06/14/the-surge-of-the-nbas-international-viewership-and-popularity/ |archive-date=June 18, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Sporting Intelligence |first1=Nick |last1=Harris |title=REVEALED: The world's best paid teams, Man City close in on Barca and Real Madrid |url=http://www.sportingintelligence.com/2012/05/01/revealed-the-worlds-best-paid-teams-man-city-close-in-on-barca-and-real-madrid-010501/ |date=May 1, 2012 |access-date=June 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616192611/http://www.sportingintelligence.com/2012/05/01/revealed-the-worlds-best-paid-teams-man-city-close-in-on-barca-and-real-madrid-010501/ |archive-date=June 16, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> (ইয়াৰ বেছিভাগ প্ৰতিভা [[আমেৰিকা]]ৰ কলেজ বাস্কেটবলৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা)। উত্তৰ আমেৰিকাৰ বাহিৰত ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় লীগৰ শীৰ্ষ ক্লাবসমূহে ইউৰোলীগ আৰু বাস্কেটবল চেম্পিয়নছ লীগ আমেৰিকাৰ দৰে মহাদেশীয় চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ বাবে যোগ্যতা অৰ্জন কৰে। ফিবা বাস্কেটবল বিশ্বকাপ আৰু পুৰুষ অলিম্পিক বাস্কেটবল প্ৰতিযোগিতাখন এই ক্ৰীড়াৰ প্ৰধান আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ইভেণ্ট আৰু বিশ্বৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰান্তৰ শীৰ্ষ জাতীয় দলসমূহক আকৰ্ষণ কৰে। প্ৰতিখন মহাদেশতে জাতীয় দলৰ বাবে আঞ্চলিক প্ৰতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়, যেনে ইউৰোবাস্কেট আৰু ফিবা আমেৰিকাকাপ। ফিবা [[মহিলা]] বাস্কেটবল বিশ্বকাপ আৰু মহিলা অলিম্পিক বাস্কেটবল প্ৰতিযোগিতাত মহাদেশীয় চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপৰ শীৰ্ষ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় দলসমূহে অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। উত্তৰ আমেৰিকাৰ মূল লীগ হৈছে WNBA (এনচিএএ মহিলা বিভাগ I বাস্কেটবল চেম্পিয়নশ্বিপও জনপ্ৰিয়), আনহাতে ইউৰোপৰ শক্তিশালী ক্লাবসমূহে ইউৰোলীগ মহিলাত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰে। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] dnkoczh66721scrl9jghaome1qyoqr3 0 122775 518541 518481 2025-06-16T14:22:19Z Dipankar Das 36094 518541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Grrrrrrrrrrr!!.jpg | alt=A menacing white dog on a blue background with onomatopoeic growling caption on a yellow background | backcolor= | painting_alignment= | image_size=250px | title=গৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰ!! | artist=[[ৰয় লিচেনষ্টেইন]] | year=১৯৬৫ | movement=পপ আৰ্ট | height_metric=172.7 | width_metric=142.5 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | city=[[নিউয়ৰ্ক মহানগৰ]] | museum=[[ছলমেন আৰ. গুগেনহাইম সংগ্ৰহালয়]] }} '''''গৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰ!! ''''' ({{lang-en|Grrrrrrrrrrr!!}}) ১৯৬৫ চনত ৰয় লিচেনষ্টেইনৰ দ্বাৰা অইল আৰু মেগনাৰে অঙ্কিত এখন কেনভাছ পেইণ্টিং। ৬৮ ইঞ্চি × ৫৬.১২৫ ইঞ্চি (১৭২.৭ চে.মি. × ১৪২.৬ চে.মি.) এই পেইণ্টখন লিচেনষ্টেইনে ছলমেন আৰ. গুগেনহাইম সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ উইল কৰিছিল। "গৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰ!!" হৈছে এটা খঙাল কুকুৰৰ মুখৰ অভিব্যক্তি। এই শিল্পকৰ্মটি "আৱাৰ ফাইটিং ফ'ৰ্চেচ"ৰ পৰা প্ৰেৰণা লৈ অঁকা হৈছিল। এই ছবিখনক লিচেনষ্টেইনৰ অন্যান্য সামৰিক কুকুৰৰ চিত্ৰৰ প্ৰেৰণা হিচাপেও অভিহিত কৰা হয়। ==পটভূমি== [[চিত্ৰ:Our Fighting Forces Number 66 (February 1962).jpg|thumb|left|আৱাৰ ফাইটিং ফ'ৰ্চেচ সংখ্যা ৬৬ (ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৬২)-ৰ আখ্যান উপাদানৰ উৎস ''গৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰ!! ''|alt=a comic frame with military men and a dog]] লিচেনষ্টাইন ফাউণ্ডেচনে মন্তব্য কৰিছে‍ যে এই ছবিখন আৱাৰ ফাইটিং ফ'ৰ্চেচ #৬৬ (ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৬২) ছবিখনৰ দ্বাৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। যিটো নেচনেল পিৰিয়ডিকেল পাব্লিকেচনে (বৰ্তমান ডি চি) প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সেই ছবিৰ সোঁফালৰ চুকৰ তলত এটা কুকুৰৰ মূৰৰ এটা অংশ দৃশ্যমান আৰু বক্তব্য বেলুনত লেখা আছে‍ "গৰৰৰৰৰ!"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://image-duplicator.com/sat/sat_source_details.php?source_id=21895|title=Our Fighting Forces #66|access-date=May 14, 2012|publisher=Lichtenstein Foundation|archive-date=February 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207061002/http://image-duplicator.com/sat/sat_source_details.php?source_id=21895l%C3%ADngua%3Dingl%C3%AAs|url-status=dead}}</ref> চিত্ৰ অংকনৰ উপৰিও লিচেনষ্টেইনে ৫.৭৫ ইঞ্চি × ৪.৫ ইঞ্চি (১৪.৬ চে.মি. × ১১.৪ চে.মি.) সৰু কাগজ এখনত পৰীক্ষামূলক গ্ৰেফাইট এচি অংকন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|title=Grrrrrrrrr! (Study)|url=http://image-duplicator.com/sat/sat_study_details.php?study_id=31606|website=Roy Lichtenstein Foundation|access-date=August 4, 2015|archive-date=February 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207061341/http://image-duplicator.com/sat/sat_study_details.php?study_id=31606l%C3%ADngua%3Dingl%C3%AAs|url-status=dead}}</ref> ১৯৯২ চনত দিয়া প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিৰ আধাৰত ১৯৯৭ চনত লিচেনষ্টেইনৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত এই ছবিখন গুগেনহাইম সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ উইল কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৯৩ চনত সংগ্ৰহালয়টোৰ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই "ৰয় লিচেনষ্টাইন: এ ৰেট্ৰ'স্পেকটিভ" প্ৰদৰ্শনীৰ প্ৰচাৰ পোষ্টাৰ হিচাপে গৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰ!! ছবিখন ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৯৩ চনৰ ৭ অক্টোবৰ – ১৯৯৪ চনৰ ১৬ জানুৱাৰীলৈকে প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/arts/inside-art.html|title=Inside Art|access-date=May 9, 2012|date=January 16, 1998|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Vogel, Carol}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/exhibitions/past|title=Past Exhibitions: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum |access-date=May 9, 2012|publisher=[[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]]}}</ref><!--http://www.lichtensteinfoundation.org/frames.htm That exhibition continued to The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, California, January 26 – April 3, 1994, Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 26 – September 5, 1994; Haus der Kunst (included early works), Munich, Germany, October 13, 1994 – January 9, 1995 (VERNISSAGE ET AL. 1994); Deichtorhallen, Hamburg, Germany, February 8 – April 10, 1995; Les Expositions du Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels, Belgium, June 2 – September 3, 1995; abridged version to Wexner Center for the Arts, Columbus, Ohio, Ohio State University, September 21, 1995 – January 7, 1996.--> নিউয়ৰ্কৰ গুগেনহাইম সংগ্ৰহালয়কে ধৰি অন্যান্য উল্লেখযোগ্য স্থানতো এই ছবিখন প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল। ১৯৯৮ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰৰ পৰা ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ২৪ জানুৱাৰীলৈকে গুগেনহাইম সংগ্ৰহালয়ত "ৰেণ্ডেভু: চেণ্টাৰ জৰ্জ পম্পিডু আৰু গুগেনহাইম সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ পৰা মাষ্টাৰপিছ" প্ৰদৰ্শনীৰ অংশ হিচাপে এই ছবিখন প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইয়াক "আৰ্ট ইন আমেৰিকা: থ্ৰী হাণ্ড্ৰেড ইয়াৰ্ছ অৱ ইনোভেচন" নামৰ এখন ভ্ৰাম্যমাণ প্ৰদৰ্শনীতো দেখুওৱা হৈছে। ২০০৭ চনৰ পৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ ভিতৰত চীনৰ বিভিন্ন সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনীৰ সময়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book|title=Rendezvous: Masterpieces from the Centre Georges Pompidou and the Guggenheim Museums|date=1998|publisher=The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation|location=New York|isbn=0810969165|page=539}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Davidson|editor1-first=Susan|title=Art in America: 300 Years of Innovation|date=2007|publisher=Merrell Publishers Limited|location=London|isbn=9781858943947|page=271}}</ref> ১৯৯৩ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰ মাহৰ আৰ্ট নিউজৰ প্ৰচ্ছদত এই ছবিখন প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lichtensteinfoundation.org/frames.htm |title=Chronology |access-date=May 9, 2012 |publisher=Roy Lichtenstein Foundation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507132503/http://www.lichtensteinfoundation.org/frames.htm |archive-date=May 7, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Wham! Blam! Pow! Roy Lichtenstein!|work=[[ARTnews]]|volume=92|issue=9|page=cover page|date=November 1993}}</ref> ==বিৱৰণ== [[চিত্ৰ:Roy_Lichtenstein.jpg|alt=a male black and white portrait|thumb|150px|১৯৬৭ চনত লিচেনষ্টাইন]] যদিও গৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰ!! লিচেনষ্টেইনৰ এটা আদৰ্শ উৎস তথাপিও ই গুগেনহাইমৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কিউৰেটৰ চুজান ডেভিডছনৰ মতে ই এটা "নিম্ন শ্ৰেণীৰ কমিক ষ্ট্ৰিপ।" কিন্তু ই লিচেনষ্টেইনৰ মোহিনীশক্তিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে কাৰণ ইয়াত "বেন-ডে বিন্দু পদ্ধতিৰ আণৱিক ভাষা, ক'লা ৰূপৰেখাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু কম বাজেটৰ বাণিজ্যিক চিত্ৰকলাত ব্যৱহৃত প্ৰাথমিক তিনিটা মৌলিক ৰং ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite book |title=Art in America: 300 Years of Innovation |publisher=Merrell Publishers Limited/Guggenheim Museum Publications/Terra Foundation for American Art |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-8589-4394-7 |editor=Davidson, Susan |pages=249, 271}}</ref> গুগেনহাইমৰ জেনিফাৰ ব্লেছিঙৰ মতে, "গৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰ!! ছবিখনৰ অঙ্কন কৌতুকপূৰ্ণ আৰু ইয়াত ললিতকলাৰ ৰসবোধৰ উপাদান আছে যিটো একে সময়তে কুকুৰৰ ধ্বনিযুক্ত শিৰোনাম আৰু কুটিল অভিব্যক্তিৰ মাধ্যমত স্পষ্ট হৈছে‍।<ref name=RLJB>{{cite web|url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/2494|title=Roy Lichtenstein: 1923-1997|access-date=May 10, 2012|publisher=[[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]]|author=Blessing, Jennifer}}</ref> ==সম্পৰ্কিত চিত্ৰকৰ্ম== ১৯৬২ চনত লিচেনষ্টেইনে আৰৰৰৰৰফফ! নামেৰে অইল আৰু গ্ৰেফাইট পেঞ্চিলেৰে‍ কুকুৰৰ চিত্ৰসম্বলিত এটি কেনভাচ চিত্ৰ অঙ্কন কৰে যিটো আৱাৰ ফাইটিং ফ'ৰ্চেচৰ পৰা উদ্ভূত গৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰ!! ধাৰাবাহিকৰ পৰৱৰ্তী চিত্ৰকৰ্ম।<ref>{{cite web|title=Arrrrrff!|url=http://image-duplicator.com/main.php?decade=60&year=62&work_id=728|website=Roy Lichtenstein Foundation|access-date=August 12, 2015|archive-date=February 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207073904/http://image-duplicator.com/main.php?decade=60&year=62&work_id=728|url-status=dead}}</ref> ছবিখনত "পুচ" নামৰ পোহনীয়া কুকুৰ এটাৰ ছবি আছে যাৰ মূৰৰ ওপৰত লিখা আছে "স্নিফ--স্নিফ--স্নিফ--স্নিফ--আৰৰৰৰৰফফ!" এই ছবিখনৰ প্ৰেৰণা হৈছে আৱাৰ ফাইটিং ফ'ৰ্চেচ #৬৯ সংখ্যা (জুলাই ১৯৬২)।<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Fighting Forces #69 (h)|url=http://image-duplicator.com/sat/sat_source_details.php?source_id=20470|website=Roy Lichtenstein Foundation|access-date=August 12, 2015|archive-date=February 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207074521/http://image-duplicator.com/sat/sat_source_details.php?source_id=20470|url-status=dead}}</ref> আৰৰৰৰৰফফ! চিত্ৰকৰ্মটি ১৯৯৬ চনত ক্ৰীষ্টিজত এজন অজ্ঞাত ক্ৰেতাই ৪ লাখ ২০ হাজাৰ ৫০০ ডলাৰত এই ক্ৰয় কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|title=Roy Lichtenstein (b. 1923)|url=http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/roy-lichtenstein-arrrrrff-1103662-details.aspx?intObjectID=1103662|website=Christie's|access-date=August 12, 2015}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট|30em}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artwork/2494 Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Collection website] *[http://image-duplicator.com/main.php?work_id=0376&year=1965&decade=60# Lichtenstein Foundation website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105223151/http://www.image-duplicator.com/main.php?work_id=0376&year=1965&decade=60 |date=November 5, 2015 }} {{Roy Lichtenstein}} {{Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:চিত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:চিত্ৰশিল্প]] ep9ziodmm0bf6fnmm9i471th7eqy6t1 518850 518541 2025-06-17T09:51:41Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artwork | image_file=Grrrrrrrrrrr!!.jpg | alt=A menacing white dog on a blue background with onomatopoeic growling caption on a yellow background | backcolor= | painting_alignment= | image_size=250px | title=গৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰ!! | artist=[[ৰয় লিচেনষ্টেইন]] | year=১৯৬৫ | movement=পপ আৰ্ট | height_metric=172.7 | width_metric=142.5 | metric_unit=cm | imperial_unit=in | city=[[নিউয়ৰ্ক মহানগৰ]] | museum=[[ছলমেন আৰ. গুগেনহাইম সংগ্ৰহালয়]] }} '''''গৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰ!! ''''' ({{lang-en|Grrrrrrrrrrr!!}}) ১৯৬৫ চনত ৰয় লিচেনষ্টেইনৰ দ্বাৰা অইল আৰু মেগনাৰে অঙ্কিত এখন কেনভাছ পেইণ্টিং। ৬৮ ইঞ্চি × ৫৬.১২৫ ইঞ্চি (১৭২.৭ চে.মি. × ১৪২.৬ চে.মি.) এই পেইণ্টখন লিচেনষ্টেইনে ছলমেন আৰ. গুগেনহাইম সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ উইল কৰিছিল। "গৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰ!!" হৈছে এটা খঙাল কুকুৰৰ মুখৰ অভিব্যক্তি। এই শিল্পকৰ্মটি "আৱাৰ ফাইটিং ফ'ৰ্চেচ"ৰ পৰা প্ৰেৰণা লৈ অঁকা হৈছিল। এই ছবিখনক লিচেনষ্টেইনৰ অন্যান্য সামৰিক কুকুৰৰ চিত্ৰৰ প্ৰেৰণা হিচাপেও অভিহিত কৰা হয়। ==পটভূমি== [[চিত্ৰ:Our Fighting Forces Number 66 (February 1962).jpg|thumb|left|আৱাৰ ফাইটিং ফ'ৰ্চেচ সংখ্যা ৬৬ (ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৬২)-ৰ আখ্যান উপাদানৰ উৎস ''গৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰ!! ''|alt=a comic frame with military men and a dog]] লিচেনষ্টাইন ফাউণ্ডেচনে মন্তব্য কৰিছে‍ যে এই ছবিখন আৱাৰ ফাইটিং ফ'ৰ্চেচ #৬৬ (ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৬২) ছবিখনৰ দ্বাৰা অনুপ্ৰাণিত। যিটো নেচনেল পিৰিয়ডিকেল পাব্লিকেচনে (বৰ্তমান ডি চি) প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। সেই ছবিৰ সোঁফালৰ চুকৰ তলত এটা কুকুৰৰ মূৰৰ এটা অংশ দৃশ্যমান আৰু বক্তব্য বেলুনত লেখা আছে‍ "গৰৰৰৰৰ!"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://image-duplicator.com/sat/sat_source_details.php?source_id=21895|title=Our Fighting Forces #66|access-date=May 14, 2012|publisher=Lichtenstein Foundation|archive-date=February 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207061002/http://image-duplicator.com/sat/sat_source_details.php?source_id=21895l%C3%ADngua%3Dingl%C3%AAs|url-status=dead|archivedate=February 7, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207061002/http://image-duplicator.com/sat/sat_source_details.php?source_id=21895l%C3%ADngua%3Dingl%C3%AAs|deadurl=yes}}</ref> চিত্ৰ অংকনৰ উপৰিও লিচেনষ্টেইনে ৫.৭৫ ইঞ্চি × ৪.৫ ইঞ্চি (১৪.৬ চে.মি. × ১১.৪ চে.মি.) সৰু কাগজ এখনত পৰীক্ষামূলক গ্ৰেফাইট এচি অংকন কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|title=Grrrrrrrrr! (Study)|url=http://image-duplicator.com/sat/sat_study_details.php?study_id=31606|website=Roy Lichtenstein Foundation|access-date=August 4, 2015|archive-date=February 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207061341/http://image-duplicator.com/sat/sat_study_details.php?study_id=31606l%C3%ADngua%3Dingl%C3%AAs|url-status=dead|archivedate=February 7, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207061341/http://image-duplicator.com/sat/sat_study_details.php?study_id=31606l%C3%ADngua%3Dingl%C3%AAs|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ১৯৯২ চনত দিয়া প্ৰতিশ্ৰুতিৰ আধাৰত ১৯৯৭ চনত লিচেনষ্টেইনৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত এই ছবিখন গুগেনহাইম সংগ্ৰহালয়লৈ উইল কৰা হৈছিল। ১৯৯৩ চনত সংগ্ৰহালয়টোৰ কৰ্তৃপক্ষই "ৰয় লিচেনষ্টাইন: এ ৰেট্ৰ'স্পেকটিভ" প্ৰদৰ্শনীৰ প্ৰচাৰ পোষ্টাৰ হিচাপে গৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰ!! ছবিখন ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল আৰু ১৯৯৩ চনৰ ৭ অক্টোবৰ – ১৯৯৪ চনৰ ১৬ জানুৱাৰীলৈকে প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/arts/inside-art.html|title=Inside Art|access-date=May 9, 2012|date=January 16, 1998|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Vogel, Carol}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/exhibitions/past|title=Past Exhibitions: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum |access-date=May 9, 2012|publisher=[[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]]}}</ref><!--http://www.lichtensteinfoundation.org/frames.htm That exhibition continued to The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, California, January 26 – April 3, 1994, Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 26 – September 5, 1994; Haus der Kunst (included early works), Munich, Germany, October 13, 1994 – January 9, 1995 (VERNISSAGE ET AL. 1994); Deichtorhallen, Hamburg, Germany, February 8 – April 10, 1995; Les Expositions du Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels, Belgium, June 2 – September 3, 1995; abridged version to Wexner Center for the Arts, Columbus, Ohio, Ohio State University, September 21, 1995 – January 7, 1996.--> নিউয়ৰ্কৰ গুগেনহাইম সংগ্ৰহালয়কে ধৰি অন্যান্য উল্লেখযোগ্য স্থানতো এই ছবিখন প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল। ১৯৯৮ চনৰ ১৬ অক্টোবৰৰ পৰা ১৯৯৯ চনৰ ২৪ জানুৱাৰীলৈকে গুগেনহাইম সংগ্ৰহালয়ত "ৰেণ্ডেভু: চেণ্টাৰ জৰ্জ পম্পিডু আৰু গুগেনহাইম সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ পৰা মাষ্টাৰপিছ" প্ৰদৰ্শনীৰ অংশ হিচাপে এই ছবিখন প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ইয়াক "আৰ্ট ইন আমেৰিকা: থ্ৰী হাণ্ড্ৰেড ইয়াৰ্ছ অৱ ইনোভেচন" নামৰ এখন ভ্ৰাম্যমাণ প্ৰদৰ্শনীতো দেখুওৱা হৈছে। ২০০৭ চনৰ পৰা ২০০৮ চনৰ ভিতৰত চীনৰ বিভিন্ন সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ প্ৰদৰ্শনীৰ সময়ত প্ৰদৰ্শিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite book|title=Rendezvous: Masterpieces from the Centre Georges Pompidou and the Guggenheim Museums|date=1998|publisher=The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation|location=New York|isbn=0810969165|page=539}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Davidson|editor1-first=Susan|title=Art in America: 300 Years of Innovation|date=2007|publisher=Merrell Publishers Limited|location=London|isbn=9781858943947|page=271}}</ref> ১৯৯৩ চনৰ নৱেম্বৰ মাহৰ আৰ্ট নিউজৰ প্ৰচ্ছদত এই ছবিখন প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lichtensteinfoundation.org/frames.htm |title=Chronology |access-date=May 9, 2012 |publisher=Roy Lichtenstein Foundation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507132503/http://www.lichtensteinfoundation.org/frames.htm |archive-date=May 7, 2012 |df=mdy-all |archivedate=May 7, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507132503/http://www.lichtensteinfoundation.org/frames.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Wham! Blam! Pow! Roy Lichtenstein!|work=[[ARTnews]]|volume=92|issue=9|page=cover page|date=November 1993}}</ref> ==বিৱৰণ== [[চিত্ৰ:Roy_Lichtenstein.jpg|alt=a male black and white portrait|thumb|150px|১৯৬৭ চনত লিচেনষ্টাইন]] যদিও গৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰ!! লিচেনষ্টেইনৰ এটা আদৰ্শ উৎস তথাপিও ই গুগেনহাইমৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ কিউৰেটৰ চুজান ডেভিডছনৰ মতে ই এটা "নিম্ন শ্ৰেণীৰ কমিক ষ্ট্ৰিপ।" কিন্তু ই লিচেনষ্টেইনৰ মোহিনীশক্তিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে কাৰণ ইয়াত "বেন-ডে বিন্দু পদ্ধতিৰ আণৱিক ভাষা, ক'লা ৰূপৰেখাৰ ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু কম বাজেটৰ বাণিজ্যিক চিত্ৰকলাত ব্যৱহৃত প্ৰাথমিক তিনিটা মৌলিক ৰং ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite book |title=Art in America: 300 Years of Innovation |publisher=Merrell Publishers Limited/Guggenheim Museum Publications/Terra Foundation for American Art |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-8589-4394-7 |editor=Davidson, Susan |pages=249, 271}}</ref> গুগেনহাইমৰ জেনিফাৰ ব্লেছিঙৰ মতে, "গৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰ!! ছবিখনৰ অঙ্কন কৌতুকপূৰ্ণ আৰু ইয়াত ললিতকলাৰ ৰসবোধৰ উপাদান আছে যিটো একে সময়তে কুকুৰৰ ধ্বনিযুক্ত শিৰোনাম আৰু কুটিল অভিব্যক্তিৰ মাধ্যমত স্পষ্ট হৈছে‍।<ref name=RLJB>{{cite web|url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/2494|title=Roy Lichtenstein: 1923-1997|access-date=May 10, 2012|publisher=[[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]]|author=Blessing, Jennifer}}</ref> ==সম্পৰ্কিত চিত্ৰকৰ্ম== ১৯৬২ চনত লিচেনষ্টেইনে আৰৰৰৰৰফফ! নামেৰে অইল আৰু গ্ৰেফাইট পেঞ্চিলেৰে‍ কুকুৰৰ চিত্ৰসম্বলিত এটি কেনভাচ চিত্ৰ অঙ্কন কৰে যিটো আৱাৰ ফাইটিং ফ'ৰ্চেচৰ পৰা উদ্ভূত গৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰৰ!! ধাৰাবাহিকৰ পৰৱৰ্তী চিত্ৰকৰ্ম।<ref>{{cite web|title=Arrrrrff!|url=http://image-duplicator.com/main.php?decade=60&year=62&work_id=728|website=Roy Lichtenstein Foundation|access-date=August 12, 2015|archive-date=February 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207073904/http://image-duplicator.com/main.php?decade=60&year=62&work_id=728|url-status=dead|archivedate=February 7, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207073904/http://image-duplicator.com/main.php?decade=60&year=62&work_id=728|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ছবিখনত "পুচ" নামৰ পোহনীয়া কুকুৰ এটাৰ ছবি আছে যাৰ মূৰৰ ওপৰত লিখা আছে "স্নিফ--স্নিফ--স্নিফ--স্নিফ--আৰৰৰৰৰফফ!" এই ছবিখনৰ প্ৰেৰণা হৈছে আৱাৰ ফাইটিং ফ'ৰ্চেচ #৬৯ সংখ্যা (জুলাই ১৯৬২)।<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Fighting Forces #69 (h)|url=http://image-duplicator.com/sat/sat_source_details.php?source_id=20470|website=Roy Lichtenstein Foundation|access-date=August 12, 2015|archive-date=February 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207074521/http://image-duplicator.com/sat/sat_source_details.php?source_id=20470|url-status=dead|archivedate=February 7, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207074521/http://image-duplicator.com/sat/sat_source_details.php?source_id=20470|deadurl=yes}}</ref> আৰৰৰৰৰফফ! চিত্ৰকৰ্মটি ১৯৯৬ চনত ক্ৰীষ্টিজত এজন অজ্ঞাত ক্ৰেতাই ৪ লাখ ২০ হাজাৰ ৫০০ ডলাৰত এই ক্ৰয় কৰিছিল।<ref>{{cite web|title=Roy Lichtenstein (b. 1923)|url=http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot/roy-lichtenstein-arrrrrff-1103662-details.aspx?intObjectID=1103662|website=Christie's|access-date=August 12, 2015}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{ৰেফলিষ্ট|30em}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *[http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/artwork/2494 Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Collection website] *[http://image-duplicator.com/main.php?work_id=0376&year=1965&decade=60# Lichtenstein Foundation website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105223151/http://www.image-duplicator.com/main.php?work_id=0376&year=1965&decade=60 |date=November 5, 2015 }} {{Roy Lichtenstein}} {{Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:চিত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:চিত্ৰশিল্প]] 9t7y82xj0zm7ar27vmrs9vta6ac8lwo 0 122777 518686 517973 2025-06-16T19:54:31Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = ভাৰতীয় আৰক্ষী সেৱা </br> Indian Police Service | subheaderstyle = background:#800080; color:white; | subheader1 = সেৱাৰ আলোকপাত | image = [[File:Indian Police service.jpg|thumb]] | captionstyle = | caption = '''মূলমন্ত্ৰ:''' {{lang|sa|[[Satyameva Jayate|सत्यमेव जयते]]}}<br>{{small|([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]])}}<br>"সত্যমেৱ জয়তে" (সত্যৰ সদায় জয়) | image2 = [[File:INDIAN POLICE SERVICE LOGO.png|280px|INDIAN_POLICE_SERVICE_LOGO]] | label3 = Abbreviation | data3 = আইপিএছ | label4 = প্ৰতিষ্ঠাকাল | data4 = {{Unbulleted_list|{{Start date and age|1905}}<br>{{small|(as [[Indian Imperial Police]])}}|{{Start date and age|1948}}<br>{{small|(ভাৰতীয় আৰক্ষী সেৱা হিচাপে)}}}}<ref name=history>{{cite web|url=http://rajpolice.nic.in/ab-historyIP.htm|title=Data History of Indian Police Service (Official Raj Govt. Page)|access-date=26 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503152957/http://rajpolice.nic.in/ab-historyIP.htm|archive-date=3 May 2010|url-status=dead|archivedate=3 May 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503152957/http://rajpolice.nic.in/ab-historyIP.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> | label5 = দেশ | data5 = {{flag|India}} | label6 = ষ্টাফ কলেজ | data6 = [[চৰ্দাৰ বল্লভভাই পেটেল]] ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় আৰক্ষী একাডেমী, [[হায়দৰাবাদ]], [[তেলেংগানা]]। | label7 = কেডাৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰ্তৃপক্ষ | data7 = [[গৃহ পৰিক্ৰমা মন্ত্ৰালয় (ভাৰত)|গৃহ পৰিক্ৰমা মন্ত্ৰালয়]] | label8 = দায়িত্বত থকা মন্ত্ৰী | data8 = [[অমিত শ্বাহ]], গৃহ মন্ত্ৰালয় | label9 = ন্যায়িক ব্যক্তিত্ব | data9 = ভাৰত চৰকাৰ : ভাৰত অসামৰিক সেৱা | label10 = দায়িত্বসমূহ | data10 = | label11 = কেডাৰৰ সংখ্যা | data11 = ৫,০৪৭ (২০২৩) <br/>''(৪,৩৪৪ গৰাকী পদাধিকাৰী বিষয়া; ৭০৩ টা খালী স্থান)''<ref name="2023 IPS Cadre">{{cite web|title=Authorised Cadre Strength of the Indian Police Service (as on 01.01.2023)|url=https://ips.gov.in/pdfs/IPSCadreStrengths-2023_05062023.pdf|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|access-date=22 November 2023}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | highest ranking = আৰক্ষী মহানিৰ্দেশক | label12 = বাছনি | data12 = অসামৰিক সেৱাৰ পৰীক্ষা | label13 = সংস্থা | data13 = আইপিএছ কেন্দ্ৰীয় সংস্থা | headerstyle = background:#800080; color:white; | header15 = সৰ্বভাৰতীয় সেৱাৰ মুৰব্বী | label16 = কেবিনেট সচিব | data16 = টি ভি সোমনাথন, আই এ এছ | Websites = https://ips.gov.in/ }} '''ভাৰতীয় আৰক্ষী সেৱা''' ({{Lang-en|Indian Police Service}}) সৰ্বভাৰতীয় সেৱাৰ অধীনত এক অসামৰিক সেৱা। ইংৰাজ সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ পৰা ভাৰত স্বাধীন হোৱাৰ এবছৰৰ পাছত ১৯৪৮ চনত [[ভাৰতীয় সাম্ৰাজ্যিক আৰক্ষী|ভাৰতীয় সাম্ৰাজ্যিক পুলিচ]]ৰ (Indian Imperial Police ) ঠাইত এই সেৱাক প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰা হয়। [[ভাৰতীয় প্ৰশাসনিক সেৱা]] (আই এ এছ) আৰু [[ভাৰতীয় বন সেৱা]] (আই এফ এছ)ৰ লগতে আই পি এছ সৰ্বভাৰতীয় সেৱাৰ অংশ<ref name="india-service">{{cite web|title=IPS, IAS and IFS: All India Services (Government of India)|url=http://persmin.nic.in/EmployeesCorner/Acts_Rules/AISRule/AISManual_Updated_27112007/2.The%20All%20India%20Services%20Act,%201951.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416205616/http://persmin.nic.in/EmployeesCorner/Acts_Rules/AISRule/AISManual_Updated_27112007/2.The%20All%20India%20Services%20Act,%201951.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2009|access-date=13 April 2009|archivedate=16 April 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416205616/http://persmin.nic.in/EmployeesCorner/Acts_Rules/AISRule/AISManual_Updated_27112007/2.The%20All%20India%20Services%20Act,%201951.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> – ইয়াৰ বিষয়াসকল কেন্দ্ৰীয় চৰকাৰ আৰু ব্যক্তিগত ৰাজ্য দুয়োটাতে নিয়োজিত। এই সেৱাই [[কেন্দ্ৰীয় সশস্ত্ৰ আৰক্ষী বাহিনী]] (বি এছ এফ, এছ এছ বি, চি আৰ পি এফ, চি আই এছ এফ, আৰু আই টি বি পি), ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নিৰাপত্তা গাৰ্ড (এন এছ জি), [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় দুৰ্যোগ প্ৰশমন বাহিনী|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় দুৰ্যোগ সঁহাৰি বাহিনী]] (এন ডি আৰ এফ), চোৰাংচোৱা ব্যুৰো (আই বি), [[ৰিচাৰ্চ এণ্ড এনালাইছিছ উইং(RAW)|গৱেষণা আৰু বিশ্লেষণ শাখা]] (আৰ এণ্ড এ ডব্লিউ), বিশেষ সুৰক্ষা গোট (এছ পি জি), ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় তদন্ত সংস্থা (এন আই এ), আৰু [[কেন্দ্ৰীয় অনুসন্ধান সংস্থা|কেন্দ্ৰীয় তদন্ত ব্যুৰো]] (চি বি আই)কে ধৰি বিভিন্ন ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয় আৰক্ষী বাহিনীক নেতৃত্ব প্ৰদান কৰে। [[ভাৰতৰ সংবিধান|ভাৰতীয় সংবিধান]]ৰ চতুৰ্দশ অনুচ্ছেদ ৩১২(২), চতুৰ্দশৰ অধীনত ভাৰতীয় আৰক্ষী সেৱা গঠন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref name="Services under the Union and the states">{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(19).pdf|title=Part XIV of the Constitution of India- Services under the Union and the States – Article 312(2)|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]], Government of India|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203131448/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/Const.Pock%202Pg.Rom8Fsss(19).pdf|archive-date=3 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> সংবাদ মাধ্যমৰ বাতৰি অনুসৰি ভাৰতত আই পি এছ বিষয়াৰ ব্যাপক নাটনি হৈছে, যিটো অনুমোদিত শক্তিৰ প্ৰায় ১৯%ৰ পৰা ২২%।<ref name="IPS Shortfall">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-states-reel-under-huge-shortfall-of-ips-officers-2207184|title=States reel under huge shortfall of IPS officers|last=Kumar|first=Manan|date=29 April 2016|website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="IPS Strength">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/908-posts-of-ips-officers-lying-vacant/articleshow/51480868.cms|title=908 posts of IPS officers lying vacant|date=20 March 2016|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> == বঁটা-বাহন আৰু স্বীকৃতি == কেডাৰৰ শক্তি অতি কম হোৱাৰ পিছতো বহু আই পি এছ বিষয়াক সৰ্বোচ্চ বীৰত্বৰ বঁটা (অশোক চক্ৰ, [[কীৰ্তি চক্ৰ]]) প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে। ভাৰতৰ বৰ্তমানৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নিৰাপত্তা উপদেষ্টা [[অজিত ডোভাল]] আছিল এজন আই পি এছ বিষয়া যিয়ে অপাৰেচন ব্লেক থাণ্ডাৰৰ সময়ত কৰা বীৰত্বপূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্যৰ বাবে কীৰ্তি চক্ৰ লাভ কৰিছিল। যদিও সাধাৰণতে জ্যেষ্ঠ পৰ্যায়ত তত্বাৱধায়কৰ ভূমিকাত নিয়োজিত হয়, আই পি এছ বিষয়াসকলে আইন-শৃংখলা বজাই ৰখাত সক্ৰিয়ভাৱে অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰি ক্ষেত্ৰখনত থকাটো অস্বাভাৱিক নহয়। আই পি এছ বিষয়াক [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ বিভিন্ন মিছনত নিযুক্তি দিয়াৰ লগতে কেইবাজনকো ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ পদক প্ৰদান কৰা হৈছে। বহু ব্যতিক্ৰমী আই পি এছ বিষয়াক সময়ে সময়ে পদ্ম বঁটাৰে সন্মানিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://police.un.org/en/half-century-of-advancing-womens-role-police-meet-kiran-bedi-first-indian-and-first-woman-to-head-un|title=Half a century of advancing women's role in police: Meet Kiran Bedi, the first Indian and the first woman to head the UN Police Division|access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-police-officer-wins-uns-international-female-peacekeeper-award-679232|title=Indian Police Officer Wins UN's International Female Peacekeeper Award|access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> == লক্ষ্য আৰু উদ্দেশ্য == [[চিত্ৰ:The_President,_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_with_the_Probationers_of_70_RR_(2017_Batch)_of_the_Indian_Police_Service_from_Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_National_Police_Academy,_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan,_in_New_Delhi_on_October_12,_2018_(1).JPG|alt=Khaki-clad officers supervise a peaceful demonstration|thumb|নতুন দিল্লীৰ [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি ভৱন]]ত ভাৰতীয় আৰক্ষী সেৱাৰ বিষয়াসকলৰ সৈতে ভাৰতৰ প্ৰাক্তন ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি [[ৰাম নাথ কোৱিন্দ|ৰামনাথ কোবিন্দ]], ২০১৮।]] ১৮৬৫ চনৰ ১৭ আগষ্টত নিযুক্ত হোৱা প্ৰথম আৰক্ষী আয়োগত ভাৰতত আৰক্ষীৰ আকাংক্ষিত ব্যৱস্থাৰ বিশদ নিৰ্দেশনা সন্নিবিষ্ট কৰা হৈছিল আৰু সমগ্ৰ অঞ্চলটোত আইন বলবৎ, শৃংখলা বজাই ৰখা আৰু অপৰাধ ধৰা পেলোৱা আৰু প্ৰতিৰোধৰ বাবে আৰক্ষীক চৰকাৰী বিভাগ হিচাপে সংজ্ঞায়িত কৰা হৈছিল। ভাৰতীয় আৰক্ষী সেৱা এটা বাহিনী নহয় বৰঞ্চ ৰাজ্যৰ আৰক্ষী আৰু সৰ্বভাৰতীয় কেন্দ্ৰীয় সশস্ত্ৰ আৰক্ষী বাহিনীক কৰ্মচাৰীৰ বাবে নেতা-সেনাধ্যক্ষ প্ৰদান কৰা সেৱা। ইয়াৰ সদস্যসকল হৈছে আৰক্ষীৰ জ্যেষ্ঠ বিষয়া। সময়ৰ লগে লগে ভাৰতীয় আৰক্ষী সেৱাৰ উদ্দেশ্যসমূহ নবীকৰণ আৰু পুনৰ সংজ্ঞায়িত হোৱাৰ লগে লগে ভাৰতীয় আৰক্ষী সেৱাৰ এজন বিষয়াৰ বৰ্তমানৰ ভূমিকা আৰু কাৰ্য্যসমূহ তলত দিয়া ধৰণৰ:<ref name="IPS Duties & Responsibilities">{{cite web|url=http://www.upscguide.com/UPSC/UPSC_exam/civil_services/CS_services/CS_IPS.htm|title=Duties and Responsibilities of Indian Police Service officers|publisher=UPSCguide.com|access-date=19 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102111003/http://www.upscguide.com/UPSC/UPSC_exam/civil_services/CS_services/CS_IPS.htm|archive-date=2 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> * সীমান্তৰ দায়িত্বৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি কৰ্তব্য পালন কৰা, জনশান্তি আৰু শৃংখলা বজাই ৰখা, অপৰাধ প্ৰতিৰোধ, তদন্ত, আৰু ধৰা পেলোৱা, চোৰাংচোৱা সংগ্ৰহ, ভিআইপি নিৰাপত্তা, [[সন্ত্ৰাসবাদ]] বিৰোধী, সীমান্ত পুলিচিং, ৰেলৱে পুলিচিং, চোৰাংচোৱাগিৰি, ড্ৰাগছ সৰবৰাহৰ, অৰ্থনৈতিক অপৰাধ, জনজীৱনত দুৰ্নীতি, জৰুৰীকালীন ব্যৱস্থাপনা, আৰ্থ-সামাজিক বলবৎ কৰা আদি ক্ষেত্ৰত আইন প্ৰণয়ন, [[জৈৱ বৈচিত্ৰ্য]] আৰু [[পৰিস্থিতিতন্ত্ৰ|পৰিৱেশ]] আইন সুৰক্ষা আদি। * ভাৰতীয় চোৰাংচোৱা সংস্থা যেনে: [[ৰিচাৰ্চ এণ্ড এনালাইছিছ উইং(RAW)|গৱেষণা আৰু বিশ্লেষণ শাখা]] (R&AW), চোৰাংচোৱা ব্যুৰো (IB), [[কেন্দ্ৰীয় অনুসন্ধান সংস্থা|কেন্দ্ৰীয় তদন্ত ব্যুৰো]] (CBI), অপৰাধ অনুসন্ধান বিভাগ (CID) ইত্যাদি, ভাৰতীয় ফেডাৰেল আইন প্ৰয়োগকাৰী সংস্থা, অসামৰিক আৰু সশস্ত্ৰ আৰক্ষী বাহিনী সকলো ৰাজ্য আৰু কেন্দ্ৰীয় শাসিত অঞ্চলৰ নেতৃত্ব আৰু কমাণ্ডাৰ। * বিভিন্ন কেন্দ্ৰীয় সশস্ত্ৰ আৰক্ষী বাহিনী (চিএপিএফ)ৰ নেতৃত্ব আৰু কমাণ্ডাৰ য’ত কেন্দ্ৰীয় আৰক্ষী সংগঠন (চিপিঅ’) যেনে-সীমান্ত সুৰক্ষা বাহিনী (বিএছএফ), কেন্দ্ৰীয় সংৰক্ষিত আৰক্ষী বাহিনী (চিআৰপিএফ), ভাৰত-তিব্বতী সীমান্ত আৰক্ষী (আইটিবিপি), ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় নিৰাপত্তাৰক্ষী (এনএছজি), কেন্দ্ৰীয় ঔদ্যোগিক সুৰক্ষা বাহিনী (চিআইএছএফ), ভিজিলেন্স সংস্থা আৰু ভাৰতীয় ফেডাৰেল আইন প্ৰয়োগকাৰী সংস্থাসমূহ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। * সাহস, সততা, নিষ্ঠা আৰু জনসাধাৰণৰ সেৱাৰ প্ৰবল ভাৱনাৰে বাহিনীক নেতৃত্ব দিয়া আৰু কমাণ্ড কৰা। * তেওঁলোকৰ কমাণ্ডত থকা আৰক্ষী বাহিনীত এনে মূল্যবোধ আৰু নীতি-নিয়ম শিকোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰা যিয়ে তেওঁলোকক জনসাধাৰণক ভালদৰে সেৱা আগবঢ়োৱাত সহায় কৰে। * উচ্চতম স্তৰৰ অখণ্ডতা, দ্ৰুত পৰিৱৰ্তিত সামাজিক আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক পৰিৱেশত মানুহৰ আকাংক্ষাৰ প্ৰতি সংবেদনশীলতা, [[মানৱ অধিকাৰ]]ৰ প্ৰতি সন্মান, আইন আৰু ন্যায়ৰ বহল উদাৰ দৃষ্টিভংগী, আৰু উচ্চ মানদণ্ডৰ পেছাদাৰিত্বৰ সৃষ্টি কৰা। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ আইন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী সংস্থা]] b3hhdow7muuhb2a8rpip41137la557z 0 122838 518532 518423 2025-06-16T13:25:28Z Dipankar Das 36094 পৃষ্ঠা [[লাল পাহাডি়ৰ দেশে যা]]ৰ পৰা [[লাল পাহাড়িৰ দেশে যা]]লৈ Dipankar Dasয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে: Misspelled title 518423 wikitext text/x-wiki '''লাল পাহাড়িৰ দেশে যা''' ({{lang-en|Lal Paharir Deshe Ja}}) ১৯৭২ চনত অৰুণ চক্ৰৱৰ্তীৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত ''শ্ৰীৰামপুৰ ষ্টেচনে মহুয়া গাছটা'' শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটিৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সৃষ্টি হোৱা এটি বাংলা লোকসংগীত।<ref name="আনন্দবাজাৰ পত্ৰিকা">{{cite news |title=‘লালপাহাড়ি'ৰ পঞ্চাশ বছৰ, গান নিয়ে কথা বলতে গিয়ে আবেগে ভাসলেন গীতিকাৰ, গায়ক |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/50-years-celebration-of-song-lalpahari-dgtl/cid/1354870 |date=৬ জুলাই ২০২২ |এজেন্সি=আনন্দবাজাৰ পত্ৰিকা |publisher=www.anandabazar.com |date=৬ জুলাই ২০২২}}</ref><ref name=lpdj2>{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|title=The Biography of a Song|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/cinema/the-biography-of-a-song|ওয়েবসাইট=openthemagazine.com|date=৬ জুলাই ২০২২}}</ref> অৰুণ চক্ৰৱৰ্তীয়ে <ref name=lpdj3>{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|title=Poet Arun Kumar Chakraborty - Interview and Recitation of Bengali Poems|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/1736910-poet-arun-kumar-chakraborty-interview-and-recitation-bengali-poems-video-wbri-exclus|ওয়েবসাইট=washingtonbanglaradio.com|date=৬ জুলাই ২০২২|archive-date=৬ জুলাই ২০২২|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706153228/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/1736910-poet-arun-kumar-chakraborty-interview-and-recitation-bengali-poems-video-wbri-exclus|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref> ১৯৭২ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত শ্ৰীৰামপুৰ ষ্টেচনৰ কাষেদি‍ পাৰ হৈ যাওঁতে মহুৱা ফুলৰ গছ আৰু ফুল দেখা পাইছিল। ইয়াত (শ্ৰীৰামপুৰ) মহুৱা গছ আৰু ফুলবোৰ তেওঁৰ বাবে বৰ অসঙ্গতিপূৰ্ণ যেন লাগিছিল। তেওঁ মনত প্ৰশ্ন হৈছিল বংগৰ ধান আৰু আলু উৎপাদন হোৱা অঞ্চলত মহুৱা ফুলৰ গছ আৰু ফুল কিয় থাকিব, মহুৱা হৈছে লাল পাহাৰ (জংঘলমহল)ৰ ৰাণী, তাক তাতহে‍ শুৱনি লাগে‍। মহুৱা ৰঙা মাটিৰ গছ।<ref name=lpdj1>{{cite news |title=Lal paharir deshe ja completes 40 years |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Lal-paharir-deshe-ja-completes-40-years/articleshow/14686117.cms |work=The Times of India |date=৬ জুলাই ২০২২}}</ref> ইয়াৰ পাছতেই তেওঁ গীতটি ৰচনা কৰে।<ref name="আনন্দবাজাৰ পত্ৰিকা"/> তাৰ পাছত এই কবিতাটো ১৯৭৯ চনত ভি বালছাৰাৰ পৰিচালনাত বাঁকুড়াৰ ঝুমুৰ গায়ক সুভাষ চক্ৰৱৰ্তীয়ে ৰেকৰ্ডিং কৰে। বাউলসকলৰ অনুৰোধত অৰুণ চক্ৰৱৰ্তীয়ে আৰু দুটা পংক্তি সংযোজন কৰে। নতুন পংক্তি দুটাত কবিয়ে নিজেই সুৰ দিয়ে।<ref name="আনন্দবাজাৰ পত্ৰিকা"/> বহু পাছত বাংলা বেণ্ড 'ভূমি'-এ এই গীতটি ৰেকৰ্ডিং কৰে। ই ব্যাপক জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে৷<ref name="আনন্দবাজাৰ পত্ৰিকা"/> ==গীতৰ কথা== <center><poem> হাই দ্যাখো গ' তুই ইখানে কেনে, লালপাহাড়িৰ দেশে যা ৰাঙা মাটিৰ দেশে যা হেথাকে তুকে মানাইছে নাই গ', ইক্কেবাৰে মানাইছে নাই অ-তুই লালপাহাড়িৰ দেশে যা..... সিখান গেলে মাদল পাবি মেইয়ে মৰদেৰ আদৰ পাবি অ-তুই লালপাহাড়িৰ দেশে যা লাৰবি যদি ইক্কাই যেতে লিস্ না কেনে তুয়াৰ সাথে নইলে অ-তুই মৰেই যা ইক্কেবাৰেই মৰেই যা হাই দ্যাখো গ', তুই ইখানে কেনে, লালপাহাড়িৰ দেশে যা ৰাঙা মাটিৰ দেশে যা, ৰাঙা মাটিৰ দেশে যা.....। </poem></center> ==বিতৰ্ক== ‘ভূমি’য়ে গীতটি ৰেকৰ্ডিং কৰিলেও গীতিকাৰজনৰ নাম উল্লেখ নকৰাৰ ফলত আৰম্ভ হ’ল বিতৰ্ক। গীতটোক লৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা বিতৰ্ক সন্দৰ্ভত সৌমিত্ৰই কয় যে,'গীতিকাৰজনৰ নাম জনা নাছিলোঁ। সেয়ে উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিলোঁ। ভুল কৰিছিলোঁ। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত অৰুণদাৰ ওচৰত ক্ষমাপ্ৰাৰ্থী হৈছোঁ। '<ref name="আনন্দবাজাৰ পত্ৰিকা"/> ==সংৱৰ্ধনা== এই গীতটিৰ পঞ্চাশ বছৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ উপলক্ষত 'সহজিয়া ফাউণ্ডেচন'এ 'লালপাহাৰী'ৰ স্ৰষ্টা অৰুণ চক্ৰৱৰ্তীক ২০২২ চনৰ ৮ জুলাই তাৰিখে ৰবীন্দ্ৰ সদনত সংৱৰ্ধনা জ্ঞাপন কৰে। সেইদিনা ঝুমুৰ গায়ক সুভাষ চক্ৰৱৰ্তীকো সংৱৰ্ধনা জ্ঞাপন কৰা হয়। এই উপলক্ষে অনুষ্ঠিত অনুষ্ঠানত সংগীত জগতৰ বহু বিশিষ্ট ব্যক্তি উপস্থিত আছিল।<ref name="আনন্দবাজাৰ পত্ৰিকা"/> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== [[শ্ৰেণী:বঙালী লোকসংগীত]] hf47md1we224pgqqp9lgxisjbio6a87 518701 518532 2025-06-16T23:43:01Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518701 wikitext text/x-wiki '''লাল পাহাড়িৰ দেশে যা''' ({{lang-en|Lal Paharir Deshe Ja}}) ১৯৭২ চনত অৰুণ চক্ৰৱৰ্তীৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত ''শ্ৰীৰামপুৰ ষ্টেচনে মহুয়া গাছটা'' শীৰ্ষক কবিতাটিৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সৃষ্টি হোৱা এটি বাংলা লোকসংগীত।<ref name="আনন্দবাজাৰ পত্ৰিকা">{{cite news |title=‘লালপাহাড়ি'ৰ পঞ্চাশ বছৰ, গান নিয়ে কথা বলতে গিয়ে আবেগে ভাসলেন গীতিকাৰ, গায়ক |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/50-years-celebration-of-song-lalpahari-dgtl/cid/1354870 |date=৬ জুলাই ২০২২ |এজেন্সি=আনন্দবাজাৰ পত্ৰিকা |publisher=www.anandabazar.com |date=৬ জুলাই ২০২২}}</ref><ref name=lpdj2>{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|title=The Biography of a Song|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/cinema/the-biography-of-a-song|ওয়েবসাইট=openthemagazine.com|date=৬ জুলাই ২০২২}}</ref> অৰুণ চক্ৰৱৰ্তীয়ে <ref name=lpdj3>{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|title=Poet Arun Kumar Chakraborty - Interview and Recitation of Bengali Poems|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/1736910-poet-arun-kumar-chakraborty-interview-and-recitation-bengali-poems-video-wbri-exclus|ওয়েবসাইট=washingtonbanglaradio.com|date=৬ জুলাই ২০২২|archive-date=৬ জুলাই ২০২২|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706153228/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/1736910-poet-arun-kumar-chakraborty-interview-and-recitation-bengali-poems-video-wbri-exclus|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ|access-date=2025-06-16|archivedate=2022-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706153228/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/1736910-poet-arun-kumar-chakraborty-interview-and-recitation-bengali-poems-video-wbri-exclus|deadurl=yes}}</ref> ১৯৭২ চনৰ এপ্ৰিল মাহত শ্ৰীৰামপুৰ ষ্টেচনৰ কাষেদি‍ পাৰ হৈ যাওঁতে মহুৱা ফুলৰ গছ আৰু ফুল দেখা পাইছিল। ইয়াত (শ্ৰীৰামপুৰ) মহুৱা গছ আৰু ফুলবোৰ তেওঁৰ বাবে বৰ অসঙ্গতিপূৰ্ণ যেন লাগিছিল। তেওঁ মনত প্ৰশ্ন হৈছিল বংগৰ ধান আৰু আলু উৎপাদন হোৱা অঞ্চলত মহুৱা ফুলৰ গছ আৰু ফুল কিয় থাকিব, মহুৱা হৈছে লাল পাহাৰ (জংঘলমহল)ৰ ৰাণী, তাক তাতহে‍ শুৱনি লাগে‍। মহুৱা ৰঙা মাটিৰ গছ।<ref name=lpdj1>{{cite news |title=Lal paharir deshe ja completes 40 years |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Lal-paharir-deshe-ja-completes-40-years/articleshow/14686117.cms |work=The Times of India |date=৬ জুলাই ২০২২}}</ref> ইয়াৰ পাছতেই তেওঁ গীতটি ৰচনা কৰে।<ref name="আনন্দবাজাৰ পত্ৰিকা"/> তাৰ পাছত এই কবিতাটো ১৯৭৯ চনত ভি বালছাৰাৰ পৰিচালনাত বাঁকুড়াৰ ঝুমুৰ গায়ক সুভাষ চক্ৰৱৰ্তীয়ে ৰেকৰ্ডিং কৰে। বাউলসকলৰ অনুৰোধত অৰুণ চক্ৰৱৰ্তীয়ে আৰু দুটা পংক্তি সংযোজন কৰে। নতুন পংক্তি দুটাত কবিয়ে নিজেই সুৰ দিয়ে।<ref name="আনন্দবাজাৰ পত্ৰিকা"/> বহু পাছত বাংলা বেণ্ড 'ভূমি'-এ এই গীতটি ৰেকৰ্ডিং কৰে। ই ব্যাপক জনপ্ৰিয়তা লাভ কৰে৷<ref name="আনন্দবাজাৰ পত্ৰিকা"/> ==গীতৰ কথা== <center><poem> হাই দ্যাখো গ' তুই ইখানে কেনে, লালপাহাড়িৰ দেশে যা ৰাঙা মাটিৰ দেশে যা হেথাকে তুকে মানাইছে নাই গ', ইক্কেবাৰে মানাইছে নাই অ-তুই লালপাহাড়িৰ দেশে যা..... সিখান গেলে মাদল পাবি মেইয়ে মৰদেৰ আদৰ পাবি অ-তুই লালপাহাড়িৰ দেশে যা লাৰবি যদি ইক্কাই যেতে লিস্ না কেনে তুয়াৰ সাথে নইলে অ-তুই মৰেই যা ইক্কেবাৰেই মৰেই যা হাই দ্যাখো গ', তুই ইখানে কেনে, লালপাহাড়িৰ দেশে যা ৰাঙা মাটিৰ দেশে যা, ৰাঙা মাটিৰ দেশে যা.....। </poem></center> ==বিতৰ্ক== ‘ভূমি’য়ে গীতটি ৰেকৰ্ডিং কৰিলেও গীতিকাৰজনৰ নাম উল্লেখ নকৰাৰ ফলত আৰম্ভ হ’ল বিতৰ্ক। গীতটোক লৈ সৃষ্টি হোৱা বিতৰ্ক সন্দৰ্ভত সৌমিত্ৰই কয় যে,'গীতিকাৰজনৰ নাম জনা নাছিলোঁ। সেয়ে উল্লেখ কৰা নাছিলোঁ। ভুল কৰিছিলোঁ। পৰৱৰ্তী সময়ত অৰুণদাৰ ওচৰত ক্ষমাপ্ৰাৰ্থী হৈছোঁ। '<ref name="আনন্দবাজাৰ পত্ৰিকা"/> ==সংৱৰ্ধনা== এই গীতটিৰ পঞ্চাশ বছৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱাৰ উপলক্ষত 'সহজিয়া ফাউণ্ডেচন'এ 'লালপাহাৰী'ৰ স্ৰষ্টা অৰুণ চক্ৰৱৰ্তীক ২০২২ চনৰ ৮ জুলাই তাৰিখে ৰবীন্দ্ৰ সদনত সংৱৰ্ধনা জ্ঞাপন কৰে। সেইদিনা ঝুমুৰ গায়ক সুভাষ চক্ৰৱৰ্তীকো সংৱৰ্ধনা জ্ঞাপন কৰা হয়। এই উপলক্ষে অনুষ্ঠিত অনুষ্ঠানত সংগীত জগতৰ বহু বিশিষ্ট ব্যক্তি উপস্থিত আছিল।<ref name="আনন্দবাজাৰ পত্ৰিকা"/> ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== [[শ্ৰেণী:বঙালী লোকসংগীত]] 7p02iz3oyywxywkcfcr4pv7e3bzegaw 0 122843 518834 518478 2025-06-17T09:20:21Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = কাঞ্চনজঙ্ঘা | image = Dvd kanchanjangha satyajit ray.jpg | caption = DVD cover | director = [[সত্যজিৎ ৰায়]] | producer = সত্যজিৎ ৰায় | writer = সত্যজিৎ ৰায় | starring = {{ubl |[[ছবি বিশ্বাস]] |[[কৰুণা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়]] |[[অনিল চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] |[[অনুভা গুপ্ত]] |অৰুণ মুখাৰ্জি|[[অলকানন্দা ৰায়]] |[[নিলিমা ৰয় চৌধুৰী]] |[[পাহাৰী সান্যাল]] |[[সুব্ৰত সেনশৰ্মা]] |[[ইন্দ্ৰাণী সিং]] |[[ন. বিশ্বনাথন]]}} | distributor = এডৱাৰ্ড হেৰিছন<small>(U.S.A.)</small> | studio = এনচিএ প্ৰডাকচন | music = সত্যজিৎ ৰায় | cinematography = [[সুব্ৰত মিত্ৰ]] | editing = [[দুলাল দত্ত]]। | released = {{film date|1962|5|11|df=yes}} | runtime = ১০২ মিনিট | language = [[Bengali language|বাংলা]] | country = ভাৰত | budget = }} '''কাঞ্চনজঙ্ঘা''' ({{lang-en|Kanchenjungha (1962 film)}}) সত্যজিৎ ৰায় পৰিচালিত এখন বাংলা ভাষাৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ। <ref name=N1>{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|title=ছোট্ট দাৰ্জিলিং|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/rabibashoriyo/a-write-up-about-the-small-boy-of-kanchenjunga-film-1.141182|ওয়েবসাইট=আনন্দবাজাৰ পত্ৰিকা|date=১৪ মে ২০২০}}</ref> চলচ্চিত্ৰখন কাঞ্চনজঙ্ঘা পৰ্বতৰ সমীপত অৱস্থিত জনপ্ৰিয় পৰ্যটন কেন্দ্ৰ দাৰ্জিলিঙলৈ‍ সপৰিয়ালে‍ ছুটী উপভোগ কৰিবলৈ যোৱা এক উচ্চবৰ্গৰ বাঙালী পৰিয়ালক লৈ নিৰ্মিত।<ref name=N2>{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|title=ক্ল্যাসিক সিনেমা ৰিভিউ : অৰণ্যেৰ দিনৰাত্ৰি ও কাঞ্চনজঙ্ঘা|url=http://www.bhorerkagoj.com/print-edition/2018/12/08/225257.php|ওয়েবসাইট=ভোৰেৰ কাগজ|date=১৪ মে ২০২০|archive-date=১১ আগষ্ট ২০২০|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811210906/http://www.bhorerkagoj.com/print-edition/2018/12/08/225257.php|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref> ইয়াত মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছে ছবি বিশ্বাস, কৰুণা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, অনিল চট্টোপাধ্যায়, অলকানন্দ ৰায় আৰু অনুভা গুপ্তই। ১৯৬২ চনৰ ১১ মে’ত চলচ্চিত্ৰখনে মুক্তি লাভ কৰিছিল। ২৬ সংখ্যক বংগ চলচ্চিত্ৰ সাংবাদিক সন্থাৰ বঁটা প্ৰদান অনুষ্ঠানত এই চলচ্চিত্ৰখনে দ্বিতীয় শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ আৰু শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংলাপ (সত্যজিৎ) বঁটা লাভ কৰিছিল।<ref name="26thBFJA">{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196326.htm |title=26th Annual BFJA Awards |publisher=বাংলা চলচ্চিত্ৰ সাংবাদিক সমিতি পুৰস্কাৰ |date=২৯ নভেম্বৰ ২০২৪ |আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108013155/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196326.htm |archive-date=৮ জানুয়াৰি ২০১০ |url-অবস্থা=dead |access-date=2025-06-16 |archivedate=2010-01-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108013155/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196326.htm |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ==অভিনয়ত== * [[ছবি বিশ্বাস]]: ইন্দ্ৰনাথ ৰায় <ref name=N2/> * [[কৰুণা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়]]: লাৱণ্য (বোৱাৰী) * [[অনিল চট্টোপাধ্যায়]]: অনিল, (পুত্ৰ) * [[:en:Alokananda Roy|অলকানন্দা ৰায়]]: মনীষা <ref name=N2/> (অবিবাহিত কন্যা) * [[অনুভা গুপ্ত]]: অনিমা (ডাঙৰ জীয়েক) * [[অৰুণ মুখাৰ্জি]]: অশোক (কলকাতাৰ যুৱক) * সুব্ৰত সেন: শঙ্কৰ * শিবাণী সিংহ: টুকলু * বিদ্যা সিংহ: অনিলৰ প্ৰেমিকা * [[পাহাড়ী সান্যাল]]: জগদীশ * [[এন বিশ্বনাথন]]: বেনাৰ্জী == পুৰস্কাৰ == {|class="wikitable" |- ! পুৰস্কাৰ ! বিভাগ ! মনোনীত ! ফলাফল ! {{টুলটিপ|সূত্ৰ.|তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ}} |- | rowspan=3| [[বাংলা চলচ্চিত্ৰ সাংবাদিক সমিতি পুৰস্কাৰ|২৬ সংখ্যক বাংলা চলচ্চিত্ৰ সাংবাদিক সমিতি পুৰস্কাৰ]] | [[শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ বিভাগে বাংলা চলচ্চিত্ৰ সাংবাদিক সমিতি পুৰস্কাৰ|২য় শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ভাৰতীয় চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] | ''কাঞ্চনজঙ্ঘা'' | {{জয়}} | rowspan=3| <ref name="26thBFJA"/> |- | [[শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংলাপ বিভাগে বাংলা চলচ্চিত্ৰ সাংবাদিক সমিতি পুৰস্কাৰ|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সংলাপ]] | [[সত্যজিৎ ৰায়]] | {{জয়}} |} ==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ== [[শ্ৰেণী:বঙালী চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] 38q2lbzmhvoekb3fo8632xla44r80pr 0 122847 518515 518514 2025-06-16T12:01:36Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* ইতিহাস */ 518515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency | name = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ | seal = | logo = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ.png | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = | formed = {{start date and age|15 January 1875}} | dissolved = | jurisdiction = [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]] | headquarters = মৌচম ভৱন, লোডি পথ, নতুন দিল্লী | coordinates = | employees = | budget = ৫১৪.০৩ কোটি (২০২২)<ref name=oi-budget2022>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/big-financial-push-for-deep-ocean-mission-in-budget-7754071/lite/|title=Budget 2022: For the upcoming financial year, the MoES will receive a total of Rs 2,653.51 crore, with a hike in budgets mainly for the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the multi-crore and ambitious Deep Ocean Mission.|work=The Indian Express|date=2022-02-03|accessdate=2022-03-22}}</ref> | minister1_name = [[জীতেন্দ্ৰ সিং]] | minister1_pfo = ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰী | minister2_name = এম ৰবিচন্দ্ৰন | minister2_pfo = সচিব, ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ মন্ত্ৰালয় | chief1_name = মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহাপাত্ৰ | chief1_position = বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান | chief2_name = | chief2_position = <!-- (etc.) --> | chief3_name = | chief3_position = | chief4_name = | chief4_position = | chief5_name = | chief5_position = | chief6_name = | chief6_position = | chief7_name = | chief7_position = | chief8_name = | chief8_position = | chief9_name = | chief9_position = | parent_department = ভূ বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয় | parent_agency = | child1_agency = | child2_agency = <!-- (etc.) --> | keydocument1 = <!-- (etc.) --> | website = {{URL|mausam.imd.gov.in}} | map = | map_caption = | footnotes = | agency_type = চৰকাৰ সংস্থা | agency_name = | logo_width = 80px | superseding = | map_width = }} '''ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ''' (IMD) [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ ভূ-বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ অধীনস্থ এটা ভাৰতীয় সংস্থা। বতৰ বিজ্ঞান পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, বতৰ পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু [[ভূমিকম্প]] বিজ্ঞানৰ বাবে ই প্ৰধান সংস্থা। আই এম ডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[দিল্লী]]ত আৰু সমগ্ৰ [[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[এণ্টাৰ্কটিকা]]ত শতাধিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ পৰিচালনা কৰে। ইয়াৰ আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্যালয় [[চেন্নাই]], [[মুম্বাই]], [[কলিকতা|কলকাতা]], [[নাগপুৰী ভাষা|নাগপুৰ]], [[গুৱাহাটী]] আৰু [[নতুন দিল্লী|নতুন দিল্লীত]] আছে। বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত আই এম ডি অন্যতম। মালাকা জলদ্বীপ, [[বংগোপসাগৰ|বংগ উপসাগৰ]], [[আৰৱ সাগৰ|আৰব সাগৰ]] আৰু [[পাৰস্য উপসাগৰ]]কে ধৰি উত্তৰ ভাৰত মহাসাগৰীয় অঞ্চলত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী বিতৰণৰ দায়িত্ব ইয়াৰ ওপৰত ন্যস্ত কৰা হৈছে। ==ইতিহাস== ১৬৮৬ চনত [[এডমাণ্ড হেলি]]য়ে ভাৰতীয় গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বাৰিষাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত তেওঁৰ এটি প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰে৷ প্ৰবন্ধটোৰ মতে, এছিয়াৰ ভূখণ্ড আৰু ভাৰত মহাসাগৰৰ ভিন্নতামূলক উত্তাপনৰ বাবে হোৱা বতাহৰ ঋতুভিত্তিক বিপৰীতমুখীতাকেই বৰ্ষাৰ কাৰণ বুলি অভিহিত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halley |first=Edmond |date=January 1997 |title=An historical account of the trade winds, and monsoons, observable in the seas between and near the Tropicks, with an attempt to assign the physical cause of the said winds |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1686.0026 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=16 |issue=183 |pages=153–168 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1686.0026|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী|ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]]য়ে ভাৰতত প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ১৭৮৫ চনত কলিকতা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, ১৭৯৬ চনত মাদ্ৰাজ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ১৮২৬ চনত কোলাবা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত ভাৰতত বিভিন্ন প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে আন কেইবাটাও মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰে। ১৭৮৪ চনত কলিকতাত আৰু ১৮০৪ চনত বম্বেত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটিয়ে ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰসাৰ ঘটায়। হেনৰী পিডিংটনে ১৮৩৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৫৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত কলিকতাৰ পৰা অহা গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ধুমুহাৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰায় ৪০খন গৱেষণা পত্ৰ দ্য জাৰ্নেল অৱ দ্য এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটিত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ শব্দটোও উদ্ভাৱন কৰিছিল, যাৰ অৰ্থ সাপৰ কুণ্ডলী। ১৮৪২ চনত তেওঁৰ ল্যাণ্ডমাৰ্ক থিছিছ ল'জ অৱ দ্য ষ্টৰ্মছ প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="imd-mm">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/modern_meteorology.jsp|title=Modern Meteorology|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৮৬৪ চনত কলিকতাত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ, আৰু ১৮৬৬ আৰু ১৮৭৩ চনত বাৰিষাৰ বিফলতাৰ বাবে হোৱা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পিছত বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰ্যবেক্ষণসমূহৰ সংগ্ৰহ আৰু বিশ্লেষণ একেখন চালিৰ তলত সংগঠিত কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। ফলত ১৮৭৫ চনৰ ১৫ জানুৱাৰীত ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=India Meteorological Department celebrates 145th foundation day on 15 January |date=15 January 2020 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/india-meteorological-department-celebrated-145th-foundation-day-on-15-january/ |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> হেনৰী ফ্ৰান্সিছ ব্লেনফৰ্ডক আইএমডিৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতিবেদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। ১৮৮৯ চনৰ মে’ মাহত ছাৰজন এলিয়টক পূৰ্বৰ ৰাজধানী কলিকতাত মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। পিছলৈ ১৯০৫ চনত আইএমডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় শিমলালৈ, তাৰ পিছত ১৯২৮ চনত পুনেলৈ আৰু শেষত ১৯৪৪ চনত নতুন দিল্লীলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="imd-establishment">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/establishment.jsp|title=Establishment of the IMD|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৯৪৯ চনৰ ২৭ এপ্ৰিলত স্বাধীনতাৰ পিছত আই এম ডি বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ সদস্য হয়।<ref name="wmo-members">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |title=Members |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010091557/http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |archive-date=10 October 2011 }}</ref> ভাৰতীয় কৃষিৰ ওপৰত বাৰিষাৰ বৰষুণৰ তাৎপৰ্যৰ বাবেই সংস্থাটোৱে প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰিছে। ই বাৰ্ষিক বাৰিষাৰ পূৰ্বাভাস প্ৰস্তুত কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে, লগতে প্ৰতিটো ঋতুতে সমগ্ৰ ভাৰতত বাৰিষাৰ অগ্ৰগতি অনুসৰণ কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।<ref name="bs-imd">{{cite news|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|title=Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131214604/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2012}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] 2mrbj6554tunyaus4vxi09uma7sy5js 518516 518515 2025-06-16T12:26:38Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* ইতিহাস */ 518516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency | name = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ | seal = | logo = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ.png | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = | formed = {{start date and age|15 January 1875}} | dissolved = | jurisdiction = [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]] | headquarters = মৌচম ভৱন, লোডি পথ, নতুন দিল্লী | coordinates = | employees = | budget = ৫১৪.০৩ কোটি (২০২২)<ref name=oi-budget2022>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/big-financial-push-for-deep-ocean-mission-in-budget-7754071/lite/|title=Budget 2022: For the upcoming financial year, the MoES will receive a total of Rs 2,653.51 crore, with a hike in budgets mainly for the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the multi-crore and ambitious Deep Ocean Mission.|work=The Indian Express|date=2022-02-03|accessdate=2022-03-22}}</ref> | minister1_name = [[জীতেন্দ্ৰ সিং]] | minister1_pfo = ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰী | minister2_name = এম ৰবিচন্দ্ৰন | minister2_pfo = সচিব, ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ মন্ত্ৰালয় | chief1_name = মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহাপাত্ৰ | chief1_position = বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান | chief2_name = | chief2_position = <!-- (etc.) --> | chief3_name = | chief3_position = | chief4_name = | chief4_position = | chief5_name = | chief5_position = | chief6_name = | chief6_position = | chief7_name = | chief7_position = | chief8_name = | chief8_position = | chief9_name = | chief9_position = | parent_department = ভূ বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয় | parent_agency = | child1_agency = | child2_agency = <!-- (etc.) --> | keydocument1 = <!-- (etc.) --> | website = {{URL|mausam.imd.gov.in}} | map = | map_caption = | footnotes = | agency_type = চৰকাৰ সংস্থা | agency_name = | logo_width = 80px | superseding = | map_width = }} '''ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ''' (IMD) [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ ভূ-বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ অধীনস্থ এটা ভাৰতীয় সংস্থা। বতৰ বিজ্ঞান পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, বতৰ পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু [[ভূমিকম্প]] বিজ্ঞানৰ বাবে ই প্ৰধান সংস্থা। আই এম ডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[দিল্লী]]ত আৰু সমগ্ৰ [[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[এণ্টাৰ্কটিকা]]ত শতাধিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ পৰিচালনা কৰে। ইয়াৰ আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্যালয় [[চেন্নাই]], [[মুম্বাই]], [[কলিকতা|কলকাতা]], [[নাগপুৰী ভাষা|নাগপুৰ]], [[গুৱাহাটী]] আৰু [[নতুন দিল্লী|নতুন দিল্লীত]] আছে। বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত আই এম ডি অন্যতম। মালাকা জলদ্বীপ, [[বংগোপসাগৰ|বংগ উপসাগৰ]], [[আৰৱ সাগৰ|আৰব সাগৰ]] আৰু [[পাৰস্য উপসাগৰ]]কে ধৰি উত্তৰ ভাৰত মহাসাগৰীয় অঞ্চলত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী বিতৰণৰ দায়িত্ব ইয়াৰ ওপৰত ন্যস্ত কৰা হৈছে। ==ইতিহাস== ১৬৮৬ চনত [[এডমাণ্ড হেলি]]য়ে ভাৰতীয় গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বাৰিষাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এটি প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰে৷ প্ৰবন্ধটোৱে [[এছিয়া]]ৰ ভূখণ্ড আৰু ভাৰত মহাসাগৰৰ ভিন্নতামূলক উত্তাপনৰ বাবে হোৱা বতাহৰ ঋতুভিত্তিক বিপৰীতমুখীতাকেই বৰ্ষাৰ কাৰণ বুলি অভিহিত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halley |first=Edmond |date=January 1997 |title=An historical account of the trade winds, and monsoons, observable in the seas between and near the Tropicks, with an attempt to assign the physical cause of the said winds |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1686.0026 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=16 |issue=183 |pages=153–168 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1686.0026|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী|ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]]য়ে ভাৰতত প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ১৭৮৫ চনত কলিকতা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, ১৭৯৬ চনত মাদ্ৰাজ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ১৮২৬ চনত কোলাবা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত ভাৰতত বিভিন্ন প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে আন কেইবাটাও মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰে। ১৭৮৪ চনত কলিকতাত আৰু ১৮০৪ চনত বম্বেত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটিয়ে ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰসাৰ ঘটায়। হেনৰী পিডিংটনে ১৮৩৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৫৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত কলিকতাৰ পৰা অহা গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ধুমুহাৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰায় ৪০খন গৱেষণা পত্ৰ ''দ্য জাৰ্নেল অৱ দ্য এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটি''ত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ]] শব্দটোও উদ্ভাৱন কৰিছিল, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে সাপৰ কুণ্ডলী। ১৮৪২ চনত তেওঁৰ যুগান্তকাৰী গৱেষণা-পত্ৰ ''ল'জ অৱ দ্য ষ্টৰ্মছ'' প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="imd-mm">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/modern_meteorology.jsp|title=Modern Meteorology|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৮৬৪ চনত কলিকতাত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ, আৰু ১৮৬৬ আৰু ১৮৭৩ চনত বাৰিষাৰ বিফলতাৰ বাবে হোৱা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পিছত বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰ্যবেক্ষণসমূহৰ সংগ্ৰহ আৰু বিশ্লেষণ একেখন চালিৰ তলত সংগঠিত কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। ফলত ১৮৭৫ চনৰ ১৫ জানুৱাৰীত ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=India Meteorological Department celebrates 145th foundation day on 15 January |date=15 January 2020 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/india-meteorological-department-celebrated-145th-foundation-day-on-15-january/ |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> '''হেনৰী ফ্ৰান্সিছ ব্লেনফৰ্ড'''ক আইএমডিৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতিবেদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। ১৮৮৯ চনৰ মে’ মাহত '''ছাৰ জন এলিয়ট'''ক পূৰ্বৰ ৰাজধানী কলিকতাত মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। পিছলৈ ১৯০৫ চনত আইএমডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[ছিমলা]]লৈ, তাৰ পিছত ১৯২৮ চনত [[পুনে|পুণে]]লৈ আৰু শেষত ১৯৪৪ চনত নতুন দিল্লীলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="imd-establishment">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/establishment.jsp|title=Establishment of the IMD|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৯৪৯ চনৰ ২৭ এপ্ৰিলত [[ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন|স্বাধীনতা]]ৰ পিছত আই এম ডি বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ সদস্য হয়।<ref name="wmo-members">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |title=Members |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010091557/http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |archive-date=10 October 2011 }}</ref> ভাৰতীয় কৃষিৰ ওপৰত বাৰিষাৰ বৰষুণৰ তাৎপৰ্যৰ বাবেই সংস্থাটোৱে প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে। ই বাৰ্ষিক বাৰিষাৰ পূৰ্বাভাস প্ৰস্তুত কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে, লগতে প্ৰতিটো ঋতুতে সমগ্ৰ ভাৰতত বাৰিষাৰ অগ্ৰগতি অনুসৰণ কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।<ref name="bs-imd">{{cite news|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|title=Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131214604/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2012}}</ref> == সংস্থা == আইএমডিৰ নেতৃত্ববহনকাৰী হৈছে বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ''সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান''৷ বৰ্তমান পদত আছে মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহপাত্ৰ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – DGM|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – Secretary MoES|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> আই এম ডিৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ আছে৷ প্ৰত্যেকটোৱে এজন উপ-সঞ্চালক প্ৰধানৰ অধীনস্থ। এইসমূহ কেন্দ্ৰ চেন্নাই, গুৱাহাটী, কলকাতা, মুম্বাই, নাগপুৰ আৰু নতুন দিল্লীত অৱস্থিত। প্ৰতিখন ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানীতে বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰও আছে। আইএমডিৰ অন্যান্য শাখা যেনে-পূৰ্বাভাস কাৰ্যালয়, কৃষি বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰামৰ্শদাতা সেৱা কেন্দ্ৰ, জল-বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, বান বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, এলেকা ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ সাধাৰণতে বিভিন্ন মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ বা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সহ-অৱস্থিত।<ref name="imd-org">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|title=Organisation|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181131/http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> আইএমডিয়ে শ শ পৃষ্ঠ আৰু [[হিমবাহ]]ৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, উচ্চ বায়ু (উচ্চ উচ্চতা) ষ্টেচন, [[অজ’ন|অ’জন]] আৰু বিকিৰণ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ৰাডাৰ ষ্টেচনৰ নেটৱৰ্ক পৰিচালনা কৰে। ভাৰতৰ উপগ্ৰহ নক্ষত্ৰমণ্ডলৰ পৰা অতিৰিক্ত তথ্য লাভ কৰা হয়, যেনে:কল্পনা-১, মেঘা-ট্ৰপিক আৰু আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ইনছাট ছিৰিজৰ উপগ্ৰহত থকা যন্ত্ৰ।<ref name="imd-satellites">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|title=Satellite Images & Products|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031235439/http://mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|archive-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বণিক নৌসেনা আৰু [[ভাৰতীয় নৌসেনা]]ৰ জাহাজত থকা বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ যন্ত্ৰৰ পৰাও তথ্য আৰু পৰ্যবেক্ষণ আইএমডি নেটৱৰ্কত দাখিল কৰা হয়। আই এম ডি আছিল ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমটো সংস্থা যিয়ে নিজৰ গ্লোবেল ডাটা এক্সচেঞ্জ সমৰ্থনৰ বাবে মেছেজ চুইচিং কম্পিউটাৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। আইএমডিয়ে অন্যান্য সংস্থা যেনে-ইণ্ডিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ট্ৰপিকেল মেটিঅ’ৰ’লজি, নেশ্যনেল চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ মিডিয়াম ৰেঞ্জ ৱেদাৰ ফ’ৰকাষ্টিং আৰু নেশ্যনেল ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ অ’চেন টেকন’লজিৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰে। আইএমডিয়ে ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ আৰু জোখ-মাখৰ বাবে মূল স্থানসমূহত ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰও পৰিচালনা কৰে। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] kpa3bsnbhgvzfrc8gx265r9fywybga8 518519 518516 2025-06-16T12:29:22Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* সংস্থা */ 518519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency | name = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ | seal = | logo = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ.png | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = | formed = {{start date and age|15 January 1875}} | dissolved = | jurisdiction = [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]] | headquarters = মৌচম ভৱন, লোডি পথ, নতুন দিল্লী | coordinates = | employees = | budget = ৫১৪.০৩ কোটি (২০২২)<ref name=oi-budget2022>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/big-financial-push-for-deep-ocean-mission-in-budget-7754071/lite/|title=Budget 2022: For the upcoming financial year, the MoES will receive a total of Rs 2,653.51 crore, with a hike in budgets mainly for the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the multi-crore and ambitious Deep Ocean Mission.|work=The Indian Express|date=2022-02-03|accessdate=2022-03-22}}</ref> | minister1_name = [[জীতেন্দ্ৰ সিং]] | minister1_pfo = ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰী | minister2_name = এম ৰবিচন্দ্ৰন | minister2_pfo = সচিব, ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ মন্ত্ৰালয় | chief1_name = মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহাপাত্ৰ | chief1_position = বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান | chief2_name = | chief2_position = <!-- (etc.) --> | chief3_name = | chief3_position = | chief4_name = | chief4_position = | chief5_name = | chief5_position = | chief6_name = | chief6_position = | chief7_name = | chief7_position = | chief8_name = | chief8_position = | chief9_name = | chief9_position = | parent_department = ভূ বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয় | parent_agency = | child1_agency = | child2_agency = <!-- (etc.) --> | keydocument1 = <!-- (etc.) --> | website = {{URL|mausam.imd.gov.in}} | map = | map_caption = | footnotes = | agency_type = চৰকাৰ সংস্থা | agency_name = | logo_width = 80px | superseding = | map_width = }} '''ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ''' (IMD) [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ ভূ-বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ অধীনস্থ এটা ভাৰতীয় সংস্থা। বতৰ বিজ্ঞান পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, বতৰ পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু [[ভূমিকম্প]] বিজ্ঞানৰ বাবে ই প্ৰধান সংস্থা। আই এম ডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[দিল্লী]]ত আৰু সমগ্ৰ [[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[এণ্টাৰ্কটিকা]]ত শতাধিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ পৰিচালনা কৰে। ইয়াৰ আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্যালয় [[চেন্নাই]], [[মুম্বাই]], [[কলিকতা|কলকাতা]], [[নাগপুৰী ভাষা|নাগপুৰ]], [[গুৱাহাটী]] আৰু [[নতুন দিল্লী|নতুন দিল্লীত]] আছে। বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত আই এম ডি অন্যতম। মালাকা জলদ্বীপ, [[বংগোপসাগৰ|বংগ উপসাগৰ]], [[আৰৱ সাগৰ|আৰব সাগৰ]] আৰু [[পাৰস্য উপসাগৰ]]কে ধৰি উত্তৰ ভাৰত মহাসাগৰীয় অঞ্চলত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী বিতৰণৰ দায়িত্ব ইয়াৰ ওপৰত ন্যস্ত কৰা হৈছে। ==ইতিহাস== ১৬৮৬ চনত [[এডমাণ্ড হেলি]]য়ে ভাৰতীয় গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বাৰিষাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এটি প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰে৷ প্ৰবন্ধটোৱে [[এছিয়া]]ৰ ভূখণ্ড আৰু ভাৰত মহাসাগৰৰ ভিন্নতামূলক উত্তাপনৰ বাবে হোৱা বতাহৰ ঋতুভিত্তিক বিপৰীতমুখীতাকেই বৰ্ষাৰ কাৰণ বুলি অভিহিত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halley |first=Edmond |date=January 1997 |title=An historical account of the trade winds, and monsoons, observable in the seas between and near the Tropicks, with an attempt to assign the physical cause of the said winds |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1686.0026 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=16 |issue=183 |pages=153–168 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1686.0026|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী|ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]]য়ে ভাৰতত প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ১৭৮৫ চনত কলিকতা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, ১৭৯৬ চনত মাদ্ৰাজ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ১৮২৬ চনত কোলাবা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত ভাৰতত বিভিন্ন প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে আন কেইবাটাও মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰে। ১৭৮৪ চনত কলিকতাত আৰু ১৮০৪ চনত বম্বেত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটিয়ে ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰসাৰ ঘটায়। হেনৰী পিডিংটনে ১৮৩৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৫৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত কলিকতাৰ পৰা অহা গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ধুমুহাৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰায় ৪০খন গৱেষণা পত্ৰ ''দ্য জাৰ্নেল অৱ দ্য এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটি''ত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ]] শব্দটোও উদ্ভাৱন কৰিছিল, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে সাপৰ কুণ্ডলী। ১৮৪২ চনত তেওঁৰ যুগান্তকাৰী গৱেষণা-পত্ৰ ''ল'জ অৱ দ্য ষ্টৰ্মছ'' প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="imd-mm">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/modern_meteorology.jsp|title=Modern Meteorology|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৮৬৪ চনত কলিকতাত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ, আৰু ১৮৬৬ আৰু ১৮৭৩ চনত বাৰিষাৰ বিফলতাৰ বাবে হোৱা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পিছত বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰ্যবেক্ষণসমূহৰ সংগ্ৰহ আৰু বিশ্লেষণ একেখন চালিৰ তলত সংগঠিত কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। ফলত ১৮৭৫ চনৰ ১৫ জানুৱাৰীত ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=India Meteorological Department celebrates 145th foundation day on 15 January |date=15 January 2020 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/india-meteorological-department-celebrated-145th-foundation-day-on-15-january/ |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> '''হেনৰী ফ্ৰান্সিছ ব্লেনফৰ্ড'''ক আইএমডিৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতিবেদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। ১৮৮৯ চনৰ মে’ মাহত '''ছাৰ জন এলিয়ট'''ক পূৰ্বৰ ৰাজধানী কলিকতাত মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। পিছলৈ ১৯০৫ চনত আইএমডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[ছিমলা]]লৈ, তাৰ পিছত ১৯২৮ চনত [[পুনে|পুণে]]লৈ আৰু শেষত ১৯৪৪ চনত নতুন দিল্লীলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="imd-establishment">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/establishment.jsp|title=Establishment of the IMD|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৯৪৯ চনৰ ২৭ এপ্ৰিলত [[ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন|স্বাধীনতা]]ৰ পিছত আই এম ডি বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ সদস্য হয়।<ref name="wmo-members">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |title=Members |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010091557/http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |archive-date=10 October 2011 }}</ref> ভাৰতীয় কৃষিৰ ওপৰত বাৰিষাৰ বৰষুণৰ তাৎপৰ্যৰ বাবেই সংস্থাটোৱে প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে। ই বাৰ্ষিক বাৰিষাৰ পূৰ্বাভাস প্ৰস্তুত কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে, লগতে প্ৰতিটো ঋতুতে সমগ্ৰ ভাৰতত বাৰিষাৰ অগ্ৰগতি অনুসৰণ কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।<ref name="bs-imd">{{cite news|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|title=Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131214604/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2012}}</ref> == সংস্থা == আইএমডিৰ নেতৃত্ববহনকাৰী হৈছে বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ''সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান''৷ বৰ্তমান পদত আছে মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহপাত্ৰ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – DGM|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – Secretary MoES|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> আই এম ডিৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ আছে৷ প্ৰত্যেকটোৱে এজন উপ-সঞ্চালক প্ৰধানৰ অধীনস্থ। এইসমূহ কেন্দ্ৰ চেন্নাই, গুৱাহাটী, কলকাতা, মুম্বাই, নাগপুৰ আৰু নতুন দিল্লীত অৱস্থিত। প্ৰতিখন ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানীতে বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰও আছে। আইএমডিৰ অন্যান্য শাখা যেনে-পূৰ্বাভাস কাৰ্যালয়, কৃষি বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰামৰ্শদাতা সেৱা কেন্দ্ৰ, জল-বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, বান বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, এলেকা ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ সাধাৰণতে বিভিন্ন মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ বা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সহ-অৱস্থিত।<ref name="imd-org">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|title=Organisation|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181131/http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> আইএমডিয়ে শ শ পৃষ্ঠ আৰু [[হিমবাহ]]ৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, উচ্চ বায়ু (উচ্চ উচ্চতা) ষ্টেচন, [[অজ’ন|অ’জন]] আৰু বিকিৰণ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ৰাডাৰ ষ্টেচনৰ নেটৱৰ্ক পৰিচালনা কৰে। ভাৰতৰ উপগ্ৰহ নক্ষত্ৰমণ্ডলৰ পৰা অতিৰিক্ত তথ্য লাভ কৰা হয়, যেনে:কল্পনা-১, মেঘা-ট্ৰপিক আৰু আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ইনছাট ছিৰিজৰ উপগ্ৰহত থকা যন্ত্ৰ।<ref name="imd-satellites">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|title=Satellite Images & Products|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031235439/http://mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|archive-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বণিক নৌসেনা আৰু [[ভাৰতীয় নৌসেনা]]ৰ জাহাজত থকা বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ যন্ত্ৰৰ পৰাও তথ্য আৰু পৰ্যবেক্ষণ আইএমডি নেটৱৰ্কত দাখিল কৰা হয়। আই এম ডি আছিল ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমটো সংস্থা যিয়ে নিজৰ গ্লোবেল ডাটা এক্সচেঞ্জ সমৰ্থনৰ বাবে মেছেজ চুইচিং কম্পিউটাৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। আইএমডিয়ে অন্যান্য সংস্থা যেনে-ইণ্ডিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ট্ৰপিকেল মেটিঅ’ৰ’লজি, নেশ্যনেল চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ মিডিয়াম ৰেঞ্জ ৱেদাৰ ফ’ৰকাষ্টিং আৰু নেশ্যনেল ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ অ’চেন টেকন’লজিৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰে। আইএমডিয়ে ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ আৰু জোখ-মাখৰ বাবে মূল স্থানসমূহত ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰও পৰিচালনা কৰে। ==কৰ্মসূচী== আইএমডিয়ে পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, যোগাযোগ, পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু বতৰ সেৱা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংস্থাৰ সহযোগত আই এম ডিয়ে ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ বাবে আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ভাৰতীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা (INSAT)ও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। আই এম ডি আছিল উন্নয়নশীল দেশৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ ব্যুৰো যিয়ে নিজাকৈ উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা গঢ়ি তুলিছিল আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ কৰিছিল। আইএমডি হৈছে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ ছটা বিশ্বব্যাপী আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name="wmo-rsmc">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/RSMC-TCWC.html|title=RSMCs and TCWCs|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=2011-11-19}}</ref>বিষুৱৰেখাৰ উত্তৰত ভাৰত মহাসাগৰত গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ বিষয়ে পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে ই আঞ্চলিক ন’ডেল সংস্থা। ==নতুন পদক্ষেপসমূহ== The IMD launched System of Aerosol Monitoring and Research (SAMAR) in January 2016 to study the concentration of [[Black carbon]], radiative properties of [[aerosol]]s, environmental visibility and their climatological impacts. It would contain a network of 16 [[aethalometer]]s, 12 sky radiometers and 12 [[nephelometer]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Harsh vardhan dedicates system of aerosol monitoring and research and user-friendly website of India meteorological department|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=134521|website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=16 October 2016|date=15 January 2016}}</ref> ==লগতে চাওক== *{{cite book|last=Sikka|first=D. R.|editor=Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya|title=History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization: pt. 1. Science, technology, imperialism and war|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrx3wLz4itkC&pg=PA413|year=1999|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2818-5|pages=381–429|chapter=The Role of the India Meteorological Department, 1875-1947}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] e2f31igsyljzhe8hr9yprrxlq7ictju 518520 518519 2025-06-16T12:29:34Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* নতুন পদক্ষেপসমূহ */ 518520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency | name = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ | seal = | logo = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ.png | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = | formed = {{start date and age|15 January 1875}} | dissolved = | jurisdiction = [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]] | headquarters = মৌচম ভৱন, লোডি পথ, নতুন দিল্লী | coordinates = | employees = | budget = ৫১৪.০৩ কোটি (২০২২)<ref name=oi-budget2022>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/big-financial-push-for-deep-ocean-mission-in-budget-7754071/lite/|title=Budget 2022: For the upcoming financial year, the MoES will receive a total of Rs 2,653.51 crore, with a hike in budgets mainly for the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the multi-crore and ambitious Deep Ocean Mission.|work=The Indian Express|date=2022-02-03|accessdate=2022-03-22}}</ref> | minister1_name = [[জীতেন্দ্ৰ সিং]] | minister1_pfo = ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰী | minister2_name = এম ৰবিচন্দ্ৰন | minister2_pfo = সচিব, ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ মন্ত্ৰালয় | chief1_name = মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহাপাত্ৰ | chief1_position = বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান | chief2_name = | chief2_position = <!-- (etc.) --> | chief3_name = | chief3_position = | chief4_name = | chief4_position = | chief5_name = | chief5_position = | chief6_name = | chief6_position = | chief7_name = | chief7_position = | chief8_name = | chief8_position = | chief9_name = | chief9_position = | parent_department = ভূ বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয় | parent_agency = | child1_agency = | child2_agency = <!-- (etc.) --> | keydocument1 = <!-- (etc.) --> | website = {{URL|mausam.imd.gov.in}} | map = | map_caption = | footnotes = | agency_type = চৰকাৰ সংস্থা | agency_name = | logo_width = 80px | superseding = | map_width = }} '''ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ''' (IMD) [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ ভূ-বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ অধীনস্থ এটা ভাৰতীয় সংস্থা। বতৰ বিজ্ঞান পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, বতৰ পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু [[ভূমিকম্প]] বিজ্ঞানৰ বাবে ই প্ৰধান সংস্থা। আই এম ডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[দিল্লী]]ত আৰু সমগ্ৰ [[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[এণ্টাৰ্কটিকা]]ত শতাধিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ পৰিচালনা কৰে। ইয়াৰ আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্যালয় [[চেন্নাই]], [[মুম্বাই]], [[কলিকতা|কলকাতা]], [[নাগপুৰী ভাষা|নাগপুৰ]], [[গুৱাহাটী]] আৰু [[নতুন দিল্লী|নতুন দিল্লীত]] আছে। বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত আই এম ডি অন্যতম। মালাকা জলদ্বীপ, [[বংগোপসাগৰ|বংগ উপসাগৰ]], [[আৰৱ সাগৰ|আৰব সাগৰ]] আৰু [[পাৰস্য উপসাগৰ]]কে ধৰি উত্তৰ ভাৰত মহাসাগৰীয় অঞ্চলত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী বিতৰণৰ দায়িত্ব ইয়াৰ ওপৰত ন্যস্ত কৰা হৈছে। ==ইতিহাস== ১৬৮৬ চনত [[এডমাণ্ড হেলি]]য়ে ভাৰতীয় গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বাৰিষাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এটি প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰে৷ প্ৰবন্ধটোৱে [[এছিয়া]]ৰ ভূখণ্ড আৰু ভাৰত মহাসাগৰৰ ভিন্নতামূলক উত্তাপনৰ বাবে হোৱা বতাহৰ ঋতুভিত্তিক বিপৰীতমুখীতাকেই বৰ্ষাৰ কাৰণ বুলি অভিহিত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halley |first=Edmond |date=January 1997 |title=An historical account of the trade winds, and monsoons, observable in the seas between and near the Tropicks, with an attempt to assign the physical cause of the said winds |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1686.0026 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=16 |issue=183 |pages=153–168 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1686.0026|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী|ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]]য়ে ভাৰতত প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ১৭৮৫ চনত কলিকতা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, ১৭৯৬ চনত মাদ্ৰাজ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ১৮২৬ চনত কোলাবা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত ভাৰতত বিভিন্ন প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে আন কেইবাটাও মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰে। ১৭৮৪ চনত কলিকতাত আৰু ১৮০৪ চনত বম্বেত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটিয়ে ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰসাৰ ঘটায়। হেনৰী পিডিংটনে ১৮৩৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৫৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত কলিকতাৰ পৰা অহা গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ধুমুহাৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰায় ৪০খন গৱেষণা পত্ৰ ''দ্য জাৰ্নেল অৱ দ্য এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটি''ত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ]] শব্দটোও উদ্ভাৱন কৰিছিল, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে সাপৰ কুণ্ডলী। ১৮৪২ চনত তেওঁৰ যুগান্তকাৰী গৱেষণা-পত্ৰ ''ল'জ অৱ দ্য ষ্টৰ্মছ'' প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="imd-mm">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/modern_meteorology.jsp|title=Modern Meteorology|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৮৬৪ চনত কলিকতাত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ, আৰু ১৮৬৬ আৰু ১৮৭৩ চনত বাৰিষাৰ বিফলতাৰ বাবে হোৱা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পিছত বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰ্যবেক্ষণসমূহৰ সংগ্ৰহ আৰু বিশ্লেষণ একেখন চালিৰ তলত সংগঠিত কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। ফলত ১৮৭৫ চনৰ ১৫ জানুৱাৰীত ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=India Meteorological Department celebrates 145th foundation day on 15 January |date=15 January 2020 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/india-meteorological-department-celebrated-145th-foundation-day-on-15-january/ |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> '''হেনৰী ফ্ৰান্সিছ ব্লেনফৰ্ড'''ক আইএমডিৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতিবেদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। ১৮৮৯ চনৰ মে’ মাহত '''ছাৰ জন এলিয়ট'''ক পূৰ্বৰ ৰাজধানী কলিকতাত মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। পিছলৈ ১৯০৫ চনত আইএমডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[ছিমলা]]লৈ, তাৰ পিছত ১৯২৮ চনত [[পুনে|পুণে]]লৈ আৰু শেষত ১৯৪৪ চনত নতুন দিল্লীলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="imd-establishment">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/establishment.jsp|title=Establishment of the IMD|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৯৪৯ চনৰ ২৭ এপ্ৰিলত [[ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন|স্বাধীনতা]]ৰ পিছত আই এম ডি বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ সদস্য হয়।<ref name="wmo-members">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |title=Members |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010091557/http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |archive-date=10 October 2011 }}</ref> ভাৰতীয় কৃষিৰ ওপৰত বাৰিষাৰ বৰষুণৰ তাৎপৰ্যৰ বাবেই সংস্থাটোৱে প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে। ই বাৰ্ষিক বাৰিষাৰ পূৰ্বাভাস প্ৰস্তুত কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে, লগতে প্ৰতিটো ঋতুতে সমগ্ৰ ভাৰতত বাৰিষাৰ অগ্ৰগতি অনুসৰণ কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।<ref name="bs-imd">{{cite news|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|title=Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131214604/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2012}}</ref> == সংস্থা == আইএমডিৰ নেতৃত্ববহনকাৰী হৈছে বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ''সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান''৷ বৰ্তমান পদত আছে মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহপাত্ৰ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – DGM|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – Secretary MoES|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> আই এম ডিৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ আছে৷ প্ৰত্যেকটোৱে এজন উপ-সঞ্চালক প্ৰধানৰ অধীনস্থ। এইসমূহ কেন্দ্ৰ চেন্নাই, গুৱাহাটী, কলকাতা, মুম্বাই, নাগপুৰ আৰু নতুন দিল্লীত অৱস্থিত। প্ৰতিখন ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানীতে বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰও আছে। আইএমডিৰ অন্যান্য শাখা যেনে-পূৰ্বাভাস কাৰ্যালয়, কৃষি বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰামৰ্শদাতা সেৱা কেন্দ্ৰ, জল-বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, বান বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, এলেকা ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ সাধাৰণতে বিভিন্ন মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ বা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সহ-অৱস্থিত।<ref name="imd-org">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|title=Organisation|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181131/http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> আইএমডিয়ে শ শ পৃষ্ঠ আৰু [[হিমবাহ]]ৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, উচ্চ বায়ু (উচ্চ উচ্চতা) ষ্টেচন, [[অজ’ন|অ’জন]] আৰু বিকিৰণ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ৰাডাৰ ষ্টেচনৰ নেটৱৰ্ক পৰিচালনা কৰে। ভাৰতৰ উপগ্ৰহ নক্ষত্ৰমণ্ডলৰ পৰা অতিৰিক্ত তথ্য লাভ কৰা হয়, যেনে:কল্পনা-১, মেঘা-ট্ৰপিক আৰু আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ইনছাট ছিৰিজৰ উপগ্ৰহত থকা যন্ত্ৰ।<ref name="imd-satellites">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|title=Satellite Images & Products|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031235439/http://mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|archive-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বণিক নৌসেনা আৰু [[ভাৰতীয় নৌসেনা]]ৰ জাহাজত থকা বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ যন্ত্ৰৰ পৰাও তথ্য আৰু পৰ্যবেক্ষণ আইএমডি নেটৱৰ্কত দাখিল কৰা হয়। আই এম ডি আছিল ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমটো সংস্থা যিয়ে নিজৰ গ্লোবেল ডাটা এক্সচেঞ্জ সমৰ্থনৰ বাবে মেছেজ চুইচিং কম্পিউটাৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। আইএমডিয়ে অন্যান্য সংস্থা যেনে-ইণ্ডিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ট্ৰপিকেল মেটিঅ’ৰ’লজি, নেশ্যনেল চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ মিডিয়াম ৰেঞ্জ ৱেদাৰ ফ’ৰকাষ্টিং আৰু নেশ্যনেল ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ অ’চেন টেকন’লজিৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰে। আইএমডিয়ে ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ আৰু জোখ-মাখৰ বাবে মূল স্থানসমূহত ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰও পৰিচালনা কৰে। ==কৰ্মসূচী== আইএমডিয়ে পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, যোগাযোগ, পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু বতৰ সেৱা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংস্থাৰ সহযোগত আই এম ডিয়ে ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ বাবে আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ভাৰতীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা (INSAT)ও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। আই এম ডি আছিল উন্নয়নশীল দেশৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ ব্যুৰো যিয়ে নিজাকৈ উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা গঢ়ি তুলিছিল আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ কৰিছিল। আইএমডি হৈছে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ ছটা বিশ্বব্যাপী আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name="wmo-rsmc">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/RSMC-TCWC.html|title=RSMCs and TCWCs|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=2011-11-19}}</ref>বিষুৱৰেখাৰ উত্তৰত ভাৰত মহাসাগৰত গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ বিষয়ে পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে ই আঞ্চলিক ন’ডেল সংস্থা। ==নতুন পদক্ষেপসমূহ== আই এম ডিয়ে ২০১৬ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত চিষ্টেম অৱ এৰ’ছল মনিটৰিং এণ্ড ৰিচাৰ্চ (ছামাৰ) আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল যাতে ক’লা কাৰ্বনৰ ঘনত্ব, এৰ’ছলৰ বিকিৰণীয় ধৰ্ম, পৰিৱেশৰ দৃশ্যমানতা আৰু ইয়াৰ জলবায়ুজনিত প্ৰভাৱৰ বিষয়ে অধ্যয়ন কৰে। ইয়াত ১৬টা ইথাল'মিটাৰ, ১২টা আকাশ ৰেডিঅ'মিটাৰ আৰু ১২টা নেফেলোমিটাৰৰ নেটৱৰ্ক থাকিব।<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Harsh vardhan dedicates system of aerosol monitoring and research and user-friendly website of India meteorological department|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=134521|website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=16 October 2016|date=15 January 2016}}</ref> ==লগতে চাওক== *{{cite book|last=Sikka|first=D. R.|editor=Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya|title=History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization: pt. 1. Science, technology, imperialism and war|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrx3wLz4itkC&pg=PA413|year=1999|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2818-5|pages=381–429|chapter=The Role of the India Meteorological Department, 1875-1947}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] 54p3eytiw9x71ujjeus7c6g1e4gbw9p 518521 518520 2025-06-16T12:29:53Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* লগতে চাওক */ 518521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency | name = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ | seal = | logo = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ.png | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = | formed = {{start date and age|15 January 1875}} | dissolved = | jurisdiction = [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]] | headquarters = মৌচম ভৱন, লোডি পথ, নতুন দিল্লী | coordinates = | employees = | budget = ৫১৪.০৩ কোটি (২০২২)<ref name=oi-budget2022>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/big-financial-push-for-deep-ocean-mission-in-budget-7754071/lite/|title=Budget 2022: For the upcoming financial year, the MoES will receive a total of Rs 2,653.51 crore, with a hike in budgets mainly for the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the multi-crore and ambitious Deep Ocean Mission.|work=The Indian Express|date=2022-02-03|accessdate=2022-03-22}}</ref> | minister1_name = [[জীতেন্দ্ৰ সিং]] | minister1_pfo = ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰী | minister2_name = এম ৰবিচন্দ্ৰন | minister2_pfo = সচিব, ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ মন্ত্ৰালয় | chief1_name = মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহাপাত্ৰ | chief1_position = বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান | chief2_name = | chief2_position = <!-- (etc.) --> | chief3_name = | chief3_position = | chief4_name = | chief4_position = | chief5_name = | chief5_position = | chief6_name = | chief6_position = | chief7_name = | chief7_position = | chief8_name = | chief8_position = | chief9_name = | chief9_position = | parent_department = ভূ বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয় | parent_agency = | child1_agency = | child2_agency = <!-- (etc.) --> | keydocument1 = <!-- (etc.) --> | website = {{URL|mausam.imd.gov.in}} | map = | map_caption = | footnotes = | agency_type = চৰকাৰ সংস্থা | agency_name = | logo_width = 80px | superseding = | map_width = }} '''ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ''' (IMD) [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ ভূ-বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ অধীনস্থ এটা ভাৰতীয় সংস্থা। বতৰ বিজ্ঞান পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, বতৰ পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু [[ভূমিকম্প]] বিজ্ঞানৰ বাবে ই প্ৰধান সংস্থা। আই এম ডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[দিল্লী]]ত আৰু সমগ্ৰ [[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[এণ্টাৰ্কটিকা]]ত শতাধিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ পৰিচালনা কৰে। ইয়াৰ আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্যালয় [[চেন্নাই]], [[মুম্বাই]], [[কলিকতা|কলকাতা]], [[নাগপুৰী ভাষা|নাগপুৰ]], [[গুৱাহাটী]] আৰু [[নতুন দিল্লী|নতুন দিল্লীত]] আছে। বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত আই এম ডি অন্যতম। মালাকা জলদ্বীপ, [[বংগোপসাগৰ|বংগ উপসাগৰ]], [[আৰৱ সাগৰ|আৰব সাগৰ]] আৰু [[পাৰস্য উপসাগৰ]]কে ধৰি উত্তৰ ভাৰত মহাসাগৰীয় অঞ্চলত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী বিতৰণৰ দায়িত্ব ইয়াৰ ওপৰত ন্যস্ত কৰা হৈছে। ==ইতিহাস== ১৬৮৬ চনত [[এডমাণ্ড হেলি]]য়ে ভাৰতীয় গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বাৰিষাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এটি প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰে৷ প্ৰবন্ধটোৱে [[এছিয়া]]ৰ ভূখণ্ড আৰু ভাৰত মহাসাগৰৰ ভিন্নতামূলক উত্তাপনৰ বাবে হোৱা বতাহৰ ঋতুভিত্তিক বিপৰীতমুখীতাকেই বৰ্ষাৰ কাৰণ বুলি অভিহিত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halley |first=Edmond |date=January 1997 |title=An historical account of the trade winds, and monsoons, observable in the seas between and near the Tropicks, with an attempt to assign the physical cause of the said winds |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1686.0026 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=16 |issue=183 |pages=153–168 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1686.0026|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী|ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]]য়ে ভাৰতত প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ১৭৮৫ চনত কলিকতা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, ১৭৯৬ চনত মাদ্ৰাজ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ১৮২৬ চনত কোলাবা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত ভাৰতত বিভিন্ন প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে আন কেইবাটাও মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰে। ১৭৮৪ চনত কলিকতাত আৰু ১৮০৪ চনত বম্বেত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটিয়ে ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰসাৰ ঘটায়। হেনৰী পিডিংটনে ১৮৩৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৫৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত কলিকতাৰ পৰা অহা গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ধুমুহাৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰায় ৪০খন গৱেষণা পত্ৰ ''দ্য জাৰ্নেল অৱ দ্য এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটি''ত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ]] শব্দটোও উদ্ভাৱন কৰিছিল, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে সাপৰ কুণ্ডলী। ১৮৪২ চনত তেওঁৰ যুগান্তকাৰী গৱেষণা-পত্ৰ ''ল'জ অৱ দ্য ষ্টৰ্মছ'' প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="imd-mm">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/modern_meteorology.jsp|title=Modern Meteorology|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৮৬৪ চনত কলিকতাত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ, আৰু ১৮৬৬ আৰু ১৮৭৩ চনত বাৰিষাৰ বিফলতাৰ বাবে হোৱা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পিছত বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰ্যবেক্ষণসমূহৰ সংগ্ৰহ আৰু বিশ্লেষণ একেখন চালিৰ তলত সংগঠিত কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। ফলত ১৮৭৫ চনৰ ১৫ জানুৱাৰীত ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=India Meteorological Department celebrates 145th foundation day on 15 January |date=15 January 2020 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/india-meteorological-department-celebrated-145th-foundation-day-on-15-january/ |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> '''হেনৰী ফ্ৰান্সিছ ব্লেনফৰ্ড'''ক আইএমডিৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতিবেদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। ১৮৮৯ চনৰ মে’ মাহত '''ছাৰ জন এলিয়ট'''ক পূৰ্বৰ ৰাজধানী কলিকতাত মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। পিছলৈ ১৯০৫ চনত আইএমডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[ছিমলা]]লৈ, তাৰ পিছত ১৯২৮ চনত [[পুনে|পুণে]]লৈ আৰু শেষত ১৯৪৪ চনত নতুন দিল্লীলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="imd-establishment">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/establishment.jsp|title=Establishment of the IMD|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৯৪৯ চনৰ ২৭ এপ্ৰিলত [[ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন|স্বাধীনতা]]ৰ পিছত আই এম ডি বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ সদস্য হয়।<ref name="wmo-members">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |title=Members |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010091557/http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |archive-date=10 October 2011 }}</ref> ভাৰতীয় কৃষিৰ ওপৰত বাৰিষাৰ বৰষুণৰ তাৎপৰ্যৰ বাবেই সংস্থাটোৱে প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে। ই বাৰ্ষিক বাৰিষাৰ পূৰ্বাভাস প্ৰস্তুত কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে, লগতে প্ৰতিটো ঋতুতে সমগ্ৰ ভাৰতত বাৰিষাৰ অগ্ৰগতি অনুসৰণ কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।<ref name="bs-imd">{{cite news|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|title=Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131214604/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2012}}</ref> == সংস্থা == আইএমডিৰ নেতৃত্ববহনকাৰী হৈছে বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ''সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান''৷ বৰ্তমান পদত আছে মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহপাত্ৰ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – DGM|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – Secretary MoES|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> আই এম ডিৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ আছে৷ প্ৰত্যেকটোৱে এজন উপ-সঞ্চালক প্ৰধানৰ অধীনস্থ। এইসমূহ কেন্দ্ৰ চেন্নাই, গুৱাহাটী, কলকাতা, মুম্বাই, নাগপুৰ আৰু নতুন দিল্লীত অৱস্থিত। প্ৰতিখন ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানীতে বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰও আছে। আইএমডিৰ অন্যান্য শাখা যেনে-পূৰ্বাভাস কাৰ্যালয়, কৃষি বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰামৰ্শদাতা সেৱা কেন্দ্ৰ, জল-বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, বান বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, এলেকা ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ সাধাৰণতে বিভিন্ন মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ বা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সহ-অৱস্থিত।<ref name="imd-org">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|title=Organisation|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181131/http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> আইএমডিয়ে শ শ পৃষ্ঠ আৰু [[হিমবাহ]]ৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, উচ্চ বায়ু (উচ্চ উচ্চতা) ষ্টেচন, [[অজ’ন|অ’জন]] আৰু বিকিৰণ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ৰাডাৰ ষ্টেচনৰ নেটৱৰ্ক পৰিচালনা কৰে। ভাৰতৰ উপগ্ৰহ নক্ষত্ৰমণ্ডলৰ পৰা অতিৰিক্ত তথ্য লাভ কৰা হয়, যেনে:কল্পনা-১, মেঘা-ট্ৰপিক আৰু আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ইনছাট ছিৰিজৰ উপগ্ৰহত থকা যন্ত্ৰ।<ref name="imd-satellites">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|title=Satellite Images & Products|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031235439/http://mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|archive-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বণিক নৌসেনা আৰু [[ভাৰতীয় নৌসেনা]]ৰ জাহাজত থকা বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ যন্ত্ৰৰ পৰাও তথ্য আৰু পৰ্যবেক্ষণ আইএমডি নেটৱৰ্কত দাখিল কৰা হয়। আই এম ডি আছিল ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমটো সংস্থা যিয়ে নিজৰ গ্লোবেল ডাটা এক্সচেঞ্জ সমৰ্থনৰ বাবে মেছেজ চুইচিং কম্পিউটাৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। আইএমডিয়ে অন্যান্য সংস্থা যেনে-ইণ্ডিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ট্ৰপিকেল মেটিঅ’ৰ’লজি, নেশ্যনেল চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ মিডিয়াম ৰেঞ্জ ৱেদাৰ ফ’ৰকাষ্টিং আৰু নেশ্যনেল ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ অ’চেন টেকন’লজিৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰে। আইএমডিয়ে ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ আৰু জোখ-মাখৰ বাবে মূল স্থানসমূহত ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰও পৰিচালনা কৰে। ==কৰ্মসূচী== আইএমডিয়ে পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, যোগাযোগ, পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু বতৰ সেৱা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংস্থাৰ সহযোগত আই এম ডিয়ে ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ বাবে আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ভাৰতীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা (INSAT)ও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। আই এম ডি আছিল উন্নয়নশীল দেশৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ ব্যুৰো যিয়ে নিজাকৈ উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা গঢ়ি তুলিছিল আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ কৰিছিল। আইএমডি হৈছে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ ছটা বিশ্বব্যাপী আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name="wmo-rsmc">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/RSMC-TCWC.html|title=RSMCs and TCWCs|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=2011-11-19}}</ref>বিষুৱৰেখাৰ উত্তৰত ভাৰত মহাসাগৰত গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ বিষয়ে পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে ই আঞ্চলিক ন’ডেল সংস্থা। ==নতুন পদক্ষেপসমূহ== আই এম ডিয়ে ২০১৬ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত চিষ্টেম অৱ এৰ’ছল মনিটৰিং এণ্ড ৰিচাৰ্চ (ছামাৰ) আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল যাতে ক’লা কাৰ্বনৰ ঘনত্ব, এৰ’ছলৰ বিকিৰণীয় ধৰ্ম, পৰিৱেশৰ দৃশ্যমানতা আৰু ইয়াৰ জলবায়ুজনিত প্ৰভাৱৰ বিষয়ে অধ্যয়ন কৰে। ইয়াত ১৬টা ইথাল'মিটাৰ, ১২টা আকাশ ৰেডিঅ'মিটাৰ আৰু ১২টা নেফেলোমিটাৰৰ নেটৱৰ্ক থাকিব।<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Harsh vardhan dedicates system of aerosol monitoring and research and user-friendly website of India meteorological department|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=134521|website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=16 October 2016|date=15 January 2016}}</ref> ==লগতে চাওক== *{{cite book|last=ছিক্কা|first=ডি আৰ|editor=Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya|title=History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization: pt. 1. Science, technology, imperialism and war|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrx3wLz4itkC&pg=PA413|year=1999|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2818-5|pages=381–429|chapter=The Role of the India Meteorological Department, 1875-1947}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] enjvb2fekqbolxp5ghap66vex3tvyfn 518522 518521 2025-06-16T12:30:05Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* তথ্যসূত্ৰ */ 518522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency | name = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ | seal = | logo = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ.png | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = | formed = {{start date and age|15 January 1875}} | dissolved = | jurisdiction = [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]] | headquarters = মৌচম ভৱন, লোডি পথ, নতুন দিল্লী | coordinates = | employees = | budget = ৫১৪.০৩ কোটি (২০২২)<ref name=oi-budget2022>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/big-financial-push-for-deep-ocean-mission-in-budget-7754071/lite/|title=Budget 2022: For the upcoming financial year, the MoES will receive a total of Rs 2,653.51 crore, with a hike in budgets mainly for the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the multi-crore and ambitious Deep Ocean Mission.|work=The Indian Express|date=2022-02-03|accessdate=2022-03-22}}</ref> | minister1_name = [[জীতেন্দ্ৰ সিং]] | minister1_pfo = ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰী | minister2_name = এম ৰবিচন্দ্ৰন | minister2_pfo = সচিব, ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ মন্ত্ৰালয় | chief1_name = মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহাপাত্ৰ | chief1_position = বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান | chief2_name = | chief2_position = <!-- (etc.) --> | chief3_name = | chief3_position = | chief4_name = | chief4_position = | chief5_name = | chief5_position = | chief6_name = | chief6_position = | chief7_name = | chief7_position = | chief8_name = | chief8_position = | chief9_name = | chief9_position = | parent_department = ভূ বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয় | parent_agency = | child1_agency = | child2_agency = <!-- (etc.) --> | keydocument1 = <!-- (etc.) --> | website = {{URL|mausam.imd.gov.in}} | map = | map_caption = | footnotes = | agency_type = চৰকাৰ সংস্থা | agency_name = | logo_width = 80px | superseding = | map_width = }} '''ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ''' (IMD) [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ ভূ-বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ অধীনস্থ এটা ভাৰতীয় সংস্থা। বতৰ বিজ্ঞান পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, বতৰ পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু [[ভূমিকম্প]] বিজ্ঞানৰ বাবে ই প্ৰধান সংস্থা। আই এম ডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[দিল্লী]]ত আৰু সমগ্ৰ [[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[এণ্টাৰ্কটিকা]]ত শতাধিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ পৰিচালনা কৰে। ইয়াৰ আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্যালয় [[চেন্নাই]], [[মুম্বাই]], [[কলিকতা|কলকাতা]], [[নাগপুৰী ভাষা|নাগপুৰ]], [[গুৱাহাটী]] আৰু [[নতুন দিল্লী|নতুন দিল্লীত]] আছে। বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত আই এম ডি অন্যতম। মালাকা জলদ্বীপ, [[বংগোপসাগৰ|বংগ উপসাগৰ]], [[আৰৱ সাগৰ|আৰব সাগৰ]] আৰু [[পাৰস্য উপসাগৰ]]কে ধৰি উত্তৰ ভাৰত মহাসাগৰীয় অঞ্চলত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী বিতৰণৰ দায়িত্ব ইয়াৰ ওপৰত ন্যস্ত কৰা হৈছে। ==ইতিহাস== ১৬৮৬ চনত [[এডমাণ্ড হেলি]]য়ে ভাৰতীয় গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন বাৰিষাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এটি প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰে৷ প্ৰবন্ধটোৱে [[এছিয়া]]ৰ ভূখণ্ড আৰু ভাৰত মহাসাগৰৰ ভিন্নতামূলক উত্তাপনৰ বাবে হোৱা বতাহৰ ঋতুভিত্তিক বিপৰীতমুখীতাকেই বৰ্ষাৰ কাৰণ বুলি অভিহিত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halley |first=Edmond |date=January 1997 |title=An historical account of the trade winds, and monsoons, observable in the seas between and near the Tropicks, with an attempt to assign the physical cause of the said winds |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1686.0026 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=16 |issue=183 |pages=153–168 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1686.0026|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী|ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]]য়ে ভাৰতত প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ১৭৮৫ চনত কলিকতা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, ১৭৯৬ চনত মাদ্ৰাজ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ১৮২৬ চনত কোলাবা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত ভাৰতত বিভিন্ন প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে আন কেইবাটাও মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰে। ১৭৮৪ চনত কলিকতাত আৰু ১৮০৪ চনত বম্বেত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটিয়ে ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰসাৰ ঘটায়। হেনৰী পিডিংটনে ১৮৩৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৫৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত কলিকতাৰ পৰা অহা গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ধুমুহাৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰায় ৪০খন গৱেষণা পত্ৰ ''দ্য জাৰ্নেল অৱ দ্য এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটি''ত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ]] শব্দটোও উদ্ভাৱন কৰিছিল, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে সাপৰ কুণ্ডলী। ১৮৪২ চনত তেওঁৰ যুগান্তকাৰী গৱেষণা-পত্ৰ ''ল'জ অৱ দ্য ষ্টৰ্মছ'' প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="imd-mm">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/modern_meteorology.jsp|title=Modern Meteorology|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৮৬৪ চনত কলিকতাত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ, আৰু ১৮৬৬ আৰু ১৮৭৩ চনত বাৰিষাৰ বিফলতাৰ বাবে হোৱা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পিছত বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰ্যবেক্ষণসমূহৰ সংগ্ৰহ আৰু বিশ্লেষণ একেখন চালিৰ তলত সংগঠিত কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। ফলত ১৮৭৫ চনৰ ১৫ জানুৱাৰীত ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=India Meteorological Department celebrates 145th foundation day on 15 January |date=15 January 2020 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/india-meteorological-department-celebrated-145th-foundation-day-on-15-january/ |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> '''হেনৰী ফ্ৰান্সিছ ব্লেনফৰ্ড'''ক আইএমডিৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতিবেদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। ১৮৮৯ চনৰ মে’ মাহত '''ছাৰ জন এলিয়ট'''ক পূৰ্বৰ ৰাজধানী কলিকতাত মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। পিছলৈ ১৯০৫ চনত আইএমডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[ছিমলা]]লৈ, তাৰ পিছত ১৯২৮ চনত [[পুনে|পুণে]]লৈ আৰু শেষত ১৯৪৪ চনত নতুন দিল্লীলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="imd-establishment">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/establishment.jsp|title=Establishment of the IMD|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৯৪৯ চনৰ ২৭ এপ্ৰিলত [[ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন|স্বাধীনতা]]ৰ পিছত আই এম ডি বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ সদস্য হয়।<ref name="wmo-members">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |title=Members |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010091557/http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |archive-date=10 October 2011 }}</ref> ভাৰতীয় কৃষিৰ ওপৰত বাৰিষাৰ বৰষুণৰ তাৎপৰ্যৰ বাবেই সংস্থাটোৱে প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে। ই বাৰ্ষিক বাৰিষাৰ পূৰ্বাভাস প্ৰস্তুত কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে, লগতে প্ৰতিটো ঋতুতে সমগ্ৰ ভাৰতত বাৰিষাৰ অগ্ৰগতি অনুসৰণ কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।<ref name="bs-imd">{{cite news|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|title=Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131214604/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2012}}</ref> == সংস্থা == আইএমডিৰ নেতৃত্ববহনকাৰী হৈছে বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ''সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান''৷ বৰ্তমান পদত আছে মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহপাত্ৰ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – DGM|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – Secretary MoES|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> আই এম ডিৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ আছে৷ প্ৰত্যেকটোৱে এজন উপ-সঞ্চালক প্ৰধানৰ অধীনস্থ। এইসমূহ কেন্দ্ৰ চেন্নাই, গুৱাহাটী, কলকাতা, মুম্বাই, নাগপুৰ আৰু নতুন দিল্লীত অৱস্থিত। প্ৰতিখন ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানীতে বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰও আছে। আইএমডিৰ অন্যান্য শাখা যেনে-পূৰ্বাভাস কাৰ্যালয়, কৃষি বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰামৰ্শদাতা সেৱা কেন্দ্ৰ, জল-বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, বান বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, এলেকা ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ সাধাৰণতে বিভিন্ন মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ বা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সহ-অৱস্থিত।<ref name="imd-org">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|title=Organisation|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181131/http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> আইএমডিয়ে শ শ পৃষ্ঠ আৰু [[হিমবাহ]]ৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, উচ্চ বায়ু (উচ্চ উচ্চতা) ষ্টেচন, [[অজ’ন|অ’জন]] আৰু বিকিৰণ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ৰাডাৰ ষ্টেচনৰ নেটৱৰ্ক পৰিচালনা কৰে। ভাৰতৰ উপগ্ৰহ নক্ষত্ৰমণ্ডলৰ পৰা অতিৰিক্ত তথ্য লাভ কৰা হয়, যেনে:কল্পনা-১, মেঘা-ট্ৰপিক আৰু আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ইনছাট ছিৰিজৰ উপগ্ৰহত থকা যন্ত্ৰ।<ref name="imd-satellites">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|title=Satellite Images & Products|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031235439/http://mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|archive-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বণিক নৌসেনা আৰু [[ভাৰতীয় নৌসেনা]]ৰ জাহাজত থকা বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ যন্ত্ৰৰ পৰাও তথ্য আৰু পৰ্যবেক্ষণ আইএমডি নেটৱৰ্কত দাখিল কৰা হয়। আই এম ডি আছিল ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমটো সংস্থা যিয়ে নিজৰ গ্লোবেল ডাটা এক্সচেঞ্জ সমৰ্থনৰ বাবে মেছেজ চুইচিং কম্পিউটাৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। আইএমডিয়ে অন্যান্য সংস্থা যেনে-ইণ্ডিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ট্ৰপিকেল মেটিঅ’ৰ’লজি, নেশ্যনেল চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ মিডিয়াম ৰেঞ্জ ৱেদাৰ ফ’ৰকাষ্টিং আৰু নেশ্যনেল ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ অ’চেন টেকন’লজিৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰে। আইএমডিয়ে ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ আৰু জোখ-মাখৰ বাবে মূল স্থানসমূহত ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰও পৰিচালনা কৰে। ==কৰ্মসূচী== আইএমডিয়ে পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, যোগাযোগ, পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু বতৰ সেৱা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংস্থাৰ সহযোগত আই এম ডিয়ে ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ বাবে আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ভাৰতীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা (INSAT)ও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। আই এম ডি আছিল উন্নয়নশীল দেশৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ ব্যুৰো যিয়ে নিজাকৈ উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা গঢ়ি তুলিছিল আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ কৰিছিল। আইএমডি হৈছে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ ছটা বিশ্বব্যাপী আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name="wmo-rsmc">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/RSMC-TCWC.html|title=RSMCs and TCWCs|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=2011-11-19}}</ref>বিষুৱৰেখাৰ উত্তৰত ভাৰত মহাসাগৰত গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ বিষয়ে পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে ই আঞ্চলিক ন’ডেল সংস্থা। ==নতুন পদক্ষেপসমূহ== আই এম ডিয়ে ২০১৬ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত চিষ্টেম অৱ এৰ’ছল মনিটৰিং এণ্ড ৰিচাৰ্চ (ছামাৰ) আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল যাতে ক’লা কাৰ্বনৰ ঘনত্ব, এৰ’ছলৰ বিকিৰণীয় ধৰ্ম, পৰিৱেশৰ দৃশ্যমানতা আৰু ইয়াৰ জলবায়ুজনিত প্ৰভাৱৰ বিষয়ে অধ্যয়ন কৰে। ইয়াত ১৬টা ইথাল'মিটাৰ, ১২টা আকাশ ৰেডিঅ'মিটাৰ আৰু ১২টা নেফেলোমিটাৰৰ নেটৱৰ্ক থাকিব।<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Harsh vardhan dedicates system of aerosol monitoring and research and user-friendly website of India meteorological department|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=134521|website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=16 October 2016|date=15 January 2016}}</ref> ==লগতে চাওক== *{{cite book|last=ছিক্কা|first=ডি আৰ|editor=Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya|title=History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization: pt. 1. Science, technology, imperialism and war|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrx3wLz4itkC&pg=PA413|year=1999|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2818-5|pages=381–429|chapter=The Role of the India Meteorological Department, 1875-1947}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] setgzgtc1busojxuq9zjvsv4kdakyul 518523 518522 2025-06-16T12:35:24Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 518523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency | name = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ | seal = | logo = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ.png | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = | formed = {{start date and age|15 January 1875}} | dissolved = | jurisdiction = [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]] | headquarters = মৌচম ভৱন, লোডি পথ, নতুন দিল্লী | coordinates = | employees = | budget = ৫১৪.০৩ কোটি (২০২২)<ref name=oi-budget2022>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/big-financial-push-for-deep-ocean-mission-in-budget-7754071/lite/|title=Budget 2022: For the upcoming financial year, the MoES will receive a total of Rs 2,653.51 crore, with a hike in budgets mainly for the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the multi-crore and ambitious Deep Ocean Mission.|work=The Indian Express|date=2022-02-03|accessdate=2022-03-22}}</ref> | minister1_name = [[জীতেন্দ্ৰ সিং]] | minister1_pfo = ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰী | minister2_name = এম ৰবিচন্দ্ৰন | minister2_pfo = সচিব, ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ মন্ত্ৰালয় | chief1_name = মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহাপাত্ৰ | chief1_position = বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান | chief2_name = | chief2_position = <!-- (etc.) --> | chief3_name = | chief3_position = | chief4_name = | chief4_position = | chief5_name = | chief5_position = | chief6_name = | chief6_position = | chief7_name = | chief7_position = | chief8_name = | chief8_position = | chief9_name = | chief9_position = | parent_department = ভূ বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয় | parent_agency = | child1_agency = | child2_agency = <!-- (etc.) --> | keydocument1 = <!-- (etc.) --> | website = {{URL|mausam.imd.gov.in}} | map = | map_caption = | footnotes = | agency_type = চৰকাৰ সংস্থা | agency_name = | logo_width = 80px | superseding = | map_width = }} '''ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ''' ({{Lang-en|Indian Meterological Department, IMD}}) [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ ভূ-বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ অধীনস্থ এটা ভাৰতীয় সংস্থা। বতৰ [[বিজ্ঞান]] পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, বতৰ পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু [[ভূমিকম্প]] বিজ্ঞানৰ বাবে ই প্ৰধান সংস্থা। আই এম ডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[দিল্লী]]ত আছে৷ বিভাগটোৱে সমগ্ৰ [[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[এণ্টাৰ্কটিকা]]কে সাঙুৰি শতাধিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ পৰিচালনা কৰে। ইয়াৰ আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্যালয়সমূহ [[চেন্নাই]], [[মুম্বাই]], [[কলিকতা|কলকাতা]], [[নাগপুৰী ভাষা|নাগপুৰ]], [[গুৱাহাটী]] আৰু [[নতুন দিল্লী|নতুন দিল্লীত]] অৱস্থিত। বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত আই এম ডি অন্যতম। মালাকা জলদ্বীপ, [[বংগোপসাগৰ|বংগ উপসাগৰ]], [[আৰৱ সাগৰ|আৰব সাগৰ]] আৰু [[পাৰস্য উপসাগৰ]]কে ধৰি উত্তৰ ভাৰত মহাসাগৰীয় অঞ্চলত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ|ঘূৰ্ণী]]বতাহৰ পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী বিতৰণৰ দায়িত্ব ইয়াৰ ওপৰত ন্যস্ত কৰা হৈছে। ==ইতিহাস== ১৬৮৬ চনত [[এডমাণ্ড হেলি]]য়ে ভাৰতীয় [[ঋতু|গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন]] বাৰিষাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এটি প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰে৷ প্ৰবন্ধটোৱে [[এছিয়া]]ৰ ভূখণ্ড আৰু [[ভাৰত মহাসাগৰ]]ৰ ভিন্নতামূলক উত্তাপনৰ বাবে হোৱা [[বতাহ]]ৰ ঋতুভিত্তিক বিপৰীতমুখীতাকেই বৰ্ষাৰ কাৰণ বুলি অভিহিত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halley |first=Edmond |date=January 1997 |title=An historical account of the trade winds, and monsoons, observable in the seas between and near the Tropicks, with an attempt to assign the physical cause of the said winds |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1686.0026 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=16 |issue=183 |pages=153–168 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1686.0026|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী|ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]]য়ে ভাৰতত প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ১৭৮৫ চনত কলিকতা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, ১৭৯৬ চনত [[মাদ্ৰাছ]] মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ১৮২৬ চনত কোলাবা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত ভাৰতত বিভিন্ন প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে আন কেইবাটাও মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰে। ১৭৮৪ চনত কলিকতাত আৰু ১৮০৪ চনত বম্বেত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটিয়ে ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰসাৰ ঘটায়। হেনৰী পিডিংটনে ১৮৩৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৫৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত কলিকতাৰ পৰা অহা গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ধুমুহাৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰায় ৪০খন গৱেষণা পত্ৰ ''দ্য জাৰ্নেল অৱ দ্য এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটি''ত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ]] শব্দটোও উদ্ভাৱন কৰিছিল, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে সাপৰ কুণ্ডলী। ১৮৪২ চনত তেওঁৰ যুগান্তকাৰী গৱেষণা-পত্ৰ ''ল'জ অৱ দ্য ষ্টৰ্মছ'' প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="imd-mm">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/modern_meteorology.jsp|title=Modern Meteorology|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৮৬৪ চনত কলিকতাত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ, আৰু ১৮৬৬ আৰু ১৮৭৩ চনত বাৰিষাৰ বিফলতাৰ বাবে হোৱা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পিছত বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰ্যবেক্ষণসমূহৰ সংগ্ৰহ আৰু বিশ্লেষণ একেখন চালিৰ তলত সংগঠিত কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। ফলত ১৮৭৫ চনৰ ১৫ জানুৱাৰীত ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=India Meteorological Department celebrates 145th foundation day on 15 January |date=15 January 2020 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/india-meteorological-department-celebrated-145th-foundation-day-on-15-january/ |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> '''হেনৰী ফ্ৰান্সিছ ব্লেনফৰ্ড'''ক আইএমডিৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতিবেদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। ১৮৮৯ চনৰ মে’ মাহত '''ছাৰ জন এলিয়ট'''ক পূৰ্বৰ ৰাজধানী কলিকতাত মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। পিছলৈ ১৯০৫ চনত আইএমডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[ছিমলা]]লৈ, তাৰ পিছত ১৯২৮ চনত [[পুনে|পুণে]]লৈ আৰু শেষত ১৯৪৪ চনত নতুন দিল্লীলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="imd-establishment">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/establishment.jsp|title=Establishment of the IMD|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৯৪৯ চনৰ ২৭ এপ্ৰিলত [[ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন|স্বাধীনতা]]ৰ পিছত আই এম ডি বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ সদস্য হয়।<ref name="wmo-members">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |title=Members |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010091557/http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |archive-date=10 October 2011 }}</ref> ভাৰতীয় কৃষিৰ ওপৰত বাৰিষাৰ বৰষুণৰ তাৎপৰ্যৰ বাবেই সংস্থাটোৱে প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে। ই বাৰ্ষিক বাৰিষাৰ পূৰ্বাভাস প্ৰস্তুত কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে, লগতে প্ৰতিটো ঋতুতে সমগ্ৰ ভাৰতত বাৰিষাৰ অগ্ৰগতি অনুসৰণ কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।<ref name="bs-imd">{{cite news|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|title=Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131214604/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2012}}</ref> == সংস্থা == আইএমডিৰ নেতৃত্ববহনকাৰী হিচাপে বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ''সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান'' পদটো সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছে৷ বৰ্তমান পদত আছে মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহাপাত্ৰ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – DGM|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – Secretary MoES|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> আই এম ডিৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ আছে৷ প্ৰত্যেকটোৱে এজন উপ-সঞ্চালক প্ৰধানৰ নেতৃত্বত। এইসমূহ কেন্দ্ৰ চেন্নাই, গুৱাহাটী, কলকাতা, মুম্বাই, নাগপুৰ আৰু নতুন দিল্লীত অৱস্থিত। প্ৰতিখন ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানীতে বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰও আছে। আইএমডিৰ অন্যান্য শাখা যেনে-পূৰ্বাভাস কাৰ্যালয়, কৃষি বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰামৰ্শদাতা সেৱা কেন্দ্ৰ, জল-বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, বান বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, এলেকা ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ সাধাৰণতে বিভিন্ন মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ বা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সহ-অৱস্থিত।<ref name="imd-org">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|title=Organisation|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181131/http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> আইএমডিয়ে শ শ পৃষ্ঠ আৰু [[হিমবাহ]]ৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, উচ্চ বায়ু (উচ্চ উচ্চতা) ষ্টেচন, [[অজ’ন|অ’জন]] আৰু বিকিৰণ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ৰাডাৰ ষ্টেচনৰ নেটৱৰ্ক পৰিচালনা কৰে। ভাৰতৰ উপগ্ৰহ নক্ষত্ৰমণ্ডলৰ পৰা অতিৰিক্ত তথ্য লাভ কৰা হয়, যেনে:কল্পনা-১, মেঘা-ট্ৰপিক আৰু আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ইনছাট ছিৰিজৰ উপগ্ৰহত থকা যন্ত্ৰ।<ref name="imd-satellites">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|title=Satellite Images & Products|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031235439/http://mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|archive-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বণিক নৌসেনা আৰু [[ভাৰতীয় নৌসেনা]]ৰ জাহাজত থকা বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ যন্ত্ৰৰ পৰাও তথ্য আৰু পৰ্যবেক্ষণ আইএমডি নেটৱৰ্কত দাখিল কৰা হয়। আই এম ডি আছিল ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমটো সংস্থা যিয়ে নিজৰ গ্লোবেল ডাটা এক্সচেঞ্জ সমৰ্থনৰ বাবে মেছেজ চুইচিং কম্পিউটাৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। আইএমডিয়ে অন্যান্য সংস্থা যেনে-ইণ্ডিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ট্ৰপিকেল মেটিঅ’ৰ’লজি, নেশ্যনেল চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ মিডিয়াম ৰেঞ্জ ৱেদাৰ ফ’ৰকাষ্টিং আৰু নেশ্যনেল ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ অ’চেন টেকন’লজিৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰে। আইএমডিয়ে ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ আৰু জোখ-মাখৰ বাবে মূল স্থানসমূহত ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰও পৰিচালনা কৰে। ==কৰ্মসূচী== আইএমডিয়ে পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, যোগাযোগ, পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু বতৰ সেৱা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। [[ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংস্থা|ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সং]]স্থাৰ সহযোগত আই এম ডিয়ে ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ বাবে আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ভাৰতীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা (INSAT)ও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। আই এম ডি আছিল উন্নয়নশীল দেশৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ ব্যুৰো যিয়ে নিজাকৈ উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা গঢ়ি তুলিছিল আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ কৰিছিল। আইএমডি হৈছে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ ছটা বিশ্বব্যাপী আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name="wmo-rsmc">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/RSMC-TCWC.html|title=RSMCs and TCWCs|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=2011-11-19}}</ref>বিষুৱৰেখাৰ উত্তৰত [[ভাৰত মহাসাগৰ]]ত গ্রীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ বিষয়ে পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে ই আঞ্চলিক ন’ডেল সংস্থা। ==নতুন পদক্ষেপসমূহ== আই এম ডিয়ে ২০১৬ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ''চিষ্টেম অৱ এৰ’ছল মনিটৰিং এণ্ড ৰিচাৰ্চ (ছামাৰ)'' আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল যাতে ক’লা কাৰ্বনৰ ঘনত্ব, এৰ’ছলৰ বিকিৰণীয় ধৰ্ম, পৰিৱেশৰ দৃশ্যমানতা আৰু ইয়াৰ জলবায়ুজনিত প্ৰভাৱৰ বিষয়ে অধ্যয়ন কৰিব পাৰে। ইয়াত ১৬টা ইথাল'মিটাৰ, ১২টা আকাশ ৰেডিঅ'মিটাৰ আৰু ১২টা নেফেলোমিটাৰৰ নেটৱৰ্ক থাকিব।<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Harsh vardhan dedicates system of aerosol monitoring and research and user-friendly website of India meteorological department|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=134521|website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=16 October 2016|date=15 January 2016}}</ref> ==লগতে চাওক== *{{cite book|last=ছিক্কা|first=ডি আৰ|editor=Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya|title=History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization: pt. 1. Science, technology, imperialism and war|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrx3wLz4itkC&pg=PA413|year=1999|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2818-5|pages=381–429|chapter=The Role of the India Meteorological Department, 1875-1947}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] 2gvb3bvssfktlvbh4eylci4is8akw5l 518524 518523 2025-06-16T12:35:35Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 518524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency | name = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ | seal = | logo = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ.png | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = | formed = {{start date and age|15 January 1875}} | dissolved = | jurisdiction = [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]] | headquarters = মৌচম ভৱন, লোডি পথ, নতুন দিল্লী | coordinates = | employees = | budget = ৫১৪.০৩ কোটি (২০২২)<ref name=oi-budget2022>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/big-financial-push-for-deep-ocean-mission-in-budget-7754071/lite/|title=Budget 2022: For the upcoming financial year, the MoES will receive a total of Rs 2,653.51 crore, with a hike in budgets mainly for the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the multi-crore and ambitious Deep Ocean Mission.|work=The Indian Express|date=2022-02-03|accessdate=2022-03-22}}</ref> | minister1_name = [[জীতেন্দ্ৰ সিং]] | minister1_pfo = ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰী | minister2_name = এম ৰবিচন্দ্ৰন | minister2_pfo = সচিব, ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ মন্ত্ৰালয় | chief1_name = মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহাপাত্ৰ | chief1_position = বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান | chief2_name = | chief2_position = <!-- (etc.) --> | chief3_name = | chief3_position = | chief4_name = | chief4_position = | chief5_name = | chief5_position = | chief6_name = | chief6_position = | chief7_name = | chief7_position = | chief8_name = | chief8_position = | chief9_name = | chief9_position = | parent_department = ভূ বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয় | parent_agency = | child1_agency = | child2_agency = <!-- (etc.) --> | keydocument1 = <!-- (etc.) --> | website = {{URL|mausam.imd.gov.in}} | map = | map_caption = | footnotes = | agency_type = চৰকাৰ সংস্থা | agency_name = | logo_width = 80px | superseding = | map_width = }} '''ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ''' ({{Lang-en|Indian Meterological Department, IMD}}) [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ ভূ-বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ অধীনস্থ এটা ভাৰতীয় সংস্থা। বতৰ [[বিজ্ঞান]] পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, বতৰ পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু [[ভূমিকম্প]] বিজ্ঞানৰ বাবে ই প্ৰধান সংস্থা। আই এম ডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[দিল্লী]]ত আছে। বিভাগটোৱে সমগ্ৰ [[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[এণ্টাৰ্কটিকা]]কে সাঙুৰি শতাধিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ পৰিচালনা কৰে। ইয়াৰ আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্যালয়সমূহ [[চেন্নাই]], [[মুম্বাই]], [[কলিকতা|কলকাতা]], [[নাগপুৰী ভাষা|নাগপুৰ]], [[গুৱাহাটী]] আৰু [[নতুন দিল্লী|নতুন দিল্লীত]] অৱস্থিত। বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত আই এম ডি অন্যতম। মালাকা জলদ্বীপ, [[বংগোপসাগৰ|বংগ উপসাগৰ]], [[আৰৱ সাগৰ|আৰব সাগৰ]] আৰু [[পাৰস্য উপসাগৰ]]কে ধৰি উত্তৰ ভাৰত মহাসাগৰীয় অঞ্চলত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ|ঘূৰ্ণী]]বতাহৰ পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী বিতৰণৰ দায়িত্ব ইয়াৰ ওপৰত ন্যস্ত কৰা হৈছে। ==ইতিহাস== ১৬৮৬ চনত [[এডমাণ্ড হেলি]]য়ে ভাৰতীয় [[ঋতু|গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন]] বাৰিষাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এটি প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰে। প্ৰবন্ধটোৱে [[এছিয়া]]ৰ ভূখণ্ড আৰু [[ভাৰত মহাসাগৰ]]ৰ ভিন্নতামূলক উত্তাপনৰ বাবে হোৱা [[বতাহ]]ৰ ঋতুভিত্তিক বিপৰীতমুখীতাকেই বৰ্ষাৰ কাৰণ বুলি অভিহিত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halley |first=Edmond |date=January 1997 |title=An historical account of the trade winds, and monsoons, observable in the seas between and near the Tropicks, with an attempt to assign the physical cause of the said winds |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1686.0026 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=16 |issue=183 |pages=153–168 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1686.0026|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী|ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]]য়ে ভাৰতত প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ১৭৮৫ চনত কলিকতা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, ১৭৯৬ চনত [[মাদ্ৰাছ]] মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ১৮২৬ চনত কোলাবা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত ভাৰতত বিভিন্ন প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে আন কেইবাটাও মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰে। ১৭৮৪ চনত কলিকতাত আৰু ১৮০৪ চনত বম্বেত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটিয়ে ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰসাৰ ঘটায়। হেনৰী পিডিংটনে ১৮৩৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৫৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত কলিকতাৰ পৰা অহা গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ধুমুহাৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰায় ৪০খন গৱেষণা পত্ৰ ''দ্য জাৰ্নেল অৱ দ্য এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটি''ত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ]] শব্দটোও উদ্ভাৱন কৰিছিল, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে সাপৰ কুণ্ডলী। ১৮৪২ চনত তেওঁৰ যুগান্তকাৰী গৱেষণা-পত্ৰ ''ল'জ অৱ দ্য ষ্টৰ্মছ'' প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="imd-mm">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/modern_meteorology.jsp|title=Modern Meteorology|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৮৬৪ চনত কলিকতাত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ, আৰু ১৮৬৬ আৰু ১৮৭৩ চনত বাৰিষাৰ বিফলতাৰ বাবে হোৱা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পিছত বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰ্যবেক্ষণসমূহৰ সংগ্ৰহ আৰু বিশ্লেষণ একেখন চালিৰ তলত সংগঠিত কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। ফলত ১৮৭৫ চনৰ ১৫ জানুৱাৰীত ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=India Meteorological Department celebrates 145th foundation day on 15 January |date=15 January 2020 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/india-meteorological-department-celebrated-145th-foundation-day-on-15-january/ |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> '''হেনৰী ফ্ৰান্সিছ ব্লেনফৰ্ড'''ক আইএমডিৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতিবেদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। ১৮৮৯ চনৰ মে’ মাহত '''ছাৰজন এলিয়ট'''ক পূৰ্বৰ ৰাজধানী কলিকতাত মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। পিছলৈ ১৯০৫ চনত আইএমডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[ছিমলা]]লৈ, তাৰ পিছত ১৯২৮ চনত [[পুনে|পুণে]]লৈ আৰু শেষত ১৯৪৪ চনত নতুন দিল্লীলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="imd-establishment">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/establishment.jsp|title=Establishment of the IMD|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৯৪৯ চনৰ ২৭ এপ্ৰিলত [[ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন|স্বাধীনতা]]ৰ পিছত আই এম ডি বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ সদস্য হয়।<ref name="wmo-members">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |title=Members |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010091557/http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |archive-date=10 October 2011 }}</ref> ভাৰতীয় কৃষিৰ ওপৰত বাৰিষাৰ বৰষুণৰ তাৎপৰ্যৰ বাবেই সংস্থাটোৱে প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে। ই বাৰ্ষিক বাৰিষাৰ পূৰ্বাভাস প্ৰস্তুত কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে, লগতে প্ৰতিটো ঋতুতে সমগ্ৰ ভাৰতত বাৰিষাৰ অগ্ৰগতি অনুসৰণ কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।<ref name="bs-imd">{{cite news|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|title=Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131214604/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2012}}</ref> == সংস্থা == আইএমডিৰ নেতৃত্ববহনকাৰী হিচাপে বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ''সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান'' পদটো সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছে। বৰ্তমান পদত আছে মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহাপাত্ৰ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – DGM|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – Secretary MoES|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> আই এম ডিৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ আছে। প্ৰত্যেকটোৱে এজন উপ-সঞ্চালক প্ৰধানৰ নেতৃত্বত। এইসমূহ কেন্দ্ৰ চেন্নাই, গুৱাহাটী, কলকাতা, মুম্বাই, নাগপুৰ আৰু নতুন দিল্লীত অৱস্থিত। প্ৰতিখন ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানীতে বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰও আছে। আইএমডিৰ অন্যান্য শাখা যেনে-পূৰ্বাভাস কাৰ্যালয়, কৃষি বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰামৰ্শদাতা সেৱা কেন্দ্ৰ, জল-বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, বান বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, এলেকা ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ সাধাৰণতে বিভিন্ন মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ বা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সহ-অৱস্থিত।<ref name="imd-org">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|title=Organisation|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181131/http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> আইএমডিয়ে শ শ পৃষ্ঠ আৰু [[হিমবাহ]]ৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, উচ্চ বায়ু (উচ্চ উচ্চতা) ষ্টেচন, [[অজ’ন|অ’জন]] আৰু বিকিৰণ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ৰাডাৰ ষ্টেচনৰ নেটৱৰ্ক পৰিচালনা কৰে। ভাৰতৰ উপগ্ৰহ নক্ষত্ৰমণ্ডলৰ পৰা অতিৰিক্ত তথ্য লাভ কৰা হয়, যেনে:কল্পনা-১, মেঘা-ট্ৰপিক আৰু আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ইনছাট ছিৰিজৰ উপগ্ৰহত থকা যন্ত্ৰ।<ref name="imd-satellites">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|title=Satellite Images & Products|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031235439/http://mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|archive-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বণিক নৌসেনা আৰু [[ভাৰতীয় নৌসেনা]]ৰ জাহাজত থকা বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ যন্ত্ৰৰ পৰাও তথ্য আৰু পৰ্যবেক্ষণ আইএমডি নেটৱৰ্কত দাখিল কৰা হয়। আই এম ডি আছিল ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমটো সংস্থা যিয়ে নিজৰ গ্লোবেল ডাটা এক্সচেঞ্জ সমৰ্থনৰ বাবে মেছেজ চুইচিং কম্পিউটাৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। আইএমডিয়ে অন্যান্য সংস্থা যেনে-ইণ্ডিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ট্ৰপিকেল মেটিঅ’ৰ’লজি, নেশ্যনেল চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ মিডিয়াম ৰেঞ্জ ৱেদাৰ ফ’ৰকাষ্টিং আৰু নেশ্যনেল ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ অ’চেন টেকন’লজিৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰে। আইএমডিয়ে ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ আৰু জোখ-মাখৰ বাবে মূল স্থানসমূহত ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰও পৰিচালনা কৰে। ==কৰ্মসূচী== আইএমডিয়ে পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, যোগাযোগ, পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু বতৰ সেৱা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। [[ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংস্থা|ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সং]]স্থাৰ সহযোগত আই এম ডিয়ে ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ বাবে আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ভাৰতীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা (INSAT)ও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। আই এম ডি আছিল উন্নয়নশীল দেশৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ ব্যুৰো যিয়ে নিজাকৈ উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা গঢ়ি তুলিছিল আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ কৰিছিল। আইএমডি হৈছে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ ছটা বিশ্বব্যাপী আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name="wmo-rsmc">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/RSMC-TCWC.html|title=RSMCs and TCWCs|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=2011-11-19}}</ref>বিষুৱৰেখাৰ উত্তৰত [[ভাৰত মহাসাগৰ]]ত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ বিষয়ে পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে ই আঞ্চলিক ন’ডেল সংস্থা। ==নতুন পদক্ষেপসমূহ== আই এম ডিয়ে ২০১৬ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ''চিষ্টেম অৱ এৰ’ছল মনিটৰিং এণ্ড ৰিচাৰ্চ (ছামাৰ)'' আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল যাতে ক’লা কাৰ্বনৰ ঘনত্ব, এৰ’ছলৰ বিকিৰণীয় ধৰ্ম, পৰিৱেশৰ দৃশ্যমানতা আৰু ইয়াৰ জলবায়ুজনিত প্ৰভাৱৰ বিষয়ে অধ্যয়ন কৰিব পাৰে। ইয়াত ১৬টা ইথাল'মিটাৰ, ১২টা আকাশ ৰেডিঅ'মিটাৰ আৰু ১২টা নেফেলোমিটাৰৰ নেটৱৰ্ক থাকিব।<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Harsh vardhan dedicates system of aerosol monitoring and research and user-friendly website of India meteorological department|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=134521|website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=16 October 2016|date=15 January 2016}}</ref> ==লগতে চাওক== *{{cite book|last=ছিক্কা|first=ডি আৰ|editor=Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya|title=History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization: pt. 1. Science, technology, imperialism and war|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrx3wLz4itkC&pg=PA413|year=1999|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2818-5|pages=381–429|chapter=The Role of the India Meteorological Department, 1875-1947}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] rhjtqfq8alm0s2a4n8mkw6fb6jnswa4 518526 518524 2025-06-16T12:39:12Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 [[ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ]]-লৈ পুনৰ্নিৰ্দেশ কৰা হ'ল 518526 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ]] tavcgwgaoth97nkw347utc83tfhhswi 0 122849 518525 518502 2025-06-16T12:39:03Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 Removed redirect to [[ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ]] 518525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency | name = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ | seal = | logo = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ.png | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = | formed = {{start date and age|15 January 1875}} | dissolved = | jurisdiction = [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]] | headquarters = মৌচম ভৱন, লোডি পথ, নতুন দিল্লী | coordinates = | employees = | budget = ৫১৪.০৩ কোটি (২০২২)<ref name=oi-budget2022>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/big-financial-push-for-deep-ocean-mission-in-budget-7754071/lite/|title=Budget 2022: For the upcoming financial year, the MoES will receive a total of Rs 2,653.51 crore, with a hike in budgets mainly for the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the multi-crore and ambitious Deep Ocean Mission.|work=The Indian Express|date=2022-02-03|accessdate=2022-03-22}}</ref> | minister1_name = [[জীতেন্দ্ৰ সিং]] | minister1_pfo = ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰী | minister2_name = এম ৰবিচন্দ্ৰন | minister2_pfo = সচিব, ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ মন্ত্ৰালয় | chief1_name = মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহাপাত্ৰ | chief1_position = বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান | chief2_name = | chief2_position = <!-- (etc.) --> | chief3_name = | chief3_position = | chief4_name = | chief4_position = | chief5_name = | chief5_position = | chief6_name = | chief6_position = | chief7_name = | chief7_position = | chief8_name = | chief8_position = | chief9_name = | chief9_position = | parent_department = ভূ বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয় | parent_agency = | child1_agency = | child2_agency = <!-- (etc.) --> | keydocument1 = <!-- (etc.) --> | website = {{URL|mausam.imd.gov.in}} | map = | map_caption = | footnotes = | agency_type = চৰকাৰ সংস্থা | agency_name = | logo_width = 80px | superseding = | map_width = }} '''ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ''' ({{Lang-en|Indian Meterological Department, IMD}}) [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ ভূ-বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ অধীনস্থ এটা ভাৰতীয় সংস্থা। বতৰ [[বিজ্ঞান]] পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, বতৰ পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু [[ভূমিকম্প]] বিজ্ঞানৰ বাবে ই প্ৰধান সংস্থা। আই এম ডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[দিল্লী]]ত আছে। বিভাগটোৱে সমগ্ৰ [[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[এণ্টাৰ্কটিকা]]কে সাঙুৰি শতাধিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ পৰিচালনা কৰে। ইয়াৰ আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্যালয়সমূহ [[চেন্নাই]], [[মুম্বাই]], [[কলিকতা|কলকাতা]], [[নাগপুৰী ভাষা|নাগপুৰ]], [[গুৱাহাটী]] আৰু [[নতুন দিল্লী|নতুন দিল্লীত]] অৱস্থিত। বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত আই এম ডি অন্যতম। মালাকা জলদ্বীপ, [[বংগোপসাগৰ|বংগ উপসাগৰ]], [[আৰৱ সাগৰ|আৰব সাগৰ]] আৰু [[পাৰস্য উপসাগৰ]]কে ধৰি উত্তৰ ভাৰত মহাসাগৰীয় অঞ্চলত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ|ঘূৰ্ণী]]বতাহৰ পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী বিতৰণৰ দায়িত্ব ইয়াৰ ওপৰত ন্যস্ত কৰা হৈছে। ==ইতিহাস== ১৬৮৬ চনত [[এডমাণ্ড হেলি]]য়ে ভাৰতীয় [[ঋতু|গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন]] বাৰিষাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এটি প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰে। প্ৰবন্ধটোৱে [[এছিয়া]]ৰ ভূখণ্ড আৰু [[ভাৰত মহাসাগৰ]]ৰ ভিন্নতামূলক উত্তাপনৰ বাবে হোৱা [[বতাহ]]ৰ ঋতুভিত্তিক বিপৰীতমুখীতাকেই বৰ্ষাৰ কাৰণ বুলি অভিহিত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halley |first=Edmond |date=January 1997 |title=An historical account of the trade winds, and monsoons, observable in the seas between and near the Tropicks, with an attempt to assign the physical cause of the said winds |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1686.0026 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=16 |issue=183 |pages=153–168 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1686.0026|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী|ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]]য়ে ভাৰতত প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ১৭৮৫ চনত কলিকতা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, ১৭৯৬ চনত [[মাদ্ৰাছ]] মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ১৮২৬ চনত কোলাবা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত ভাৰতত বিভিন্ন প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে আন কেইবাটাও মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰে। ১৭৮৪ চনত কলিকতাত আৰু ১৮০৪ চনত বম্বেত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটিয়ে ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰসাৰ ঘটায়। হেনৰী পিডিংটনে ১৮৩৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৫৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত কলিকতাৰ পৰা অহা গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ধুমুহাৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰায় ৪০খন গৱেষণা পত্ৰ ''দ্য জাৰ্নেল অৱ দ্য এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটি''ত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ]] শব্দটোও উদ্ভাৱন কৰিছিল, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে সাপৰ কুণ্ডলী। ১৮৪২ চনত তেওঁৰ যুগান্তকাৰী গৱেষণা-পত্ৰ ''ল'জ অৱ দ্য ষ্টৰ্মছ'' প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="imd-mm">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/modern_meteorology.jsp|title=Modern Meteorology|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৮৬৪ চনত কলিকতাত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ, আৰু ১৮৬৬ আৰু ১৮৭৩ চনত বাৰিষাৰ বিফলতাৰ বাবে হোৱা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পিছত বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰ্যবেক্ষণসমূহৰ সংগ্ৰহ আৰু বিশ্লেষণ একেখন চালিৰ তলত সংগঠিত কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। ফলত ১৮৭৫ চনৰ ১৫ জানুৱাৰীত ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=India Meteorological Department celebrates 145th foundation day on 15 January |date=15 January 2020 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/india-meteorological-department-celebrated-145th-foundation-day-on-15-january/ |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> '''হেনৰী ফ্ৰান্সিছ ব্লেনফৰ্ড'''ক আইএমডিৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতিবেদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। ১৮৮৯ চনৰ মে’ মাহত '''ছাৰজন এলিয়ট'''ক পূৰ্বৰ ৰাজধানী কলিকতাত মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। পিছলৈ ১৯০৫ চনত আইএমডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[ছিমলা]]লৈ, তাৰ পিছত ১৯২৮ চনত [[পুনে|পুণে]]লৈ আৰু শেষত ১৯৪৪ চনত নতুন দিল্লীলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="imd-establishment">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/establishment.jsp|title=Establishment of the IMD|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৯৪৯ চনৰ ২৭ এপ্ৰিলত [[ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন|স্বাধীনতা]]ৰ পিছত আই এম ডি বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ সদস্য হয়।<ref name="wmo-members">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |title=Members |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010091557/http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |archive-date=10 October 2011 }}</ref> ভাৰতীয় কৃষিৰ ওপৰত বাৰিষাৰ বৰষুণৰ তাৎপৰ্যৰ বাবেই সংস্থাটোৱে প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে। ই বাৰ্ষিক বাৰিষাৰ পূৰ্বাভাস প্ৰস্তুত কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে, লগতে প্ৰতিটো ঋতুতে সমগ্ৰ ভাৰতত বাৰিষাৰ অগ্ৰগতি অনুসৰণ কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।<ref name="bs-imd">{{cite news|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|title=Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131214604/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2012}}</ref> == সংস্থা == আইএমডিৰ নেতৃত্ববহনকাৰী হিচাপে বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ''সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান'' পদটো সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছে। বৰ্তমান পদত আছে মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহাপাত্ৰ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – DGM|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – Secretary MoES|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> আই এম ডিৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ আছে। প্ৰত্যেকটোৱে এজন উপ-সঞ্চালক প্ৰধানৰ নেতৃত্বত। এইসমূহ কেন্দ্ৰ চেন্নাই, গুৱাহাটী, কলকাতা, মুম্বাই, নাগপুৰ আৰু নতুন দিল্লীত অৱস্থিত। প্ৰতিখন ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানীতে বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰও আছে। আইএমডিৰ অন্যান্য শাখা যেনে-পূৰ্বাভাস কাৰ্যালয়, কৃষি বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰামৰ্শদাতা সেৱা কেন্দ্ৰ, জল-বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, বান বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, এলেকা ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ সাধাৰণতে বিভিন্ন মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ বা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সহ-অৱস্থিত।<ref name="imd-org">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|title=Organisation|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181131/http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> আইএমডিয়ে শ শ পৃষ্ঠ আৰু [[হিমবাহ]]ৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, উচ্চ বায়ু (উচ্চ উচ্চতা) ষ্টেচন, [[অজ’ন|অ’জন]] আৰু বিকিৰণ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ৰাডাৰ ষ্টেচনৰ নেটৱৰ্ক পৰিচালনা কৰে। ভাৰতৰ উপগ্ৰহ নক্ষত্ৰমণ্ডলৰ পৰা অতিৰিক্ত তথ্য লাভ কৰা হয়, যেনে:কল্পনা-১, মেঘা-ট্ৰপিক আৰু আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ইনছাট ছিৰিজৰ উপগ্ৰহত থকা যন্ত্ৰ।<ref name="imd-satellites">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|title=Satellite Images & Products|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031235439/http://mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|archive-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বণিক নৌসেনা আৰু [[ভাৰতীয় নৌসেনা]]ৰ জাহাজত থকা বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ যন্ত্ৰৰ পৰাও তথ্য আৰু পৰ্যবেক্ষণ আইএমডি নেটৱৰ্কত দাখিল কৰা হয়। আই এম ডি আছিল ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমটো সংস্থা যিয়ে নিজৰ গ্লোবেল ডাটা এক্সচেঞ্জ সমৰ্থনৰ বাবে মেছেজ চুইচিং কম্পিউটাৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। আইএমডিয়ে অন্যান্য সংস্থা যেনে-ইণ্ডিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ট্ৰপিকেল মেটিঅ’ৰ’লজি, নেশ্যনেল চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ মিডিয়াম ৰেঞ্জ ৱেদাৰ ফ’ৰকাষ্টিং আৰু নেশ্যনেল ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ অ’চেন টেকন’লজিৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰে। আইএমডিয়ে ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ আৰু জোখ-মাখৰ বাবে মূল স্থানসমূহত ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰও পৰিচালনা কৰে। ==কৰ্মসূচী== আইএমডিয়ে পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, যোগাযোগ, পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু বতৰ সেৱা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। [[ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংস্থা|ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সং]]স্থাৰ সহযোগত আই এম ডিয়ে ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ বাবে আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ভাৰতীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা (INSAT)ও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। আই এম ডি আছিল উন্নয়নশীল দেশৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ ব্যুৰো যিয়ে নিজাকৈ উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা গঢ়ি তুলিছিল আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ কৰিছিল। আইএমডি হৈছে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ ছটা বিশ্বব্যাপী আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name="wmo-rsmc">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/RSMC-TCWC.html|title=RSMCs and TCWCs|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=2011-11-19}}</ref>বিষুৱৰেখাৰ উত্তৰত [[ভাৰত মহাসাগৰ]]ত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ বিষয়ে পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে ই আঞ্চলিক ন’ডেল সংস্থা। ==নতুন পদক্ষেপসমূহ== আই এম ডিয়ে ২০১৬ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ''চিষ্টেম অৱ এৰ’ছল মনিটৰিং এণ্ড ৰিচাৰ্চ (ছামাৰ)'' আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল যাতে ক’লা কাৰ্বনৰ ঘনত্ব, এৰ’ছলৰ বিকিৰণীয় ধৰ্ম, পৰিৱেশৰ দৃশ্যমানতা আৰু ইয়াৰ জলবায়ুজনিত প্ৰভাৱৰ বিষয়ে অধ্যয়ন কৰিব পাৰে। ইয়াত ১৬টা ইথাল'মিটাৰ, ১২টা আকাশ ৰেডিঅ'মিটাৰ আৰু ১২টা নেফেলোমিটাৰৰ নেটৱৰ্ক থাকিব।<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Harsh vardhan dedicates system of aerosol monitoring and research and user-friendly website of India meteorological department|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=134521|website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=16 October 2016|date=15 January 2016}}</ref> ==লগতে চাওক== *{{cite book|last=ছিক্কা|first=ডি আৰ|editor=Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya|title=History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization: pt. 1. Science, technology, imperialism and war|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrx3wLz4itkC&pg=PA413|year=1999|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2818-5|pages=381–429|chapter=The Role of the India Meteorological Department, 1875-1947}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] rhjtqfq8alm0s2a4n8mkw6fb6jnswa4 518730 518525 2025-06-17T05:36:58Z -chanakyakdas 23408 518730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency | name = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ | seal = | logo = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ.png | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = | formed = {{start date and age|15 January 1875}} | dissolved = | jurisdiction = [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]] | headquarters = মৌচম ভৱন, লোডি পথ, নতুন দিল্লী | coordinates = | employees = | budget = ৫১৪.০৩ কোটি (২০২২)<ref name=oi-budget2022>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/big-financial-push-for-deep-ocean-mission-in-budget-7754071/lite/|title=Budget 2022: For the upcoming financial year, the MoES will receive a total of Rs 2,653.51 crore, with a hike in budgets mainly for the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the multi-crore and ambitious Deep Ocean Mission.|work=The Indian Express|date=2022-02-03|accessdate=2022-03-22}}</ref> | minister1_name = [[জীতেন্দ্ৰ সিং]] | minister1_pfo = ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰী | minister2_name = এম ৰবিচন্দ্ৰন | minister2_pfo = সচিব, ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ মন্ত্ৰালয় | chief1_name = মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহাপাত্ৰ | chief1_position = বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান | chief2_name = | chief2_position = <!-- (etc.) --> | chief3_name = | chief3_position = | chief4_name = | chief4_position = | chief5_name = | chief5_position = | chief6_name = | chief6_position = | chief7_name = | chief7_position = | chief8_name = | chief8_position = | chief9_name = | chief9_position = | parent_department = ভূ বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয় | parent_agency = | child1_agency = | child2_agency = <!-- (etc.) --> | keydocument1 = <!-- (etc.) --> | website = {{URL|mausam.imd.gov.in}} | map = | map_caption = | footnotes = | agency_type = চৰকাৰ সংস্থা | agency_name = | logo_width = 80px | superseding = | map_width = }} '''ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ''' ({{Lang-en|India Meterological Department, IMD}}) [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ ভূ-বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ অধীনস্থ এটা ভাৰতীয় সংস্থা। বতৰ [[বিজ্ঞান]] পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, বতৰ পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু [[ভূমিকম্প]] বিজ্ঞানৰ বাবে ই প্ৰধান সংস্থা। আই এম ডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[দিল্লী]]ত আছে। বিভাগটোৱে সমগ্ৰ [[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[এণ্টাৰ্কটিকা]]কে সাঙুৰি শতাধিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ পৰিচালনা কৰে। ইয়াৰ আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্যালয়সমূহ [[চেন্নাই]], [[মুম্বাই]], [[কলিকতা|কলকাতা]], [[নাগপুৰী ভাষা|নাগপুৰ]], [[গুৱাহাটী]] আৰু [[নতুন দিল্লী|নতুন দিল্লীত]] অৱস্থিত। বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত আই এম ডি অন্যতম। মালাকা জলদ্বীপ, [[বংগোপসাগৰ|বংগ উপসাগৰ]], [[আৰৱ সাগৰ|আৰব সাগৰ]] আৰু [[পাৰস্য উপসাগৰ]]কে ধৰি উত্তৰ ভাৰত মহাসাগৰীয় অঞ্চলত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ|ঘূৰ্ণী]]বতাহৰ পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী বিতৰণৰ দায়িত্ব ইয়াৰ ওপৰত ন্যস্ত কৰা হৈছে। ==ইতিহাস== ১৬৮৬ চনত [[এডমাণ্ড হেলি]]য়ে ভাৰতীয় [[ঋতু|গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন]] বাৰিষাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এটি প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰে। প্ৰবন্ধটোৱে [[এছিয়া]]ৰ ভূখণ্ড আৰু [[ভাৰত মহাসাগৰ]]ৰ ভিন্নতামূলক উত্তাপনৰ বাবে হোৱা [[বতাহ]]ৰ ঋতুভিত্তিক বিপৰীতমুখীতাকেই বৰ্ষাৰ কাৰণ বুলি অভিহিত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halley |first=Edmond |date=January 1997 |title=An historical account of the trade winds, and monsoons, observable in the seas between and near the Tropicks, with an attempt to assign the physical cause of the said winds |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1686.0026 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=16 |issue=183 |pages=153–168 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1686.0026|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী|ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]]য়ে ভাৰতত প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ১৭৮৫ চনত কলিকতা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, ১৭৯৬ চনত [[মাদ্ৰাছ]] মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ১৮২৬ চনত কোলাবা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত ভাৰতত বিভিন্ন প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে আন কেইবাটাও মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰে। ১৭৮৪ চনত কলিকতাত আৰু ১৮০৪ চনত বম্বেত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটিয়ে ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰসাৰ ঘটায়। হেনৰী পিডিংটনে ১৮৩৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৫৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত কলিকতাৰ পৰা অহা গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ধুমুহাৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰায় ৪০খন গৱেষণা পত্ৰ ''দ্য জাৰ্নেল অৱ দ্য এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটি''ত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ]] শব্দটোও উদ্ভাৱন কৰিছিল, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে সাপৰ কুণ্ডলী। ১৮৪২ চনত তেওঁৰ যুগান্তকাৰী গৱেষণা-পত্ৰ ''ল'জ অৱ দ্য ষ্টৰ্মছ'' প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="imd-mm">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/modern_meteorology.jsp|title=Modern Meteorology|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৮৬৪ চনত কলিকতাত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ, আৰু ১৮৬৬ আৰু ১৮৭৩ চনত বাৰিষাৰ বিফলতাৰ বাবে হোৱা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পিছত বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰ্যবেক্ষণসমূহৰ সংগ্ৰহ আৰু বিশ্লেষণ একেখন চালিৰ তলত সংগঠিত কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। ফলত ১৮৭৫ চনৰ ১৫ জানুৱাৰীত ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=India Meteorological Department celebrates 145th foundation day on 15 January |date=15 January 2020 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/india-meteorological-department-celebrated-145th-foundation-day-on-15-january/ |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> '''হেনৰী ফ্ৰান্সিছ ব্লেনফৰ্ড'''ক আইএমডিৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতিবেদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। ১৮৮৯ চনৰ মে’ মাহত '''ছাৰজন এলিয়ট'''ক পূৰ্বৰ ৰাজধানী কলিকতাত মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। পিছলৈ ১৯০৫ চনত আইএমডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[ছিমলা]]লৈ, তাৰ পিছত ১৯২৮ চনত [[পুনে|পুণে]]লৈ আৰু শেষত ১৯৪৪ চনত নতুন দিল্লীলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="imd-establishment">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/establishment.jsp|title=Establishment of the IMD|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৯৪৯ চনৰ ২৭ এপ্ৰিলত [[ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন|স্বাধীনতা]]ৰ পিছত আই এম ডি বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ সদস্য হয়।<ref name="wmo-members">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |title=Members |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010091557/http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |archive-date=10 October 2011 }}</ref> ভাৰতীয় কৃষিৰ ওপৰত বাৰিষাৰ বৰষুণৰ তাৎপৰ্যৰ বাবেই সংস্থাটোৱে প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে। ই বাৰ্ষিক বাৰিষাৰ পূৰ্বাভাস প্ৰস্তুত কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে, লগতে প্ৰতিটো ঋতুতে সমগ্ৰ ভাৰতত বাৰিষাৰ অগ্ৰগতি অনুসৰণ কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।<ref name="bs-imd">{{cite news|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|title=Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131214604/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2012}}</ref> == সংস্থা == আইএমডিৰ নেতৃত্ববহনকাৰী হিচাপে বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ''সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান'' পদটো সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছে। বৰ্তমান পদত আছে মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহাপাত্ৰ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – DGM|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – Secretary MoES|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> আই এম ডিৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ আছে। প্ৰত্যেকটোৱে এজন উপ-সঞ্চালক প্ৰধানৰ নেতৃত্বত। এইসমূহ কেন্দ্ৰ চেন্নাই, গুৱাহাটী, কলকাতা, মুম্বাই, নাগপুৰ আৰু নতুন দিল্লীত অৱস্থিত। প্ৰতিখন ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানীতে বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰও আছে। আইএমডিৰ অন্যান্য শাখা যেনে-পূৰ্বাভাস কাৰ্যালয়, কৃষি বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰামৰ্শদাতা সেৱা কেন্দ্ৰ, জল-বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, বান বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, এলেকা ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ সাধাৰণতে বিভিন্ন মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ বা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সহ-অৱস্থিত।<ref name="imd-org">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|title=Organisation|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181131/http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> আইএমডিয়ে শ শ পৃষ্ঠ আৰু [[হিমবাহ]]ৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, উচ্চ বায়ু (উচ্চ উচ্চতা) ষ্টেচন, [[অজ’ন|অ’জন]] আৰু বিকিৰণ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ৰাডাৰ ষ্টেচনৰ নেটৱৰ্ক পৰিচালনা কৰে। ভাৰতৰ উপগ্ৰহ নক্ষত্ৰমণ্ডলৰ পৰা অতিৰিক্ত তথ্য লাভ কৰা হয়, যেনে:কল্পনা-১, মেঘা-ট্ৰপিক আৰু আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ইনছাট ছিৰিজৰ উপগ্ৰহত থকা যন্ত্ৰ।<ref name="imd-satellites">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|title=Satellite Images & Products|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031235439/http://mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|archive-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বণিক নৌসেনা আৰু [[ভাৰতীয় নৌসেনা]]ৰ জাহাজত থকা বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ যন্ত্ৰৰ পৰাও তথ্য আৰু পৰ্যবেক্ষণ আইএমডি নেটৱৰ্কত দাখিল কৰা হয়। আই এম ডি আছিল ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমটো সংস্থা যিয়ে নিজৰ গ্লোবেল ডাটা এক্সচেঞ্জ সমৰ্থনৰ বাবে মেছেজ চুইচিং কম্পিউটাৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। আইএমডিয়ে অন্যান্য সংস্থা যেনে-ইণ্ডিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ট্ৰপিকেল মেটিঅ’ৰ’লজি, নেশ্যনেল চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ মিডিয়াম ৰেঞ্জ ৱেদাৰ ফ’ৰকাষ্টিং আৰু নেশ্যনেল ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ অ’চেন টেকন’লজিৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰে। আইএমডিয়ে ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ আৰু জোখ-মাখৰ বাবে মূল স্থানসমূহত ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰও পৰিচালনা কৰে। ==কৰ্মসূচী== আইএমডিয়ে পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, যোগাযোগ, পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু বতৰ সেৱা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। [[ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংস্থা|ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সং]]স্থাৰ সহযোগত আই এম ডিয়ে ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ বাবে আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ভাৰতীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা (INSAT)ও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। আই এম ডি আছিল উন্নয়নশীল দেশৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ ব্যুৰো যিয়ে নিজাকৈ উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা গঢ়ি তুলিছিল আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ কৰিছিল। আইএমডি হৈছে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ ছটা বিশ্বব্যাপী আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name="wmo-rsmc">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/RSMC-TCWC.html|title=RSMCs and TCWCs|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=2011-11-19}}</ref>বিষুৱৰেখাৰ উত্তৰত [[ভাৰত মহাসাগৰ]]ত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ বিষয়ে পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে ই আঞ্চলিক ন’ডেল সংস্থা। ==নতুন পদক্ষেপসমূহ== আই এম ডিয়ে ২০১৬ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ''চিষ্টেম অৱ এৰ’ছল মনিটৰিং এণ্ড ৰিচাৰ্চ (ছামাৰ)'' আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল যাতে ক’লা কাৰ্বনৰ ঘনত্ব, এৰ’ছলৰ বিকিৰণীয় ধৰ্ম, পৰিৱেশৰ দৃশ্যমানতা আৰু ইয়াৰ জলবায়ুজনিত প্ৰভাৱৰ বিষয়ে অধ্যয়ন কৰিব পাৰে। ইয়াত ১৬টা ইথাল'মিটাৰ, ১২টা আকাশ ৰেডিঅ'মিটাৰ আৰু ১২টা নেফেলোমিটাৰৰ নেটৱৰ্ক থাকিব।<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Harsh vardhan dedicates system of aerosol monitoring and research and user-friendly website of India meteorological department|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=134521|website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=16 October 2016|date=15 January 2016}}</ref> ==লগতে চাওক== *{{cite book|last=ছিক্কা|first=ডি আৰ|editor=Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya|title=History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization: pt. 1. Science, technology, imperialism and war|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrx3wLz4itkC&pg=PA413|year=1999|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2818-5|pages=381–429|chapter=The Role of the India Meteorological Department, 1875-1947}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] cp4dmy3517owv58o7vcnvv5zrip6v58 518732 518730 2025-06-17T05:38:59Z -chanakyakdas 23408 /* বাহ্যিক সংযোগ */ 518732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency | name = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ | seal = | logo = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ.png | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = | formed = {{start date and age|15 January 1875}} | dissolved = | jurisdiction = [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]] | headquarters = মৌচম ভৱন, লোডি পথ, নতুন দিল্লী | coordinates = | employees = | budget = ৫১৪.০৩ কোটি (২০২২)<ref name=oi-budget2022>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/big-financial-push-for-deep-ocean-mission-in-budget-7754071/lite/|title=Budget 2022: For the upcoming financial year, the MoES will receive a total of Rs 2,653.51 crore, with a hike in budgets mainly for the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the multi-crore and ambitious Deep Ocean Mission.|work=The Indian Express|date=2022-02-03|accessdate=2022-03-22}}</ref> | minister1_name = [[জীতেন্দ্ৰ সিং]] | minister1_pfo = ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰী | minister2_name = এম ৰবিচন্দ্ৰন | minister2_pfo = সচিব, ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ মন্ত্ৰালয় | chief1_name = মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহাপাত্ৰ | chief1_position = বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান | chief2_name = | chief2_position = <!-- (etc.) --> | chief3_name = | chief3_position = | chief4_name = | chief4_position = | chief5_name = | chief5_position = | chief6_name = | chief6_position = | chief7_name = | chief7_position = | chief8_name = | chief8_position = | chief9_name = | chief9_position = | parent_department = ভূ বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয় | parent_agency = | child1_agency = | child2_agency = <!-- (etc.) --> | keydocument1 = <!-- (etc.) --> | website = {{URL|mausam.imd.gov.in}} | map = | map_caption = | footnotes = | agency_type = চৰকাৰ সংস্থা | agency_name = | logo_width = 80px | superseding = | map_width = }} '''ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ''' ({{Lang-en|India Meterological Department, IMD}}) [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ ভূ-বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ অধীনস্থ এটা ভাৰতীয় সংস্থা। বতৰ [[বিজ্ঞান]] পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, বতৰ পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু [[ভূমিকম্প]] বিজ্ঞানৰ বাবে ই প্ৰধান সংস্থা। আই এম ডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[দিল্লী]]ত আছে। বিভাগটোৱে সমগ্ৰ [[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[এণ্টাৰ্কটিকা]]কে সাঙুৰি শতাধিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ পৰিচালনা কৰে। ইয়াৰ আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্যালয়সমূহ [[চেন্নাই]], [[মুম্বাই]], [[কলিকতা|কলকাতা]], [[নাগপুৰী ভাষা|নাগপুৰ]], [[গুৱাহাটী]] আৰু [[নতুন দিল্লী|নতুন দিল্লীত]] অৱস্থিত। বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত আই এম ডি অন্যতম। মালাকা জলদ্বীপ, [[বংগোপসাগৰ|বংগ উপসাগৰ]], [[আৰৱ সাগৰ|আৰব সাগৰ]] আৰু [[পাৰস্য উপসাগৰ]]কে ধৰি উত্তৰ ভাৰত মহাসাগৰীয় অঞ্চলত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ|ঘূৰ্ণী]]বতাহৰ পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী বিতৰণৰ দায়িত্ব ইয়াৰ ওপৰত ন্যস্ত কৰা হৈছে। ==ইতিহাস== ১৬৮৬ চনত [[এডমাণ্ড হেলি]]য়ে ভাৰতীয় [[ঋতু|গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন]] বাৰিষাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এটি প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰে। প্ৰবন্ধটোৱে [[এছিয়া]]ৰ ভূখণ্ড আৰু [[ভাৰত মহাসাগৰ]]ৰ ভিন্নতামূলক উত্তাপনৰ বাবে হোৱা [[বতাহ]]ৰ ঋতুভিত্তিক বিপৰীতমুখীতাকেই বৰ্ষাৰ কাৰণ বুলি অভিহিত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halley |first=Edmond |date=January 1997 |title=An historical account of the trade winds, and monsoons, observable in the seas between and near the Tropicks, with an attempt to assign the physical cause of the said winds |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1686.0026 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=16 |issue=183 |pages=153–168 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1686.0026|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী|ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]]য়ে ভাৰতত প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ১৭৮৫ চনত কলিকতা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, ১৭৯৬ চনত [[মাদ্ৰাছ]] মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ১৮২৬ চনত কোলাবা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত ভাৰতত বিভিন্ন প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে আন কেইবাটাও মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰে। ১৭৮৪ চনত কলিকতাত আৰু ১৮০৪ চনত বম্বেত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটিয়ে ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰসাৰ ঘটায়। হেনৰী পিডিংটনে ১৮৩৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৫৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত কলিকতাৰ পৰা অহা গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ধুমুহাৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰায় ৪০খন গৱেষণা পত্ৰ ''দ্য জাৰ্নেল অৱ দ্য এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটি''ত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ]] শব্দটোও উদ্ভাৱন কৰিছিল, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে সাপৰ কুণ্ডলী। ১৮৪২ চনত তেওঁৰ যুগান্তকাৰী গৱেষণা-পত্ৰ ''ল'জ অৱ দ্য ষ্টৰ্মছ'' প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="imd-mm">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/modern_meteorology.jsp|title=Modern Meteorology|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৮৬৪ চনত কলিকতাত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ, আৰু ১৮৬৬ আৰু ১৮৭৩ চনত বাৰিষাৰ বিফলতাৰ বাবে হোৱা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পিছত বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰ্যবেক্ষণসমূহৰ সংগ্ৰহ আৰু বিশ্লেষণ একেখন চালিৰ তলত সংগঠিত কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। ফলত ১৮৭৫ চনৰ ১৫ জানুৱাৰীত ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=India Meteorological Department celebrates 145th foundation day on 15 January |date=15 January 2020 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/india-meteorological-department-celebrated-145th-foundation-day-on-15-january/ |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> '''হেনৰী ফ্ৰান্সিছ ব্লেনফৰ্ড'''ক আইএমডিৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতিবেদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। ১৮৮৯ চনৰ মে’ মাহত '''ছাৰজন এলিয়ট'''ক পূৰ্বৰ ৰাজধানী কলিকতাত মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। পিছলৈ ১৯০৫ চনত আইএমডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[ছিমলা]]লৈ, তাৰ পিছত ১৯২৮ চনত [[পুনে|পুণে]]লৈ আৰু শেষত ১৯৪৪ চনত নতুন দিল্লীলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="imd-establishment">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/establishment.jsp|title=Establishment of the IMD|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৯৪৯ চনৰ ২৭ এপ্ৰিলত [[ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন|স্বাধীনতা]]ৰ পিছত আই এম ডি বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ সদস্য হয়।<ref name="wmo-members">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |title=Members |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010091557/http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |archive-date=10 October 2011 }}</ref> ভাৰতীয় কৃষিৰ ওপৰত বাৰিষাৰ বৰষুণৰ তাৎপৰ্যৰ বাবেই সংস্থাটোৱে প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে। ই বাৰ্ষিক বাৰিষাৰ পূৰ্বাভাস প্ৰস্তুত কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে, লগতে প্ৰতিটো ঋতুতে সমগ্ৰ ভাৰতত বাৰিষাৰ অগ্ৰগতি অনুসৰণ কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।<ref name="bs-imd">{{cite news|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|title=Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131214604/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2012}}</ref> == সংস্থা == আইএমডিৰ নেতৃত্ববহনকাৰী হিচাপে বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ''সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান'' পদটো সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছে। বৰ্তমান পদত আছে মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহাপাত্ৰ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – DGM|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – Secretary MoES|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> আই এম ডিৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ আছে। প্ৰত্যেকটোৱে এজন উপ-সঞ্চালক প্ৰধানৰ নেতৃত্বত। এইসমূহ কেন্দ্ৰ চেন্নাই, গুৱাহাটী, কলকাতা, মুম্বাই, নাগপুৰ আৰু নতুন দিল্লীত অৱস্থিত। প্ৰতিখন ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানীতে বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰও আছে। আইএমডিৰ অন্যান্য শাখা যেনে-পূৰ্বাভাস কাৰ্যালয়, কৃষি বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰামৰ্শদাতা সেৱা কেন্দ্ৰ, জল-বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, বান বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, এলেকা ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ সাধাৰণতে বিভিন্ন মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ বা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সহ-অৱস্থিত।<ref name="imd-org">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|title=Organisation|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181131/http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> আইএমডিয়ে শ শ পৃষ্ঠ আৰু [[হিমবাহ]]ৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, উচ্চ বায়ু (উচ্চ উচ্চতা) ষ্টেচন, [[অজ’ন|অ’জন]] আৰু বিকিৰণ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ৰাডাৰ ষ্টেচনৰ নেটৱৰ্ক পৰিচালনা কৰে। ভাৰতৰ উপগ্ৰহ নক্ষত্ৰমণ্ডলৰ পৰা অতিৰিক্ত তথ্য লাভ কৰা হয়, যেনে:কল্পনা-১, মেঘা-ট্ৰপিক আৰু আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ইনছাট ছিৰিজৰ উপগ্ৰহত থকা যন্ত্ৰ।<ref name="imd-satellites">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|title=Satellite Images & Products|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031235439/http://mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|archive-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বণিক নৌসেনা আৰু [[ভাৰতীয় নৌসেনা]]ৰ জাহাজত থকা বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ যন্ত্ৰৰ পৰাও তথ্য আৰু পৰ্যবেক্ষণ আইএমডি নেটৱৰ্কত দাখিল কৰা হয়। আই এম ডি আছিল ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমটো সংস্থা যিয়ে নিজৰ গ্লোবেল ডাটা এক্সচেঞ্জ সমৰ্থনৰ বাবে মেছেজ চুইচিং কম্পিউটাৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। আইএমডিয়ে অন্যান্য সংস্থা যেনে-ইণ্ডিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ট্ৰপিকেল মেটিঅ’ৰ’লজি, নেশ্যনেল চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ মিডিয়াম ৰেঞ্জ ৱেদাৰ ফ’ৰকাষ্টিং আৰু নেশ্যনেল ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ অ’চেন টেকন’লজিৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰে। আইএমডিয়ে ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ আৰু জোখ-মাখৰ বাবে মূল স্থানসমূহত ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰও পৰিচালনা কৰে। ==কৰ্মসূচী== আইএমডিয়ে পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, যোগাযোগ, পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু বতৰ সেৱা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। [[ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংস্থা|ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সং]]স্থাৰ সহযোগত আই এম ডিয়ে ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ বাবে আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ভাৰতীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা (INSAT)ও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। আই এম ডি আছিল উন্নয়নশীল দেশৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ ব্যুৰো যিয়ে নিজাকৈ উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা গঢ়ি তুলিছিল আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ কৰিছিল। আইএমডি হৈছে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ ছটা বিশ্বব্যাপী আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name="wmo-rsmc">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/RSMC-TCWC.html|title=RSMCs and TCWCs|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=2011-11-19}}</ref>বিষুৱৰেখাৰ উত্তৰত [[ভাৰত মহাসাগৰ]]ত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ বিষয়ে পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে ই আঞ্চলিক ন’ডেল সংস্থা। ==নতুন পদক্ষেপসমূহ== আই এম ডিয়ে ২০১৬ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ''চিষ্টেম অৱ এৰ’ছল মনিটৰিং এণ্ড ৰিচাৰ্চ (ছামাৰ)'' আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল যাতে ক’লা কাৰ্বনৰ ঘনত্ব, এৰ’ছলৰ বিকিৰণীয় ধৰ্ম, পৰিৱেশৰ দৃশ্যমানতা আৰু ইয়াৰ জলবায়ুজনিত প্ৰভাৱৰ বিষয়ে অধ্যয়ন কৰিব পাৰে। ইয়াত ১৬টা ইথাল'মিটাৰ, ১২টা আকাশ ৰেডিঅ'মিটাৰ আৰু ১২টা নেফেলোমিটাৰৰ নেটৱৰ্ক থাকিব।<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Harsh vardhan dedicates system of aerosol monitoring and research and user-friendly website of India meteorological department|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=134521|website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=16 October 2016|date=15 January 2016}}</ref> ==লগতে চাওক== *{{cite book|last=ছিক্কা|first=ডি আৰ|editor=Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya|title=History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization: pt. 1. Science, technology, imperialism and war|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrx3wLz4itkC&pg=PA413|year=1999|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2818-5|pages=381–429|chapter=The Role of the India Meteorological Department, 1875-1947}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *{{Commons-inline}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] 57h3gj4t6rx1a365a5r5y69pgdpw1xb 518737 518732 2025-06-17T05:54:02Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 518737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency | name = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ | seal = | logo = ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ.png | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = | formed = {{start date and age|15 January 1875}} | dissolved = | jurisdiction = [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]] | headquarters = মৌচম ভৱন, লোডি পথ, নতুন দিল্লী | coordinates = | employees = | budget = ৫১৪.০৩ কোটি (২০২২)<ref name=oi-budget2022>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/big-financial-push-for-deep-ocean-mission-in-budget-7754071/lite/|title=Budget 2022: For the upcoming financial year, the MoES will receive a total of Rs 2,653.51 crore, with a hike in budgets mainly for the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the multi-crore and ambitious Deep Ocean Mission.|work=The Indian Express|date=2022-02-03|accessdate=2022-03-22}}</ref> | minister1_name = [[জীতেন্দ্ৰ সিং]] | minister1_pfo = ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰী | minister2_name = এম ৰবিচন্দ্ৰন | minister2_pfo = সচিব, ভূ বিজ্ঞানৰ মন্ত্ৰালয় | chief1_name = মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহাপাত্ৰ | chief1_position = বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান | chief2_name = | chief2_position = <!-- (etc.) --> | chief3_name = | chief3_position = | chief4_name = | chief4_position = | chief5_name = | chief5_position = | chief6_name = | chief6_position = | chief7_name = | chief7_position = | chief8_name = | chief8_position = | chief9_name = | chief9_position = | parent_department = ভূ বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয় | parent_agency = | child1_agency = | child2_agency = <!-- (etc.) --> | keydocument1 = <!-- (etc.) --> | website = {{URL|mausam.imd.gov.in}} | map = | map_caption = | footnotes = | agency_type = চৰকাৰ সংস্থা | agency_name = | logo_width = 80px | superseding = | map_width = }} '''ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ''' ({{Lang-en|India Meterological Department, IMD}}) [[ভাৰত চৰকাৰ]]ৰ ভূ-বিজ্ঞান মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ অধীনস্থ এটা ভাৰতীয় সংস্থা। বতৰ [[বিজ্ঞান]] পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, বতৰ পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু [[ভূমিকম্প]] বিজ্ঞানৰ বাবে ই প্ৰধান সংস্থা। আই এম ডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[দিল্লী]]ত আছে। বিভাগটোৱে সমগ্ৰ [[ভাৰত]] আৰু [[এণ্টাৰ্কটিকা]]কে সাঙুৰি শতাধিক পৰ্যবেক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ পৰিচালনা কৰে। ইয়াৰ আঞ্চলিক কাৰ্যালয়সমূহ [[চেন্নাই]], [[মুম্বাই]], [[কলিকতা|কলকাতা]], [[নাগপুৰী ভাষা|নাগপুৰ]], [[গুৱাহাটী]] আৰু [[নতুন দিল্লী|নতুন দিল্লীত]] অৱস্থিত। [[বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা]]ৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত আই এম ডি অন্যতম। মালাকা জলদ্বীপ, [[বংগোপসাগৰ|বংগ উপসাগৰ]], [[আৰৱ সাগৰ|আৰব সাগৰ]] আৰু [[পাৰস্য উপসাগৰ]]কে ধৰি উত্তৰ ভাৰত মহাসাগৰীয় অঞ্চলত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ|ঘূৰ্ণী]]বতাহৰ পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী বিতৰণৰ দায়িত্ব ইয়াৰ ওপৰত ন্যস্ত কৰা হৈছে। ==ইতিহাস== ১৬৮৬ চনত [[এডমাণ্ড হেলি]]য়ে ভাৰতীয় [[ঋতু|গ্ৰীষ্মকালীন]] বাৰিষাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত এটি প্ৰবন্ধ প্ৰকাশ কৰে। প্ৰবন্ধটোৱে [[এছিয়া]]ৰ ভূখণ্ড আৰু [[ভাৰত মহাসাগৰ]]ৰ ভিন্নতামূলক উত্তাপনৰ বাবে হোৱা [[বতাহ]]ৰ ঋতুভিত্তিক বিপৰীতমুখীতাকেই বৰ্ষাৰ কাৰণ বুলি অভিহিত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halley |first=Edmond |date=January 1997 |title=An historical account of the trade winds, and monsoons, observable in the seas between and near the Tropicks, with an attempt to assign the physical cause of the said winds |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1686.0026 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=16 |issue=183 |pages=153–168 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1686.0026|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী|ব্ৰিটিছ ইষ্ট ইণ্ডিয়া কোম্পানী]]য়ে ভাৰতত প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত ১৭৮৫ চনত কলিকতা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, ১৭৯৬ চনত [[মাদ্ৰাছ]] মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ১৮২৬ চনত কোলাবা মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ। ১৯ শতিকাৰ প্ৰথমাৰ্ধত ভাৰতত বিভিন্ন প্ৰাদেশিক চৰকাৰে আন কেইবাটাও মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ স্থাপন কৰে। ১৭৮৪ চনত কলিকতাত আৰু ১৮০৪ চনত বম্বেত প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটিয়ে ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ অধ্যয়নৰ প্ৰসাৰ ঘটায়। হেনৰী পিডিংটনে ১৮৩৫ চনৰ পৰা ১৮৫৫ চনৰ ভিতৰত কলিকতাৰ পৰা অহা গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ধুমুহাৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰায় ৪০খন গৱেষণা পত্ৰ ''দ্য জাৰ্নেল অৱ দ্য এছিয়াটিক ছ’চাইটি''ত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তেওঁ [[ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ]] শব্দটোও উদ্ভাৱন কৰিছিল, যাৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে সাপৰ কুণ্ডলী। ১৮৪২ চনত তেওঁৰ যুগান্তকাৰী গৱেষণা-পত্ৰ ''ল'জ অৱ দ্য ষ্টৰ্মছ'' প্ৰকাশ কৰে।<ref name="imd-mm">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/modern_meteorology.jsp|title=Modern Meteorology|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৮৬৪ চনত কলিকতাত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ, আৰু ১৮৬৬ আৰু ১৮৭৩ চনত বাৰিষাৰ বিফলতাৰ বাবে হোৱা দুৰ্ভিক্ষৰ পিছত বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰ্যবেক্ষণসমূহৰ সংগ্ৰহ আৰু বিশ্লেষণ একেখন চালিৰ তলত সংগঠিত কৰাৰ সিদ্ধান্ত লোৱা হয়। ফলত ১৮৭৫ চনৰ ১৫ জানুৱাৰীত ভাৰতৰ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ স্থাপন কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=India Meteorological Department celebrates 145th foundation day on 15 January |date=15 January 2020 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/india-meteorological-department-celebrated-145th-foundation-day-on-15-january/ |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> '''হেনৰী ফ্ৰান্সিছ ব্লেনফৰ্ড'''ক আইএমডিৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ প্ৰতিবেদক হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। ১৮৮৯ চনৰ মে’ মাহত '''ছাৰজন এলিয়ট'''ক পূৰ্বৰ ৰাজধানী কলিকতাত মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰৰ প্ৰথম সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান হিচাপে নিযুক্তি দিয়া হয়। পিছলৈ ১৯০৫ চনত আইএমডিৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় [[ছিমলা]]লৈ, তাৰ পিছত ১৯২৮ চনত [[পুনে|পুণে]]লৈ আৰু শেষত ১৯৪৪ চনত নতুন দিল্লীলৈ স্থানান্তৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="imd-establishment">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/establishment.jsp|title=Establishment of the IMD|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ১৯৪৯ চনৰ ২৭ এপ্ৰিলত [[ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন|স্বাধীনতা]]ৰ পিছত আই এম ডি বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ সদস্য হয়।<ref name="wmo-members">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |title=Members |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010091557/http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/membership/index_en.html |archive-date=10 October 2011 }}</ref> ভাৰতীয় কৃষিৰ ওপৰত বাৰিষাৰ বৰষুণৰ তাৎপৰ্যৰ বাবেই সংস্থাটোৱে প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে। ই বাৰ্ষিক বাৰিষাৰ পূৰ্বাভাস প্ৰস্তুত কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে, লগতে প্ৰতিটো ঋতুতে সমগ্ৰ ভাৰতত বাৰিষাৰ অগ্ৰগতি অনুসৰণ কৰাত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভূমিকা পালন কৰে।<ref name="bs-imd">{{cite news|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|title=Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131214604/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/IMD_recent.pdf|archive-date=31 January 2012}}</ref> == সংস্থা == আইএমডিৰ নেতৃত্ববহনকাৰী হিচাপে বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ''সঞ্চালক প্ৰধান'' পদটো সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছে। বৰ্তমান পদত আছে মৃত্যুঞ্জয় মহাপাত্ৰ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – DGM|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/pages/about_dgm.php|title=IMD – Secretary MoES|website=imd.gov.in|access-date=2016-08-01}}</ref> আই এম ডিৰ ছটা আঞ্চলিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ আছে। প্ৰত্যেকটোৱে এজন উপ-সঞ্চালক প্ৰধানৰ নেতৃত্বত। এইসমূহ কেন্দ্ৰ চেন্নাই, গুৱাহাটী, কলকাতা, মুম্বাই, নাগপুৰ আৰু নতুন দিল্লীত অৱস্থিত। প্ৰতিখন ৰাজ্যৰ ৰাজধানীতে বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰও আছে। আইএমডিৰ অন্যান্য শাখা যেনে-পূৰ্বাভাস কাৰ্যালয়, কৃষি বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰামৰ্শদাতা সেৱা কেন্দ্ৰ, জল-বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, বান বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কাৰ্যালয়, এলেকা ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ সতৰ্কবাণী কেন্দ্ৰ সাধাৰণতে বিভিন্ন মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ বা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ সৈতে সহ-অৱস্থিত।<ref name="imd-org">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|title=Organisation|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181131/http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/organisation.jsp|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> আইএমডিয়ে শ শ পৃষ্ঠ আৰু [[হিমবাহ]]ৰ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ, উচ্চ বায়ু (উচ্চ উচ্চতা) ষ্টেচন, [[অজ’ন|অ’জন]] আৰু বিকিৰণ মানৱ নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰ আৰু বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ ৰাডাৰ ষ্টেচনৰ নেটৱৰ্ক পৰিচালনা কৰে। ভাৰতৰ উপগ্ৰহ নক্ষত্ৰমণ্ডলৰ পৰা অতিৰিক্ত তথ্য লাভ কৰা হয়, যেনে:কল্পনা-১, মেঘা-ট্ৰপিক আৰু আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ইনছাট ছিৰিজৰ উপগ্ৰহত থকা যন্ত্ৰ।<ref name="imd-satellites">{{cite web|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|title=Satellite Images & Products|publisher=Indian Meteorological Department|access-date=2011-11-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031235439/http://mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/satellitemainpage.jsp|archive-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> ভাৰতীয় বণিক নৌসেনা আৰু [[ভাৰতীয় নৌসেনা]]ৰ জাহাজত থকা বতৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ যন্ত্ৰৰ পৰাও তথ্য আৰু পৰ্যবেক্ষণ আইএমডি নেটৱৰ্কত দাখিল কৰা হয়। আই এম ডি আছিল ভাৰতৰ প্ৰথমটো সংস্থা যিয়ে নিজৰ গ্লোবেল ডাটা এক্সচেঞ্জ সমৰ্থনৰ বাবে মেছেজ চুইচিং কম্পিউটাৰ স্থাপন কৰিছিল। আইএমডিয়ে অন্যান্য সংস্থা যেনে-ইণ্ডিয়ান ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ ট্ৰপিকেল মেটিঅ’ৰ’লজি, নেশ্যনেল চেণ্টাৰ ফৰ মিডিয়াম ৰেঞ্জ ৱেদাৰ ফ’ৰকাষ্টিং আৰু নেশ্যনেল ইনষ্টিটিউট অৱ অ’চেন টেকন’লজিৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰে। আইএমডিয়ে ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ আৰু জোখ-মাখৰ বাবে মূল স্থানসমূহত ভূমিকম্প নিৰীক্ষণ কেন্দ্ৰও পৰিচালনা কৰে। ==কৰ্মসূচী== আইএমডিয়ে পৰ্যবেক্ষণ, যোগাযোগ, পূৰ্বাভাস আৰু বতৰ সেৱা গ্ৰহণ কৰে। [[ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংস্থা|ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সং]]স্থাৰ সহযোগত আই এম ডিয়ে ভাৰতীয় উপমহাদেশৰ বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ বাবে আই আৰ এছ ছিৰিজ আৰু ভাৰতীয় ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা (INSAT)ও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। আই এম ডি আছিল উন্নয়নশীল দেশৰ প্ৰথম বতৰ ব্যুৰো যিয়ে নিজাকৈ উপগ্ৰহ ব্যৱস্থা গঢ়ি তুলিছিল আৰু ৰক্ষণাবেক্ষণ কৰিছিল। আইএমডি হৈছে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ নিৰীক্ষণৰ গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহ কাৰ্যসূচীৰ ছটা বিশ্বব্যাপী আঞ্চলিক বিশেষ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম।<ref name="wmo-rsmc">{{cite web|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/RSMC-TCWC.html|title=RSMCs and TCWCs|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=2011-11-19}}</ref>বিষুৱৰেখাৰ উত্তৰত [[ভাৰত মহাসাগৰ]]ত গ্ৰীষ্মমণ্ডলীয় ঘূৰ্ণীবতাহৰ বিষয়ে পূৰ্বাভাস, নামকৰণ আৰু সতৰ্কবাণী প্ৰচাৰৰ বাবে ই আঞ্চলিক ন’ডেল সংস্থা। ==নতুন পদক্ষেপসমূহ== আই এম ডিয়ে ২০১৬ চনৰ জানুৱাৰী মাহত ''চিষ্টেম অৱ এৰ’ছল মনিটৰিং এণ্ড ৰিচাৰ্চ (ছামাৰ)'' আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল যাতে ক’লা কাৰ্বনৰ ঘনত্ব, এৰ’ছলৰ বিকিৰণীয় ধৰ্ম, পৰিৱেশৰ দৃশ্যমানতা আৰু ইয়াৰ জলবায়ুজনিত প্ৰভাৱৰ বিষয়ে অধ্যয়ন কৰিব পাৰে। ইয়াত ১৬টা ইথাল'মিটাৰ, ১২টা আকাশ ৰেডিঅ'মিটাৰ আৰু ১২টা নেফেলোমিটাৰৰ নেটৱৰ্ক থাকিব।<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Harsh vardhan dedicates system of aerosol monitoring and research and user-friendly website of India meteorological department|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=134521|website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=16 October 2016|date=15 January 2016}}</ref> ==লগতে চাওক== *{{cite book|last=ছিক্কা|first=ডি আৰ|editor=Debi Prasad Chattopadhyaya|title=History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization: pt. 1. Science, technology, imperialism and war|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrx3wLz4itkC&pg=PA413|year=1999|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-2818-5|pages=381–429|chapter=The Role of the India Meteorological Department, 1875-1947}} == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} ==বাহ্যিক সংযোগ== *{{Commons-inline}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:ভাৰতৰ চৰকাৰী সংস্থা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] c9a7ltq83ij5qgkltdjffeo2ubcpzhj 0 122851 518517 2025-06-16T12:27:26Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 [[ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ]]-লৈ পুনৰ্নিৰ্দেশ কৰা হ'ল 518517 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কেন্দ্ৰ]] eyf262v9jlrm5ce7hcq2x3zvu31wy72 6 122852 518528 2025-06-16T13:18:12Z Dipankar Das 36094 518528 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 518529 518528 2025-06-16T13:18:56Z Dipankar Das 36094 518529 wikitext text/x-wiki == সাৰাংশ == {{Non-free use rationale video cover | Article = Kanchenjungha | Use = Infobox <!-- ADDITIONAL INFORMATION --> | Name = Kanchenjungha | Distributor = Edward Harrison | Publisher = | Type = DVD | Website = | Owner = | Commentary = <!--OVERRIDE FIELDS --> | Description = | Source = | Portion = | Low_resolution = | Purpose = <!-- Must be specified if Use is not Infobox / Header / Section / Artist --> | Replaceability = | other_information = }} DVD Cover for Kanchanjangha == অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ == {{Non-free video cover|image has rationale=yes|Indian film video covers}} 50t7ytb70wpdw01zq2xkxouc5bulfsd 518531 518529 2025-06-16T13:23:17Z Dipankar Das 36094 518531 wikitext text/x-wiki == সাৰাংশ == {{Non-free use rationale video cover | Article = কাঞ্চনজঙ্ঘা (চলচ্চিত্ৰ) | Use = Infobox <!-- ADDITIONAL INFORMATION --> | Name = কাঞ্চনজঙ্ঘা | Distributor = Edward Harrison | Publisher = | Type = DVD | Website = | Owner = | Commentary = <!--OVERRIDE FIELDS --> | Description = | Source = | Portion = | Low_resolution = | Purpose = <!-- Must be specified if Use is not Infobox / Header / Section / Artist --> | Replaceability = | other_information = }} == অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ == {{Non-free video cover|image has rationale=yes|Indian film video covers}} 0fq8g5wf95im96a7nmww0p4w3ogt13e 0 122853 518530 2025-06-16T13:20:37Z Dipankar Das 36094 [[কাঞ্চনজঙ্ঘা (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)]]-লৈ পুনৰ্নিৰ্দেশ কৰা হ'ল 518530 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[কাঞ্চনজঙ্ঘা (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)]] 1q1huyqvqz51fihwxge13p38t22er6j 0 122854 518533 2025-06-16T13:25:29Z Dipankar Das 36094 পৃষ্ঠা [[লাল পাহাডি়ৰ দেশে যা]]ৰ পৰা [[লাল পাহাড়িৰ দেশে যা]]লৈ Dipankar Dasয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে: Misspelled title 518533 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[লাল পাহাড়িৰ দেশে যা]] n7hn8w70p3os6bhr96vk17vgsr9j7zx 518534 518533 2025-06-16T13:29:57Z Dipankar Das 36094 Removed redirect to [[লাল পাহাড়িৰ দেশে যা]] 518534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{db|1=wrong redirect}} #REDIRECT [[লাল পাহাড়িৰ দেশে যা]] 389e9rtrro6bxnnfid70231z63k7656 10 122855 518543 2025-06-16T14:47:42Z Dipankar Das 36094 + 518543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Roy Lichtenstein|Roy Lichtenstein |title = [[Roy Lichtenstein]] |state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |bodyclass = hlist |image = |group1 = Paintings |list1 = * ''[[Ten Dollar Bill (Lichtenstein)|Ten Dollar Bill]]'' (1956) * ''[[Electric Cord]]'' (1961) * ''[[Engagement Ring (Lichtenstein)|Engagement Ring]]'' (1961) * ''[[Girl with Ball]]'' (1961) * ''[[I Can See the Whole Room...and There's Nobody in It!]]'' (1961) * ''[[Look Mickey]]'' (1961) * ''[[Mr. Bellamy]]'' (1961) * ''[[Roto Broil]]'' (1961) * ''[[Blam (Lichtenstein)|Blam]]'' (1962) * ''[[Brattata]]'' (1962) * ''[[Golf Ball]]'' (1962) * ''[[Jet Pilot (Lichtenstein)|Jet Pilot]]'' (1962) * ''[[Kiss II]]'' (1962) * ''[[Masterpiece (Lichtenstein)|Masterpiece]]'' (1962) * ''[[Portrait of Madame Cézanne (Lichtenstein)|Portrait of Madame Cézanne]]'' (1962) * ''[[Takka Takka (Lichtenstein)|Takka Takka]]'' (1962) * ''[[Baseball Manager]]'' (1963) * ''[[Bratatat!]]'' (1963) * ''[[Crak!]]'' (1963) * ''[[Crying Girl]]'' (1963) * ''[[Drowning Girl]]'' (1963) * ''[[Hopeless (Lichtenstein)|Hopeless]]'' (1963) * ''[[In the Car]]'' (1963) * ''[[Okay Hot-Shot, Okay!]]'' (1963) * ''[[Torpedo...Los!]]'' (1963) * ''[[Varoom!]]'' (1963) * ''[[Whaam!]]'' (1963) * ''[[Woman with Flowered Hat]]'' (1963) * ''[[As I Opened Fire]]'' (1964) * ''[[Girl in Mirror]]'' (1964) * ''[[Happy Tears (Lichtenstein)|Happy Tears]]'' (1964) * ''[[Nurse (Lichtenstein)|Nurse]]'' (1964) * ''[[I Know...Brad]]'' (1964) * ''[[Oh, Jeff...I Love You, Too...But...]]'' (1964) * ''[[Ohhh...Alright...]]'' (1964) * ''[[Sleeping Girl (Lichtenstein)|Sleeping Girl]]'' (1964) * ''[[We Rose Up Slowly]]'' (1964) * ''[[Brushstrokes]]'' (1965) * ''[[Big Painting No. 6]]'' (1965) * ''[[Girl with Hair Ribbon]]'' (1965) * ''[[Grrrrrrrrrrr!!]]'' (1965) * ''[[Little Big Painting]]'' (1965) * ''[[M-Maybe]]'' (1965) * ''[[The Melody Haunts My Reverie]]'' (1965) * ''[[Yellow and Green Brushstrokes]]'' (1966) * ''[[Artist's Studio&mdash;Look Mickey]]'' (1973) * ''[[Cubist Still Life with Lemons]]'' (1975) * ''[[Bedroom at Arles]]'' (1992) * ''[[Large Interior with Three Reflections]]'' (1993) * ''[[Nude with Yellow Flower]]'' (1994) * ''[[Nudes with Beach Ball]]'' (1994) |group2 = Sculptures |list2 = * ''[[Mermaid (Lichtenstein)|Mermaid]]'' (1979) * ''[[Expressionist Head]]'' (1980) * ''[[Brushstrokes in Flight]]'' (1984) * ''[[Five Brushstrokes (Lichtenstein sculpture)|Five Brushstrokes]]'' (1984 sculpture) * ''[[Five Brushstrokes (Lichtenstein series)|Five Brushstrokes]]'' (1984 series) * ''[[Modern Head]]'' (1989) * ''[[El Cap de Barcelona|The Head of Barcelona]]'' (1992) * ''[[Tokyo Brushstroke I and II]]'' (1994) * ''[[Brushstroke]]'' (1996) * ''[[Brushstrokes (sculpture)|Brushstrokes]]'' (1996) * ''[[House I]]'' (1996) |group3 = Murals |list3 = * ''[[Mural with Blue Brushstroke]]'' (1986) * ''[[Times Square Mural]]'' (1994) |group4 = Other works |list4 = * [[Brushstrokes series|''Brushstrokes'' series]] (1965–66) * [[BMW Art Car]] (1977) |group5 = Related |list5 = * [[Dorothy Lichtenstein]] (second wife) * [[Mitchell Lichtenstein]] (son) }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lichtenstein, Roy}} [[Category:American artist navigational boxes]] [[Category:Artist (painter) navigational boxes]] [[Category:Artist (sculptor) navigational boxes]] </noinclude> ep01wvl5i26ahtjx0ldtyrnnmlzps8h 10 122856 518544 2025-06-16T14:48:32Z Dipankar Das 36094 + 518544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox with collapsible groups |name = Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum | state = {{{state|collapsed}}} |title = Major works at the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]] |bodyclass = hlist |groupstyle = text-align: center; | list1 = * {{smallcaps|'''Bacon'''}}:&nbsp;''[[Three Studies for a Crucifixion]]'' * {{smallcaps|'''Chagall'''}}:&nbsp;''[[Green Violinist]]'' * {{smallcaps|'''Delaunay'''}}:&nbsp;''[[Windows Open Simultaneously 1st Part, 3rd Motif]]'' * {{smallcaps|'''Gleizes'''}}:&nbsp;''[[Brooklyn Bridge (Gleizes)|Brooklyn Bridge]]'' - ''[[Composition for "Jazz"]]'' - ''[[Portrait of an Army Doctor]]'' * {{smallcaps|'''Lichtenstein'''}}:&nbsp;''[[Grrrrrrrrrrr!!]]'' * {{smallcaps|'''Manet'''}}:&nbsp;''[[Portrait of Countess Albazzi]]'' * {{smallcaps|'''Marc'''}}:&nbsp;''[[Yellow Cow]]'' * {{smallcaps|'''Metzinger'''}}:&nbsp;''[[Woman with a Fan (Metzinger, 1912)|Woman with a Fan]]'' * {{smallcaps|'''Miró'''}}:&nbsp;''[[The Tilled Field]]'' * {{smallcaps|'''Picasso'''}}:&nbsp;''[[The Accordionist]]'' - ''[[Le Moulin de la Galette (Picasso)|Le Moulin de la Galette]]'' - ''[[Woman Ironing]]'' * {{smallcaps|'''Renoir'''}}:&nbsp;''[[Nature morte: fleurs]]'' - ''[[Woman with Parakeet (Renoir)|Woman with Parakeet]]'' * {{smallcaps|'''Rothko'''}}:&nbsp;''[[Untitled (Black on Grey)]]'' * {{smallcaps|'''Schnabel'''}}:&nbsp;''[[The Student of Prague (painting)|The Student of Prague]]'' * {{smallcaps|'''van Gogh'''}}:&nbsp;''[[Head of a Girl]]'' - ''[[Landscape with Snow]]'' | belowclass = hlist | below = * {{Icon|Category}} [[:Category:Paintings in the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum|Category]] }}<noinclude> {{navbox documentation|collapsed}} [[Category:United States arts and culture navigational boxes]] [[Category:United States museum navigational boxes]] </noinclude> jiyjz5c0upma9ye07y85hhadd0e55vo 0 122857 518545 2025-06-16T14:53:31Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 518545 wikitext text/x-wiki সাধাৰণতে ময়ূৰ কৃমি বুলি জনাজাত Sabella pavonina হৈছে Sabellidae পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্গতএটা সাগৰীয় পলিচেট কৃমি। পশ্চিম ইউৰোপ আৰু ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় উপকূলত ইহঁতক পোৱা যায়। বোকা, বালি বা শিলগুটিৰ বিছনা থকা অগভীৰ, জোৱাৰ-ভাটাৰ পানীত ইয়াক পোৱা যায়। ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা শিল বা জাহাজৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পোৱা যায়। [ 1 ] ইয়াৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ১০–২৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (৪–১০ ইঞ্চি)। ইয়াৰ দেহ দীঘলীয়া আৰু ১০০–৬০০ সৰু সৰু খণ্ডত বিভক্ত। মূৰত মাংসল, অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ লোবৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা ৮–৪৫টা পাখিযুক্ত ৰেডিঅ’লৰ দুটা ফেন থাকে। শৰীৰটো বেছিভাগেই ধূসৰ-সেউজীয়া হোৱাৰ বিপৰীতে ৰেডিঅ’লবোৰ বাদামী, ৰঙা বা বেঙুনীয়া ৰঙৰ আৰু গাঢ় বেণ্ড থাকে। [ 2 ] কৃমিটোৱে শ্লেষ্মাৰ সৈতে একেলগে ধৰি ৰখা মিহি বোকা বা বালিৰ কণিকাৰ মসৃণ নলীৰ ভিতৰত থাকে। নলীডাল থিয় হৈ থাকে আৰু তলৰ মূৰটো শিলৰ লগত সংলগ্ন হৈ থাকে আৰু ওপৰৰ মূৰটো সাগৰৰ তলৰ পৰা ওলাই থাকে। পানীৰে আবৃত হ’লে কৃমিটোৱে খাদ্যৰ বাবে নিজৰ মুকুটটো নলীৰ বাহিৰলৈ আগবঢ়াই দিয়ে, ৰেডিঅ’লত থকা চিলিয়া ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি মুকুটৰ মাজেৰে পানী চলাচল কৰে। সৰু সৰু খাদ্য কণাবোৰ ৰেডিঅ’লৰ তললৈ কৃমিৰ মুখলৈ লৈ যোৱা হয়, আনহাতে ডাঙৰ কণাবোৰ প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰা হয়, বা শ্লেষ্মাৰে চিমেণ্ট কৰি নলীৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য বৃদ্ধি কৰা হয়। [ 3 ] মুকুট পোহৰ আৰু চাপৰ প্ৰতি অতি সংবেদনশীল আৰু গতি বা ছাঁৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াত দ্ৰুতভাৱে পিছুৱাই যায়। [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ছাবেলা পেভনিনা আৰু অন্যান্য চেবেলিড কৃমিবোৰে তলত খাদ্য খোৱা মাছৰ দ্বাৰা গধুৰ চিকাৰৰ সন্মুখীন হয়, কিন্তু নলীৰ এটা বৃহৎ অংশ আৰু ভিতৰৰ কৃমিটো কামোৰাৰ পিছতো ই পুনৰুত্পাদন কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। [ 5 ] [ 6 ] rkb45e8hra35nuci88dptyqfwbruc1r 518546 518545 2025-06-16T14:56:06Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518546 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ছাবেলা পাভোনিনা''' ({{Lang-en|Sabella pavonina}}, সাধাৰণতে '''ময়ূৰ কৃমি''' বুলি জনাজাত) হৈছে Sabellidae পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্গতএটা সাগৰীয় পলিচেট কৃমি। পশ্চিম [[ইউৰোপ]] আৰু ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় উপকূলত ইহঁতক পোৱা যায়। বোকা, বালি বা শিলগুটিৰ বিছনা থকা অগভীৰ, জোৱাৰ-ভাটাৰ পানীত ইয়াক পোৱা যায়। ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা শিল বা জাহাজৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পোৱা যায়। [ 1 ] ইয়াৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ১০–২৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (৪–১০ ইঞ্চি)। ইয়াৰ দেহ দীঘলীয়া আৰু ১০০–৬০০ সৰু সৰু খণ্ডত বিভক্ত। মূৰত মাংসল, অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ লোবৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা ৮–৪৫টা পাখিযুক্ত ৰেডিঅ’লৰ দুটা ফেন থাকে। শৰীৰটো বেছিভাগেই ধূসৰ-সেউজীয়া হোৱাৰ বিপৰীতে ৰেডিঅ’লবোৰ বাদামী, ৰঙা বা বেঙুনীয়া ৰঙৰ আৰু গাঢ় বেণ্ড থাকে। [ 2 ] কৃমিটোৱে শ্লেষ্মাৰ সৈতে একেলগে ধৰি ৰখা মিহি বোকা বা বালিৰ কণিকাৰ মসৃণ নলীৰ ভিতৰত থাকে। নলীডাল থিয় হৈ থাকে আৰু তলৰ মূৰটো শিলৰ লগত সংলগ্ন হৈ থাকে আৰু ওপৰৰ মূৰটো সাগৰৰ তলৰ পৰা ওলাই থাকে। পানীৰে আবৃত হ’লে কৃমিটোৱে খাদ্যৰ বাবে নিজৰ মুকুটটো নলীৰ বাহিৰলৈ আগবঢ়াই দিয়ে, ৰেডিঅ’লত থকা চিলিয়া ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি মুকুটৰ মাজেৰে পানী চলাচল কৰে। সৰু সৰু খাদ্য কণাবোৰ ৰেডিঅ’লৰ তললৈ কৃমিৰ মুখলৈ লৈ যোৱা হয়, আনহাতে ডাঙৰ কণাবোৰ প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰা হয়, বা শ্লেষ্মাৰে চিমেণ্ট কৰি নলীৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য বৃদ্ধি কৰা হয়। [ 3 ] মুকুট পোহৰ আৰু চাপৰ প্ৰতি অতি সংবেদনশীল আৰু গতি বা ছাঁৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াত দ্ৰুতভাৱে পিছুৱাই যায়। [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ছাবেলা পেভনিনা আৰু অন্যান্য চেবেলিড কৃমিবোৰে তলত খাদ্য খোৱা মাছৰ দ্বাৰা গধুৰ চিকাৰৰ সন্মুখীন হয়, কিন্তু নলীৰ এটা বৃহৎ অংশ আৰু ভিতৰৰ কৃমিটো কামোৰাৰ পিছতো ই পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। [ 5 ] [ 6 ] 8iyydifz3ak84wiruncfhu3yy5bff63 518547 518546 2025-06-16T14:56:58Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Species of annelid}} {{Speciesbox | image = Sabella pavonina - Hippocampus hippocampus - Porto Cesareo, Italy (DSC2314M).jpg | image_caption = Peacock worms ''(Sabella pavonina)'' with [[short-snouted seahorse]], Porto Cesareo, Italy | taxon = Sabella pavonina | authority = [[Marie Jules César Savigny|Savigny]], 1820 }} [[File:DSAC Sound of Mull Peacock Worm.jpg|thumb|Peacock worm in the [[Sound of Mull]] ]] '''ছাবেলা পাভোনিনা''' ({{Lang-en|Sabella pavonina}}, সাধাৰণতে '''ময়ূৰ কৃমি''' বুলি জনাজাত) হৈছে Sabellidae পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্গতএটা সাগৰীয় পলিচেট কৃমি। পশ্চিম [[ইউৰোপ]] আৰু ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় উপকূলত ইহঁতক পোৱা যায়। বোকা, বালি বা শিলগুটিৰ বিছনা থকা অগভীৰ, জোৱাৰ-ভাটাৰ পানীত ইয়াক পোৱা যায়। ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা শিল বা জাহাজৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পোৱা যায়। [ 1 ] ইয়াৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ১০–২৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (৪–১০ ইঞ্চি)। ইয়াৰ দেহ দীঘলীয়া আৰু ১০০–৬০০ সৰু সৰু খণ্ডত বিভক্ত। মূৰত মাংসল, অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ লোবৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা ৮–৪৫টা পাখিযুক্ত ৰেডিঅ’লৰ দুটা ফেন থাকে। শৰীৰটো বেছিভাগেই ধূসৰ-সেউজীয়া হোৱাৰ বিপৰীতে ৰেডিঅ’লবোৰ বাদামী, ৰঙা বা বেঙুনীয়া ৰঙৰ আৰু গাঢ় বেণ্ড থাকে। [ 2 ] কৃমিটোৱে শ্লেষ্মাৰ সৈতে একেলগে ধৰি ৰখা মিহি বোকা বা বালিৰ কণিকাৰ মসৃণ নলীৰ ভিতৰত থাকে। নলীডাল থিয় হৈ থাকে আৰু তলৰ মূৰটো শিলৰ লগত সংলগ্ন হৈ থাকে আৰু ওপৰৰ মূৰটো সাগৰৰ তলৰ পৰা ওলাই থাকে। পানীৰে আবৃত হ’লে কৃমিটোৱে খাদ্যৰ বাবে নিজৰ মুকুটটো নলীৰ বাহিৰলৈ আগবঢ়াই দিয়ে, ৰেডিঅ’লত থকা চিলিয়া ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি মুকুটৰ মাজেৰে পানী চলাচল কৰে। সৰু সৰু খাদ্য কণাবোৰ ৰেডিঅ’লৰ তললৈ কৃমিৰ মুখলৈ লৈ যোৱা হয়, আনহাতে ডাঙৰ কণাবোৰ প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰা হয়, বা শ্লেষ্মাৰে চিমেণ্ট কৰি নলীৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য বৃদ্ধি কৰা হয়। [ 3 ] মুকুট পোহৰ আৰু চাপৰ প্ৰতি অতি সংবেদনশীল আৰু গতি বা ছাঁৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াত দ্ৰুতভাৱে পিছুৱাই যায়। [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ছাবেলা পেভনিনা আৰু অন্যান্য চেবেলিড কৃমিবোৰে তলত খাদ্য খোৱা মাছৰ দ্বাৰা গধুৰ চিকাৰৰ সন্মুখীন হয়, কিন্তু নলীৰ এটা বৃহৎ অংশ আৰু ভিতৰৰ কৃমিটো কামোৰাৰ পিছতো ই পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। [ 5 ] [ 6 ] 90i2z3trtl4m5gtnl4trpe0yz4kfbmu 518550 518547 2025-06-16T15:00:39Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Sabella pavonina - Hippocampus hippocampus - Porto Cesareo, Italy (DSC2314M).jpg | image_caption = চুটি থুঁতৰি থকা সাগৰীয় ঘোঁৰাৰ সৈতে ময়ুৰ কৃমি (ছাবেলা পাভোনিনা), পৰ্টো চেজাৰিঅ', [[ইটালী]] | taxon = Sabella pavonina | authority = চেভিনি , ১৮২০ চন }} [[File:DSAC Sound of Mull Peacock Worm.jpg|thumb|Peacock worm in the [[Sound of Mull]] ]] '''ছাবেলা পাভোনিনা''' ({{Lang-en|Sabella pavonina}}, সাধাৰণতে '''ময়ূৰ কৃমি''' বুলি জনাজাত) হৈছে Sabellidae পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্গতএটা সাগৰীয় পলিচেট কৃমি। পশ্চিম [[ইউৰোপ]] আৰু ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় উপকূলত ইহঁতক পোৱা যায়। বোকা, বালি বা শিলগুটিৰ বিছনা থকা অগভীৰ, জোৱাৰ-ভাটাৰ পানীত ইয়াক পোৱা যায়। ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা শিল বা জাহাজৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পোৱা যায়। [ 1 ] ইয়াৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ১০–২৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (৪–১০ ইঞ্চি)। ইয়াৰ দেহ দীঘলীয়া আৰু ১০০–৬০০ সৰু সৰু খণ্ডত বিভক্ত। মূৰত মাংসল, অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ লোবৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা ৮–৪৫টা পাখিযুক্ত ৰেডিঅ’লৰ দুটা ফেন থাকে। শৰীৰটো বেছিভাগেই ধূসৰ-সেউজীয়া হোৱাৰ বিপৰীতে ৰেডিঅ’লবোৰ বাদামী, ৰঙা বা বেঙুনীয়া ৰঙৰ আৰু গাঢ় বেণ্ড থাকে। [ 2 ] কৃমিটোৱে শ্লেষ্মাৰ সৈতে একেলগে ধৰি ৰখা মিহি বোকা বা বালিৰ কণিকাৰ মসৃণ নলীৰ ভিতৰত থাকে। নলীডাল থিয় হৈ থাকে আৰু তলৰ মূৰটো শিলৰ লগত সংলগ্ন হৈ থাকে আৰু ওপৰৰ মূৰটো সাগৰৰ তলৰ পৰা ওলাই থাকে। পানীৰে আবৃত হ’লে কৃমিটোৱে খাদ্যৰ বাবে নিজৰ মুকুটটো নলীৰ বাহিৰলৈ আগবঢ়াই দিয়ে, ৰেডিঅ’লত থকা চিলিয়া ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি মুকুটৰ মাজেৰে পানী চলাচল কৰে। সৰু সৰু খাদ্য কণাবোৰ ৰেডিঅ’লৰ তললৈ কৃমিৰ মুখলৈ লৈ যোৱা হয়, আনহাতে ডাঙৰ কণাবোৰ প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰা হয়, বা শ্লেষ্মাৰে চিমেণ্ট কৰি নলীৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য বৃদ্ধি কৰা হয়। [ 3 ] মুকুট পোহৰ আৰু চাপৰ প্ৰতি অতি সংবেদনশীল আৰু গতি বা ছাঁৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াত দ্ৰুতভাৱে পিছুৱাই যায়। [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ছাবেলা পেভনিনা আৰু অন্যান্য চেবেলিড কৃমিবোৰে তলত খাদ্য খোৱা মাছৰ দ্বাৰা গধুৰ চিকাৰৰ সন্মুখীন হয়, কিন্তু নলীৰ এটা বৃহৎ অংশ আৰু ভিতৰৰ কৃমিটো কামোৰাৰ পিছতো ই পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। [ 5 ] [ 6 ] gkr1iprxcxmo0vfvw92plmhc8r9vigy 518551 518550 2025-06-16T15:01:22Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Sabella pavonina - Hippocampus hippocampus - Porto Cesareo, Italy (DSC2314M).jpg | image_caption = চুটি থুঁতৰি থকা সাগৰীয় ঘোঁৰাৰ সৈতে ময়ুৰ কৃমি (ছাবেলা পাভোনিনা), পৰ্টো চেজাৰিঅ', [[ইটালী]] | taxon = Sabella pavonina | authority = চেভিনি , ১৮২০ চন }} [[File:DSAC Sound of Mull Peacock Worm.jpg|thumb|চাউণ্ড অৱ মলত ময়ুৰৰ কৃমি]] '''ছাবেলা পাভোনিনা''' ({{Lang-en|Sabella pavonina}}, সাধাৰণতে '''ময়ূৰ কৃমি''' বুলি জনাজাত) হৈছে Sabellidae পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্গতএটা সাগৰীয় পলিচেট কৃমি। পশ্চিম [[ইউৰোপ]] আৰু ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় উপকূলত ইহঁতক পোৱা যায়। বোকা, বালি বা শিলগুটিৰ বিছনা থকা অগভীৰ, জোৱাৰ-ভাটাৰ পানীত ইয়াক পোৱা যায়। ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা শিল বা জাহাজৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পোৱা যায়। [ 1 ] ইয়াৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ১০–২৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (৪–১০ ইঞ্চি)। ইয়াৰ দেহ দীঘলীয়া আৰু ১০০–৬০০ সৰু সৰু খণ্ডত বিভক্ত। মূৰত মাংসল, অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ লোবৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা ৮–৪৫টা পাখিযুক্ত ৰেডিঅ’লৰ দুটা ফেন থাকে। শৰীৰটো বেছিভাগেই ধূসৰ-সেউজীয়া হোৱাৰ বিপৰীতে ৰেডিঅ’লবোৰ বাদামী, ৰঙা বা বেঙুনীয়া ৰঙৰ আৰু গাঢ় বেণ্ড থাকে। [ 2 ] কৃমিটোৱে শ্লেষ্মাৰ সৈতে একেলগে ধৰি ৰখা মিহি বোকা বা বালিৰ কণিকাৰ মসৃণ নলীৰ ভিতৰত থাকে। নলীডাল থিয় হৈ থাকে আৰু তলৰ মূৰটো শিলৰ লগত সংলগ্ন হৈ থাকে আৰু ওপৰৰ মূৰটো সাগৰৰ তলৰ পৰা ওলাই থাকে। পানীৰে আবৃত হ’লে কৃমিটোৱে খাদ্যৰ বাবে নিজৰ মুকুটটো নলীৰ বাহিৰলৈ আগবঢ়াই দিয়ে, ৰেডিঅ’লত থকা চিলিয়া ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি মুকুটৰ মাজেৰে পানী চলাচল কৰে। সৰু সৰু খাদ্য কণাবোৰ ৰেডিঅ’লৰ তললৈ কৃমিৰ মুখলৈ লৈ যোৱা হয়, আনহাতে ডাঙৰ কণাবোৰ প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰা হয়, বা শ্লেষ্মাৰে চিমেণ্ট কৰি নলীৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য বৃদ্ধি কৰা হয়। [ 3 ] মুকুট পোহৰ আৰু চাপৰ প্ৰতি অতি সংবেদনশীল আৰু গতি বা ছাঁৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াত দ্ৰুতভাৱে পিছুৱাই যায়। [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ছাবেলা পেভনিনা আৰু অন্যান্য চেবেলিড কৃমিবোৰে তলত খাদ্য খোৱা মাছৰ দ্বাৰা গধুৰ চিকাৰৰ সন্মুখীন হয়, কিন্তু নলীৰ এটা বৃহৎ অংশ আৰু ভিতৰৰ কৃমিটো কামোৰাৰ পিছতো ই পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। [ 5 ] [ 6 ] ehl34fid6n4rlx2ox6pre3nixpjuxtb 518552 518551 2025-06-16T15:01:38Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Sabella pavonina - Hippocampus hippocampus - Porto Cesareo, Italy (DSC2314M).jpg | image_caption = চুটি থুঁতৰি থকা সাগৰীয় ঘোঁৰাৰ সৈতে ময়ুৰ কৃমি (ছাবেলা পাভোনিনা), পৰ্টো চেজাৰিঅ', [[ইটালী]] | taxon = Sabella pavonina | authority = চেভিনি , ১৮২০ চন }} [[File:DSAC Sound of Mull Peacock Worm.jpg|thumb|চাউণ্ড অৱ মলত ময়ুৰৰ কৃমি]] '''ছাবেলা পাভোনিনা''' ({{Lang-en|Sabella pavonina}}, সাধাৰণতে '''ময়ূৰ কৃমি''' বুলি জনাজাত) হৈছে Sabellidae পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্গতএটা সাগৰীয় পলিচেট কৃমি। পশ্চিম [[ইউৰোপ]] আৰু ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় উপকূলত ইহঁতক পোৱা যায়। বোকা, বালি বা শিলগুটিৰ বিছনা থকা অগভীৰ, জোৱাৰ-ভাটাৰ পানীত ইয়াক পোৱা যায়। ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা শিল বা জাহাজৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পোৱা যায়।<ref name=Wells1>{{cite journal | last=Wells | first=G. P. | title=On the behaviour of ''Sabella'' | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences | volume=138 | issue=891 | year=1951 | jstor=82543 | pages=278–299| doi=10.1098/rspb.1951.0023 | pmid=14853971 | bibcode=1951RSPSB.138..278W }}</ref> ইয়াৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ১০–২৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (৪–১০ ইঞ্চি)। ইয়াৰ দেহ দীঘলীয়া আৰু ১০০–৬০০ সৰু সৰু খণ্ডত বিভক্ত। মূৰত মাংসল, অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ লোবৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা ৮–৪৫টা পাখিযুক্ত ৰেডিঅ’লৰ দুটা ফেন থাকে। শৰীৰটো বেছিভাগেই ধূসৰ-সেউজীয়া হোৱাৰ বিপৰীতে ৰেডিঅ’লবোৰ বাদামী, ৰঙা বা বেঙুনীয়া ৰঙৰ আৰু গাঢ় বেণ্ড থাকে। [ 2 ] কৃমিটোৱে শ্লেষ্মাৰ সৈতে একেলগে ধৰি ৰখা মিহি বোকা বা বালিৰ কণিকাৰ মসৃণ নলীৰ ভিতৰত থাকে। নলীডাল থিয় হৈ থাকে আৰু তলৰ মূৰটো শিলৰ লগত সংলগ্ন হৈ থাকে আৰু ওপৰৰ মূৰটো সাগৰৰ তলৰ পৰা ওলাই থাকে। পানীৰে আবৃত হ’লে কৃমিটোৱে খাদ্যৰ বাবে নিজৰ মুকুটটো নলীৰ বাহিৰলৈ আগবঢ়াই দিয়ে, ৰেডিঅ’লত থকা চিলিয়া ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি মুকুটৰ মাজেৰে পানী চলাচল কৰে। সৰু সৰু খাদ্য কণাবোৰ ৰেডিঅ’লৰ তললৈ কৃমিৰ মুখলৈ লৈ যোৱা হয়, আনহাতে ডাঙৰ কণাবোৰ প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰা হয়, বা শ্লেষ্মাৰে চিমেণ্ট কৰি নলীৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য বৃদ্ধি কৰা হয়। [ 3 ] মুকুট পোহৰ আৰু চাপৰ প্ৰতি অতি সংবেদনশীল আৰু গতি বা ছাঁৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াত দ্ৰুতভাৱে পিছুৱাই যায়। [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ছাবেলা পেভনিনা আৰু অন্যান্য চেবেলিড কৃমিবোৰে তলত খাদ্য খোৱা মাছৰ দ্বাৰা গধুৰ চিকাৰৰ সন্মুখীন হয়, কিন্তু নলীৰ এটা বৃহৎ অংশ আৰু ভিতৰৰ কৃমিটো কামোৰাৰ পিছতো ই পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। [ 5 ] [ 6 ] 8fpkxwq5ov4e7c7zz8sp2aaktqt3p9q 518553 518552 2025-06-16T15:02:42Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Sabella pavonina - Hippocampus hippocampus - Porto Cesareo, Italy (DSC2314M).jpg | image_caption = চুটি থুঁতৰি থকা সাগৰীয় ঘোঁৰাৰ সৈতে ময়ুৰ কৃমি (ছাবেলা পাভোনিনা), পৰ্টো চেজাৰিঅ', [[ইটালী]] | taxon = Sabella pavonina | authority = চেভিনি , ১৮২০ চন }} [[File:DSAC Sound of Mull Peacock Worm.jpg|thumb|চাউণ্ড অৱ মলত ময়ুৰৰ কৃমি]] '''ছাবেলা পাভোনিনা''' ({{Lang-en|Sabella pavonina}}, সাধাৰণতে '''ময়ূৰ কৃমি''' বুলি জনাজাত) হৈছে Sabellidae পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্গতএটা সাগৰীয় পলিচেট কৃমি। পশ্চিম [[ইউৰোপ]] আৰু ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় উপকূলত ইহঁতক পোৱা যায়। বোকা, বালি বা শিলগুটিৰ বিছনা থকা অগভীৰ, জোৱাৰ-ভাটাৰ পানীত ইয়াক পোৱা যায়। ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা শিল বা জাহাজৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পোৱা যায়।<ref name=Wells1>{{cite journal | last=Wells | first=G. P. | title=On the behaviour of ''Sabella'' | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences | volume=138 | issue=891 | year=1951 | jstor=82543 | pages=278–299| doi=10.1098/rspb.1951.0023 | pmid=14853971 | bibcode=1951RSPSB.138..278W }}</ref> ইয়াৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ১০–২৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (৪–১০ ইঞ্চি)। ইয়াৰ দেহ দীঘলীয়া আৰু ১০০–৬০০ সৰু সৰু খণ্ডত বিভক্ত। মূৰত মাংসল, অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ লোবৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা ৮–৪৫টা পাখিযুক্ত ৰেডিঅ’লৰ দুটা ফেন থাকে। শৰীৰটো বেছিভাগেই ধূসৰ-সেউজীয়া হোৱাৰ বিপৰীতে ৰেডিঅ’লবোৰ বাদামী, ৰঙা বা বেঙুনীয়া ৰঙৰ আৰু গাঢ় বেণ্ড থাকে।<ref name=Fish>{{cite book | last=Fish | first=J. D. | title=A Student's Guide to the Seashore | publisher=Springer| year=2012 | pages=172–173| isbn=978-94-011-5888-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRHvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA173}}</ref> কৃমিটোৱে শ্লেষ্মাৰ সৈতে একেলগে ধৰি ৰখা মিহি বোকা বা বালিৰ কণিকাৰ মসৃণ নলীৰ ভিতৰত থাকে। নলীডাল থিয় হৈ থাকে আৰু তলৰ মূৰটো শিলৰ লগত সংলগ্ন হৈ থাকে আৰু ওপৰৰ মূৰটো সাগৰৰ তলৰ পৰা ওলাই থাকে। পানীৰে আবৃত হ’লে কৃমিটোৱে খাদ্যৰ বাবে নিজৰ মুকুটটো নলীৰ বাহিৰলৈ আগবঢ়াই দিয়ে, ৰেডিঅ’লত থকা চিলিয়া ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি মুকুটৰ মাজেৰে পানী চলাচল কৰে। সৰু সৰু খাদ্য কণাবোৰ ৰেডিঅ’লৰ তললৈ কৃমিৰ মুখলৈ লৈ যোৱা হয়, আনহাতে ডাঙৰ কণাবোৰ প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰা হয়, বা শ্লেষ্মাৰে চিমেণ্ট কৰি নলীৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য বৃদ্ধি কৰা হয়। [ 3 ] মুকুট পোহৰ আৰু চাপৰ প্ৰতি অতি সংবেদনশীল আৰু গতি বা ছাঁৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াত দ্ৰুতভাৱে পিছুৱাই যায়। [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ছাবেলা পেভনিনা আৰু অন্যান্য চেবেলিড কৃমিবোৰে তলত খাদ্য খোৱা মাছৰ দ্বাৰা গধুৰ চিকাৰৰ সন্মুখীন হয়, কিন্তু নলীৰ এটা বৃহৎ অংশ আৰু ভিতৰৰ কৃমিটো কামোৰাৰ পিছতো ই পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। [ 5 ] [ 6 ] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== suc8nn2agb61g9u26j5xsw9adjjfvkq 518555 518553 2025-06-16T15:05:29Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Sabella pavonina - Hippocampus hippocampus - Porto Cesareo, Italy (DSC2314M).jpg | image_caption = চুটি থুঁতৰি থকা সাগৰীয় ঘোঁৰাৰ সৈতে ময়ুৰ কৃমি (ছাবেলা পাভোনিনা), পৰ্টো চেজাৰিঅ', [[ইটালী]] | taxon = Sabella pavonina | authority = চেভিনি , ১৮২০ চন }} [[File:DSAC Sound of Mull Peacock Worm.jpg|thumb|চাউণ্ড অৱ মলত ময়ুৰৰ কৃমি]] '''ছাবেলা পাভোনিনা''' ({{Lang-en|Sabella pavonina}}, সাধাৰণতে '''ময়ূৰ কৃমি''' বুলি জনাজাত) হৈছে Sabellidae পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্গতএটা সাগৰীয় পলিচেট কৃমি। পশ্চিম [[ইউৰোপ]] আৰু ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় উপকূলত ইহঁতক পোৱা যায়। বোকা, [[বালি]] বা শিলগুটিৰ বিছনা থকা অগভীৰ, জোৱাৰ-ভাটাৰ [[পানী]]ত ইয়াক পোৱা যায়। ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা [[শিল]] বা [[জাহাজ]]ৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পোৱা যায়।<ref name=Wells1>{{cite journal | last=Wells | first=G. P. | title=On the behaviour of ''Sabella'' | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences | volume=138 | issue=891 | year=1951 | jstor=82543 | pages=278–299| doi=10.1098/rspb.1951.0023 | pmid=14853971 | bibcode=1951RSPSB.138..278W }}</ref> ইয়াৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ১০–২৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (৪–১০ ইঞ্চি)। ইয়াৰ দেহ দীঘলীয়া আৰু ১০০–৬০০ সৰু সৰু খণ্ডত বিভক্ত। মূৰত মাংসল, অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ লোবৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা ৮–৪৫টা পাখিযুক্ত ৰেডিঅ’লৰ দুটা ফেন থাকে। শৰীৰটো বেছিভাগেই ধূসৰ-সেউজীয়া হোৱাৰ বিপৰীতে ৰেডিঅ’লবোৰ বাদামী, ৰঙা বা বেঙুনীয়া ৰঙৰ আৰু গাঢ় বেণ্ড থাকে।<ref name=Fish>{{cite book | last=Fish | first=J. D. | title=A Student's Guide to the Seashore | publisher=Springer| year=2012 | pages=172–173| isbn=978-94-011-5888-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRHvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA173}}</ref> কৃমিটোৱে শ্লেষ্মাৰ সৈতে একেলগে ধৰি ৰখা মিহি বোকা বা বালিৰ কণিকাৰ মসৃণ নলীৰ ভিতৰত থাকে। নলীডাল থিয় হৈ থাকে আৰু তলৰ মূৰটো শিলৰ লগত সংলগ্ন হৈ থাকে আৰু ওপৰৰ মূৰটো সাগৰৰ তলৰ পৰা ওলাই থাকে। পানীৰে আবৃত হ’লে কৃমিটোৱে খাদ্যৰ বাবে নিজৰ মুকুটটো নলীৰ বাহিৰলৈ আগবঢ়াই দিয়ে, ৰেডিঅ’লত থকা চিলিয়া ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি মুকুটৰ মাজেৰে পানী চলাচল কৰে। সৰু সৰু খাদ্য কণাবোৰ ৰেডিঅ’লৰ তললৈ কৃমিৰ মুখলৈ লৈ যোৱা হয়, আনহাতে ডাঙৰ কণাবোৰ প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰা হয়, বা শ্লেষ্মাৰে চিমেণ্ট কৰি নলীৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য বৃদ্ধি কৰা হয়।<ref name=Hayward>{{cite book |last=Hayward |first= Peter J. |title=A Natural History of the Seashore |date=2004 |publisher=Collins |pages=52–53 |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof0000hayw/page/52/}}</ref> মুকুট পোহৰ আৰু চাপৰ প্ৰতি অতি সংবেদনশীল আৰু গতি বা ছাঁৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াত দ্ৰুতভাৱে পিছুৱাই যায়।<ref name=Hayward/><ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Vernon |title=Sessile Animals of the Sea Shore |date=1990 |publisher=Chapman and Hall |page=117 |isbn=978-0-412-33760-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/sessileanimalsof0000harr/page/116/}}</ref> ছাবেলা পেভনিনা আৰু অন্যান্য চেবেলিড কৃমিবোৰে তলত খাদ্য খোৱা মাছৰ দ্বাৰা গধুৰ চিকাৰৰ সন্মুখীন হয়, কিন্তু নলীৰ এটা বৃহৎ অংশ আৰু ভিতৰৰ কৃমিটো কামোৰাৰ পিছতো ই পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়। [ 5 ] [ 6 ] ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== lclx0zhp8ziukvw4t0c9bxe4gk3la6b 518556 518555 2025-06-16T15:06:23Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Sabella pavonina - Hippocampus hippocampus - Porto Cesareo, Italy (DSC2314M).jpg | image_caption = চুটি থুঁতৰি থকা সাগৰীয় ঘোঁৰাৰ সৈতে ময়ুৰ কৃমি (ছাবেলা পাভোনিনা), পৰ্টো চেজাৰিঅ', [[ইটালী]] | taxon = Sabella pavonina | authority = চেভিনি , ১৮২০ চন }} [[File:DSAC Sound of Mull Peacock Worm.jpg|thumb|চাউণ্ড অৱ মলত ময়ুৰৰ কৃমি]] '''ছাবেলা পাভোনিনা''' ({{Lang-en|Sabella pavonina}}, সাধাৰণতে '''ময়ূৰ কৃমি''' বুলি জনাজাত) হৈছে Sabellidae পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্গতএটা সাগৰীয় পলিচেট কৃমি। পশ্চিম [[ইউৰোপ]] আৰু ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় উপকূলত ইহঁতক পোৱা যায়। বোকা, [[বালি]] বা শিলগুটিৰ বিছনা থকা অগভীৰ, জোৱাৰ-ভাটাৰ [[পানী]]ত ইয়াক পোৱা যায়। ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা [[শিল]] বা [[জাহাজ]]ৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পোৱা যায়।<ref name=Wells1>{{cite journal | last=Wells | first=G. P. | title=On the behaviour of ''Sabella'' | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences | volume=138 | issue=891 | year=1951 | jstor=82543 | pages=278–299| doi=10.1098/rspb.1951.0023 | pmid=14853971 | bibcode=1951RSPSB.138..278W }}</ref> ইয়াৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ১০–২৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (৪–১০ ইঞ্চি)। ইয়াৰ দেহ দীঘলীয়া আৰু ১০০–৬০০ সৰু সৰু খণ্ডত বিভক্ত। মূৰত মাংসল, অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ লোবৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা ৮–৪৫টা পাখিযুক্ত ৰেডিঅ’লৰ দুটা ফেন থাকে। শৰীৰটো বেছিভাগেই ধূসৰ-সেউজীয়া হোৱাৰ বিপৰীতে ৰেডিঅ’লবোৰ বাদামী, ৰঙা বা বেঙুনীয়া ৰঙৰ আৰু গাঢ় বেণ্ড থাকে।<ref name=Fish>{{cite book | last=Fish | first=J. D. | title=A Student's Guide to the Seashore | publisher=Springer| year=2012 | pages=172–173| isbn=978-94-011-5888-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRHvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA173}}</ref> কৃমিটোৱে শ্লেষ্মাৰ সৈতে একেলগে ধৰি ৰখা মিহি বোকা বা বালিৰ কণিকাৰ মসৃণ নলীৰ ভিতৰত থাকে। নলীডাল থিয় হৈ থাকে আৰু তলৰ মূৰটো শিলৰ লগত সংলগ্ন হৈ থাকে আৰু ওপৰৰ মূৰটো সাগৰৰ তলৰ পৰা ওলাই থাকে। পানীৰে আবৃত হ’লে কৃমিটোৱে খাদ্যৰ বাবে নিজৰ মুকুটটো নলীৰ বাহিৰলৈ আগবঢ়াই দিয়ে, ৰেডিঅ’লত থকা চিলিয়া ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি মুকুটৰ মাজেৰে পানী চলাচল কৰে। সৰু সৰু খাদ্য কণাবোৰ ৰেডিঅ’লৰ তললৈ কৃমিৰ মুখলৈ লৈ যোৱা হয়, আনহাতে ডাঙৰ কণাবোৰ প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰা হয়, বা শ্লেষ্মাৰে চিমেণ্ট কৰি নলীৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য বৃদ্ধি কৰা হয়।<ref name=Hayward>{{cite book |last=Hayward |first= Peter J. |title=A Natural History of the Seashore |date=2004 |publisher=Collins |pages=52–53 |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof0000hayw/page/52/}}</ref> মুকুট পোহৰ আৰু চাপৰ প্ৰতি অতি সংবেদনশীল আৰু গতি বা ছাঁৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াত দ্ৰুতভাৱে পিছুৱাই যায়।<ref name=Hayward/><ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Vernon |title=Sessile Animals of the Sea Shore |date=1990 |publisher=Chapman and Hall |page=117 |isbn=978-0-412-33760-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/sessileanimalsof0000harr/page/116/}}</ref> ছাবেলা পেভনিনা আৰু অন্যান্য চেবেলিড কৃমিবোৰে তলত খাদ্য খোৱা মাছৰ দ্বাৰা গধুৰ চিকাৰৰ সন্মুখীন হয়, কিন্তু নলীৰ এটা বৃহৎ অংশ আৰু ভিতৰৰ কৃমিটো কামোৰাৰ পিছতো ই পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।<ref>{{cite journal | last=Berrill | first=N. J. | title=Functional Morphology and Development of Segmental Inversion in Sabellid Polychaetes | journal=Biological Bulletin | volume=153 | issue=3 | year=1977 | jstor=1540600 | pages=453–467 [463] | doi=10.2307/1540600 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1540600}}</ref><ref name=Wells2>{{cite journal | last=Wells | first=G. P. | title=The Respiratory Significance of the Crown in the Polychaete Worms ''Sabella'' and ''Myxicola'' | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences | volume=140 | issue=898 | year=1952 | jstor=82713 | pages=70–82 [75]| doi=10.1098/rspb.1952.0045 | pmid=13003913 | bibcode=1952RSPSB.140...70W }}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== gi4shmwn99u218cy0hrg69rj88m046x 518557 518556 2025-06-16T15:07:45Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | image = Sabella pavonina - Hippocampus hippocampus - Porto Cesareo, Italy (DSC2314M).jpg | image_caption = চুটি থুঁতৰি থকা সাগৰীয় ঘোঁৰাৰ সৈতে ময়ুৰ কৃমি (ছাবেলা পাভোনিনা), পৰ্টো চেজাৰিঅ', [[ইটালী]] | taxon = Sabella pavonina | authority = চেভিনি , ১৮২০ চন }} [[File:DSAC Sound of Mull Peacock Worm.jpg|thumb|চাউণ্ড অৱ মলত ময়ুৰৰ কৃমি]] '''ছাবেলা পাভোনিনা''' ({{Lang-en|Sabella pavonina}}, সাধাৰণতে '''ময়ূৰ কৃমি''' বুলি জনাজাত) হৈছে Sabellidae পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্গতএটা সাগৰীয় পলিচেট [[কৃমি]]। পশ্চিম [[ইউৰোপ]] আৰু ভূমধ্যসাগৰীয় উপকূলত ইহঁতক পোৱা যায়। বোকা, [[বালি]] বা শিলগুটিৰ বিছনা থকা অগভীৰ, জোৱাৰ-ভাটাৰ [[পানী]]ত ইয়াক পোৱা যায়। ইয়াক কেতিয়াবা [[শিল]] বা [[জাহাজ]]ৰ ধ্বংসাৱশেষত পোৱা যায়।<ref name=Wells1>{{cite journal | last=Wells | first=G. P. | title=On the behaviour of ''Sabella'' | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences | volume=138 | issue=891 | year=1951 | jstor=82543 | pages=278–299| doi=10.1098/rspb.1951.0023 | pmid=14853971 | bibcode=1951RSPSB.138..278W }}</ref> ইয়াৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য ১০–২৫ চেণ্টিমিটাৰ (৪–১০ ইঞ্চি)। ইয়াৰ দেহ দীঘলীয়া আৰু ১০০–৬০০ সৰু সৰু খণ্ডত বিভক্ত। মূৰত মাংসল, অৰ্ধবৃত্তাকাৰ লোবৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা ৮–৪৫টা পাখিযুক্ত ৰেডিঅ’লৰ দুটা ফেন থাকে। শৰীৰটো বেছিভাগেই ধূসৰ-সেউজীয়া হোৱাৰ বিপৰীতে ৰেডিঅ’লবোৰ বাদামী, ৰঙা বা বেঙুনীয়া ৰঙৰ আৰু গাঢ় বেণ্ড থাকে।<ref name=Fish>{{cite book | last=Fish | first=J. D. | title=A Student's Guide to the Seashore | publisher=Springer| year=2012 | pages=172–173| isbn=978-94-011-5888-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRHvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA173}}</ref> কৃমিটোৱে শ্লেষ্মাৰ সৈতে একেলগে ধৰি ৰখা মিহি বোকা বা বালিৰ কণিকাৰ মসৃণ নলীৰ ভিতৰত থাকে। নলীডাল থিয় হৈ থাকে আৰু তলৰ মূৰটো শিলৰ লগত সংলগ্ন হৈ থাকে আৰু ওপৰৰ মূৰটো সাগৰৰ তলৰ পৰা ওলাই থাকে। পানীৰে আবৃত হ’লে কৃমিটোৱে খাদ্যৰ বাবে নিজৰ মুকুটটো নলীৰ বাহিৰলৈ আগবঢ়াই দিয়ে, ৰেডিঅ’লত থকা চিলিয়া ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি মুকুটৰ মাজেৰে পানী চলাচল কৰে। সৰু সৰু খাদ্য কণাবোৰ ৰেডিঅ’লৰ তললৈ কৃমিৰ মুখলৈ লৈ যোৱা হয়, আনহাতে ডাঙৰ কণাবোৰ প্ৰত্যাখ্যান কৰা হয়, বা শ্লেষ্মাৰে চিমেণ্ট কৰি নলীৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য বৃদ্ধি কৰা হয়।<ref name=Hayward>{{cite book |last=Hayward |first= Peter J. |title=A Natural History of the Seashore |date=2004 |publisher=Collins |pages=52–53 |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof0000hayw/page/52/}}</ref> মুকুট পোহৰ আৰু চাপৰ প্ৰতি অতি সংবেদনশীল আৰু গতি বা ছাঁৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়াত দ্ৰুতভাৱে পিছুৱাই যায়।<ref name=Hayward/><ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Vernon |title=Sessile Animals of the Sea Shore |date=1990 |publisher=Chapman and Hall |page=117 |isbn=978-0-412-33760-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/sessileanimalsof0000harr/page/116/}}</ref> ছাবেলা পেভনিনা আৰু অন্যান্য চেবেলিড কৃমিবোৰে তলত খাদ্য খোৱা মাছৰ দ্বাৰা গধুৰ চিকাৰৰ সন্মুখীন হয়, কিন্তু নলীৰ এটা বৃহৎ অংশ আৰু ভিতৰৰ কৃমিটো কামোৰাৰ পিছতো ই পুনৰুৎপাদন কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হয়।<ref>{{cite journal | last=Berrill | first=N. J. | title=Functional Morphology and Development of Segmental Inversion in Sabellid Polychaetes | journal=Biological Bulletin | volume=153 | issue=3 | year=1977 | jstor=1540600 | pages=453–467 [463] | doi=10.2307/1540600 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1540600}}</ref><ref name=Wells2>{{cite journal | last=Wells | first=G. P. | title=The Respiratory Significance of the Crown in the Polychaete Worms ''Sabella'' and ''Myxicola'' | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences | volume=140 | issue=898 | year=1952 | jstor=82713 | pages=70–82 [75]| doi=10.1098/rspb.1952.0045 | pmid=13003913 | bibcode=1952RSPSB.140...70W }}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== ebvkaaojz1mpvv7xzhfa9z05kbh3uwa 10 122858 518548 2025-06-16T14:58:46Z Dipankar Das 36094 + 518548 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="border: 2px dashed #666666;"><div style="margin: 3em;"><onlyinclude>{{documentation | 1 = Template:Navbox documentation | content = {{{hatnotes|}}} {{Template display|nomobile}} {{{intro|{{{2|}}}}}} This is a [[Wikipedia:Navigation template|navigational template]] created using {{tl|navbox}}. It can be [[Help:Transclusion|transcluded]] on pages by placing <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>{{{template|{{PAGENAME}}}}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> below the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Standard appendices and footers|standard article appendices]]. {{#if:{{{stateless|}}}|| ==Initial visibility== {{Collapsible option|parameter_name={{{parameter_name|state}}}|default={{{1|{{{state|autocollapse}}}}}}|nobase={{{nobase|}}}}} {{Navbox visibility}} ==TemplateData== <templatedata> { "params": { "state": { "label": "State", "description": "The initial visibility of the navbox", "suggestedvalues": [ "collapsed", "expanded", "autocollapse" ], "suggested": true, "type": "string" } }, "description": "A navigational box that can be placed at the bottom of articles." } </templatedata> }} ==Template transclusions== {{Check completeness of transclusions}} {{{3|}}} }}</onlyinclude></div></div><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage --> </noinclude> o30qi44pfh9ra2tfepyxwoox8j0m4my 10 122859 518549 2025-06-16T15:00:07Z Dipankar Das 36094 + 518549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Template shortcut|navdoc}} {{Template redirect|Navbox doc}} This is a wrapper for {{tl|Collapsible option}} to provide a semblance of documentation for navbox templates. See that template for further guidance. The <nowiki>{{Collapsible option}}</nowiki> template can be suppressed with {{para|stateless|yes}}. == Elements == This template uses the following single elements: {{tl|Template display}}, {{tl|Collapsible option}}, {{tl|Navbox visibility}} and {{tl|Check completeness of transclusions}}. == TemplateData == {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "params": { "3": { "label": "Content", "description": "TemplateData, See also, etc. (below {{collapsible option}})", "type": "content" }, "state": { "aliases": [ "or 1" ], "label": "State", "description": "The default initial state of the template. Set to either: (1) expanded, (2) collapsed, or (3) autocollapse", "default": "autocollapse", "suggested": true, "suggestedvalues": [ "expanded", "collapsed", "autocollapse" ] }, "template": { "label": "Template", "description": "To call the template anything other than {{PAGENAME}} within the documentation", "type": "string", "autovalue": "{{PAGENAME}}" }, "stateless": { "label": "Stateless", "description": "Hides the {{Collapsible option}} transclusion for when the navbox doesn't support a state.", "example": "yes", "autovalue": "no" }, "hatnotes": { "label": "Hatnotes", "description": "Hatnotes to appear above the template banners", "example": "{{For|xyz|abc}}", "type": "content" }, "intro": { "aliases": [ "or 2" ], "label": "Top content", "description": "Template shortcuts/redirects, High-use template, templatestyles, usage, etc. (put below {{Template display|nomobile}})", "type": "content" }, "nobase": { "description": "Pass through to {{Collapsible option}} to disable BASEPAGENAME detection. Use it when the template's name contains a forward slash, which can break basepage-subpage distinction.", "type": "boolean" } }, "description": "This is a wrapper for {{Collapsible option}} to provide a semblance of documentation for navbox templates.", "paramOrder": [ "hatnotes", "intro", "3", "state", "template", "stateless", "nobase" ] } </templatedata> <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line --> [[Category:Documentation shared content templates]] [[Category:Documentation templates]] [[Category:Navigational box metatemplates|Δ]] }}</includeonly> duv34yyyss45jgfog0icgjxuehibhi3 1 122860 518561 2025-06-16T15:58:18Z দিব্য দত্ত 9244 /* বিষয়বস্তু */ নতুন অনুচ্ছেদ 518561 wikitext text/x-wiki == বিষয়বস্তু == এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ বিষয়ে লিখা হৈছে কিন্তু ইংৰাজী অন্য এটা প্ৰবন্ধৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰা হৈছে৷ বিষয়টো চাব চোন! @[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|Kandarpajit Kallol]] <span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;">[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|<font color="#663300">'''দিব্য দত্ত'''</font>]]&nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])</span> 15:58, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) eyt2xjl8gz77kvh4efji4oscp6ru732 518567 518561 2025-06-16T16:55:58Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* বিষয়বস্তু */ উত্তৰ 518567 wikitext text/x-wiki == বিষয়বস্তু == এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ বিষয়ে লিখা হৈছে কিন্তু ইংৰাজী অন্য এটা প্ৰবন্ধৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰা হৈছে৷ বিষয়টো চাব চোন! @[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|Kandarpajit Kallol]] <span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;">[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|<font color="#663300">'''দিব্য দত্ত'''</font>]]&nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])</span> 15:58, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) :@[[সদস্য:দিব্য দত্ত|দিব্য দত্ত]], ঠিক আছে বাৰু, আঙুলিয়াই দিয়া বাবে ধন্যবাদ। – [[সদস্য: Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]] কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল 16:55, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) qgl7q4f4knclsnwua39mmmubhu31ney 518568 518567 2025-06-16T16:57:13Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* বিষয়বস্তু */ 518568 wikitext text/x-wiki == বিষয়বস্তু == এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ বিষয়ে লিখা হৈছে কিন্তু ইংৰাজী অন্য এটা প্ৰবন্ধৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰা হৈছে৷ বিষয়টো চাব চোন! @[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|Kandarpajit Kallol]] <span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;">[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|<font color="#663300">'''দিব্য দত্ত'''</font>]]&nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])</span> 15:58, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) :@[[সদস্য:দিব্য দত্ত|দিব্য দত্ত]], ঠিক আছে বাৰু, আঙুলিয়াই দিয়া বাবে ধন্যবাদ। – [[সদস্য: Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]] 16:55, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) t959zhjn3leg9oazdh9x7lzvwdzt6mx 518579 518568 2025-06-16T17:19:38Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 পৃষ্ঠা [[বাৰ্তা:জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ]]ৰ পৰা [[বাৰ্তা:ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল]]লৈ Kandarpajit Kallolয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 518568 wikitext text/x-wiki == বিষয়বস্তু == এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ বিষয়ে লিখা হৈছে কিন্তু ইংৰাজী অন্য এটা প্ৰবন্ধৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰা হৈছে৷ বিষয়টো চাব চোন! @[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|Kandarpajit Kallol]] <span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;">[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|<font color="#663300">'''দিব্য দত্ত'''</font>]]&nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])</span> 15:58, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) :@[[সদস্য:দিব্য দত্ত|দিব্য দত্ত]], ঠিক আছে বাৰু, আঙুলিয়াই দিয়া বাবে ধন্যবাদ। – [[সদস্য: Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]] 16:55, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) t959zhjn3leg9oazdh9x7lzvwdzt6mx 518602 518579 2025-06-16T18:02:28Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* বিষয়বস্তু */ 518602 wikitext text/x-wiki == বিষয়বস্তু == এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ বিষয়ে লিখা হৈছে কিন্তু ইংৰাজী অন্য এটা প্ৰবন্ধৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰা হৈছে৷ বিষয়টো চাব চোন! @[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|Kandarpajit Kallol]] <span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;">[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|<font color="#663300">'''দিব্য দত্ত'''</font>]]&nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])</span> 15:58, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) :@[[সদস্য:দিব্য দত্ত|দিব্য দত্ত]], ঠিক আছে বাৰু, আঙুলিয়াই দিয়া বাবে ধন্যবাদ। – [[সদস্য: Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]] 16:55, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) শুদ্ধ কৰিলোঁ। <span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;">[[User:Kandarpajit Kallol|<font color="#872455">'''কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল'''</font>]]&nbsp;([[User Talk:Kandarpajit Kallol|বাৰ্তা]])</span> iissl090wzw021aszxj36gqupl6vep6 518603 518602 2025-06-16T18:02:46Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518603 wikitext text/x-wiki == বিষয়বস্তু == এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ বিষয়ে লিখা হৈছে কিন্তু ইংৰাজী অন্য এটা প্ৰবন্ধৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰা হৈছে৷ বিষয়টো চাব চোন! @[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|Kandarpajit Kallol]] <span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;">[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|<font color="#663300">'''দিব্য দত্ত'''</font>]]&nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])</span> 15:58, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) :@[[সদস্য:দিব্য দত্ত|দিব্য দত্ত]], ঠিক আছে বাৰু, আঙুলিয়াই দিয়া বাবে ধন্যবাদ। – [[সদস্য: Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]] 16:55, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) t959zhjn3leg9oazdh9x7lzvwdzt6mx 518604 518603 2025-06-16T18:03:33Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* বিষয়বস্তু */ উত্তৰ 518604 wikitext text/x-wiki == বিষয়বস্তু == এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ বিষয়ে লিখা হৈছে কিন্তু ইংৰাজী অন্য এটা প্ৰবন্ধৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰা হৈছে৷ বিষয়টো চাব চোন! @[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|Kandarpajit Kallol]] <span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;">[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|<font color="#663300">'''দিব্য দত্ত'''</font>]]&nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])</span> 15:58, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) :@[[সদস্য:দিব্য দত্ত|দিব্য দত্ত]], ঠিক আছে বাৰু, আঙুলিয়াই দিয়া বাবে ধন্যবাদ। – [[সদস্য: Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]] 16:55, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) :@[[সদস্য:দিব্য দত্ত|দিব্য দত্ত]], শুদ্ধ কৰিলোঁ। <span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;">[[User:Kandarpajit Kallol|<font color="#872455">'''কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল'''</font>]]&nbsp;([[User Talk:Kandarpajit Kallol|বাৰ্তা]])</span> কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল 18:03, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) jt9ac7dq9gawffv51waw0k6032d3u9w 518605 518604 2025-06-16T18:03:59Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518605 wikitext text/x-wiki == বিষয়বস্তু == এই প্ৰবন্ধটো [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ বিষয়ে লিখা হৈছে কিন্তু ইংৰাজী অন্য এটা প্ৰবন্ধৰ সৈতে সংযোগ কৰা হৈছে৷ বিষয়টো চাব চোন! @[[সদস্য:Kandarpajit Kallol|Kandarpajit Kallol]] <span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;">[[User:দিব্য দত্ত|<font color="#663300">'''দিব্য দত্ত'''</font>]]&nbsp;([[User Talk:দিব্য দত্ত|বাৰ্তা]])</span> 15:58, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) :@[[সদস্য:দিব্য দত্ত|দিব্য দত্ত]], ঠিক আছে বাৰু, আঙুলিয়াই দিয়া বাবে ধন্যবাদ। – [[সদস্য: Kandarpajit Kallol|কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল]] 16:55, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) :@[[সদস্য:দিব্য দত্ত|দিব্য দত্ত]], শুদ্ধ কৰিলোঁ। - <span style="text-shadow:gray 3px 3px 3px;">[[User:Kandarpajit Kallol|<font color="#872455">'''কন্দৰ্পজিৎ কল্লোল'''</font>]]&nbsp;([[User Talk:Kandarpajit Kallol|বাৰ্তা]])</span> 18:03, 16 June 2025 (ইউ.টি.চি.) jle1in2iznuscx4uqlm5cvm84hbglef 0 122861 518578 2025-06-16T17:19:38Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 পৃষ্ঠা [[জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ]]ৰ পৰা [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল]]লৈ Kandarpajit Kallolয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 518578 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল]] 3qalxy9g8zffllpazhwwjlg2ygrzru5 1 122862 518580 2025-06-16T17:19:38Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 পৃষ্ঠা [[বাৰ্তা:জাতিসমূহৰ সংঘ]]ৰ পৰা [[বাৰ্তা:ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল]]লৈ Kandarpajit Kallolয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 518580 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[বাৰ্তা:ৰাষ্ট্ৰমণ্ডল]] bzgyebyrcf3baorxwn39mi4y9aobdz8 0 122863 518610 2025-06-16T18:11:57Z Human Anubhav 45073 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = Backgammon_board.svg | image_caption = বেকগেমন খেলাৰ বোৰ্ড | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (পঁজা ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক... 518610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = Backgammon_board.svg | image_caption = বেকগেমন খেলাৰ বোৰ্ড | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (পঁজা ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}}) এটি দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে কৌশলভিত্তিক বোৰ্ড গেম। এই খেলাটো পঁজা (dice) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন বোৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক বোর্ডৰ চারিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম বোৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোর্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্রথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == খেলাৰ উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলাৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিখন খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলটো জয় কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == পৰিচালনা আৰু কৌশল == বেকগেমনত কৌশল, গণনা, বিপক্ষৰ চলৰ আগধৰা আদিৰে জয়লাভ কৰিব পাৰি। যদিও পঁজাৰ ফলত কিছু পৰিমাণে দৈৱ অংশ থাকে, তথাপি কৌশলই সফলতাৰ মুখ্য চাবিকাঠি। == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == আজিৰ যুগত বেকগেমনৰ বহু অনলাইন আৰু মোবাইল সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলাটো খেলা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইত্যাদি নাম == বেকগেমনক কেতিয়াবা “তাবুলা”, “নার্ডশির”, “নার্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেও জনা যায়, বিশেষকৈ বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতিত। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Ludo]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> g74m6kepm2b9u55emh64dw7f0rvk9u6 518621 518610 2025-06-16T18:37:24Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 518621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = Backgammon_board.svg | image_caption = বেকগেমন খেলাৰ বোৰ্ড | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (পঁজা ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}}) এটি দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে কৌশলভিত্তিক বোৰ্ড গেম। এই খেলাটো পঁজা (dice) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন বোৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক বোৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম বোৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == খেলাৰ উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলাৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিখন খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলটো জয় কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == পৰিচালনা আৰু কৌশল == বেকগেমনত কৌশল, গণনা, বিপক্ষৰ চলৰ আগধৰা আদিৰে জয়লাভ কৰিব পাৰি। যদিও পঁজাৰ ফলত কিছু পৰিমাণে দৈৱ অংশ থাকে, তথাপি কৌশলই সফলতাৰ মুখ্য চাবিকাঠি। == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == আজিৰ যুগত বেকগেমনৰ বহু অনলাইন আৰু মোবাইল সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলাটো খেলা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইত্যাদি নাম == বেকগেমনক কেতিয়াবা “তাবুলা”, “নাৰ্ডশিৰ”, “নাৰ্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেও জনা যায়, বিশেষকৈ বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতিত। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Ludo]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] crnsj1sx3k6hw35pxhc2i3jjdv6v50x 518622 518621 2025-06-16T18:39:04Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = Backgammon_board.svg | image_caption = বেকগেমন খেলৰ ব'ৰ্ড | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (গুটি ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}}) হ'ল দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে সাজি উলিওৱা কৌশলভিত্তিক ব'ৰ্ড গেম। এই খেলটো গুটি (ডাইচ) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক ব'ৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম বোৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == খেলাৰ উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলাৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিখন খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলটো জয় কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == পৰিচালনা আৰু কৌশল == বেকগেমনত কৌশল, গণনা, বিপক্ষৰ চলৰ আগধৰা আদিৰে জয়লাভ কৰিব পাৰি। যদিও পঁজাৰ ফলত কিছু পৰিমাণে দৈৱ অংশ থাকে, তথাপি কৌশলই সফলতাৰ মুখ্য চাবিকাঠি। == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == আজিৰ যুগত বেকগেমনৰ বহু অনলাইন আৰু মোবাইল সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলাটো খেলা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইত্যাদি নাম == বেকগেমনক কেতিয়াবা “তাবুলা”, “নাৰ্ডশিৰ”, “নাৰ্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেও জনা যায়, বিশেষকৈ বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতিত। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Ludo]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] frkml1s0e4rfn26jdyyfhfqzeaeo5br 518623 518622 2025-06-16T18:40:15Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (গুটি ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}}) হ'ল দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে সাজি উলিওৱা কৌশলভিত্তিক ব'ৰ্ড গেম। এই খেলটো গুটি (ডাইচ) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক ব'ৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম বোৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == খেলাৰ উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলাৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিখন খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলটো জয় কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == পৰিচালনা আৰু কৌশল == বেকগেমনত কৌশল, গণনা, বিপক্ষৰ চলৰ আগধৰা আদিৰে জয়লাভ কৰিব পাৰি। যদিও পঁজাৰ ফলত কিছু পৰিমাণে দৈৱ অংশ থাকে, তথাপি কৌশলই সফলতাৰ মুখ্য চাবিকাঠি। == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == আজিৰ যুগত বেকগেমনৰ বহু অনলাইন আৰু মোবাইল সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলাটো খেলা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইত্যাদি নাম == বেকগেমনক কেতিয়াবা “তাবুলা”, “নাৰ্ডশিৰ”, “নাৰ্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেও জনা যায়, বিশেষকৈ বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতিত। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Ludo]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] 363yxnib7wwjzd4fns4c9alw7vc8c6h 518624 518623 2025-06-16T18:40:36Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* ইতিহাস */ 518624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (গুটি ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}}) হ'ল দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে সাজি উলিওৱা কৌশলভিত্তিক ব'ৰ্ড গেম। এই খেলটো গুটি (ডাইচ) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক ব'ৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম ব'ৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == খেলাৰ উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলাৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিখন খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলটো জয় কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == পৰিচালনা আৰু কৌশল == বেকগেমনত কৌশল, গণনা, বিপক্ষৰ চলৰ আগধৰা আদিৰে জয়লাভ কৰিব পাৰি। যদিও পঁজাৰ ফলত কিছু পৰিমাণে দৈৱ অংশ থাকে, তথাপি কৌশলই সফলতাৰ মুখ্য চাবিকাঠি। == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == আজিৰ যুগত বেকগেমনৰ বহু অনলাইন আৰু মোবাইল সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলাটো খেলা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইত্যাদি নাম == বেকগেমনক কেতিয়াবা “তাবুলা”, “নাৰ্ডশিৰ”, “নাৰ্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেও জনা যায়, বিশেষকৈ বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতিত। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Ludo]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] pidwaxgygi0h0u5t8eyq8bdyubwd9hg 518625 518624 2025-06-16T18:41:15Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (গুটি ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}}) হ'ল দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে সাজি উলিওৱা কৌশলভিত্তিক ব'ৰ্ড গেম। এই খেলটো গুটি (ডাইচ) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক ব'ৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম ব'ৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == খেলাৰ উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিটা খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলটোত জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == পৰিচালনা আৰু কৌশল == বেকগেমনত কৌশল, গণনা, বিপক্ষৰ চলৰ আগধৰা আদিৰে জয়লাভ কৰিব পাৰি। যদিও পঁজাৰ ফলত কিছু পৰিমাণে দৈৱ অংশ থাকে, তথাপি কৌশলই সফলতাৰ মুখ্য চাবিকাঠি। == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == আজিৰ যুগত বেকগেমনৰ বহু অনলাইন আৰু মোবাইল সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলাটো খেলা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইত্যাদি নাম == বেকগেমনক কেতিয়াবা “তাবুলা”, “নাৰ্ডশিৰ”, “নাৰ্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেও জনা যায়, বিশেষকৈ বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতিত। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Ludo]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] gztw0pc2gfoziez9zaec4i9ry5fpgdq 518626 518625 2025-06-16T18:41:35Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (গুটি ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}}) হ'ল দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে সাজি উলিওৱা কৌশলভিত্তিক ব'ৰ্ড গেম। এই খেলটো গুটি (ডাইচ) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক ব'ৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম ব'ৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == খেলাৰ উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিটা খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলত জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == পৰিচালনা আৰু কৌশল == বেকগেমনত কৌশল, গণনা, বিপক্ষৰ চলৰ আগধৰা আদিৰে জয়লাভ কৰিব পাৰি। যদিও পঁজাৰ ফলত কিছু পৰিমাণে দৈৱ অংশ থাকে, তথাপি কৌশলই সফলতাৰ মুখ্য চাবিকাঠি। == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == আজিৰ যুগত বেকগেমনৰ বহু অনলাইন আৰু মোবাইল সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলাটো খেলা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইত্যাদি নাম == বেকগেমনক কেতিয়াবা “তাবুলা”, “নাৰ্ডশিৰ”, “নাৰ্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেও জনা যায়, বিশেষকৈ বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতিত। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Ludo]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] k60ogpo4258ha8pubzj0lrlkeytvtsp 518628 518626 2025-06-16T18:42:18Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (গুটি ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}}) হ'ল দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে সাজি উলিওৱা কৌশলভিত্তিক ব'ৰ্ড [[খেল|গেম]]। এই খেলটো গুটি (ডাইচ) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক ব'ৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম ব'ৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == খেলাৰ উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিটা খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলত জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == পৰিচালনা আৰু কৌশল == বেকগেমনত কৌশল, গণনা, বিপক্ষৰ চলৰ আগধৰা আদিৰে জয়লাভ কৰিব পাৰি। যদিও পঁজাৰ ফলত কিছু পৰিমাণে দৈৱ অংশ থাকে, তথাপি কৌশলই সফলতাৰ মুখ্য চাবিকাঠি। == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == আজিৰ যুগত বেকগেমনৰ বহু অনলাইন আৰু মোবাইল সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলাটো খেলা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইত্যাদি নাম == বেকগেমনক কেতিয়াবা “তাবুলা”, “নাৰ্ডশিৰ”, “নাৰ্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেও জনা যায়, বিশেষকৈ বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতিত। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Ludo]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] pwdpbacm8u6q6v2r6tzdec8sgrtu1ua 518629 518628 2025-06-16T18:42:32Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (গুটি ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}}) হ'ল দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে সাজি উলিওৱা কৌশলভিত্তিক ব'ৰ্ড [[খেল|গেম]]। এই খেলটো গুটি (ডাইচ) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক ব'ৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম ব'ৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == খেলৰ নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == খেলাৰ উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিটা খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলত জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == পৰিচালনা আৰু কৌশল == বেকগেমনত কৌশল, গণনা, বিপক্ষৰ চলৰ আগধৰা আদিৰে জয়লাভ কৰিব পাৰি। যদিও পঁজাৰ ফলত কিছু পৰিমাণে দৈৱ অংশ থাকে, তথাপি কৌশলই সফলতাৰ মুখ্য চাবিকাঠি। == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == আজিৰ যুগত বেকগেমনৰ বহু অনলাইন আৰু মোবাইল সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলাটো খেলা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইত্যাদি নাম == বেকগেমনক কেতিয়াবা “তাবুলা”, “নাৰ্ডশিৰ”, “নাৰ্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেও জনা যায়, বিশেষকৈ বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতিত। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Ludo]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] nxpllfg06vwakfmbf8yxxqnlma2dxmz 518630 518629 2025-06-16T18:42:48Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (গুটি ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}}) হ'ল দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে সাজি উলিওৱা কৌশলভিত্তিক ব'ৰ্ড [[খেল|গেম]]। এই খেলটো গুটি (ডাইচ) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক ব'ৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম ব'ৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == খেলাৰ উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিটা খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলত জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == পৰিচালনা আৰু কৌশল == বেকগেমনত কৌশল, গণনা, বিপক্ষৰ চলৰ আগধৰা আদিৰে জয়লাভ কৰিব পাৰি। যদিও পঁজাৰ ফলত কিছু পৰিমাণে দৈৱ অংশ থাকে, তথাপি কৌশলই সফলতাৰ মুখ্য চাবিকাঠি। == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == আজিৰ যুগত বেকগেমনৰ বহু অনলাইন আৰু মোবাইল সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলাটো খেলা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইত্যাদি নাম == বেকগেমনক কেতিয়াবা “তাবুলা”, “নাৰ্ডশিৰ”, “নাৰ্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেও জনা যায়, বিশেষকৈ বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতিত। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Ludo]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] lnrfk8ezxgi4eg2cqoshrq5nza1p1gf 518631 518630 2025-06-16T18:43:03Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* উদ্দেশ্য */ 518631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (গুটি ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}}) হ'ল দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে সাজি উলিওৱা কৌশলভিত্তিক ব'ৰ্ড [[খেল|গেম]]। এই খেলটো গুটি (ডাইচ) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক ব'ৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম ব'ৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিটা খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলত জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == পৰিচালনা আৰু কৌশল == বেকগেমনত কৌশল, গণনা, বিপক্ষৰ চলৰ আগধৰা আদিৰে জয়লাভ কৰিব পাৰি। যদিও পঁজাৰ ফলত কিছু পৰিমাণে দৈৱ অংশ থাকে, তথাপি কৌশলই সফলতাৰ মুখ্য চাবিকাঠি। == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == আজিৰ যুগত বেকগেমনৰ বহু অনলাইন আৰু মোবাইল সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলাটো খেলা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইত্যাদি নাম == বেকগেমনক কেতিয়াবা “তাবুলা”, “নাৰ্ডশিৰ”, “নাৰ্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেও জনা যায়, বিশেষকৈ বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতিত। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Ludo]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] cm70ppavqprsyrkbyrv8efrmijyd6rp 518632 518631 2025-06-16T18:43:24Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (গুটি ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}}) হ'ল দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে সাজি উলিওৱা কৌশলভিত্তিক ব'ৰ্ড [[খেল|গেম]]। এই খেলটো গুটি (ডাইচ) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক ব'ৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম ব'ৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিটা খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলত জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == আজিৰ যুগত বেকগেমনৰ বহু অনলাইন আৰু মোবাইল সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলাটো খেলা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইত্যাদি নাম == বেকগেমনক কেতিয়াবা “তাবুলা”, “নাৰ্ডশিৰ”, “নাৰ্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেও জনা যায়, বিশেষকৈ বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতিত। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Ludo]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] 5giewym43ib5ql286yci6bt77jt5kqt 518633 518632 2025-06-16T18:44:16Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* ডিজিটেল ৰূপ */ 518633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (গুটি ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}}) হ'ল দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে সাজি উলিওৱা কৌশলভিত্তিক ব'ৰ্ড [[খেল|গেম]]। এই খেলটো গুটি (ডাইচ) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক ব'ৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম ব'ৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিটা খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলত জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == বৰ্তমান বেকগেমনৰ অনলাইন আৰু [[ম'বাইল]] সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলাটো খেলা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইত্যাদি নাম == বেকগেমনক কেতিয়াবা “তাবুলা”, “নাৰ্ডশিৰ”, “নাৰ্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেও জনা যায়, বিশেষকৈ বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতিত। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Ludo]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] h2ur76jby3lygw0sb96ayv98sdn4d7w 518635 518633 2025-06-16T18:44:44Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* ডিজিটেল ৰূপ */ 518635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (গুটি ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}}) হ'ল দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে সাজি উলিওৱা কৌশলভিত্তিক ব'ৰ্ড [[খেল|গেম]]। এই খেলটো গুটি (ডাইচ) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক ব'ৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম ব'ৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিটা খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলত জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == বৰ্তমান বেকগেমনৰ অনলাইন আৰু [[ম'বাইল]] সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলটো খেলা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইত্যাদি নাম == বেকগেমনক কেতিয়াবা “তাবুলা”, “নাৰ্ডশিৰ”, “নাৰ্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেও জনা যায়, বিশেষকৈ বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতিত। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Ludo]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] sl3cazhuxv2ju4bw7mraei3p5any3bc 518636 518635 2025-06-16T18:45:00Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (গুটি ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}}) হ'ল দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে সাজি উলিওৱা কৌশলভিত্তিক ব'ৰ্ড [[খেল|গেম]]। এই খেলটো গুটি (ডাইচ) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক ব'ৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম ব'ৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিটা খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলত জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == বৰ্তমান বেকগেমনৰ অনলাইন আৰু [[ম'বাইল]] সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলটো খেলিব পৰা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইত্যাদি নাম == বেকগেমনক কেতিয়াবা “তাবুলা”, “নাৰ্ডশিৰ”, “নাৰ্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেও জনা যায়, বিশেষকৈ বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতিত। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Ludo]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] rrwg0ivf25tvocydv09jlinzkwz7k77 518637 518636 2025-06-16T18:45:26Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (গুটি ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}}) হ'ল দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে সাজি উলিওৱা কৌশলভিত্তিক ব'ৰ্ড [[খেল|গেম]]। এই খেলটো গুটি (ডাইচ) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক ব'ৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম ব'ৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিটা খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলত জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == বৰ্তমান বেকগেমনৰ অনলাইন আৰু [[ম'বাইল]] সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলটো খেলিব পৰা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Ludo]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] p7qyi02c6n6vvfqoqy6g3rtvdff8cgh 518638 518637 2025-06-16T18:45:47Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (গুটি ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}} “তাবুলা”, “নাৰ্ডশিৰ”, “নাৰ্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেৰেও জনা যায়) হ'ল দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে সাজি উলিওৱা কৌশলভিত্তিক ব'ৰ্ড [[খেল|গেম]]। এই খেলটো গুটি (ডাইচ) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক ব'ৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম ব'ৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিটা খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলত জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == বৰ্তমান বেকগেমনৰ অনলাইন আৰু [[ম'বাইল]] সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলটো খেলিব পৰা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Ludo]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] h6lb0cykrn5r7h3c0gmg856q0tvdy1t 518639 518638 2025-06-16T18:47:11Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (গুটি ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}} “তাবুলা”, “নাৰ্ডশিৰ”, “নাৰ্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেৰেও জনা যায়) হ'ল দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে সাজি উলিওৱা কৌশলভিত্তিক ব'ৰ্ড [[খেল|গেম]]। এই খেলটো [[দবা খেল]]ৰ দৰে গুটি (ডাইচ) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক ব'ৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম ব'ৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিটা খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলত জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == বৰ্তমান বেকগেমনৰ অনলাইন আৰু [[ম'বাইল]] সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলটো খেলিব পৰা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Ludo]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] r3ot6bxznz1v4oj9xmat88gqisgjho5 518640 518639 2025-06-16T18:47:29Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (গুটি ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}} “তাবুলা”, “নাৰ্ডশিৰ”, “নাৰ্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেৰেও জনা যায়) হ'ল দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে সাজি উলিওৱা কৌশলভিত্তিক ব'ৰ্ড [[খেল|গেম]]। এই খেলটো [[দবা খেল]]ৰ দৰে গুটি (ডাইচ) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক ব'ৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম ব'ৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিটা খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলত জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == বৰ্তমান বেকগেমনৰ অনলাইন আৰু [[ম'বাইল]] সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলটো খেলিব পৰা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] gxdeejciwfji6dppiqfrs725gv9arvd 518644 518640 2025-06-16T18:57:52Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = বেকগেমন | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ১৫–৬০ মিনিট | random_chance = মধ্যম (গুটি ব্যৱহাৰ) | skills = কৌশল, গণনা, ক্ৰমপদ্ধতি }} [[File:Backgammon lg.png|thumb]] '''বেকগেমন''' ({{lang-en|Backgammon}} “তাবুলা”, “নাৰ্ডশিৰ”, “নাৰ্দ” ইত্যাদি নামেৰেও জনা যায়) হ'ল দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বাবে সাজি উলিওৱা কৌশলভিত্তিক ব'ৰ্ড [[খেল|গেম]]। এই খেলটো [[দবা খেল]]ৰ দৰে গুটি (ডাইচ) আৰু বিশেষ আকাৰৰ বেকগেমন ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিজন খেলুৱৈৰ ১৫টা চিপ থাকে, যাক ব'ৰ্ডৰ চাৰিটা ভাগৰ মাজেৰে গতি কৰাই নিজৰ “ঘৰ” লৈ লৈ যোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/backgammon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == বেকগেমনক প্ৰাচীনতম ব'ৰ্ড গেমসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা বুলি ধৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৫,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে মেছ’পটেমিয়া অঞ্চলত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Backgammon |url=https://www.bkgm.com/articles/history/ |website=Backgammon Galore |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> ৰোমান সাম্ৰাজ্যত এই খেলাৰ এক স্বৰূপ 'Tabula' নামেৰে জনপ্ৰিয় আছিল। == নিয়ম == বেকগেমনত খেলুৱৈ দুজন থাকে। প্ৰতিজনৰ ওচৰত ১৫টা চিপ থাকে। খেলাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে দুয়ো খেলুৱৈয়ে ২টা ৬-মুখীয়া পঁজা নিক্ষেপ কৰে। পঁজাৰ ফল অনুসৰি চিপবোৰ বোৰ্ডত আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে সকলো চিপ নিজৰ “ঘৰ” অংশত লৈ আহি, সৰ্বপ্ৰথমে সন্মিলিতভাৱে বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই নিব পৰা। == উদ্দেশ্য == বেকগেমন খেলৰ মুখ্য উদ্দেশ্য হৈছে—সকলো চিপ চৌচিপীয়াকৈ নিজৰ পক্ষৰ শেষৰ চাৰিটা খণ্ডৰ ভিতৰত লৈ আহি, তাৰপিছত চিপবোৰ “bear off” কৰি বাহিৰলৈ উলিয়াই লৈ যোৱা। যিজনে এই কামটো প্ৰথমে সম্পন্ন কৰে, সিজনে খেলত জয়লাভ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Rules |url=https://www.mastersofgames.com/rules/backgammon-rules.htm |website=Masters Traditional Games |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ডিজিটেল ৰূপ == বৰ্তমান বেকগেমনৰ অনলাইন আৰু [[ম'বাইল]] সংস্কৰণ উপলব্ধ। বহুত অনলাইন গেমিং প্লাটফৰ্মত এই খেলটো খেলিব পৰা যায়, যেনে—Backgammon Galaxy, 247 Backgammon আদিত।<ref>{{cite web |title=Backgammon Galaxy |url=https://www.backgammongalaxy.com/ |website=Backgammon Galaxy |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] 21oi8l4xkja8kp1tc5eemamy0y5nmut 0 122864 518612 2025-06-16T18:16:39Z Human Anubhav 45073 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = Go board.jpg | image_caption = গো খেলাৰ ১৯×১৯ বোৰ্ড | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্... 518612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = Go board.jpg | image_caption = গো খেলাৰ ১৯×১৯ বোৰ্ড | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্য, আকাৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ }} '''গো''' ({{lang-ja|囲碁}}, {{lang-zh|围棋}}, {{lang-ko|바둑}}, {{lang-en|Go}}) হৈছে এটি প্ৰাচীন কৌশলভিত্তিক দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বোৰ্ড গেম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰাচীন চীনত হৈছিল। এই খেলাত খেলুৱৈ দুজনৰ মাজত বোৰ্ডত ক’লা আৰু বগা গুটি স্থাপন কৰি অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। গো হৈছে পৃথিবীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কৌশলভিত্তিক খেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটী, আৰু বৰ্তমানেও জাপান, চীন, দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি লোকপ্ৰিয়। == ইতিহাস == গো খেলাটোৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৪,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে চীনত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। প্রাচীন চীনত ইয়াক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ধৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰা খেলখন কোৰিয়া আৰু জাপানলৈ বিস্তাৰ লাভ কৰে। জাপানত ইয়াক "ইগো" বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু জাপানৰ দ্বাৰাই আধুনিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গো প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আধাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Go |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Go-game |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Go |url=https://www.britgo.org/history |website=British Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == গো খেলাটো ১৯×১৯ কোষযুক্ত বোৰ্ডত (জানোমত "গো-বৰ্ড") খেলা হয়, যদিও আৰম্ভনিপৰ্যায়ত ৯×৯ বা ১৩×১৩ বোৰ্ডো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ক’লা খেলুৱৈয়ে প্ৰথমে খেলে, আৰু পিচত বগা। খেলুৱৈয়ে পালেপালে গুটি স্থাপন কৰে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—বোৰ্ডৰ ওপৰত অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰা, আৰু প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বীৰ গুটি বন্দী কৰা। খেলাত "জীবিত" আৰু "মৃত" গুটিৰ ধাৰণা আছে, আৰু খেলৰ শেষত অঞ্চল আৰু বন্দী কৰা গুটিৰ ভিত্তিত পইণ্ট গণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rules of Go |url=https://senseis.xmp.net/?RulesOfGo |website=Sensei's Library |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == কৌশল আৰু কৃতিত্ব == গো এটা গভীৰ কৌশলসম্পন্ন খেল, য'ত এলগোৰিদম বা স্থিৰ সুত্ৰে সম্ভাৱ্য সকলো চল আগতীয়াকৈ নিৰূপণ কৰাটো কঠিন। খেলত ধৈৰ্য, পৰিকল্পনা, আৰু চতুৰতা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। বহু পুৰণি খণ্ডবিশিষ্ট কৌশলবিদ্যা — যেনে *joseki* (প্ৰাথমিক বিনিময় ধাৰা) আৰু *tesuji* (কৌশলী চাল)—খেলুৱৈৰ জ্ঞানৰ অংশ। == ডিজিটেল গো আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ গো == গো খেলত কম্পিউটাৰৰ অগ্ৰগতি দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি সীমিত আছিল, কিন্তু DeepMind-ৰ "AlphaGo" নামৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা প্ৰগ্ৰামে ২০১৬ চনত মানৱ চেম্পিয়নক পৰাস্ত কৰি এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Go |url=https://deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphago |website=DeepMind |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> আজিৰ দিনত বহুবিধ অনলাইন প্লাটফৰ্ম, যেনে KGS, OGS (Online Go Server), আৰু Pandanet-IGS-ত গো খেলা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn to Play Go |url=https://www.pandanet-igs.com/communities/pandanet |website=Pandanet (IGS) |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Go? |url=https://www.usgo.org/what-go |website=American Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == সংস্কৃতি আৰু সামাজিক প্ৰভাৱ == গো কেৱল এটি গেম নহয়—ই এটা সাংস্কৃতিক অনুশীলন হিচাপে বহু দেশত বিকাশ পালে। চীন, জাপান, আৰু কোৰিয়াৰ স্কুলসমূহত ইয়াৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হয়, আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰতি বছৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Shogi]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> nuqbjxygz05uqhxy0pzld7kb6jbmr9b 518641 518612 2025-06-16T18:53:38Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 518641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = Go board.jpg | image_caption = গো খেলাৰ ১৯×১৯ বোৰ্ড | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্য, আকাৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ }} '''গো''' ({{lang-ja|囲碁}}, {{lang-zh|围棋}}, {{lang-ko|바둑}}, {{lang-en|Go}}) হৈছে এটি প্ৰাচীন কৌশলভিত্তিক দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ বোৰ্ড গেম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰাচীন চীনত হৈছিল। এই খেলাত খেলুৱৈ দুজনৰ মাজত বোৰ্ডত ক’লা আৰু বগা গুটি স্থাপন কৰি অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। গো হৈছে পৃথিবীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কৌশলভিত্তিক খেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটী, আৰু বৰ্তমানেও জাপান, চীন, দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি লোকপ্ৰিয়। == ইতিহাস == গো খেলাটোৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৪,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে চীনত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন চীনত ইয়াক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ধৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰা খেলখন কোৰিয়া আৰু জাপানলৈ বিস্তাৰ লাভ কৰে। জাপানত ইয়াক "ইগো" বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু জাপানৰ দ্বাৰাই আধুনিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গো প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আধাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Go |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Go-game |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Go |url=https://www.britgo.org/history |website=British Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == গো খেলাটো ১৯×১৯ কোষযুক্ত বোৰ্ডত (জানোমত "গো-বৰ্ড") খেলা হয়, যদিও আৰম্ভণিপৰ্যায়ত ৯×৯ বা ১৩×১৩ বোৰ্ডো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ক’লা খেলুৱৈয়ে প্ৰথমে খেলে, আৰু পিচত বগা। খেলুৱৈয়ে পালেপালে গুটি স্থাপন কৰে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—বোৰ্ডৰ ওপৰত অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰা, আৰু প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বীৰ গুটি বন্দী কৰা। খেলাত "জীবিত" আৰু "মৃত" গুটিৰ ধাৰণা আছে, আৰু খেলৰ শেষত অঞ্চল আৰু বন্দী কৰা গুটিৰ ভিত্তিত পইণ্ট গণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rules of Go |url=https://senseis.xmp.net/?RulesOfGo |website=Sensei's Library |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == কৌশল আৰু কৃতিত্ব == গো এটা গভীৰ কৌশলসম্পন্ন খেল, য'ত এলগোৰিদম বা স্থিৰ সূত্ৰে সম্ভাৱ্য সকলো চল আগতীয়াকৈ নিৰূপণ কৰাটো কঠিন। খেলত ধৈৰ্য, পৰিকল্পনা, আৰু চতুৰতা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। বহু পুৰণি খণ্ডবিশিষ্ট কৌশলবিদ্যা — যেনে *joseki* (প্ৰাথমিক বিনিময় ধাৰা) আৰু *tesuji* (কৌশলী চাল)—খেলুৱৈৰ জ্ঞানৰ অংশ। == ডিজিটেল গো আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ গো == গো খেলত কম্পিউটাৰৰ অগ্ৰগতি দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি সীমিত আছিল, কিন্তু DeepMind-ৰ "AlphaGo" নামৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা প্ৰগ্ৰামে ২০১৬ চনত মানৱ চেম্পিয়নক পৰাস্ত কৰি এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Go |url=https://deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphago |website=DeepMind |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> আজিৰ দিনত বহুবিধ অনলাইন প্লাটফৰ্ম, যেনে KGS, OGS (Online Go Server), আৰু Pandanet-IGS-ত গো খেলা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn to Play Go |url=https://www.pandanet-igs.com/communities/pandanet |website=Pandanet (IGS) |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Go? |url=https://www.usgo.org/what-go |website=American Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == সংস্কৃতি আৰু সামাজিক প্ৰভাৱ == গো কেৱল এটি গেম নহয়—ই এটা সাংস্কৃতিক অনুশীলন হিচাপে বহু দেশত বিকাশ পালে। চীন, জাপান, আৰু কোৰিয়াৰ স্কুলসমূহত ইয়াৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হয়, আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰতি বছৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Shogi]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] 5sd20zw1tni5a5keaynn0cml2mibdv5 518642 518641 2025-06-16T18:55:32Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = FloorGoban.JPG | image_caption = গ' খেলাৰ ১৯×১৯ ব'ৰ্ড | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্য, আকাৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ }} '''গ'''' ({{lang-ja|囲碁}}, {{lang-zh|围棋}}, {{lang-ko|바둑}}, {{lang-en|Go}}) হৈছে এটি প্ৰাচীন কৌশলভিত্তিক দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ ব'ৰ্ড গেম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰাচীন [[চীন]]ত হৈছিল। এই খেলত খেলুৱৈ দুজনৰ মাজত ব'ৰ্ডত ক’লা আৰু বগা গুটি স্থাপন কৰি অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। গ' হৈছে পৃথিবীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কৌশলভিত্তিক খেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা, আৰু বৰ্তমানেও [[জাপান]], [[চীন]], [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি লোকপ্ৰিয়। == ইতিহাস == গো খেলাটোৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৪,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে চীনত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন চীনত ইয়াক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ধৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰা খেলখন কোৰিয়া আৰু জাপানলৈ বিস্তাৰ লাভ কৰে। জাপানত ইয়াক "ইগো" বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু জাপানৰ দ্বাৰাই আধুনিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গো প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আধাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Go |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Go-game |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Go |url=https://www.britgo.org/history |website=British Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == গো খেলাটো ১৯×১৯ কোষযুক্ত বোৰ্ডত (জানোমত "গো-বৰ্ড") খেলা হয়, যদিও আৰম্ভণিপৰ্যায়ত ৯×৯ বা ১৩×১৩ বোৰ্ডো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ক’লা খেলুৱৈয়ে প্ৰথমে খেলে, আৰু পিচত বগা। খেলুৱৈয়ে পালেপালে গুটি স্থাপন কৰে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—বোৰ্ডৰ ওপৰত অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰা, আৰু প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বীৰ গুটি বন্দী কৰা। খেলাত "জীবিত" আৰু "মৃত" গুটিৰ ধাৰণা আছে, আৰু খেলৰ শেষত অঞ্চল আৰু বন্দী কৰা গুটিৰ ভিত্তিত পইণ্ট গণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rules of Go |url=https://senseis.xmp.net/?RulesOfGo |website=Sensei's Library |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == কৌশল আৰু কৃতিত্ব == গো এটা গভীৰ কৌশলসম্পন্ন খেল, য'ত এলগোৰিদম বা স্থিৰ সূত্ৰে সম্ভাৱ্য সকলো চল আগতীয়াকৈ নিৰূপণ কৰাটো কঠিন। খেলত ধৈৰ্য, পৰিকল্পনা, আৰু চতুৰতা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। বহু পুৰণি খণ্ডবিশিষ্ট কৌশলবিদ্যা — যেনে *joseki* (প্ৰাথমিক বিনিময় ধাৰা) আৰু *tesuji* (কৌশলী চাল)—খেলুৱৈৰ জ্ঞানৰ অংশ। == ডিজিটেল গো আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ গো == গো খেলত কম্পিউটাৰৰ অগ্ৰগতি দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি সীমিত আছিল, কিন্তু DeepMind-ৰ "AlphaGo" নামৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা প্ৰগ্ৰামে ২০১৬ চনত মানৱ চেম্পিয়নক পৰাস্ত কৰি এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Go |url=https://deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphago |website=DeepMind |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> আজিৰ দিনত বহুবিধ অনলাইন প্লাটফৰ্ম, যেনে KGS, OGS (Online Go Server), আৰু Pandanet-IGS-ত গো খেলা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn to Play Go |url=https://www.pandanet-igs.com/communities/pandanet |website=Pandanet (IGS) |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Go? |url=https://www.usgo.org/what-go |website=American Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == সংস্কৃতি আৰু সামাজিক প্ৰভাৱ == গো কেৱল এটি গেম নহয়—ই এটা সাংস্কৃতিক অনুশীলন হিচাপে বহু দেশত বিকাশ পালে। চীন, জাপান, আৰু কোৰিয়াৰ স্কুলসমূহত ইয়াৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হয়, আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰতি বছৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Shogi]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] 997qpngrsxg37uoigd4ghu47vf8kgl4 518643 518642 2025-06-16T18:56:53Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্য, আকাৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ }} [[File:FloorGoban.JPG|thumb|গ' খেলাৰ ১৯×১৯ ব'ৰ্ড]] '''গ'''' ({{lang-ja|囲碁}}, {{lang-zh|围棋}}, {{lang-ko|바둑}}, {{lang-en|Go}}) হৈছে এটি প্ৰাচীন কৌশলভিত্তিক দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ ব'ৰ্ড গেম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰাচীন [[চীন]]ত হৈছিল। এই খেলত খেলুৱৈ দুজনৰ মাজত ব'ৰ্ডত ক’লা আৰু বগা গুটি স্থাপন কৰি অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। গ' হৈছে পৃথিবীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কৌশলভিত্তিক খেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা, আৰু বৰ্তমানেও [[জাপান]], [[চীন]], [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি লোকপ্ৰিয়। == ইতিহাস == গো খেলাটোৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৪,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে চীনত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন চীনত ইয়াক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ধৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰা খেলখন কোৰিয়া আৰু জাপানলৈ বিস্তাৰ লাভ কৰে। জাপানত ইয়াক "ইগো" বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু জাপানৰ দ্বাৰাই আধুনিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গো প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আধাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Go |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Go-game |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Go |url=https://www.britgo.org/history |website=British Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == গো খেলাটো ১৯×১৯ কোষযুক্ত বোৰ্ডত (জানোমত "গো-বৰ্ড") খেলা হয়, যদিও আৰম্ভণিপৰ্যায়ত ৯×৯ বা ১৩×১৩ বোৰ্ডো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ক’লা খেলুৱৈয়ে প্ৰথমে খেলে, আৰু পিচত বগা। খেলুৱৈয়ে পালেপালে গুটি স্থাপন কৰে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—বোৰ্ডৰ ওপৰত অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰা, আৰু প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বীৰ গুটি বন্দী কৰা। খেলাত "জীবিত" আৰু "মৃত" গুটিৰ ধাৰণা আছে, আৰু খেলৰ শেষত অঞ্চল আৰু বন্দী কৰা গুটিৰ ভিত্তিত পইণ্ট গণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rules of Go |url=https://senseis.xmp.net/?RulesOfGo |website=Sensei's Library |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == কৌশল আৰু কৃতিত্ব == গো এটা গভীৰ কৌশলসম্পন্ন খেল, য'ত এলগোৰিদম বা স্থিৰ সূত্ৰে সম্ভাৱ্য সকলো চল আগতীয়াকৈ নিৰূপণ কৰাটো কঠিন। খেলত ধৈৰ্য, পৰিকল্পনা, আৰু চতুৰতা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। বহু পুৰণি খণ্ডবিশিষ্ট কৌশলবিদ্যা — যেনে *joseki* (প্ৰাথমিক বিনিময় ধাৰা) আৰু *tesuji* (কৌশলী চাল)—খেলুৱৈৰ জ্ঞানৰ অংশ। == ডিজিটেল গো আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ গো == গো খেলত কম্পিউটাৰৰ অগ্ৰগতি দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি সীমিত আছিল, কিন্তু DeepMind-ৰ "AlphaGo" নামৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা প্ৰগ্ৰামে ২০১৬ চনত মানৱ চেম্পিয়নক পৰাস্ত কৰি এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Go |url=https://deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphago |website=DeepMind |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> আজিৰ দিনত বহুবিধ অনলাইন প্লাটফৰ্ম, যেনে KGS, OGS (Online Go Server), আৰু Pandanet-IGS-ত গো খেলা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn to Play Go |url=https://www.pandanet-igs.com/communities/pandanet |website=Pandanet (IGS) |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Go? |url=https://www.usgo.org/what-go |website=American Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == সংস্কৃতি আৰু সামাজিক প্ৰভাৱ == গো কেৱল এটি গেম নহয়—ই এটা সাংস্কৃতিক অনুশীলন হিচাপে বহু দেশত বিকাশ পালে। চীন, জাপান, আৰু কোৰিয়াৰ স্কুলসমূহত ইয়াৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হয়, আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰতি বছৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Shogi]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] j6ovrofooyhqozsgmccscj9y45ce6k1 518645 518643 2025-06-16T18:58:16Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্য, আকাৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ }} [[File:FloorGoban.JPG|thumb|গ' খেলৰ ১৯×১৯ ব'ৰ্ড]] '''গ'''' ({{lang-ja|囲碁}}, {{lang-zh|围棋}}, {{lang-ko|바둑}}, {{lang-en|Go}}) হৈছে এটি প্ৰাচীন কৌশলভিত্তিক দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ ব'ৰ্ড গেম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰাচীন [[চীন]]ত হৈছিল। এই খেলত খেলুৱৈ দুজনৰ মাজত ব'ৰ্ডত ক’লা আৰু বগা গুটি স্থাপন কৰি অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। গ' হৈছে পৃথিবীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কৌশলভিত্তিক খেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা, আৰু বৰ্তমানেও [[জাপান]], [[চীন]], [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি লোকপ্ৰিয়। == ইতিহাস == গো খেলাটোৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৪,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে চীনত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন চীনত ইয়াক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ধৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰা খেলখন কোৰিয়া আৰু জাপানলৈ বিস্তাৰ লাভ কৰে। জাপানত ইয়াক "ইগো" বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু জাপানৰ দ্বাৰাই আধুনিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গো প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আধাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Go |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Go-game |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Go |url=https://www.britgo.org/history |website=British Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == গো খেলাটো ১৯×১৯ কোষযুক্ত বোৰ্ডত (জানোমত "গো-বৰ্ড") খেলা হয়, যদিও আৰম্ভণিপৰ্যায়ত ৯×৯ বা ১৩×১৩ বোৰ্ডো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ক’লা খেলুৱৈয়ে প্ৰথমে খেলে, আৰু পিচত বগা। খেলুৱৈয়ে পালেপালে গুটি স্থাপন কৰে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—বোৰ্ডৰ ওপৰত অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰা, আৰু প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বীৰ গুটি বন্দী কৰা। খেলাত "জীবিত" আৰু "মৃত" গুটিৰ ধাৰণা আছে, আৰু খেলৰ শেষত অঞ্চল আৰু বন্দী কৰা গুটিৰ ভিত্তিত পইণ্ট গণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rules of Go |url=https://senseis.xmp.net/?RulesOfGo |website=Sensei's Library |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == কৌশল আৰু কৃতিত্ব == গো এটা গভীৰ কৌশলসম্পন্ন খেল, য'ত এলগোৰিদম বা স্থিৰ সূত্ৰে সম্ভাৱ্য সকলো চল আগতীয়াকৈ নিৰূপণ কৰাটো কঠিন। খেলত ধৈৰ্য, পৰিকল্পনা, আৰু চতুৰতা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। বহু পুৰণি খণ্ডবিশিষ্ট কৌশলবিদ্যা — যেনে *joseki* (প্ৰাথমিক বিনিময় ধাৰা) আৰু *tesuji* (কৌশলী চাল)—খেলুৱৈৰ জ্ঞানৰ অংশ। == ডিজিটেল গো আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ গো == গো খেলত কম্পিউটাৰৰ অগ্ৰগতি দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি সীমিত আছিল, কিন্তু DeepMind-ৰ "AlphaGo" নামৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা প্ৰগ্ৰামে ২০১৬ চনত মানৱ চেম্পিয়নক পৰাস্ত কৰি এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Go |url=https://deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphago |website=DeepMind |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> আজিৰ দিনত বহুবিধ অনলাইন প্লাটফৰ্ম, যেনে KGS, OGS (Online Go Server), আৰু Pandanet-IGS-ত গো খেলা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn to Play Go |url=https://www.pandanet-igs.com/communities/pandanet |website=Pandanet (IGS) |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Go? |url=https://www.usgo.org/what-go |website=American Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == সংস্কৃতি আৰু সামাজিক প্ৰভাৱ == গো কেৱল এটি গেম নহয়—ই এটা সাংস্কৃতিক অনুশীলন হিচাপে বহু দেশত বিকাশ পালে। চীন, জাপান, আৰু কোৰিয়াৰ স্কুলসমূহত ইয়াৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হয়, আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰতি বছৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Shogi]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] p37nk7q2q5djgf9hxqi0nkec9fhppza 518646 518645 2025-06-16T18:59:07Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্য, আকাৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ }} [[File:FloorGoban.JPG|thumb|গ' খেলৰ ১৯×১৯ ব'ৰ্ড]] '''গ'''' ({{lang-ja|囲碁}}, {{lang-zh|围棋}}, {{lang-ko|바둑}}, {{lang-en|Go}}) হৈছে এটি প্ৰাচীন কৌশলভিত্তিক দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ ব'ৰ্ড গেম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰাচীন [[চীন]]ত হৈছিল। এই খেলত খেলুৱৈ দুজনৰ মাজত ব'ৰ্ডত ক’লা আৰু বগা গুটি স্থাপন কৰি অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। গ' হৈছে পৃথিবীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কৌশলভিত্তিক খেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা, আৰু বৰ্তমানেও [[জাপান]], [[চীন]], [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি লোকপ্ৰিয়। == ইতিহাস == গ' খেলৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৪,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে চীনত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন চীনত ইয়াক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ধৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰা খেলখন কোৰিয়া আৰু জাপানলৈ বিস্তাৰ লাভ কৰে। জাপানত ইয়াক "ইগো" বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু জাপানৰ দ্বাৰাই আধুনিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আধাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Go |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Go-game |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Go |url=https://www.britgo.org/history |website=British Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == গো খেলাটো ১৯×১৯ কোষযুক্ত বোৰ্ডত (জানোমত "গো-বৰ্ড") খেলা হয়, যদিও আৰম্ভণিপৰ্যায়ত ৯×৯ বা ১৩×১৩ বোৰ্ডো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ক’লা খেলুৱৈয়ে প্ৰথমে খেলে, আৰু পিচত বগা। খেলুৱৈয়ে পালেপালে গুটি স্থাপন কৰে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—বোৰ্ডৰ ওপৰত অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰা, আৰু প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বীৰ গুটি বন্দী কৰা। খেলাত "জীবিত" আৰু "মৃত" গুটিৰ ধাৰণা আছে, আৰু খেলৰ শেষত অঞ্চল আৰু বন্দী কৰা গুটিৰ ভিত্তিত পইণ্ট গণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rules of Go |url=https://senseis.xmp.net/?RulesOfGo |website=Sensei's Library |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == কৌশল আৰু কৃতিত্ব == গো এটা গভীৰ কৌশলসম্পন্ন খেল, য'ত এলগোৰিদম বা স্থিৰ সূত্ৰে সম্ভাৱ্য সকলো চল আগতীয়াকৈ নিৰূপণ কৰাটো কঠিন। খেলত ধৈৰ্য, পৰিকল্পনা, আৰু চতুৰতা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। বহু পুৰণি খণ্ডবিশিষ্ট কৌশলবিদ্যা — যেনে *joseki* (প্ৰাথমিক বিনিময় ধাৰা) আৰু *tesuji* (কৌশলী চাল)—খেলুৱৈৰ জ্ঞানৰ অংশ। == ডিজিটেল গো আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ গো == গো খেলত কম্পিউটাৰৰ অগ্ৰগতি দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি সীমিত আছিল, কিন্তু DeepMind-ৰ "AlphaGo" নামৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা প্ৰগ্ৰামে ২০১৬ চনত মানৱ চেম্পিয়নক পৰাস্ত কৰি এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Go |url=https://deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphago |website=DeepMind |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> আজিৰ দিনত বহুবিধ অনলাইন প্লাটফৰ্ম, যেনে KGS, OGS (Online Go Server), আৰু Pandanet-IGS-ত গো খেলা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn to Play Go |url=https://www.pandanet-igs.com/communities/pandanet |website=Pandanet (IGS) |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Go? |url=https://www.usgo.org/what-go |website=American Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == সংস্কৃতি আৰু সামাজিক প্ৰভাৱ == গো কেৱল এটি গেম নহয়—ই এটা সাংস্কৃতিক অনুশীলন হিচাপে বহু দেশত বিকাশ পালে। চীন, জাপান, আৰু কোৰিয়াৰ স্কুলসমূহত ইয়াৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হয়, আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰতি বছৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Shogi]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] j30phdwnrcsdm9ytayvlpmlboqjyw4v 518647 518646 2025-06-16T19:00:27Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্য, আকাৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ }} [[File:FloorGoban.JPG|thumb|গ' খেলৰ ১৯×১৯ ব'ৰ্ড]] '''গ'''' ({{lang-ja|囲碁}}, {{lang-zh|围棋}}, {{lang-ko|바둑}}, {{lang-en|Go}}) হৈছে এটি প্ৰাচীন কৌশলভিত্তিক দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ ব'ৰ্ড গেম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰাচীন [[চীন]]ত হৈছিল। এই খেলত খেলুৱৈ দুজনৰ মাজত ব'ৰ্ডত ক’লা আৰু বগা গুটি স্থাপন কৰি অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। গ' হৈছে পৃথিবীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কৌশলভিত্তিক খেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা, আৰু বৰ্তমানেও [[জাপান]], [[চীন]], [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি লোকপ্ৰিয়। == ইতিহাস == গ' খেলৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৪,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে চীনত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন চীনত ইয়াক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ধৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰা খেলখন কোৰিয়া আৰু জাপানলৈ বিস্তাৰ লাভ কৰে। জাপানত ইয়াক "ইগো" বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু জাপানৰ দ্বাৰাই আধুনিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আধাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Go |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Go-game |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Go |url=https://www.britgo.org/history |website=British Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == গ' খেলটো ১৯×১৯ কোষযুক্ত ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়, যদিও আৰম্ভণিপৰ্যায়ত ৯×৯ বা ১৩×১৩ ব'ৰ্ডো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ক’লা খেলুৱৈয়ে প্ৰথমে খেলে, আৰু পিচত বগা। খেলুৱৈয়ে নিজৰ নিজৰ গুটি স্থাপন কৰে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—ব'ৰ্ডৰ ওপৰত অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰা, আৰু প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বীৰ গুটি বন্দী কৰা। খেলাত "জীৱিত" আৰু "মৃত" গুটিৰ ধাৰণা আছে, আৰু খেলৰ শেষত অঞ্চল আৰু বন্দী কৰা গুটিৰ ভিত্তিত পইণ্ট গণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rules of Go |url=https://senseis.xmp.net/?RulesOfGo |website=Sensei's Library |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == কৌশল আৰু কৃতিত্ব == গো এটা গভীৰ কৌশলসম্পন্ন খেল, য'ত এলগোৰিদম বা স্থিৰ সূত্ৰে সম্ভাৱ্য সকলো চল আগতীয়াকৈ নিৰূপণ কৰাটো কঠিন। খেলত ধৈৰ্য, পৰিকল্পনা, আৰু চতুৰতা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। বহু পুৰণি খণ্ডবিশিষ্ট কৌশলবিদ্যা — যেনে *joseki* (প্ৰাথমিক বিনিময় ধাৰা) আৰু *tesuji* (কৌশলী চাল)—খেলুৱৈৰ জ্ঞানৰ অংশ। == ডিজিটেল গো আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ গো == গো খেলত কম্পিউটাৰৰ অগ্ৰগতি দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি সীমিত আছিল, কিন্তু DeepMind-ৰ "AlphaGo" নামৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা প্ৰগ্ৰামে ২০১৬ চনত মানৱ চেম্পিয়নক পৰাস্ত কৰি এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Go |url=https://deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphago |website=DeepMind |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> আজিৰ দিনত বহুবিধ অনলাইন প্লাটফৰ্ম, যেনে KGS, OGS (Online Go Server), আৰু Pandanet-IGS-ত গো খেলা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn to Play Go |url=https://www.pandanet-igs.com/communities/pandanet |website=Pandanet (IGS) |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Go? |url=https://www.usgo.org/what-go |website=American Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == সংস্কৃতি আৰু সামাজিক প্ৰভাৱ == গো কেৱল এটি গেম নহয়—ই এটা সাংস্কৃতিক অনুশীলন হিচাপে বহু দেশত বিকাশ পালে। চীন, জাপান, আৰু কোৰিয়াৰ স্কুলসমূহত ইয়াৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হয়, আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰতি বছৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Shogi]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] 5nmfhzfpkcia1x5vsksddez0vd3y7fg 518648 518647 2025-06-16T19:00:39Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্য, আকাৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ }} [[File:FloorGoban.JPG|thumb|গ' খেলৰ ১৯×১৯ ব'ৰ্ড]] '''গ'''' ({{lang-ja|囲碁}}, {{lang-zh|围棋}}, {{lang-ko|바둑}}, {{lang-en|Go}}) হৈছে এটি প্ৰাচীন কৌশলভিত্তিক দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ ব'ৰ্ড গেম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰাচীন [[চীন]]ত হৈছিল। এই খেলত খেলুৱৈ দুজনৰ মাজত ব'ৰ্ডত ক’লা আৰু বগা গুটি স্থাপন কৰি অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। গ' হৈছে পৃথিবীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কৌশলভিত্তিক খেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা, আৰু বৰ্তমানেও [[জাপান]], [[চীন]], [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি লোকপ্ৰিয়। == ইতিহাস == গ' খেলৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৪,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে চীনত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন চীনত ইয়াক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ধৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰা খেলখন কোৰিয়া আৰু জাপানলৈ বিস্তাৰ লাভ কৰে। জাপানত ইয়াক "ইগো" বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু জাপানৰ দ্বাৰাই আধুনিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আধাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Go |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Go-game |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Go |url=https://www.britgo.org/history |website=British Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলৰ নিয়ম == গ' খেলটো ১৯×১৯ কোষযুক্ত ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়, যদিও আৰম্ভণিপৰ্যায়ত ৯×৯ বা ১৩×১৩ ব'ৰ্ডো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ক’লা খেলুৱৈয়ে প্ৰথমে খেলে, আৰু পিচত বগা। খেলুৱৈয়ে নিজৰ নিজৰ গুটি স্থাপন কৰে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—ব'ৰ্ডৰ ওপৰত অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰা, আৰু প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বীৰ গুটি বন্দী কৰা। খেলাত "জীৱিত" আৰু "মৃত" গুটিৰ ধাৰণা আছে, আৰু খেলৰ শেষত অঞ্চল আৰু বন্দী কৰা গুটিৰ ভিত্তিত পইণ্ট গণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rules of Go |url=https://senseis.xmp.net/?RulesOfGo |website=Sensei's Library |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == কৌশল আৰু কৃতিত্ব == গো এটা গভীৰ কৌশলসম্পন্ন খেল, য'ত এলগোৰিদম বা স্থিৰ সূত্ৰে সম্ভাৱ্য সকলো চল আগতীয়াকৈ নিৰূপণ কৰাটো কঠিন। খেলত ধৈৰ্য, পৰিকল্পনা, আৰু চতুৰতা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। বহু পুৰণি খণ্ডবিশিষ্ট কৌশলবিদ্যা — যেনে *joseki* (প্ৰাথমিক বিনিময় ধাৰা) আৰু *tesuji* (কৌশলী চাল)—খেলুৱৈৰ জ্ঞানৰ অংশ। == ডিজিটেল গো আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ গো == গো খেলত কম্পিউটাৰৰ অগ্ৰগতি দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি সীমিত আছিল, কিন্তু DeepMind-ৰ "AlphaGo" নামৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা প্ৰগ্ৰামে ২০১৬ চনত মানৱ চেম্পিয়নক পৰাস্ত কৰি এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Go |url=https://deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphago |website=DeepMind |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> আজিৰ দিনত বহুবিধ অনলাইন প্লাটফৰ্ম, যেনে KGS, OGS (Online Go Server), আৰু Pandanet-IGS-ত গো খেলা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn to Play Go |url=https://www.pandanet-igs.com/communities/pandanet |website=Pandanet (IGS) |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Go? |url=https://www.usgo.org/what-go |website=American Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == সংস্কৃতি আৰু সামাজিক প্ৰভাৱ == গো কেৱল এটি গেম নহয়—ই এটা সাংস্কৃতিক অনুশীলন হিচাপে বহু দেশত বিকাশ পালে। চীন, জাপান, আৰু কোৰিয়াৰ স্কুলসমূহত ইয়াৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হয়, আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰতি বছৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Shogi]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] ivl7wb87iwyjo7uohik6uut1ng4980e 518649 518648 2025-06-16T19:03:31Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্য, আকাৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ }} [[File:FloorGoban.JPG|thumb|গ' খেলৰ ১৯×১৯ ব'ৰ্ড]] '''গ'''' ({{lang-ja|囲碁}}, {{lang-zh|围棋}}, {{lang-ko|바둑}}, {{lang-en|Go}}) হৈছে এটি প্ৰাচীন কৌশলভিত্তিক দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ ব'ৰ্ড গেম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি ২৫০০ বছৰ আগতে প্ৰাচীন [[চীন]]ত হৈছিল। এই খেলত খেলুৱৈ দুজনৰ মাজত ব'ৰ্ডত ক’লা আৰু বগা গুটি স্থাপন কৰি অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। গ' হৈছে পৃথিবীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কৌশলভিত্তিক খেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা, আৰু বৰ্তমানেও [[জাপান]], [[চীন]], [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি লোকপ্ৰিয়। == ইতিহাস == গ' খেলৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৪,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে চীনত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন চীনত ইয়াক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ধৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰা খেলখন কোৰিয়া আৰু জাপানলৈ বিস্তাৰ লাভ কৰে। জাপানত ইয়াক "ইগো" বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু জাপানৰ দ্বাৰাই আধুনিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আধাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Go |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Go-game |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Go |url=https://www.britgo.org/history |website=British Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলৰ নিয়ম == গ' খেলটো ১৯×১৯ কোষযুক্ত ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়, যদিও আৰম্ভণিপৰ্যায়ত ৯×৯ বা ১৩×১৩ ব'ৰ্ডো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ক’লা খেলুৱৈয়ে প্ৰথমে খেলে, আৰু পিচত বগা। খেলুৱৈয়ে নিজৰ নিজৰ গুটি স্থাপন কৰে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—ব'ৰ্ডৰ ওপৰত অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰা, আৰু প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বীৰ গুটি বন্দী কৰা। খেলাত "জীৱিত" আৰু "মৃত" গুটিৰ ধাৰণা আছে, আৰু খেলৰ শেষত অঞ্চল আৰু বন্দী কৰা গুটিৰ ভিত্তিত পইণ্ট গণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rules of Go |url=https://senseis.xmp.net/?RulesOfGo |website=Sensei's Library |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == কৌশল আৰু কৃতিত্ব == গো এটা গভীৰ কৌশলসম্পন্ন খেল, য'ত এলগোৰিদম বা স্থিৰ সূত্ৰে সম্ভাৱ্য সকলো চল আগতীয়াকৈ নিৰূপণ কৰাটো কঠিন। খেলত ধৈৰ্য, পৰিকল্পনা, আৰু চতুৰতা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। বহু পুৰণি খণ্ডবিশিষ্ট কৌশলবিদ্যা — যেনে *joseki* (প্ৰাথমিক বিনিময় ধাৰা) আৰু *tesuji* (কৌশলী চাল)—খেলুৱৈৰ জ্ঞানৰ অংশ। == ডিজিটেল গো আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ গো == গো খেলত কম্পিউটাৰৰ অগ্ৰগতি দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি সীমিত আছিল, কিন্তু DeepMind-ৰ "AlphaGo" নামৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা প্ৰগ্ৰামে ২০১৬ চনত মানৱ চেম্পিয়নক পৰাস্ত কৰি এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Go |url=https://deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphago |website=DeepMind |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> আজিৰ দিনত বহুবিধ অনলাইন প্লাটফৰ্ম, যেনে KGS, OGS (Online Go Server), আৰু Pandanet-IGS-ত গো খেলা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn to Play Go |url=https://www.pandanet-igs.com/communities/pandanet |website=Pandanet (IGS) |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Go? |url=https://www.usgo.org/what-go |website=American Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == সংস্কৃতি আৰু সামাজিক প্ৰভাৱ == গো কেৱল এটি গেম নহয়—ই এটা সাংস্কৃতিক অনুশীলন হিচাপে বহু দেশত বিকাশ পালে। চীন, জাপান, আৰু কোৰিয়াৰ স্কুলসমূহত ইয়াৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হয়, আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰতি বছৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Shogi]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] 3vhctx6i5alwwv9ao3574807w6ryno7 518650 518649 2025-06-16T19:04:30Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্য, আকাৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ }} [[File:FloorGoban.JPG|thumb|গ' খেলৰ ১৯×১৯ ব'ৰ্ড]] '''গ'''' ({{lang-ja|囲碁}}, {{lang-zh|围棋}}, {{lang-ko|바둑}}, {{lang-en|Go}}) হৈছে এটি প্ৰাচীন কৌশলভিত্তিক দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ ব'ৰ্ড গেম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি ২৫০০ বছৰ আগতে প্ৰাচীন [[চীন]]ত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usgo-archive.org/brief-history-go|title=A Brief History of Go|publisher=American Go Association|access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|first=Peter|last=Shotwell|title=The Game of Go: Speculations on its Origins and Symbolism in Ancient China|year=2008|publisher=American Go Association|url=http://www.usgo-archive.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516100351/http://www.usgo.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf|archive-date=May 16, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gobase.org/reading/history/china/?sec=part-2|title=The Legends of the Sage Kings and Divination|publisher=GoBase.org|access-date=May 12, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Go {{!}} British Go Association |url=https://www.britgo.org/intro/history |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.britgo.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Chinese Game of Go |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Archaeology/131298.htm |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref> এই খেলত খেলুৱৈ দুজনৰ মাজত ব'ৰ্ডত ক’লা আৰু বগা গুটি স্থাপন কৰি অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। গ' হৈছে পৃথিবীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কৌশলভিত্তিক খেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা, আৰু বৰ্তমানেও [[জাপান]], [[চীন]], [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি লোকপ্ৰিয়। == ইতিহাস == গ' খেলৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৪,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে চীনত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন চীনত ইয়াক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ধৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰা খেলখন কোৰিয়া আৰু জাপানলৈ বিস্তাৰ লাভ কৰে। জাপানত ইয়াক "ইগো" বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু জাপানৰ দ্বাৰাই আধুনিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আধাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Go |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Go-game |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Go |url=https://www.britgo.org/history |website=British Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলৰ নিয়ম == গ' খেলটো ১৯×১৯ কোষযুক্ত ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়, যদিও আৰম্ভণিপৰ্যায়ত ৯×৯ বা ১৩×১৩ ব'ৰ্ডো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ক’লা খেলুৱৈয়ে প্ৰথমে খেলে, আৰু পিচত বগা। খেলুৱৈয়ে নিজৰ নিজৰ গুটি স্থাপন কৰে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—ব'ৰ্ডৰ ওপৰত অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰা, আৰু প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বীৰ গুটি বন্দী কৰা। খেলাত "জীৱিত" আৰু "মৃত" গুটিৰ ধাৰণা আছে, আৰু খেলৰ শেষত অঞ্চল আৰু বন্দী কৰা গুটিৰ ভিত্তিত পইণ্ট গণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rules of Go |url=https://senseis.xmp.net/?RulesOfGo |website=Sensei's Library |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == কৌশল আৰু কৃতিত্ব == গো এটা গভীৰ কৌশলসম্পন্ন খেল, য'ত এলগোৰিদম বা স্থিৰ সূত্ৰে সম্ভাৱ্য সকলো চল আগতীয়াকৈ নিৰূপণ কৰাটো কঠিন। খেলত ধৈৰ্য, পৰিকল্পনা, আৰু চতুৰতা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। বহু পুৰণি খণ্ডবিশিষ্ট কৌশলবিদ্যা — যেনে *joseki* (প্ৰাথমিক বিনিময় ধাৰা) আৰু *tesuji* (কৌশলী চাল)—খেলুৱৈৰ জ্ঞানৰ অংশ। == ডিজিটেল গো আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ গো == গো খেলত কম্পিউটাৰৰ অগ্ৰগতি দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি সীমিত আছিল, কিন্তু DeepMind-ৰ "AlphaGo" নামৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা প্ৰগ্ৰামে ২০১৬ চনত মানৱ চেম্পিয়নক পৰাস্ত কৰি এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Go |url=https://deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphago |website=DeepMind |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> আজিৰ দিনত বহুবিধ অনলাইন প্লাটফৰ্ম, যেনে KGS, OGS (Online Go Server), আৰু Pandanet-IGS-ত গো খেলা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn to Play Go |url=https://www.pandanet-igs.com/communities/pandanet |website=Pandanet (IGS) |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Go? |url=https://www.usgo.org/what-go |website=American Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == সংস্কৃতি আৰু সামাজিক প্ৰভাৱ == গো কেৱল এটি গেম নহয়—ই এটা সাংস্কৃতিক অনুশীলন হিচাপে বহু দেশত বিকাশ পালে। চীন, জাপান, আৰু কোৰিয়াৰ স্কুলসমূহত ইয়াৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হয়, আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰতি বছৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Shogi]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] 6ybafcupxkmg7lc08ti22tw4yv0uxmd 518651 518650 2025-06-16T19:06:14Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্য, আকাৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ }} [[File:FloorGoban.JPG|thumb|গ' খেলৰ ১৯×১৯ ব'ৰ্ড]] '''গ'''' ({{lang-ja|囲碁}}, {{lang-zh|围棋}}, {{lang-ko|바둑}}, {{lang-en|Go}}) হৈছে এটি প্ৰাচীন কৌশলভিত্তিক দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ ব'ৰ্ড গেম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি ২৫০০ বছৰ আগতে প্ৰাচীন [[চীন]]ত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usgo-archive.org/brief-history-go|title=A Brief History of Go|publisher=American Go Association|access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|first=Peter|last=Shotwell|title=The Game of Go: Speculations on its Origins and Symbolism in Ancient China|year=2008|publisher=American Go Association|url=http://www.usgo-archive.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516100351/http://www.usgo.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf|archive-date=May 16, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gobase.org/reading/history/china/?sec=part-2|title=The Legends of the Sage Kings and Divination|publisher=GoBase.org|access-date=May 12, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Go {{!}} British Go Association |url=https://www.britgo.org/intro/history |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.britgo.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Chinese Game of Go |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Archaeology/131298.htm |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref> এই খেলত খেলুৱৈ দুজনৰ মাজত ব'ৰ্ডত ক’লা আৰু বগা গুটি স্থাপন কৰি অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। গ' হৈছে পৃথিবীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কৌশলভিত্তিক খেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা, আৰু বৰ্তমানেও [[জাপান]], [[চীন]], [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি লোকপ্ৰিয়। ২০১৬ চনত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' ফেডাৰেচনৰ ৭৫ খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ এক সমীক্ষাত দেখা গৈছে যে বিশ্বজুৰি গ' খেলিব জনা ৪.৬ কোটিতকৈ অধিক লোক আছে, আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ ২ কোটিতকৈ অধিক খেলুৱৈ আছে, যাৰ অধিকাংশই পূব [[এছিয়া]]ত বাস কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf|title=Go Population Survey|last=The International Go Federation|date=February 2016|website=intergofed.org|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517013354/http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == গ' খেলৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ৪,০০০ বছৰৰ আগতে চীনত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন চীনত ইয়াক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ধৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰা খেলখন কোৰিয়া আৰু জাপানলৈ বিস্তাৰ লাভ কৰে। জাপানত ইয়াক "ইগো" বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু জাপানৰ দ্বাৰাই আধুনিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আধাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Go |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Go-game |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Go |url=https://www.britgo.org/history |website=British Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলৰ নিয়ম == গ' খেলটো ১৯×১৯ কোষযুক্ত ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়, যদিও আৰম্ভণিপৰ্যায়ত ৯×৯ বা ১৩×১৩ ব'ৰ্ডো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ক’লা খেলুৱৈয়ে প্ৰথমে খেলে, আৰু পিচত বগা। খেলুৱৈয়ে নিজৰ নিজৰ গুটি স্থাপন কৰে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—ব'ৰ্ডৰ ওপৰত অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰা, আৰু প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বীৰ গুটি বন্দী কৰা। খেলাত "জীৱিত" আৰু "মৃত" গুটিৰ ধাৰণা আছে, আৰু খেলৰ শেষত অঞ্চল আৰু বন্দী কৰা গুটিৰ ভিত্তিত পইণ্ট গণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rules of Go |url=https://senseis.xmp.net/?RulesOfGo |website=Sensei's Library |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == কৌশল আৰু কৃতিত্ব == গো এটা গভীৰ কৌশলসম্পন্ন খেল, য'ত এলগোৰিদম বা স্থিৰ সূত্ৰে সম্ভাৱ্য সকলো চল আগতীয়াকৈ নিৰূপণ কৰাটো কঠিন। খেলত ধৈৰ্য, পৰিকল্পনা, আৰু চতুৰতা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। বহু পুৰণি খণ্ডবিশিষ্ট কৌশলবিদ্যা — যেনে *joseki* (প্ৰাথমিক বিনিময় ধাৰা) আৰু *tesuji* (কৌশলী চাল)—খেলুৱৈৰ জ্ঞানৰ অংশ। == ডিজিটেল গো আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ গো == গো খেলত কম্পিউটাৰৰ অগ্ৰগতি দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি সীমিত আছিল, কিন্তু DeepMind-ৰ "AlphaGo" নামৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা প্ৰগ্ৰামে ২০১৬ চনত মানৱ চেম্পিয়নক পৰাস্ত কৰি এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Go |url=https://deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphago |website=DeepMind |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> আজিৰ দিনত বহুবিধ অনলাইন প্লাটফৰ্ম, যেনে KGS, OGS (Online Go Server), আৰু Pandanet-IGS-ত গো খেলা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn to Play Go |url=https://www.pandanet-igs.com/communities/pandanet |website=Pandanet (IGS) |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Go? |url=https://www.usgo.org/what-go |website=American Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == সংস্কৃতি আৰু সামাজিক প্ৰভাৱ == গো কেৱল এটি গেম নহয়—ই এটা সাংস্কৃতিক অনুশীলন হিচাপে বহু দেশত বিকাশ পালে। চীন, জাপান, আৰু কোৰিয়াৰ স্কুলসমূহত ইয়াৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হয়, আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰতি বছৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Shogi]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] dx03710vsl0d9w7xckfhubrgtbsw3ix 518652 518651 2025-06-16T19:06:54Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্য, আকাৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ }} [[File:FloorGoban.JPG|thumb|গ' খেলৰ ১৯×১৯ ব'ৰ্ড]] '''গ'''' ({{lang-ja|囲碁}}, {{lang-zh|围棋}}, {{lang-ko|바둑}}, {{lang-en|Go}}) হৈছে এটি প্ৰাচীন কৌশলভিত্তিক দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ ব'ৰ্ড গেম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি ২৫০০ বছৰ আগতে প্ৰাচীন [[চীন]]ত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usgo-archive.org/brief-history-go|title=A Brief History of Go|publisher=American Go Association|access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|first=Peter|last=Shotwell|title=The Game of Go: Speculations on its Origins and Symbolism in Ancient China|year=2008|publisher=American Go Association|url=http://www.usgo-archive.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516100351/http://www.usgo.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf|archive-date=May 16, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gobase.org/reading/history/china/?sec=part-2|title=The Legends of the Sage Kings and Divination|publisher=GoBase.org|access-date=May 12, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Go {{!}} British Go Association |url=https://www.britgo.org/intro/history |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.britgo.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Chinese Game of Go |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Archaeology/131298.htm |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref> এই খেলত খেলুৱৈ দুজনৰ মাজত ব'ৰ্ডত ক’লা আৰু বগা গুটি স্থাপন কৰি অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। গ' হৈছে পৃথিবীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কৌশলভিত্তিক খেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা, আৰু বৰ্তমানেও [[জাপান]], [[চীন]], [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি লোকপ্ৰিয়। ২০১৬ চনত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' ফেডাৰেচনৰ ৭৫ খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ এক সমীক্ষাত দেখা গৈছে যে বিশ্বজুৰি গ' খেলিব জনা ৪.৬ কোটিতকৈ অধিক লোক আছে, আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ ২ কোটিতকৈ অধিক খেলুৱৈ আছে, যাৰ অধিকাংশই পূব [[এছিয়া]]ত বাস কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf|title=Go Population Survey|last=The International Go Federation|date=February 2016|website=intergofed.org|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517013354/http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == গ' খেলৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ২৫০০ বছৰৰ আগতে চীনত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন চীনত ইয়াক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ধৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰা খেলখন কোৰিয়া আৰু জাপানলৈ বিস্তাৰ লাভ কৰে। জাপানত ইয়াক "ইগো" বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু জাপানৰ দ্বাৰাই আধুনিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আধাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Go |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Go-game |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Go |url=https://www.britgo.org/history |website=British Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলৰ নিয়ম == গ' খেলটো ১৯×১৯ কোষযুক্ত ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়, যদিও আৰম্ভণিপৰ্যায়ত ৯×৯ বা ১৩×১৩ ব'ৰ্ডো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ক’লা খেলুৱৈয়ে প্ৰথমে খেলে, আৰু পিচত বগা। খেলুৱৈয়ে নিজৰ নিজৰ গুটি স্থাপন কৰে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—ব'ৰ্ডৰ ওপৰত অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰা, আৰু প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বীৰ গুটি বন্দী কৰা। খেলাত "জীৱিত" আৰু "মৃত" গুটিৰ ধাৰণা আছে, আৰু খেলৰ শেষত অঞ্চল আৰু বন্দী কৰা গুটিৰ ভিত্তিত পইণ্ট গণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rules of Go |url=https://senseis.xmp.net/?RulesOfGo |website=Sensei's Library |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == কৌশল আৰু কৃতিত্ব == গো এটা গভীৰ কৌশলসম্পন্ন খেল, য'ত এলগোৰিদম বা স্থিৰ সূত্ৰে সম্ভাৱ্য সকলো চল আগতীয়াকৈ নিৰূপণ কৰাটো কঠিন। খেলত ধৈৰ্য, পৰিকল্পনা, আৰু চতুৰতা অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। বহু পুৰণি খণ্ডবিশিষ্ট কৌশলবিদ্যা — যেনে *joseki* (প্ৰাথমিক বিনিময় ধাৰা) আৰু *tesuji* (কৌশলী চাল)—খেলুৱৈৰ জ্ঞানৰ অংশ। == ডিজিটেল গো আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ গো == গো খেলত কম্পিউটাৰৰ অগ্ৰগতি দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি সীমিত আছিল, কিন্তু DeepMind-ৰ "AlphaGo" নামৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা প্ৰগ্ৰামে ২০১৬ চনত মানৱ চেম্পিয়নক পৰাস্ত কৰি এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Go |url=https://deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphago |website=DeepMind |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> আজিৰ দিনত বহুবিধ অনলাইন প্লাটফৰ্ম, যেনে KGS, OGS (Online Go Server), আৰু Pandanet-IGS-ত গো খেলা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn to Play Go |url=https://www.pandanet-igs.com/communities/pandanet |website=Pandanet (IGS) |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Go? |url=https://www.usgo.org/what-go |website=American Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == সংস্কৃতি আৰু সামাজিক প্ৰভাৱ == গো কেৱল এটি গেম নহয়—ই এটা সাংস্কৃতিক অনুশীলন হিচাপে বহু দেশত বিকাশ পালে। চীন, জাপান, আৰু কোৰিয়াৰ স্কুলসমূহত ইয়াৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হয়, আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰতি বছৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Shogi]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] d5tal8nwu7t6dvws3efa3tkfqudp5mc 518653 518652 2025-06-16T19:07:18Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্য, আকাৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ }} [[File:FloorGoban.JPG|thumb|গ' খেলৰ ১৯×১৯ ব'ৰ্ড]] '''গ'''' ({{lang-ja|囲碁}}, {{lang-zh|围棋}}, {{lang-ko|바둑}}, {{lang-en|Go}}) হৈছে এটি প্ৰাচীন কৌশলভিত্তিক দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ ব'ৰ্ড গেম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি ২৫০০ বছৰ আগতে প্ৰাচীন [[চীন]]ত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usgo-archive.org/brief-history-go|title=A Brief History of Go|publisher=American Go Association|access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|first=Peter|last=Shotwell|title=The Game of Go: Speculations on its Origins and Symbolism in Ancient China|year=2008|publisher=American Go Association|url=http://www.usgo-archive.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516100351/http://www.usgo.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf|archive-date=May 16, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gobase.org/reading/history/china/?sec=part-2|title=The Legends of the Sage Kings and Divination|publisher=GoBase.org|access-date=May 12, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Go {{!}} British Go Association |url=https://www.britgo.org/intro/history |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.britgo.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Chinese Game of Go |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Archaeology/131298.htm |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref> এই খেলত খেলুৱৈ দুজনৰ মাজত ব'ৰ্ডত ক’লা আৰু বগা গুটি স্থাপন কৰি অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। গ' হৈছে পৃথিবীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কৌশলভিত্তিক খেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা, আৰু বৰ্তমানেও [[জাপান]], [[চীন]], [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি লোকপ্ৰিয়। ২০১৬ চনত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' ফেডাৰেচনৰ ৭৫ খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ এক সমীক্ষাত দেখা গৈছে যে বিশ্বজুৰি গ' খেলিব জনা ৪.৬ কোটিতকৈ অধিক লোক আছে, আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ ২ কোটিতকৈ অধিক খেলুৱৈ আছে, যাৰ অধিকাংশই পূব [[এছিয়া]]ত বাস কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf|title=Go Population Survey|last=The International Go Federation|date=February 2016|website=intergofed.org|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517013354/http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == গ' খেলৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ২৫০০ বছৰৰ আগতে চীনত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন চীনত ইয়াক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ধৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰা খেলখন কোৰিয়া আৰু জাপানলৈ বিস্তাৰ লাভ কৰে। জাপানত ইয়াক "ইগো" বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু জাপানৰ দ্বাৰাই আধুনিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আধাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Go |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Go-game |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Go |url=https://www.britgo.org/history |website=British Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলৰ নিয়ম == গ' খেলটো ১৯×১৯ কোষযুক্ত ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়, যদিও আৰম্ভণিপৰ্যায়ত ৯×৯ বা ১৩×১৩ ব'ৰ্ডো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ক’লা খেলুৱৈয়ে প্ৰথমে খেলে, আৰু পিচত বগা। খেলুৱৈয়ে নিজৰ নিজৰ গুটি স্থাপন কৰে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—ব'ৰ্ডৰ ওপৰত অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰা, আৰু প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বীৰ গুটি বন্দী কৰা। খেলাত "জীৱিত" আৰু "মৃত" গুটিৰ ধাৰণা আছে, আৰু খেলৰ শেষত অঞ্চল আৰু বন্দী কৰা গুটিৰ ভিত্তিত পইণ্ট গণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rules of Go |url=https://senseis.xmp.net/?RulesOfGo |website=Sensei's Library |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ডিজিটেল গো আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ গো == গো খেলত কম্পিউটাৰৰ অগ্ৰগতি দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি সীমিত আছিল, কিন্তু DeepMind-ৰ "AlphaGo" নামৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা প্ৰগ্ৰামে ২০১৬ চনত মানৱ চেম্পিয়নক পৰাস্ত কৰি এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Go |url=https://deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphago |website=DeepMind |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> আজিৰ দিনত বহুবিধ অনলাইন প্লাটফৰ্ম, যেনে KGS, OGS (Online Go Server), আৰু Pandanet-IGS-ত গো খেলা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn to Play Go |url=https://www.pandanet-igs.com/communities/pandanet |website=Pandanet (IGS) |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Go? |url=https://www.usgo.org/what-go |website=American Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == সংস্কৃতি আৰু সামাজিক প্ৰভাৱ == গো কেৱল এটি গেম নহয়—ই এটা সাংস্কৃতিক অনুশীলন হিচাপে বহু দেশত বিকাশ পালে। চীন, জাপান, আৰু কোৰিয়াৰ স্কুলসমূহত ইয়াৰ প্ৰশিক্ষণ দিয়া হয়, আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি প্ৰতি বছৰে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় প্ৰতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Shogi]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] o4g7exg9qv1djex1ewkuv4jyuv2vnuc 518654 518653 2025-06-16T19:07:32Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্য, আকাৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ }} [[File:FloorGoban.JPG|thumb|গ' খেলৰ ১৯×১৯ ব'ৰ্ড]] '''গ'''' ({{lang-ja|囲碁}}, {{lang-zh|围棋}}, {{lang-ko|바둑}}, {{lang-en|Go}}) হৈছে এটি প্ৰাচীন কৌশলভিত্তিক দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ ব'ৰ্ড গেম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি ২৫০০ বছৰ আগতে প্ৰাচীন [[চীন]]ত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usgo-archive.org/brief-history-go|title=A Brief History of Go|publisher=American Go Association|access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|first=Peter|last=Shotwell|title=The Game of Go: Speculations on its Origins and Symbolism in Ancient China|year=2008|publisher=American Go Association|url=http://www.usgo-archive.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516100351/http://www.usgo.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf|archive-date=May 16, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gobase.org/reading/history/china/?sec=part-2|title=The Legends of the Sage Kings and Divination|publisher=GoBase.org|access-date=May 12, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Go {{!}} British Go Association |url=https://www.britgo.org/intro/history |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.britgo.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Chinese Game of Go |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Archaeology/131298.htm |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref> এই খেলত খেলুৱৈ দুজনৰ মাজত ব'ৰ্ডত ক’লা আৰু বগা গুটি স্থাপন কৰি অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। গ' হৈছে পৃথিবীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কৌশলভিত্তিক খেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা, আৰু বৰ্তমানেও [[জাপান]], [[চীন]], [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি লোকপ্ৰিয়। ২০১৬ চনত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' ফেডাৰেচনৰ ৭৫ খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ এক সমীক্ষাত দেখা গৈছে যে বিশ্বজুৰি গ' খেলিব জনা ৪.৬ কোটিতকৈ অধিক লোক আছে, আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ ২ কোটিতকৈ অধিক খেলুৱৈ আছে, যাৰ অধিকাংশই পূব [[এছিয়া]]ত বাস কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf|title=Go Population Survey|last=The International Go Federation|date=February 2016|website=intergofed.org|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517013354/http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == গ' খেলৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ২৫০০ বছৰৰ আগতে চীনত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন চীনত ইয়াক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ধৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰা খেলখন কোৰিয়া আৰু জাপানলৈ বিস্তাৰ লাভ কৰে। জাপানত ইয়াক "ইগো" বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু জাপানৰ দ্বাৰাই আধুনিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আধাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Go |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Go-game |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Go |url=https://www.britgo.org/history |website=British Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলৰ নিয়ম == গ' খেলটো ১৯×১৯ কোষযুক্ত ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়, যদিও আৰম্ভণিপৰ্যায়ত ৯×৯ বা ১৩×১৩ ব'ৰ্ডো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ক’লা খেলুৱৈয়ে প্ৰথমে খেলে, আৰু পিচত বগা। খেলুৱৈয়ে নিজৰ নিজৰ গুটি স্থাপন কৰে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—ব'ৰ্ডৰ ওপৰত অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰা, আৰু প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বীৰ গুটি বন্দী কৰা। খেলাত "জীৱিত" আৰু "মৃত" গুটিৰ ধাৰণা আছে, আৰু খেলৰ শেষত অঞ্চল আৰু বন্দী কৰা গুটিৰ ভিত্তিত পইণ্ট গণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rules of Go |url=https://senseis.xmp.net/?RulesOfGo |website=Sensei's Library |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ডিজিটেল গো আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ গো == গো খেলত কম্পিউটাৰৰ অগ্ৰগতি দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি সীমিত আছিল, কিন্তু DeepMind-ৰ "AlphaGo" নামৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা প্ৰগ্ৰামে ২০১৬ চনত মানৱ চেম্পিয়নক পৰাস্ত কৰি এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Go |url=https://deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphago |website=DeepMind |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> আজিৰ দিনত বহুবিধ অনলাইন প্লাটফৰ্ম, যেনে KGS, OGS (Online Go Server), আৰু Pandanet-IGS-ত গো খেলা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn to Play Go |url=https://www.pandanet-igs.com/communities/pandanet |website=Pandanet (IGS) |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Go? |url=https://www.usgo.org/what-go |website=American Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == চাওক আনিও == * [[Chess]] * [[Shogi]] * [[Board game]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] k0pkmgpxti24c3jvgsr5yf4hhqgqdht 518655 518654 2025-06-16T19:07:45Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্য, আকাৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ }} [[File:FloorGoban.JPG|thumb|গ' খেলৰ ১৯×১৯ ব'ৰ্ড]] '''গ'''' ({{lang-ja|囲碁}}, {{lang-zh|围棋}}, {{lang-ko|바둑}}, {{lang-en|Go}}) হৈছে এটি প্ৰাচীন কৌশলভিত্তিক দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ ব'ৰ্ড গেম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি ২৫০০ বছৰ আগতে প্ৰাচীন [[চীন]]ত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usgo-archive.org/brief-history-go|title=A Brief History of Go|publisher=American Go Association|access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|first=Peter|last=Shotwell|title=The Game of Go: Speculations on its Origins and Symbolism in Ancient China|year=2008|publisher=American Go Association|url=http://www.usgo-archive.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516100351/http://www.usgo.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf|archive-date=May 16, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gobase.org/reading/history/china/?sec=part-2|title=The Legends of the Sage Kings and Divination|publisher=GoBase.org|access-date=May 12, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Go {{!}} British Go Association |url=https://www.britgo.org/intro/history |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.britgo.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Chinese Game of Go |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Archaeology/131298.htm |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref> এই খেলত খেলুৱৈ দুজনৰ মাজত ব'ৰ্ডত ক’লা আৰু বগা গুটি স্থাপন কৰি অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। গ' হৈছে পৃথিবীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কৌশলভিত্তিক খেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা, আৰু বৰ্তমানেও [[জাপান]], [[চীন]], [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি লোকপ্ৰিয়। ২০১৬ চনত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' ফেডাৰেচনৰ ৭৫ খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ এক সমীক্ষাত দেখা গৈছে যে বিশ্বজুৰি গ' খেলিব জনা ৪.৬ কোটিতকৈ অধিক লোক আছে, আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ ২ কোটিতকৈ অধিক খেলুৱৈ আছে, যাৰ অধিকাংশই পূব [[এছিয়া]]ত বাস কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf|title=Go Population Survey|last=The International Go Federation|date=February 2016|website=intergofed.org|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517013354/http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == গ' খেলৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ২৫০০ বছৰৰ আগতে চীনত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন চীনত ইয়াক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ধৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰা খেলখন কোৰিয়া আৰু জাপানলৈ বিস্তাৰ লাভ কৰে। জাপানত ইয়াক "ইগো" বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু জাপানৰ দ্বাৰাই আধুনিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আধাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Go |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Go-game |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Go |url=https://www.britgo.org/history |website=British Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলৰ নিয়ম == গ' খেলটো ১৯×১৯ কোষযুক্ত ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়, যদিও আৰম্ভণিপৰ্যায়ত ৯×৯ বা ১৩×১৩ ব'ৰ্ডো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ক’লা খেলুৱৈয়ে প্ৰথমে খেলে, আৰু পিচত বগা। খেলুৱৈয়ে নিজৰ নিজৰ গুটি স্থাপন কৰে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—ব'ৰ্ডৰ ওপৰত অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰা, আৰু প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বীৰ গুটি বন্দী কৰা। খেলাত "জীৱিত" আৰু "মৃত" গুটিৰ ধাৰণা আছে, আৰু খেলৰ শেষত অঞ্চল আৰু বন্দী কৰা গুটিৰ ভিত্তিত পইণ্ট গণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rules of Go |url=https://senseis.xmp.net/?RulesOfGo |website=Sensei's Library |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ডিজিটেল গো আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ গো == গো খেলত কম্পিউটাৰৰ অগ্ৰগতি দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি সীমিত আছিল, কিন্তু DeepMind-ৰ "AlphaGo" নামৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা প্ৰগ্ৰামে ২০১৬ চনত মানৱ চেম্পিয়নক পৰাস্ত কৰি এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Go |url=https://deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphago |website=DeepMind |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> আজিৰ দিনত বহুবিধ অনলাইন প্লাটফৰ্ম, যেনে KGS, OGS (Online Go Server), আৰু Pandanet-IGS-ত গো খেলা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn to Play Go |url=https://www.pandanet-igs.com/communities/pandanet |website=Pandanet (IGS) |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Go? |url=https://www.usgo.org/what-go |website=American Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] a2m7kt1f4h1a9o2phfvz23pbw0stpwe 518656 518655 2025-06-16T19:09:25Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্য, আকাৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ }} [[File:FloorGoban.JPG|thumb|গ' খেলৰ ১৯×১৯ ব'ৰ্ড]] '''গ'''' ({{lang-ja|囲碁}}, {{lang-zh|围棋}}, {{lang-ko|바둑}}, {{lang-en|Go}}) হৈছে এটি প্ৰাচীন কৌশলভিত্তিক দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ ব'ৰ্ড গেম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি ২৫০০ বছৰ আগতে প্ৰাচীন [[চীন]]ত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usgo-archive.org/brief-history-go|title=A Brief History of Go|publisher=American Go Association|access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|first=Peter|last=Shotwell|title=The Game of Go: Speculations on its Origins and Symbolism in Ancient China|year=2008|publisher=American Go Association|url=http://www.usgo-archive.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516100351/http://www.usgo.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf|archive-date=May 16, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gobase.org/reading/history/china/?sec=part-2|title=The Legends of the Sage Kings and Divination|publisher=GoBase.org|access-date=May 12, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Go {{!}} British Go Association |url=https://www.britgo.org/intro/history |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.britgo.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Chinese Game of Go |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Archaeology/131298.htm |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref> এই খেলত খেলুৱৈ দুজনৰ মাজত ব'ৰ্ডত ক’লা আৰু বগা গুটি স্থাপন কৰি অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। গ' হৈছে পৃথিবীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কৌশলভিত্তিক খেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা, আৰু বৰ্তমানেও [[জাপান]], [[চীন]], [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি লোকপ্ৰিয়। ২০১৬ চনত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' ফেডাৰেচনৰ ৭৫ খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ এক সমীক্ষাত দেখা গৈছে যে বিশ্বজুৰি গ' খেলিব জনা ৪.৬ কোটিতকৈ অধিক লোক আছে, আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ ২ কোটিতকৈ অধিক খেলুৱৈ আছে, যাৰ অধিকাংশই পূব [[এছিয়া]]ত বাস কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf|title=Go Population Survey|last=The International Go Federation|date=February 2016|website=intergofed.org|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517013354/http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == গ' খেলৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ২৫০০ বছৰৰ আগতে চীনত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন চীনত ইয়াক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ধৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰা খেলখন কোৰিয়া আৰু জাপানলৈ বিস্তাৰ লাভ কৰে। জাপানত ইয়াক "ইগো" বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু জাপানৰ দ্বাৰাই আধুনিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আধাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Go |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Go-game |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Go |url=https://www.britgo.org/history |website=British Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলৰ নিয়ম == গ' খেলটো ১৯×১৯ কোষযুক্ত ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়, যদিও আৰম্ভণিপৰ্যায়ত ৯×৯ বা ১৩×১৩ ব'ৰ্ডো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ক’লা খেলুৱৈয়ে প্ৰথমে খেলে, আৰু পিচত বগা। খেলুৱৈয়ে নিজৰ নিজৰ গুটি স্থাপন কৰে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—ব'ৰ্ডৰ ওপৰত অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰা, আৰু প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বীৰ গুটি বন্দী কৰা। [[দবা খেল]]ৰ দৰে এই খেলতো "জীৱিত" আৰু "মৃত" গুটিৰ ধাৰণা আছে, আৰু খেলৰ শেষত অঞ্চল আৰু বন্দী কৰা গুটিৰ ভিত্তিত পইণ্ট গণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rules of Go |url=https://senseis.xmp.net/?RulesOfGo |website=Sensei's Library |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ডিজিটেল গো আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ গো == গো খেলত কম্পিউটাৰৰ অগ্ৰগতি দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি সীমিত আছিল, কিন্তু DeepMind-ৰ "AlphaGo" নামৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা প্ৰগ্ৰামে ২০১৬ চনত মানৱ চেম্পিয়নক পৰাস্ত কৰি এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Go |url=https://deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphago |website=DeepMind |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> আজিৰ দিনত বহুবিধ অনলাইন প্লাটফৰ্ম, যেনে KGS, OGS (Online Go Server), আৰু Pandanet-IGS-ত গো খেলা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn to Play Go |url=https://www.pandanet-igs.com/communities/pandanet |website=Pandanet (IGS) |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Go? |url=https://www.usgo.org/what-go |website=American Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] 3mgje3757ej7rdlk6ew4g18ppsv3yis 518657 518656 2025-06-16T19:10:33Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্য, আকাৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ }} [[File:FloorGoban.JPG|thumb|গ' খেলৰ ১৯×১৯ ব'ৰ্ড]] '''গ'''' ({{lang-ja|囲碁}}, {{lang-zh|围棋}}, {{lang-ko|바둑}}, {{lang-en|Go}}) হৈছে এটি প্ৰাচীন কৌশলভিত্তিক দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ ব'ৰ্ড গেম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি ২৫০০ বছৰ আগতে প্ৰাচীন [[চীন]]ত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usgo-archive.org/brief-history-go|title=A Brief History of Go|publisher=American Go Association|access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|first=Peter|last=Shotwell|title=The Game of Go: Speculations on its Origins and Symbolism in Ancient China|year=2008|publisher=American Go Association|url=http://www.usgo-archive.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516100351/http://www.usgo.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf|archive-date=May 16, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gobase.org/reading/history/china/?sec=part-2|title=The Legends of the Sage Kings and Divination|publisher=GoBase.org|access-date=May 12, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Go {{!}} British Go Association |url=https://www.britgo.org/intro/history |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.britgo.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Chinese Game of Go |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Archaeology/131298.htm |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref> এই খেলত খেলুৱৈ দুজনৰ মাজত ব'ৰ্ডত ক’লা আৰু বগা গুটি স্থাপন কৰি অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। গ' হৈছে পৃথিবীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কৌশলভিত্তিক খেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা, আৰু বৰ্তমানেও [[জাপান]], [[চীন]], [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি লোকপ্ৰিয়। ২০১৬ চনত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' ফেডাৰেচনৰ ৭৫ খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ এক সমীক্ষাত দেখা গৈছে যে বিশ্বজুৰি গ' খেলিব জনা ৪.৬ কোটিতকৈ অধিক লোক আছে, আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ ২ কোটিতকৈ অধিক খেলুৱৈ আছে, যাৰ অধিকাংশই পূব [[এছিয়া]]ত বাস কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf|title=Go Population Survey|last=The International Go Federation|date=February 2016|website=intergofed.org|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517013354/http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == গ' খেলৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ২৫০০ বছৰৰ আগতে চীনত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন চীনত ইয়াক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ধৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰা খেলখন কোৰিয়া আৰু জাপানলৈ বিস্তাৰ লাভ কৰে। জাপানত ইয়াক "ইগো" বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু জাপানৰ দ্বাৰাই আধুনিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আধাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Go |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Go-game |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Go |url=https://www.britgo.org/history |website=British Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলৰ নিয়ম == গ' খেলটো ১৯×১৯ কোষযুক্ত ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়, যদিও আৰম্ভণিপৰ্যায়ত ৯×৯ বা ১৩×১৩ ব'ৰ্ডো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ক’লা খেলুৱৈয়ে প্ৰথমে খেলে, আৰু পিচত বগা। খেলুৱৈয়ে নিজৰ নিজৰ গুটি স্থাপন কৰে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—ব'ৰ্ডৰ ওপৰত অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰা, আৰু প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বীৰ গুটি বন্দী কৰা। [[দবা খেল]]ৰ দৰে এই খেলতো "জীৱিত" আৰু "মৃত" গুটিৰ ধাৰণা আছে, আৰু খেলৰ শেষত অঞ্চল আৰু বন্দী কৰা গুটিৰ ভিত্তিত পইণ্ট গণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rules of Go |url=https://senseis.xmp.net/?RulesOfGo |website=Sensei's Library |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ডিজিটেল আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ গ' == গ' খেলত কম্পিউটাৰৰ অগ্ৰগতি দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি সীমিত আছিল, কিন্তু DeepMind-ৰ "AlphaGo" নামৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা প্ৰগ্ৰামে ২০১৬ চনত মানৱ চেম্পিয়নক পৰাস্ত কৰি এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Go |url=https://deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphago |website=DeepMind |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> আজিৰ দিনত বহুবিধ অনলাইন প্লেটফৰ্ম, যেনে KGS, OGS (Online Go Server), আৰু Pandanet-IGS-ত গ' খেলিব পৰা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn to Play Go |url=https://www.pandanet-igs.com/communities/pandanet |website=Pandanet (IGS) |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Go? |url=https://www.usgo.org/what-go |website=American Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] g8mzlgnb13cq6cv461s6dqrzxnlvmu4 518844 518657 2025-06-17T09:41:11Z InternetArchiveBot 29706 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 518844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox game | subject_name = গো | image = | image_caption = | players = ২ জন | setup_time = ১ মিনিটতকৈ কম | playing_time = প্ৰায় ৩০ মিনিটৰ পৰা কেইবাঘণ্টালৈ | random_chance = অতি কম | skills = কৌশল, স্থিৰতা, ধৈৰ্য, আকাৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ }} [[File:FloorGoban.JPG|thumb|গ' খেলৰ ১৯×১৯ ব'ৰ্ড]] '''গ'''' ({{lang-ja|囲碁}}, {{lang-zh|围棋}}, {{lang-ko|바둑}}, {{lang-en|Go}}) হৈছে এটি প্ৰাচীন কৌশলভিত্তিক দুজন খেলুৱৈৰ ব'ৰ্ড গেম, যাৰ উৎপত্তি ২৫০০ বছৰ আগতে প্ৰাচীন [[চীন]]ত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usgo-archive.org/brief-history-go|title=A Brief History of Go|publisher=American Go Association|access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|first=Peter|last=Shotwell|title=The Game of Go: Speculations on its Origins and Symbolism in Ancient China|year=2008|publisher=American Go Association|url=http://www.usgo-archive.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516100351/http://www.usgo.org/files/bh_library/originsofgo.pdf|archive-date=May 16, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gobase.org/reading/history/china/?sec=part-2|title=The Legends of the Sage Kings and Divination|publisher=GoBase.org|access-date=May 12, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of Go {{!}} British Go Association |url=https://www.britgo.org/intro/history |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.britgo.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ancient Chinese Game of Go |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Archaeology/131298.htm |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref> এই খেলত খেলুৱৈ দুজনৰ মাজত ব'ৰ্ডত ক’লা আৰু বগা গুটি স্থাপন কৰি অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰাৰ বাবে প্ৰতিযোগিতা হয়। গ' হৈছে পৃথিবীৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি কৌশলভিত্তিক খেলসমূহৰ ভিতৰত এটা, আৰু বৰ্তমানেও [[জাপান]], [[চীন]], [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আৰু বিশ্বজুৰি লোকপ্ৰিয়। ২০১৬ চনত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' ফেডাৰেচনৰ ৭৫ খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ এক সমীক্ষাত দেখা গৈছে যে বিশ্বজুৰি গ' খেলিব জনা ৪.৬ কোটিতকৈ অধিক লোক আছে, আৰু বৰ্তমানৰ ২ কোটিতকৈ অধিক খেলুৱৈ আছে, যাৰ অধিকাংশই পূব [[এছিয়া]]ত বাস কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf|title=Go Population Survey|last=The International Go Federation|date=February 2016|website=intergofed.org|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517013354/http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live|archivedate=17 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517013354/http://www.intergofed.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Go_population_report.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> == ইতিহাস == গ' খেলৰ উৎপত্তি প্ৰায় ২৫০০ বছৰৰ আগতে চীনত হৈছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়। প্ৰাচীন চীনত ইয়াক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে ধৰা হৈছিল। ইয়াৰ পৰা খেলখন কোৰিয়া আৰু জাপানলৈ বিস্তাৰ লাভ কৰে। জাপানত ইয়াক "ইগো" বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু জাপানৰ দ্বাৰাই আধুনিক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গ' প্ৰতিযোগিতাৰ আধাৰ স্থাপন কৰা হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=Go |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Go-game |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Go |url=https://www.britgo.org/history |website=British Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলৰ নিয়ম == গ' খেলটো ১৯×১৯ কোষযুক্ত ব'ৰ্ডত খেলা হয়, যদিও আৰম্ভণিপৰ্যায়ত ৯×৯ বা ১৩×১৩ ব'ৰ্ডো ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। ক’লা খেলুৱৈয়ে প্ৰথমে খেলে, আৰু পিচত বগা। খেলুৱৈয়ে নিজৰ নিজৰ গুটি স্থাপন কৰে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—ব'ৰ্ডৰ ওপৰত অঞ্চল অধিকাৰ কৰা, আৰু প্ৰতিদ্বন্দ্বীৰ গুটি বন্দী কৰা। [[দবা খেল]]ৰ দৰে এই খেলতো "জীৱিত" আৰু "মৃত" গুটিৰ ধাৰণা আছে, আৰু খেলৰ শেষত অঞ্চল আৰু বন্দী কৰা গুটিৰ ভিত্তিত পইণ্ট গণনা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rules of Go |url=https://senseis.xmp.net/?RulesOfGo |website=Sensei's Library |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == ডিজিটেল আৰু কম্পিউটাৰ গ' == গ' খেলত কম্পিউটাৰৰ অগ্ৰগতি দীৰ্ঘদিন ধৰি সীমিত আছিল, কিন্তু DeepMind-ৰ "AlphaGo" নামৰ কৃত্ৰিম বুদ্ধিমত্তা প্ৰগ্ৰামে ২০১৬ চনত মানৱ চেম্পিয়নক পৰাস্ত কৰি এক যুগান্তকাৰী পদক্ষেপ গ্ৰহণ কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Go |url=https://deepmind.com/research/highlighted-research/alphago |website=DeepMind |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> আজিৰ দিনত বহুবিধ অনলাইন প্লেটফৰ্ম, যেনে KGS, OGS (Online Go Server), আৰু Pandanet-IGS-ত গ' খেলিব পৰা যায়।<ref>{{cite web |title=Learn to Play Go |url=https://www.pandanet-igs.com/communities/pandanet |website=Pandanet (IGS) |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Go? |url=https://www.usgo.org/what-go |website=American Go Association |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] 5ieo12d4jzg7r9phwaon98rywmk13f6 0 122865 518614 2025-06-16T18:26:23Z Human Anubhav 45073 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox sport | name = বেছবল | image = Baseball pictogram.svg | image_caption = বেছবল খেলাৰ চিহ্ন | first = ১৮শ শতিকাৰ অন্তত, [[সংযুক্ত ৰাজ্য আমেৰিকা]] | contact = সীমিত | team = প্ৰত্যেক দলে ৯জন খেলুৱৈ | venue = বেছবল ষ্টেডি... 518614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = বেছবল | image = Baseball pictogram.svg | image_caption = বেছবল খেলাৰ চিহ্ন | first = ১৮শ শতিকাৰ অন্তত, [[সংযুক্ত ৰাজ্য আমেৰিকা]] | contact = সীমিত | team = প্ৰত্যেক দলে ৯জন খেলুৱৈ | venue = বেছবল ষ্টেডিয়াম | union = [[World Baseball Softball Confederation]] (WBSC) | olympic = হʼয়, ১৯৯২–২০০৮; পুনৰ ২০২০ }} '''বেছবল''' হৈছে এটি দলগত বেট-বল (bat-and-ball) ধৰণৰ ক্ৰীড়া, যি প্ৰধানকৈ [[সংযুক্ত ৰাজ্য আমেৰিকা]], [[জাপান]], [[কিউবা]] আৰু [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আদিত জনপ্ৰিয়। খেলটোত দুটা দলে পালোপালি কৰি বল নিক্ষেপ, বেটিং, আৰু ৰান সংগ্ৰহ কৰি পইণ্ট লাভ কৰে। == ইতিহাস == বেছবলৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ ১৮শ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আমেৰিকাত বিকাশ পাইছিল, যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি ইংলেণ্ডৰ “Rounders” নামৰ খেলৰ পৰা হৈছে বুলি কোৱা হয়। ১৮৪৬ চনত নিউ ইয়ৰ্কত প্ৰথম আনুষ্ঠানিক বেছবল খেল অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Baseball |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/baseball |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == খেলখন ৯টা "ইনিং"ত খেল হয়। প্ৰতিটো ইনিঙত এটি দল বেটিং কৰে আৰু আনটো দল ফিল্ডিং (বল ধৰা আৰু আউট কৰাৰ চেষ্টা)। বেটিং দলে বলত বেট মাৰি বেছ (base) লৈ দৌৰি ৰান সংগ্ৰহ কৰে। বল ধৰা দলে বেটাৰক আউট কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। == প্ৰধান উপাদান == * **পিচাৰ (Pitcher)** – বল নিক্ষেপ কৰে * **বেটাৰ (Batter)** – বলত বেট মাৰে * **কেচাৰ (Catcher)** – পিচাৰৰ বল ধৰে * **বেছসমূহ** – ১ম, ২য়, ৩য় আৰু হোম বেছ == ৰান সংগ্ৰহ আৰু আউট == যদি বেটাৰ বল মাৰি তিনিটা বেছ পাৰ হৈ হোম বেছত ঘূৰি আহে, তেতিয়া এটা "ৰান" পোৱা যায়। একে সময়তে তিনিজন বেটাৰ আউট হʼলে পালট হয়। == প্ৰসিদ্ধ লীগ আৰু প্ৰতিযোগিতা == * [[Major League Baseball (MLB)]] – আমেৰিকাৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ বেছবল লীগ * [[World Baseball Classic (WBC)]] – আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় টুৰ্ণামেণ্ট * [[Nippon Professional Baseball]] – জাপানৰ মুখ্য বেছবল লীগ == অলিম্পিক আৰু বিশ্বমঞ্চ == বেছবল ১৯৯২ চনত অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তর্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। যদিও ২০০৮ৰ পিছত একেবাৰে বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল, ২০২০ চনত পুনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। == খেলুৱৈসকল == * [[Babe Ruth]] * [[Shohei Ohtani]] * [[Ichiro Suzuki]] * [[Jackie Robinson]] == চাওক আনিও == * [[Cricket]] * [[Softball]] * [[American football]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> 6mdt6xxrd818kvgkw5rp8ip7ci5ba4u 518658 518614 2025-06-16T19:13:45Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = বেছবল | image = Tommy Milone gives up a home run to Mike Trout on May 21, 2017.jpg | image_caption = বেছবল খেলাৰ চিহ্ন | first = ১৮শ শতিকাৰ অন্তত, [[আমেৰিকা]] | contact = সীমিত | team = প্ৰত্যেক দলে ৯জন খেলুৱৈ | venue = বেছবল ষ্টেডিয়াম | union = World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC) | olympic = হয়, ১৯৯২–২০০৮; পুনৰ ২০২০ }} '''বেছবল''' হৈছে এটি দলগত বেট-বল ধৰণৰ [[ক্ৰীড়া]], যি প্ৰধানকৈ [[আমেৰিকা]], [[জাপান]], [[কিউবা]] আৰু [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আদিত জনপ্ৰিয়। খেলটোত দুটা দলে বল নিক্ষেপ, বেটিং, আৰু ৰাণ সংগ্ৰহ কৰি পইণ্ট লাভ কৰে। == ইতিহাস == বেছবলৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ ১৮শ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আমেৰিকাত বিকাশ পাইছিল, যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি ইংলেণ্ডৰ “Rounders” নামৰ খেলৰ পৰা হৈছে বুলি কোৱা হয়। ১৮৪৬ চনত নিউ ইয়ৰ্কত প্ৰথম আনুষ্ঠানিক বেছবল খেল অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Baseball |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/baseball |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == খেলখন ৯টা "ইনিং"ত খেল হয়। প্ৰতিটো ইনিঙত এটি দল বেটিং কৰে আৰু আনটো দল ফিল্ডিং (বল ধৰা আৰু আউট কৰাৰ চেষ্টা)। বেটিং দলে বলত বেট মাৰি বেছ (base) লৈ দৌৰি ৰান সংগ্ৰহ কৰে। বল ধৰা দলে বেটাৰক আউট কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। == প্ৰধান উপাদান == * **পিচাৰ (Pitcher)** – বল নিক্ষেপ কৰে * **বেটাৰ (Batter)** – বলত বেট মাৰে * **কেচাৰ (Catcher)** – পিচাৰৰ বল ধৰে * **বেছসমূহ** – ১ম, ২য়, ৩য় আৰু হোম বেছ == ৰান সংগ্ৰহ আৰু আউট == যদি বেটাৰ বল মাৰি তিনিটা বেছ পাৰ হৈ হোম বেছত ঘূৰি আহে, তেতিয়া এটা "ৰান" পোৱা যায়। একে সময়তে তিনিজন বেটাৰ আউট হʼলে পালট হয়। == প্ৰসিদ্ধ লীগ আৰু প্ৰতিযোগিতা == * [[Major League Baseball (MLB)]] – আমেৰিকাৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ বেছবল লীগ * [[World Baseball Classic (WBC)]] – আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় টুৰ্ণামেণ্ট * [[Nippon Professional Baseball]] – জাপানৰ মুখ্য বেছবল লীগ == অলিম্পিক আৰু বিশ্বমঞ্চ == বেছবল ১৯৯২ চনত অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তর্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। যদিও ২০০৮ৰ পিছত একেবাৰে বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল, ২০২০ চনত পুনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। == খেলুৱৈসকল == * [[Babe Ruth]] * [[Shohei Ohtani]] * [[Ichiro Suzuki]] * [[Jackie Robinson]] == চাওক আনিও == * [[Cricket]] * [[Softball]] * [[American football]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> eurwddrk0rf2utb32r72kkketutg4ax 518659 518658 2025-06-16T19:14:18Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 518659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = বেছবল | image = Tommy Milone gives up a home run to Mike Trout on May 21, 2017.jpg | image_caption = বেছবল খেলাৰ চিহ্ন | first = ১৮শ শতিকাৰ অন্তত, [[আমেৰিকা]] | contact = সীমিত | team = প্ৰত্যেক দলে ৯জন খেলুৱৈ | venue = বেছবল ষ্টেডিয়াম | union = World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC) | olympic = হয়, ১৯৯২–২০০৮; পুনৰ ২০২০ }} '''বেছবল''' হৈছে এটি দলগত বেট-বল ধৰণৰ [[ক্ৰীড়া]], যি প্ৰধানকৈ [[আমেৰিকা]], [[জাপান]], [[কিউবা]] আৰু [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আদিত জনপ্ৰিয়। খেলটোত দুটা দলে বল নিক্ষেপ, বেটিং, আৰু ৰাণ সংগ্ৰহ কৰি পইণ্ট লাভ কৰে। == ইতিহাস == বেছবলৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ ১৮শ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আমেৰিকাত বিকাশ পাইছিল, যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি ইংলেণ্ডৰ “Rounders” নামৰ খেলৰ পৰা হৈছে বুলি কোৱা হয়। ১৮৪৬ চনত নিউ ইয়ৰ্কত প্ৰথম আনুষ্ঠানিক বেছবল খেল অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Baseball |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/baseball |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == খেলখন ৯টা "ইনিং"ত খেল হয়। প্ৰতিটো ইনিঙত এটি দল বেটিং কৰে আৰু আনটো দল ফিল্ডিং (বল ধৰা আৰু আউট কৰাৰ চেষ্টা)। বেটিং দলে বলত বেট মাৰি বেছ (base) লৈ দৌৰি ৰান সংগ্ৰহ কৰে। বল ধৰা দলে বেটাৰক আউট কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। == প্ৰধান উপাদান == * **পিচাৰ (Pitcher)** – বল নিক্ষেপ কৰে * **বেটাৰ (Batter)** – বলত বেট মাৰে * **কেঁচাৰ (Catcher)** – পিচাৰৰ বল ধৰে * **বেছসমূহ** – ১ম, ২য়, ৩য় আৰু হোম বেছ == ৰান সংগ্ৰহ আৰু আউট == যদি বেটাৰ বল মাৰি তিনিটা বেছ পাৰ হৈ হোম বেছত ঘূৰি আহে, তেতিয়া এটা "ৰান" পোৱা যায়। একে সময়তে তিনিজন বেটাৰ আউট হʼলে পালট হয়। == প্ৰসিদ্ধ লীগ আৰু প্ৰতিযোগিতা == * [[Major League Baseball (MLB)]] – আমেৰিকাৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ বেছবল লীগ * [[World Baseball Classic (WBC)]] – আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় টুৰ্ণামেণ্ট * [[Nippon Professional Baseball]] – জাপানৰ মুখ্য বেছবল লীগ == অলিম্পিক আৰু বিশ্বমঞ্চ == বেছবল ১৯৯২ চনত অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। যদিও ২০০৮ৰ পিছত একেবাৰে বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল, ২০২০ চনত পুনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। == খেলুৱৈসকল == * [[Babe Ruth]] * [[Shohei Ohtani]] * [[Ichiro Suzuki]] * [[Jackie Robinson]] == চাওক আনিও == * [[Cricket]] * [[Softball]] * [[American football]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] 885lwu911hmjfq5pjq5v4ldh6rc00no 518660 518659 2025-06-16T19:15:44Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = বেছবল | image = Tommy Milone gives up a home run to Mike Trout on May 21, 2017.jpg | image_caption = বেছবল খেলাৰ চিহ্ন | first = ১৮শ শতিকাৰ অন্তত, [[আমেৰিকা]] | contact = সীমিত | team = প্ৰত্যেক দলে ৯জন খেলুৱৈ | venue = বেছবল ষ্টেডিয়াম | union = World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC) | olympic = হয়, ১৯৯২–২০০৮; পুনৰ ২০২০ }} '''বেছবল''' হৈছে এটি দলগত বেট-বল ধৰণৰ [[ক্ৰীড়া]], যি প্ৰধানকৈ [[আমেৰিকা]], [[জাপান]], [[কিউবা]] আৰু [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আদিত জনপ্ৰিয়। খেলটোত দুটা দলে বল নিক্ষেপ, বেটিং, আৰু ৰাণ সংগ্ৰহ কৰি পইণ্ট লাভ কৰে। == ইতিহাস == বেছবলৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ ১৮শ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আমেৰিকাত বিকাশ পাইছিল, যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি ইংলেণ্ডৰ “Rounders” নামৰ খেলৰ পৰা হৈছে বুলি কোৱা হয়। ১৮৪৬ চনত নিউ ইয়ৰ্কত প্ৰথম আনুষ্ঠানিক বেছবল খেল অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Baseball |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/baseball |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলৰ নিয়ম == খেলখন ৯টা "ইনিংছ"ত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিটো ইনিংছত এটা দলে বেটিং কৰে আৰু আনটো দলে ফিল্ডিং কৰে। বেটিং দলে বলত বেট মাৰি বেছ লৈ দৌৰি ৰাণ সংগ্ৰহ কৰে। বল ধৰা দলে বেটাৰক আউট কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। == প্ৰধান উপাদান == * **পিচাৰ (Pitcher)** – বল নিক্ষেপ কৰে * **বেটাৰ (Batter)** – বলত বেট মাৰে * **কেঁচাৰ (Catcher)** – পিচাৰৰ বল ধৰে * **বেছসমূহ** – ১ম, ২য়, ৩য় আৰু হোম বেছ == ৰান সংগ্ৰহ আৰু আউট == যদি বেটাৰ বল মাৰি তিনিটা বেছ পাৰ হৈ হোম বেছত ঘূৰি আহে, তেতিয়া এটা "ৰান" পোৱা যায়। একে সময়তে তিনিজন বেটাৰ আউট হʼলে পালট হয়। == প্ৰসিদ্ধ লীগ আৰু প্ৰতিযোগিতা == * [[Major League Baseball (MLB)]] – আমেৰিকাৰ সৰ্ববৃহৎ বেছবল লীগ * [[World Baseball Classic (WBC)]] – আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় টুৰ্ণামেণ্ট * [[Nippon Professional Baseball]] – জাপানৰ মুখ্য বেছবল লীগ == অলিম্পিক আৰু বিশ্বমঞ্চ == বেছবল ১৯৯২ চনত অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। যদিও ২০০৮ৰ পিছত একেবাৰে বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল, ২০২০ চনত পুনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। == খেলুৱৈসকল == * [[Babe Ruth]] * [[Shohei Ohtani]] * [[Ichiro Suzuki]] * [[Jackie Robinson]] == চাওক আনিও == * [[Cricket]] * [[Softball]] * [[American football]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] bxzv1aurkcnx4inuniyyh6j91lb5kjm 518661 518660 2025-06-16T19:17:02Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = বেছবল | image = Tommy Milone gives up a home run to Mike Trout on May 21, 2017.jpg | image_caption = বেছবল খেলাৰ চিহ্ন | first = ১৮শ শতিকাৰ অন্তত, [[আমেৰিকা]] | contact = সীমিত | team = প্ৰত্যেক দলে ৯জন খেলুৱৈ | venue = বেছবল ষ্টেডিয়াম | union = World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC) | olympic = হয়, ১৯৯২–২০০৮; পুনৰ ২০২০ }} '''বেছবল''' হৈছে এটি দলগত বেট-বল ধৰণৰ [[ক্ৰীড়া]], যি প্ৰধানকৈ [[আমেৰিকা]], [[জাপান]], [[কিউবা]] আৰু [[দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া]] আদিত জনপ্ৰিয়। খেলটোত দুটা দলে বল নিক্ষেপ, বেটিং, আৰু ৰাণ সংগ্ৰহ কৰি পইণ্ট লাভ কৰে। বেছবল ১৯৯২ চনত অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। যদিও ২০০৮ৰ পিছত একেবাৰে বাদ দিয়া হৈছিল, ২০২০ চনত পুনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। == ইতিহাস == বেছবলৰ আধুনিক ৰূপ ১৮শ শতিকাৰ শেষৰ ফালে আমেৰিকাত বিকাশ পাইছিল, যদিও ইয়াৰ মূল উৎপত্তি ইংলেণ্ডৰ “Rounders” নামৰ খেলৰ পৰা হৈছে বুলি কোৱা হয়। ১৮৪৬ চনত নিউ ইয়ৰ্কত প্ৰথম আনুষ্ঠানিক বেছবল খেল অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Baseball |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/baseball |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলৰ নিয়ম == খেলখন ৯টা "ইনিংছ"ত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিটো ইনিংছত এটা দলে বেটিং কৰে আৰু আনটো দলে ফিল্ডিং কৰে। বেটিং দলে বলত বেট মাৰি বেছ লৈ দৌৰি ৰাণ সংগ্ৰহ কৰে। বল ধৰা দলে বেটাৰক আউট কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] m64m4a16kcygsi7va8hcdmczqp5zbwo 0 122866 518615 2025-06-16T18:26:53Z Human Anubhav 45073 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox sport | name = ৰাগবি ফুটবল | image = Rugby pictogram.svg | image_caption = ৰাগবি খেলাৰ চিহ্ন | first = ১৯শ শতিকা, [[ইংলেণ্ড]] | contact = উচ্চ | team = প্ৰতি দলে ১৫ (ইউনিয়ন) বা ১৩ (লীগ) জন খেলুৱৈ | venue = ৰাগবি মাঠ | union... 518615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = ৰাগবি ফুটবল | image = Rugby pictogram.svg | image_caption = ৰাগবি খেলাৰ চিহ্ন | first = ১৯শ শতিকা, [[ইংলেণ্ড]] | contact = উচ্চ | team = প্ৰতি দলে ১৫ (ইউনিয়ন) বা ১৩ (লীগ) জন খেলুৱৈ | venue = ৰাগবি মাঠ | union = [[World Rugby]] | olympic = হʼয় (Sevens ৰূপত, ২০১৬ চনৰ পৰা) }} '''ৰাগবি ফুটবল''' হৈছে এটি উচ্চ সংস্পৰ্শধৰ (high-contact) দলগত ক্ৰীড়া, যি মূলতে বলক আগবঢ়াই প্রতিপক্ষৰ গ'ললাইন পাৰ কৰাই পইণ্ট সংগ্ৰহ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে খেল হয়। ই মূলতঃ দুটা শাখাত বিভক্ত—**ৰাগবি ইউনিয়ন (Rugby Union)** আৰু **ৰাগবি লীগ (Rugby League)**। == ইতিহাস == ৰাগবি ফুটবল ১৯শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে [[ইংলেণ্ড]]ৰ ৰাগবি স্কুলত উদ্ভৱ হৈছিল। কাহিনী মতে, ১৮২৩ চনত উইলিয়াম ৱেব এলিছ নামৰ এজন ছাত্ৰে ফুটবল খেলি থাকোতে বলটো হাতে ধৰি দৌৰিছিল—এই ঘটনাই ৰাগবিৰ সূচনা কৰিছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Rugby |url=https://www.world.rugby/museum/history-of-rugby |website=World Rugby Museum |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ ধৰণ == দুটা প্ৰধান ৰূপ: * **Rugby Union** – প্ৰতি দলে ১৫জন খেলুৱৈ * **Rugby League** – প্ৰতি দলে ১৩জন খেলুৱৈ == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == ৰাগবিত বলক সন্মুখলৈ লঙা নহয় (সামান্য শাৰীৰিক স্পৰ্শ অনুমোদিত), কেবল পাজে বা পিছে ফালে পাস কৰিব পাৰি। বল আগবঢ়াবলৈ খেলুৱৈয়ে দৌৰ, কিক বা ট্যাকল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। পইণ্ট লাভৰ উপায়: * **Try** – বল গ'ললাইন পাৰ কৰি মাটিত পেলালে (৫ পইণ্ট) * **Conversion** – try পিছত কিক সফল কৰিলে (২ পইণ্ট) * **Penalty kick** – দণ্ডৰ বাবে পইণ্ট লাভ (৩ পইণ্ট) * **Drop goal** – বল মাটিত পেলাই কিক কৰিলে (৩ পইণ্ট) == অলিম্পিক আৰু বিশ্ব প্ৰতিযোগিতা == * ৰাগবি ২০১৬ চনত “Rugby Sevens” ৰূপত অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তর্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। * [[Rugby World Cup]] – ৪ বছৰত এবাৰ অনুষ্ঠিত হয় (Union ৰূপ) * [[Rugby League World Cup]] – লীগৰ পৃথক বিশ্বকাপ == জনপ্ৰিয় দেশসমূহ == * [[নিউজিলেণ্ড]] * [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]] * [[দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]] * [[ইংলেণ্ড]] * [[ফ্ৰান্স]] * [[ফিজি]], [[সাম'আ]] == জনপ্ৰিয় খেলুৱৈ == * [[Jonah Lomu]] * [[Richie McCaw]] * [[Martin Johnson]] * [[Sonny Bill Williams]] == চাওক আনিও == * [[American football]] * [[Association football]] * [[Kabaddi]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> cd6juvipqq2ebh91qrxrjk3qax11ss4 518662 518615 2025-06-16T19:20:44Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = ৰাগবী ফুটবল | image = Griffins RFC Kotka 1.jpg | image_caption = ৰাগবি খেলাৰ চিহ্ন | first = ১৯শ শতিকা, [[ইংলেণ্ড]] | contact = উচ্চ | team = প্ৰতি দলে ১৫ (ইউনিয়ন) বা ১৩ (লীগ) জন খেলুৱৈ | venue = ৰাগবী খেলপথাৰ | union = World Rugby | olympic = হয় (Sevens ৰূপত, ২০১৬ চনৰ পৰা) }} '''ৰাগবী ফুটবল''' হৈছে এটি উচ্চ সংস্পৰ্শধৰ দলগত ক্ৰীড়া, যি মূলতে বলক আগবঢ়াই প্রতিপক্ষৰ গ'ললাইন পাৰ কৰাই পইণ্ট সংগ্ৰহ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে খেল হয়। ই মূলতঃ দুটা শাখাত বিভক্ত — ৰাগবী ইউনিয়ন আৰু ৰাগবি লীগ। == ইতিহাস == ৰাগবি ফুটবল ১৯শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে [[ইংলেণ্ড]]ৰ ৰাগবি স্কুলত উদ্ভৱ হৈছিল। কাহিনী মতে, ১৮২৩ চনত উইলিয়াম ৱেব এলিছ নামৰ এজন ছাত্ৰে ফুটবল খেলি থাকোতে বলটো হাতে ধৰি দৌৰিছিল—এই ঘটনাই ৰাগবিৰ সূচনা কৰিছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Rugby |url=https://www.world.rugby/museum/history-of-rugby |website=World Rugby Museum |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ ধৰণ == দুটা প্ৰধান ৰূপ: * **Rugby Union** – প্ৰতি দলে ১৫জন খেলুৱৈ * **Rugby League** – প্ৰতি দলে ১৩জন খেলুৱৈ == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == ৰাগবিত বলক সন্মুখলৈ লঙা নহয় (সামান্য শাৰীৰিক স্পৰ্শ অনুমোদিত), কেবল পাজে বা পিছে ফালে পাস কৰিব পাৰি। বল আগবঢ়াবলৈ খেলুৱৈয়ে দৌৰ, কিক বা ট্যাকল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। পইণ্ট লাভৰ উপায়: * **Try** – বল গ'ললাইন পাৰ কৰি মাটিত পেলালে (৫ পইণ্ট) * **Conversion** – try পিছত কিক সফল কৰিলে (২ পইণ্ট) * **Penalty kick** – দণ্ডৰ বাবে পইণ্ট লাভ (৩ পইণ্ট) * **Drop goal** – বল মাটিত পেলাই কিক কৰিলে (৩ পইণ্ট) == অলিম্পিক আৰু বিশ্ব প্ৰতিযোগিতা == * ৰাগবি ২০১৬ চনত “Rugby Sevens” ৰূপত অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তর্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। * [[Rugby World Cup]] – ৪ বছৰত এবাৰ অনুষ্ঠিত হয় (Union ৰূপ) * [[Rugby League World Cup]] – লীগৰ পৃথক বিশ্বকাপ == জনপ্ৰিয় দেশসমূহ == * [[নিউজিলেণ্ড]] * [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]] * [[দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]] * [[ইংলেণ্ড]] * [[ফ্ৰান্স]] * [[ফিজি]], [[সাম'আ]] == জনপ্ৰিয় খেলুৱৈ == * [[Jonah Lomu]] * [[Richie McCaw]] * [[Martin Johnson]] * [[Sonny Bill Williams]] == চাওক আনিও == * [[American football]] * [[Association football]] * [[Kabaddi]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> dk16jt6p5he5w2ouoif68khp8ze0r16 518663 518662 2025-06-16T19:21:27Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 পৃষ্ঠা [[ৰাগবী]]ৰ পৰা [[ৰাগবী ফুটবল]]লৈ Kandarpajit Kallolয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 518662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = ৰাগবী ফুটবল | image = Griffins RFC Kotka 1.jpg | image_caption = ৰাগবি খেলাৰ চিহ্ন | first = ১৯শ শতিকা, [[ইংলেণ্ড]] | contact = উচ্চ | team = প্ৰতি দলে ১৫ (ইউনিয়ন) বা ১৩ (লীগ) জন খেলুৱৈ | venue = ৰাগবী খেলপথাৰ | union = World Rugby | olympic = হয় (Sevens ৰূপত, ২০১৬ চনৰ পৰা) }} '''ৰাগবী ফুটবল''' হৈছে এটি উচ্চ সংস্পৰ্শধৰ দলগত ক্ৰীড়া, যি মূলতে বলক আগবঢ়াই প্রতিপক্ষৰ গ'ললাইন পাৰ কৰাই পইণ্ট সংগ্ৰহ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে খেল হয়। ই মূলতঃ দুটা শাখাত বিভক্ত — ৰাগবী ইউনিয়ন আৰু ৰাগবি লীগ। == ইতিহাস == ৰাগবি ফুটবল ১৯শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে [[ইংলেণ্ড]]ৰ ৰাগবি স্কুলত উদ্ভৱ হৈছিল। কাহিনী মতে, ১৮২৩ চনত উইলিয়াম ৱেব এলিছ নামৰ এজন ছাত্ৰে ফুটবল খেলি থাকোতে বলটো হাতে ধৰি দৌৰিছিল—এই ঘটনাই ৰাগবিৰ সূচনা কৰিছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Rugby |url=https://www.world.rugby/museum/history-of-rugby |website=World Rugby Museum |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ ধৰণ == দুটা প্ৰধান ৰূপ: * **Rugby Union** – প্ৰতি দলে ১৫জন খেলুৱৈ * **Rugby League** – প্ৰতি দলে ১৩জন খেলুৱৈ == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == ৰাগবিত বলক সন্মুখলৈ লঙা নহয় (সামান্য শাৰীৰিক স্পৰ্শ অনুমোদিত), কেবল পাজে বা পিছে ফালে পাস কৰিব পাৰি। বল আগবঢ়াবলৈ খেলুৱৈয়ে দৌৰ, কিক বা ট্যাকল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। পইণ্ট লাভৰ উপায়: * **Try** – বল গ'ললাইন পাৰ কৰি মাটিত পেলালে (৫ পইণ্ট) * **Conversion** – try পিছত কিক সফল কৰিলে (২ পইণ্ট) * **Penalty kick** – দণ্ডৰ বাবে পইণ্ট লাভ (৩ পইণ্ট) * **Drop goal** – বল মাটিত পেলাই কিক কৰিলে (৩ পইণ্ট) == অলিম্পিক আৰু বিশ্ব প্ৰতিযোগিতা == * ৰাগবি ২০১৬ চনত “Rugby Sevens” ৰূপত অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তর্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। * [[Rugby World Cup]] – ৪ বছৰত এবাৰ অনুষ্ঠিত হয় (Union ৰূপ) * [[Rugby League World Cup]] – লীগৰ পৃথক বিশ্বকাপ == জনপ্ৰিয় দেশসমূহ == * [[নিউজিলেণ্ড]] * [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]] * [[দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]] * [[ইংলেণ্ড]] * [[ফ্ৰান্স]] * [[ফিজি]], [[সাম'আ]] == জনপ্ৰিয় খেলুৱৈ == * [[Jonah Lomu]] * [[Richie McCaw]] * [[Martin Johnson]] * [[Sonny Bill Williams]] == চাওক আনিও == * [[American football]] * [[Association football]] * [[Kabaddi]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> dk16jt6p5he5w2ouoif68khp8ze0r16 518665 518663 2025-06-16T19:22:04Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 518665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = ৰাগবী ফুটবল | image = Griffins RFC Kotka 1.jpg | image_caption = ৰাগবি খেলাৰ চিহ্ন | first = ১৯শ শতিকা, [[ইংলেণ্ড]] | contact = উচ্চ | team = প্ৰতি দলে ১৫ (ইউনিয়ন) বা ১৩ (লীগ)জন খেলুৱৈ | venue = ৰাগবী খেলপথাৰ | union = World Rugby | olympic = হয় (Sevens ৰূপত, ২০১৬ চনৰ পৰা) }} '''ৰাগবী ফুটবল''' হৈছে এটি উচ্চ সংস্পৰ্শধৰ দলগত ক্ৰীড়া, যি মূলতে বলক আগবঢ়াই প্ৰতিপক্ষৰ গ'ললাইন পাৰ কৰাই পইণ্ট সংগ্ৰহ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে খেল হয়। ই মূলতঃ দুটা শাখাত বিভক্ত — ৰাগবী ইউনিয়ন আৰু ৰাগবি লীগ। == ইতিহাস == ৰাগবি ফুটবল ১৯শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে [[ইংলেণ্ড]]ৰ ৰাগবি স্কুলত উদ্ভৱ হৈছিল। কাহিনী মতে, ১৮২৩ চনত উইলিয়াম ৱেব এলিছ নামৰ এজন ছাত্ৰে ফুটবল খেলি থাকোঁতে বলটো হাতে ধৰি দৌৰিছিল—এই ঘটনাই ৰাগবিৰ সূচনা কৰিছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Rugby |url=https://www.world.rugby/museum/history-of-rugby |website=World Rugby Museum |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ ধৰণ == দুটা প্ৰধান ৰূপ: * **Rugby Union** – প্ৰতি দলে ১৫জন খেলুৱৈ * **Rugby League** – প্ৰতি দলে ১৩জন খেলুৱৈ == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == ৰাগবিত বলক সন্মুখলৈ লঙা নহয় (সামান্য শাৰীৰিক স্পৰ্শ অনুমোদিত), কেবল পাজে বা পিছে ফালে পাস কৰিব পাৰি। বল আগবঢ়াবলৈ খেলুৱৈয়ে দৌৰ, কিক বা ট্যাকল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। পইণ্ট লাভৰ উপায়: * **Try** – বল গ'ললাইন পাৰ কৰি মাটিত পেলালে (৫ পইণ্ট) * **Conversion** – try পিছত কিক সফল কৰিলে (২ পইণ্ট) * **Penalty kick** – দণ্ডৰ বাবে পইণ্ট লাভ (৩ পইণ্ট) * **Drop goal** – বল মাটিত পেলাই কিক কৰিলে (৩ পইণ্ট) == অলিম্পিক আৰু বিশ্ব প্ৰতিযোগিতা == * ৰাগবি ২০১৬ চনত “Rugby Sevens” ৰূপত অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। * [[Rugby World Cup]] – ৪ বছৰত এবাৰ অনুষ্ঠিত হয় (Union ৰূপ) * [[Rugby League World Cup]] – লীগৰ পৃথক বিশ্বকাপ == জনপ্ৰিয় দেশসমূহ == * [[নিউজিলেণ্ড]] * [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]] * [[দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]] * [[ইংলেণ্ড]] * [[ফ্ৰান্স]] * [[ফিজি]], [[সাম'আ]] == জনপ্ৰিয় খেলুৱৈ == * [[Jonah Lomu]] * [[Richie McCaw]] * [[Martin Johnson]] * [[Sonny Bill Williams]] == চাওক আনিও == * [[American football]] * [[Association football]] * [[Kabaddi]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] ergeh4gegxw14ifihy85jqa0rhjeoya 518666 518665 2025-06-16T19:23:33Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = ৰাগবী ফুটবল | image = Griffins RFC Kotka 1.jpg | image_caption = ৰাগবি খেলাৰ চিহ্ন | first = ১৯শ শতিকা, [[ইংলেণ্ড]] | contact = উচ্চ | team = প্ৰতি দলে ১৫ (ইউনিয়ন) বা ১৩ (লীগ)জন খেলুৱৈ | venue = ৰাগবী খেলপথাৰ | union = World Rugby | olympic = হয় (Sevens ৰূপত, ২০১৬ চনৰ পৰা) }} '''ৰাগবী ফুটবল''' হৈছে এটি উচ্চ সংস্পৰ্শধৰ দলগত ক্ৰীড়া, যি মূলতে বলক আগবঢ়াই প্ৰতিপক্ষৰ গ'ললাইন পাৰ কৰাই পইণ্ট সংগ্ৰহ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে খেল হয়। ই মূলতঃ দুটা শাখাত বিভক্ত — ৰাগবী ইউনিয়ন (প্ৰতিটো দলত ১৫জনকৈ খেলুৱৈ) আৰু ৰাগবি লীগ (প্ৰতিটো দলত ১৩জনকৈ খেলুৱৈ)। == ইতিহাস == ৰাগবি ফুটবল ১৯শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে [[ইংলেণ্ড]]ৰ ৰাগবি স্কুলত উদ্ভৱ হৈছিল। কাহিনী মতে, ১৮২৩ চনত উইলিয়াম ৱেব এলিছ নামৰ এজন ছাত্ৰে ফুটবল খেলি থাকোঁতে বলটো হাতে ধৰি দৌৰিছিল—এই ঘটনাই ৰাগবিৰ সূচনা কৰিছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Rugby |url=https://www.world.rugby/museum/history-of-rugby |website=World Rugby Museum |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ ধৰণ == দুটা প্ৰধান ৰূপ: * **Rugby Union** – প্ৰতি দলে ১৫জন খেলুৱৈ * **Rugby League** – প্ৰতি দলে ১৩জন খেলুৱৈ == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == ৰাগবিত বলক সন্মুখলৈ লঙা নহয় (সামান্য শাৰীৰিক স্পৰ্শ অনুমোদিত), কেবল পাজে বা পিছে ফালে পাস কৰিব পাৰি। বল আগবঢ়াবলৈ খেলুৱৈয়ে দৌৰ, কিক বা ট্যাকল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। পইণ্ট লাভৰ উপায়: * **Try** – বল গ'ললাইন পাৰ কৰি মাটিত পেলালে (৫ পইণ্ট) * **Conversion** – try পিছত কিক সফল কৰিলে (২ পইণ্ট) * **Penalty kick** – দণ্ডৰ বাবে পইণ্ট লাভ (৩ পইণ্ট) * **Drop goal** – বল মাটিত পেলাই কিক কৰিলে (৩ পইণ্ট) == অলিম্পিক আৰু বিশ্ব প্ৰতিযোগিতা == * ৰাগবি ২০১৬ চনত “Rugby Sevens” ৰূপত অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। * [[Rugby World Cup]] – ৪ বছৰত এবাৰ অনুষ্ঠিত হয় (Union ৰূপ) * [[Rugby League World Cup]] – লীগৰ পৃথক বিশ্বকাপ == জনপ্ৰিয় দেশসমূহ == * [[নিউজিলেণ্ড]] * [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]] * [[দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]] * [[ইংলেণ্ড]] * [[ফ্ৰান্স]] * [[ফিজি]], [[সাম'আ]] == জনপ্ৰিয় খেলুৱৈ == * [[Jonah Lomu]] * [[Richie McCaw]] * [[Martin Johnson]] * [[Sonny Bill Williams]] == চাওক আনিও == * [[American football]] * [[Association football]] * [[Kabaddi]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] jd7n28t95weuhpzm99uqodufc2vn7an 518667 518666 2025-06-16T19:25:07Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = ৰাগবী ফুটবল | image = Griffins RFC Kotka 1.jpg | image_caption = ৰাগবি খেলাৰ চিহ্ন | first = ১৯শ শতিকা, [[ইংলেণ্ড]] | contact = উচ্চ | team = প্ৰতি দলে ১৫ (ইউনিয়ন) বা ১৩ (লীগ)জন খেলুৱৈ | venue = ৰাগবী খেলপথাৰ | union = World Rugby | olympic = হয় (Sevens ৰূপত, ২০১৬ চনৰ পৰা) }} '''ৰাগবী ফুটবল''' হৈছে এটি উচ্চ সংস্পৰ্শধৰ দলগত ক্ৰীড়া, যি মূলতে বলক আগবঢ়াই প্ৰতিপক্ষৰ গ'ললাইন পাৰ কৰাই পইণ্ট সংগ্ৰহ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে খেল হয়। ই মূলতঃ দুটা শাখাত বিভক্ত — ৰাগবী ইউনিয়ন (প্ৰতিটো দলত ১৫জনকৈ খেলুৱৈ) আৰু ৰাগবি লীগ (প্ৰতিটো দলত ১৩জনকৈ খেলুৱৈ)। এই খেল * [[নিউজিলেণ্ড]], [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[ইংলেণ্ড]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]], [[ফিজি]] আদি দেশত জনপ্ৰিয়। == ইতিহাস == ৰাগবি ফুটবল ১৯শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে [[ইংলেণ্ড]]ৰ ৰাগবি স্কুলত উদ্ভৱ হৈছিল। কাহিনী মতে, ১৮২৩ চনত উইলিয়াম ৱেব এলিছ নামৰ এজন ছাত্ৰে ফুটবল খেলি থাকোঁতে বলটো হাতে ধৰি দৌৰিছিল—এই ঘটনাই ৰাগবিৰ সূচনা কৰিছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Rugby |url=https://www.world.rugby/museum/history-of-rugby |website=World Rugby Museum |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ ধৰণ == দুটা প্ৰধান ৰূপ: * **Rugby Union** – প্ৰতি দলে ১৫জন খেলুৱৈ * **Rugby League** – প্ৰতি দলে ১৩জন খেলুৱৈ == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == ৰাগবিত বলক সন্মুখলৈ লঙা নহয় (সামান্য শাৰীৰিক স্পৰ্শ অনুমোদিত), কেবল পাজে বা পিছে ফালে পাস কৰিব পাৰি। বল আগবঢ়াবলৈ খেলুৱৈয়ে দৌৰ, কিক বা ট্যাকল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে। পইণ্ট লাভৰ উপায়: * **Try** – বল গ'ললাইন পাৰ কৰি মাটিত পেলালে (৫ পইণ্ট) * **Conversion** – try পিছত কিক সফল কৰিলে (২ পইণ্ট) * **Penalty kick** – দণ্ডৰ বাবে পইণ্ট লাভ (৩ পইণ্ট) * **Drop goal** – বল মাটিত পেলাই কিক কৰিলে (৩ পইণ্ট) == অলিম্পিক আৰু বিশ্ব প্ৰতিযোগিতা == * ৰাগবি ২০১৬ চনত “Rugby Sevens” ৰূপত অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। * [[Rugby World Cup]] – ৪ বছৰত এবাৰ অনুষ্ঠিত হয় (Union ৰূপ) * [[Rugby League World Cup]] – লীগৰ পৃথক বিশ্বকাপ == জনপ্ৰিয় দেশসমূহ == * [[নিউজিলেণ্ড]] * [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]] * [[দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]] * [[ইংলেণ্ড]] * [[ফ্ৰান্স]] * [[ফিজি]], [[সাম'আ]] == জনপ্ৰিয় খেলুৱৈ == * [[Jonah Lomu]] * [[Richie McCaw]] * [[Martin Johnson]] * [[Sonny Bill Williams]] == চাওক আনিও == * [[American football]] * [[Association football]] * [[Kabaddi]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] 1y3vjocwcfpx38wr7wl2sdp6dni0z8k 518668 518667 2025-06-16T19:25:42Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = ৰাগবী ফুটবল | image = Griffins RFC Kotka 1.jpg | image_caption = ৰাগবি খেলাৰ চিহ্ন | first = ১৯শ শতিকা, [[ইংলেণ্ড]] | contact = উচ্চ | team = প্ৰতি দলে ১৫ (ইউনিয়ন) বা ১৩ (লীগ)জন খেলুৱৈ | venue = ৰাগবী খেলপথাৰ | union = World Rugby | olympic = হয় (Sevens ৰূপত, ২০১৬ চনৰ পৰা) }} '''ৰাগবী ফুটবল''' হৈছে এটি উচ্চ সংস্পৰ্শধৰ দলগত ক্ৰীড়া, যি মূলতে বলক আগবঢ়াই প্ৰতিপক্ষৰ গ'ললাইন পাৰ কৰাই পইণ্ট সংগ্ৰহ কৰাৰ উদ্দেশ্যে খেল হয়। ই মূলতঃ দুটা শাখাত বিভক্ত — ৰাগবী ইউনিয়ন (প্ৰতিটো দলত ১৫জনকৈ খেলুৱৈ) আৰু ৰাগবি লীগ (প্ৰতিটো দলত ১৩জনকৈ খেলুৱৈ)। এই খেল * [[নিউজিলেণ্ড]], [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]], [[দক্ষিণ আফ্ৰিকা]], [[ইংলেণ্ড]], [[ফ্ৰান্স]], [[ফিজি]] আদি দেশত জনপ্ৰিয়। == ইতিহাস == ৰাগবি ফুটবল ১৯শ শতিকাৰ আৰম্ভণিতে [[ইংলেণ্ড]]ৰ ৰাগবি স্কুলত উদ্ভৱ হৈছিল। কাহিনী মতে, ১৮২৩ চনত উইলিয়াম ৱেব এলিছ নামৰ এজন ছাত্ৰে ফুটবল খেলি থাকোঁতে বলটো হাতে ধৰি দৌৰিছিল—এই ঘটনাই ৰাগবিৰ সূচনা কৰিছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Rugby |url=https://www.world.rugby/museum/history-of-rugby |website=World Rugby Museum |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] 8wgdr77rjhsf1d70p91jq78j475vd65 0 122867 518616 2025-06-16T18:27:23Z Human Anubhav 45073 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox sport | name = গল্ফ | image = Golf Swing.jpg | image_caption = গল্ফ খেলুৱৈৰ ছুইং | union = [[International Golf Federation]] | nickname = — | first = ১৫ম শতিকা, [[স্কটলেণ্ড]] | contact = নোহোৱা | team = একক, কিন্তু দলগতভাৱে প্ৰতিযোগিতাও হয়... 518616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = গল্ফ | image = Golf Swing.jpg | image_caption = গল্ফ খেলুৱৈৰ ছুইং | union = [[International Golf Federation]] | nickname = — | first = ১৫ম শতিকা, [[স্কটলেণ্ড]] | contact = নোহোৱা | team = একক, কিন্তু দলগতভাৱে প্ৰতিযোগিতাও হয় | venue = গল্ফ কোৰ্ছ | olympic = হʼয়, ১৯০০, ১৯০৪; পুনৰ ২০১৬ চনৰ পৰা }} '''গল্ফ''' হৈছে এটি এককভাৱে খেলোৱা ক্ৰীড়া, য'ত খেলুৱৈয়ে এবিধ গল্ফ ষ্টিক (club) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বলটো দূৰৰ পৰা সৰু গাঁতত পেলোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে। সাধাৰণতে প্ৰতি "হোল"ত বলটো কমতে কম ষ্ট্ৰোকত গাঁতত পেলোৱা লক্ষ্য থাকে। == ইতিহাস == গল্ফৰ আধুনিক ৰূপৰ উৎপত্তি ১৫শ শতিকাত [[স্কটলেণ্ড]]ত হৈছিল। স্কটলেণ্ডৰ পৰ্বতীয়া অঞ্চলত বলক ষ্টিকৰে ঠেলি গাঁতত পেলোৱাৰ এই খেল ধীৰে ধীৰে ইউৰোপত, বিশেষকৈ ইংলেণ্ডত লোকপ্ৰিয় হয়। ১৮৬০ চনত প্ৰথম "The Open Championship" অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল, যিটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি গল্ফ প্ৰতিযোগিতা।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Golf |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/golf |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == গল্ফ সাধাৰণতে ৯ বা ১৮ "হোল"যুক্ত কোৰ্ছত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিটো হোলত খেলুৱৈয়ে বলটো টি (tee) ৰ পৰা মাৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু বলটো গাঁতৰ ফালে ঠেলে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—সৰ্বনিম্ন ষ্ট্ৰোকত বলটো গাঁতত পেলোৱা। প্ৰধান ধৰণৰ ষ্ট্ৰোকসমূহ হ'ল: * **ড্ৰাইভ** – দূৰপাল্লাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ষ্ট্ৰোক * **চিপ** – গাঁতৰ কাষৰপৰা বল উঠাই পেলোৱা * **পাট** – গাঁতৰ কাষৰ পৰা গতি নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰি বল পেলোৱা == গল্ফ ক্লাব আৰু বল == প্ৰতিটো খেলুৱৈয়ে বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ ষ্টিক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে—যাক "ক্লাব" বোলে। ড্ৰাইভাৰৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি পাটাৰলৈ, ভিন্ন ক্লাব বিভিন্ন উদ্দেশ্যত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। == গল্ফৰ স্ক’ৰিং পদ্ধতি == * **Par** – নিৰ্দিষ্ট হোলৰ আদৰ্শ ষ্ট্ৰোক সংখ্যা * **Birdie** – par ৰ পৰা ১ টা কম * **Eagle** – par ৰ পৰা ২ টা কম * **Bogey** – par ৰ পৰা ১ টা বেছি ইত্যাদি। == অলিম্পিক আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ৰূপ == গল্ফ অলিম্পিকত প্ৰথমবাৰ ১৯০০ আৰু ১৯০৪ চনত অন্তর্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। পিচত ১১২ বছৰ বাদে ২০১৬ চনত পুনৰ অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। আধুনিক গল্ফ USA, ইউৰোপ, জাপান আৰু অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াত বিশেষ জনপ্ৰিয়। == জনপ্ৰিয় খেলুৱৈ == * [[Tiger Woods]] * [[Jack Nicklaus]] * [[Rory McIlroy]] * [[Annika Sörenstam]] == চাওক আনিও == * [[Mini golf]] * [[Cricket]] * [[Baseball]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> lpi5c6v5jj5878n6eh0hp8vw3v2wuzt 518669 518616 2025-06-16T19:28:14Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = গল্ফ | image = | image_caption = | union = [[International Golf Federation]] | nickname = — | first = ১৫ম শতিকা, [[স্কটলেণ্ড]] | contact = নোহোৱা | team = একক, কিন্তু দলগতভাৱে প্ৰতিযোগিতাও হয় | venue = গল্ফ কোৰ্ছ | olympic = হʼয়, ১৯০০, ১৯০৪; পুনৰ ২০১৬ চনৰ পৰা }} [[File:Golfer swing.jpg|thumb]] '''গল্ফ''' হৈছে এটি এককভাৱে খেলা ক্ৰীড়া, য'ত খেলুৱৈয়ে এবিধ গল্ফ ষ্টিক (club) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বলটো দূৰৰ পৰা সৰু গাঁতত পেলোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে। == ইতিহাস == গল্ফৰ আধুনিক ৰূপৰ উৎপত্তি ১৫শ শতিকাত [[স্কটলেণ্ড]]ত হৈছিল। স্কটলেণ্ডৰ পৰ্বতীয়া অঞ্চলত বলক ষ্টিকৰে ঠেলি গাঁতত পেলোৱাৰ এই খেল ধীৰে ধীৰে ইউৰোপত, বিশেষকৈ ইংলেণ্ডত লোকপ্ৰিয় হয়। ১৮৬০ চনত প্ৰথম "The Open Championship" অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল, যিটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি গল্ফ প্ৰতিযোগিতা।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Golf |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/golf |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == গল্ফ সাধাৰণতে ৯ বা ১৮ "হোল"যুক্ত কোৰ্ছত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিটো হোলত খেলুৱৈয়ে বলটো টি (tee) ৰ পৰা মাৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু বলটো গাঁতৰ ফালে ঠেলে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—সৰ্বনিম্ন ষ্ট্ৰোকত বলটো গাঁতত পেলোৱা। প্ৰধান ধৰণৰ ষ্ট্ৰোকসমূহ হ'ল: * **ড্ৰাইভ** – দূৰপাল্লাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ষ্ট্ৰোক * **চিপ** – গাঁতৰ কাষৰপৰা বল উঠাই পেলোৱা * **পাট** – গাঁতৰ কাষৰ পৰা গতি নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰি বল পেলোৱা == গল্ফ ক্লাব আৰু বল == প্ৰতিটো খেলুৱৈয়ে বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ ষ্টিক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে—যাক "ক্লাব" বোলে। ড্ৰাইভাৰৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি পাটাৰলৈ, ভিন্ন ক্লাব বিভিন্ন উদ্দেশ্যত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। == গল্ফৰ স্ক’ৰিং পদ্ধতি == * **Par** – নিৰ্দিষ্ট হোলৰ আদৰ্শ ষ্ট্ৰোক সংখ্যা * **Birdie** – par ৰ পৰা ১ টা কম * **Eagle** – par ৰ পৰা ২ টা কম * **Bogey** – par ৰ পৰা ১ টা বেছি ইত্যাদি। == অলিম্পিক আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ৰূপ == গল্ফ অলিম্পিকত প্ৰথমবাৰ ১৯০০ আৰু ১৯০৪ চনত অন্তর্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। পিচত ১১২ বছৰ বাদে ২০১৬ চনত পুনৰ অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। আধুনিক গল্ফ USA, ইউৰোপ, জাপান আৰু অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াত বিশেষ জনপ্ৰিয়। == জনপ্ৰিয় খেলুৱৈ == * [[Tiger Woods]] * [[Jack Nicklaus]] * [[Rory McIlroy]] * [[Annika Sörenstam]] == চাওক আনিও == * [[Mini golf]] * [[Cricket]] * [[Baseball]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> alsuyebtijmo3es2jb27wm0hlq7e0ef 518670 518669 2025-06-16T19:29:29Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518670 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Golfer swing.jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox sport | name = গল্ফ | image = | image_caption = | union = আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গলফ ফেডাৰেচন | nickname = — | first = পঞ্চদশ শতিকা, [[স্কটলেণ্ড]] | contact = নোহোৱা | team = একক, কিন্তু দলগতভাৱে প্ৰতিযোগিতাও হয় | venue = গল্ফ কোৰ্ছ | olympic = হয়, ১৯০০, ১৯০৪; পুনৰ ২০১৬ চনৰ পৰা }} '''গল্ফ''' হৈছে এটি এককভাৱে খেলা ক্ৰীড়া, য'ত খেলুৱৈয়ে এবিধ গল্ফ ষ্টিক (club) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বলটো দূৰৰ পৰা সৰু গাঁতত পেলোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে। == ইতিহাস == গল্ফৰ আধুনিক ৰূপৰ উৎপত্তি ১৫শ শতিকাত [[স্কটলেণ্ড]]ত হৈছিল। স্কটলেণ্ডৰ পৰ্বতীয়া অঞ্চলত বলক ষ্টিকৰে ঠেলি গাঁতত পেলোৱাৰ এই খেল ধীৰে ধীৰে ইউৰোপত, বিশেষকৈ ইংলেণ্ডত লোকপ্ৰিয় হয়। ১৮৬০ চনত প্ৰথম "The Open Championship" অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল, যিটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি গল্ফ প্ৰতিযোগিতা।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Golf |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/golf |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == গল্ফ সাধাৰণতে ৯ বা ১৮ "হোল"যুক্ত কোৰ্ছত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিটো হোলত খেলুৱৈয়ে বলটো টি (tee) ৰ পৰা মাৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু বলটো গাঁতৰ ফালে ঠেলে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—সৰ্বনিম্ন ষ্ট্ৰোকত বলটো গাঁতত পেলোৱা। প্ৰধান ধৰণৰ ষ্ট্ৰোকসমূহ হ'ল: * **ড্ৰাইভ** – দূৰপাল্লাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ষ্ট্ৰোক * **চিপ** – গাঁতৰ কাষৰপৰা বল উঠাই পেলোৱা * **পাট** – গাঁতৰ কাষৰ পৰা গতি নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰি বল পেলোৱা == গল্ফ ক্লাব আৰু বল == প্ৰতিটো খেলুৱৈয়ে বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ ষ্টিক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে—যাক "ক্লাব" বোলে। ড্ৰাইভাৰৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি পাটাৰলৈ, ভিন্ন ক্লাব বিভিন্ন উদ্দেশ্যত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। == গল্ফৰ স্ক’ৰিং পদ্ধতি == * **Par** – নিৰ্দিষ্ট হোলৰ আদৰ্শ ষ্ট্ৰোক সংখ্যা * **Birdie** – par ৰ পৰা ১ টা কম * **Eagle** – par ৰ পৰা ২ টা কম * **Bogey** – par ৰ পৰা ১ টা বেছি ইত্যাদি। == অলিম্পিক আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ৰূপ == গল্ফ অলিম্পিকত প্ৰথমবাৰ ১৯০০ আৰু ১৯০৪ চনত অন্তর্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। পিচত ১১২ বছৰ বাদে ২০১৬ চনত পুনৰ অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। আধুনিক গল্ফ USA, ইউৰোপ, জাপান আৰু অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াত বিশেষ জনপ্ৰিয়। == জনপ্ৰিয় খেলুৱৈ == * [[Tiger Woods]] * [[Jack Nicklaus]] * [[Rory McIlroy]] * [[Annika Sörenstam]] == চাওক আনিও == * [[Mini golf]] * [[Cricket]] * [[Baseball]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> hj2j9eydpixfg3ym2rje7y4f0ho0o2n 518672 518670 2025-06-16T19:31:29Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = গল্ফ | image = | image_caption = | union = আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গলফ ফেডাৰেচন | nickname = — | first = পঞ্চদশ শতিকা, [[স্কটলেণ্ড]] | contact = নোহোৱা | team = একক, কিন্তু দলগতভাৱে প্ৰতিযোগিতাও হয় | venue = গল্ফ কোৰ্ছ | olympic = হয়, ১৯০০, ১৯০৪; পুনৰ ২০১৬ চনৰ পৰা }} [[File:Golfer swing.jpg|thumb]] '''গল্ফ''' হৈছে এটি এককভাৱে খেলা ক্ৰীড়া, য'ত খেলুৱৈয়ে এবিধ গল্ফ ষ্টিক (club) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বলটো দূৰৰ পৰা সৰু গাঁতত পেলোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে। প্ৰতিটো খেলুৱৈয়ে বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ ষ্টিক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, যাক "ক্লাব" বোলে। ড্ৰাইভাৰৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি পাটাৰলৈ, ভিন্ন ক্লাব বিভিন্ন উদ্দেশ্যত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। গল্ফ অলিম্পিকত প্ৰথমবাৰ ১৯০০ আৰু ১৯০৪ চনত অন্তর্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। পিচত ১১২ বছৰ বাদে ২০১৬ চনত পুনৰ অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। আধুনিক গল্ফ [[আমেৰিকা]], [[ইউৰোপ]], [[জাপান]] আৰু [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]]ত বিশেষ জনপ্ৰিয়। == ইতিহাস == গল্ফৰ আধুনিক ৰূপৰ উৎপত্তি ১৫শ শতিকাত [[স্কটলেণ্ড]]ত হৈছিল। স্কটলেণ্ডৰ পৰ্বতীয়া অঞ্চলত বলক ষ্টিকৰে ঠেলি গাঁতত পেলোৱাৰ এই খেল ধীৰে ধীৰে ইউৰোপত, বিশেষকৈ ইংলেণ্ডত লোকপ্ৰিয় হয়। ১৮৬০ চনত প্ৰথম "The Open Championship" অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল, যিটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি গল্ফ প্ৰতিযোগিতা।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Golf |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/golf |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == গল্ফ সাধাৰণতে ৯ বা ১৮ "হোল"যুক্ত কোৰ্ছত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিটো হোলত খেলুৱৈয়ে বলটো টি (tee) ৰ পৰা মাৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু বলটো গাঁতৰ ফালে ঠেলে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—সৰ্বনিম্ন ষ্ট্ৰোকত বলটো গাঁতত পেলোৱা। প্ৰধান ধৰণৰ ষ্ট্ৰোকসমূহ হ'ল: * **ড্ৰাইভ** – দূৰপাল্লাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ষ্ট্ৰোক * **চিপ** – গাঁতৰ কাষৰপৰা বল উঠাই পেলোৱা * **পাট** – গাঁতৰ কাষৰ পৰা গতি নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰি বল পেলোৱা == গল্ফ ক্লাব আৰু বল == প্ৰতিটো খেলুৱৈয়ে বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ ষ্টিক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে—যাক "ক্লাব" বোলে। ড্ৰাইভাৰৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি পাটাৰলৈ, ভিন্ন ক্লাব বিভিন্ন উদ্দেশ্যত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। == গল্ফৰ স্ক’ৰিং পদ্ধতি == * **Par** – নিৰ্দিষ্ট হোলৰ আদৰ্শ ষ্ট্ৰোক সংখ্যা * **Birdie** – par ৰ পৰা ১ টা কম * **Eagle** – par ৰ পৰা ২ টা কম * **Bogey** – par ৰ পৰা ১ টা বেছি ইত্যাদি। == অলিম্পিক আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ৰূপ == গল্ফ অলিম্পিকত প্ৰথমবাৰ ১৯০০ আৰু ১৯০৪ চনত অন্তর্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। পিচত ১১২ বছৰ বাদে ২০১৬ চনত পুনৰ অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। আধুনিক গল্ফ USA, ইউৰোপ, জাপান আৰু অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াত বিশেষ জনপ্ৰিয়। == জনপ্ৰিয় খেলুৱৈ == * [[Tiger Woods]] * [[Jack Nicklaus]] * [[Rory McIlroy]] * [[Annika Sörenstam]] == চাওক আনিও == * [[Mini golf]] * [[Cricket]] * [[Baseball]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> 4svt2zihc10g7tjgymsztwltk2vkrql 518673 518672 2025-06-16T19:32:06Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = গল্ফ | image = | image_caption = | union = আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গলফ ফেডাৰেচন | nickname = — | first = পঞ্চদশ শতিকা, [[স্কটলেণ্ড]] | contact = নোহোৱা | team = একক, কিন্তু দলগতভাৱে প্ৰতিযোগিতাও হয় | venue = গল্ফ কোৰ্ছ | olympic = হয়, ১৯০০, ১৯০৪; পুনৰ ২০১৬ চনৰ পৰা }} [[File:Golfer swing.jpg|thumb]] '''গল্ফ''' হৈছে এটি এককভাৱে খেলা [[ক্ৰীড়া]], য'ত খেলুৱৈয়ে এবিধ গল্ফ ষ্টিক (club) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বলটো দূৰৰ পৰা সৰু গাঁতত পেলোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে। প্ৰতিটো খেলুৱৈয়ে বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ ষ্টিক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, যাক "ক্লাব" বোলে। ড্ৰাইভাৰৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি পাটাৰলৈ, ভিন্ন ক্লাব বিভিন্ন উদ্দেশ্যত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। গল্ফ অলিম্পিকত প্ৰথমবাৰ ১৯০০ আৰু ১৯০৪ চনত অন্তর্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। পিচত ১১২ বছৰ বাদে ২০১৬ চনত পুনৰ অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। আধুনিক গল্ফ [[আমেৰিকা]], [[ইউৰোপ]], [[জাপান]] আৰু [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]]ত বিশেষ জনপ্ৰিয় [[খেল]]। == ইতিহাস == গল্ফৰ আধুনিক ৰূপৰ উৎপত্তি ১৫শ শতিকাত [[স্কটলেণ্ড]]ত হৈছিল। স্কটলেণ্ডৰ পৰ্বতীয়া অঞ্চলত বলক ষ্টিকৰে ঠেলি গাঁতত পেলোৱাৰ এই খেল ধীৰে ধীৰে ইউৰোপত, বিশেষকৈ ইংলেণ্ডত লোকপ্ৰিয় হয়। ১৮৬০ চনত প্ৰথম "The Open Championship" অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল, যিটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি গল্ফ প্ৰতিযোগিতা।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Golf |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/golf |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == গল্ফ সাধাৰণতে ৯ বা ১৮ "হোল"যুক্ত কোৰ্ছত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিটো হোলত খেলুৱৈয়ে বলটো টি (tee) ৰ পৰা মাৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু বলটো গাঁতৰ ফালে ঠেলে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—সৰ্বনিম্ন ষ্ট্ৰোকত বলটো গাঁতত পেলোৱা। প্ৰধান ধৰণৰ ষ্ট্ৰোকসমূহ হ'ল: * **ড্ৰাইভ** – দূৰপাল্লাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ষ্ট্ৰোক * **চিপ** – গাঁতৰ কাষৰপৰা বল উঠাই পেলোৱা * **পাট** – গাঁতৰ কাষৰ পৰা গতি নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰি বল পেলোৱা == গল্ফ ক্লাব আৰু বল == প্ৰতিটো খেলুৱৈয়ে বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ ষ্টিক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে—যাক "ক্লাব" বোলে। ড্ৰাইভাৰৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি পাটাৰলৈ, ভিন্ন ক্লাব বিভিন্ন উদ্দেশ্যত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। == গল্ফৰ স্ক’ৰিং পদ্ধতি == * **Par** – নিৰ্দিষ্ট হোলৰ আদৰ্শ ষ্ট্ৰোক সংখ্যা * **Birdie** – par ৰ পৰা ১ টা কম * **Eagle** – par ৰ পৰা ২ টা কম * **Bogey** – par ৰ পৰা ১ টা বেছি ইত্যাদি। == অলিম্পিক আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ৰূপ == গল্ফ অলিম্পিকত প্ৰথমবাৰ ১৯০০ আৰু ১৯০৪ চনত অন্তর্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। পিচত ১১২ বছৰ বাদে ২০১৬ চনত পুনৰ অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। আধুনিক গল্ফ USA, ইউৰোপ, জাপান আৰু অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াত বিশেষ জনপ্ৰিয়। == জনপ্ৰিয় খেলুৱৈ == * [[Tiger Woods]] * [[Jack Nicklaus]] * [[Rory McIlroy]] * [[Annika Sörenstam]] == চাওক আনিও == * [[Mini golf]] * [[Cricket]] * [[Baseball]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> tlng59cqb3vjd14dpudzp2ppoth3fo1 518674 518673 2025-06-16T19:32:51Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 518674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = গল্ফ | image = | image_caption = | union = আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গলফ ফেডাৰেচন | nickname = — | first = পঞ্চদশ শতিকা, [[স্কটলেণ্ড]] | contact = নোহোৱা | team = একক, কিন্তু দলগতভাৱে প্ৰতিযোগিতাও হয় | venue = গল্ফ কোৰ্ছ | olympic = হয়, ১৯০০, ১৯০৪; পুনৰ ২০১৬ চনৰ পৰা }} [[File:Golfer swing.jpg|thumb]] '''গল্ফ''' হৈছে এটি এককভাৱে খেলা [[ক্ৰীড়া]], য'ত খেলুৱৈয়ে এবিধ গল্ফ ষ্টিক (club) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বলটো দূৰৰ পৰা সৰু গাঁতত পেলোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে। প্ৰতিটো খেলুৱৈয়ে বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ ষ্টিক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, যাক "ক্লাব" বোলে। ড্ৰাইভাৰৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি পাটাৰলৈ, ভিন্ন ক্লাব বিভিন্ন উদ্দেশ্যত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। গল্ফ অলিম্পিকত প্ৰথমবাৰ ১৯০০ আৰু ১৯০৪ চনত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। পিচত ১১২ বছৰ বাদে ২০১৬ চনত পুনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। আধুনিক গল্ফ [[আমেৰিকা]], [[ইউৰোপ]], [[জাপান]] আৰু [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]]ত বিশেষ জনপ্ৰিয় [[খেল]]। == ইতিহাস == গল্ফৰ আধুনিক ৰূপৰ উৎপত্তি ১৫শ শতিকাত [[স্কটলেণ্ড]]ত হৈছিল। স্কটলেণ্ডৰ পৰ্বতীয়া অঞ্চলত বলক ষ্টিকৰে ঠেলি গাঁতত পেলোৱাৰ এই খেল ধীৰে ধীৰে ইউৰোপত, বিশেষকৈ ইংলেণ্ডত লোকপ্ৰিয় হয়। ১৮৬০ চনত প্ৰথম "The Open Championship" অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল, যিটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি গল্ফ প্ৰতিযোগিতা।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Golf |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/golf |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == গল্ফ সাধাৰণতে ৯ বা ১৮ "হোল"যুক্ত কোৰ্ছত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিটো হোলত খেলুৱৈয়ে বলটো টি (tee) ৰ পৰা মাৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু বলটো গাঁতৰ ফালে ঠেলে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—সৰ্বনিম্ন ষ্ট্ৰোকত বলটো গাঁতত পেলোৱা। প্ৰধান ধৰণৰ ষ্ট্ৰোকসমূহ হ'ল: * **ড্ৰাইভ** – দূৰপাল্লাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক ষ্ট্ৰোক * **চিপ** – গাঁতৰ কাষৰপৰা বল উঠাই পেলোৱা * **পাট** – গাঁতৰ কাষৰ পৰা গতি নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰি বল পেলোৱা == গল্ফ ক্লাব আৰু বল == প্ৰতিটো খেলুৱৈয়ে বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ ষ্টিক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে—যাক "ক্লাব" বোলে। ড্ৰাইভাৰৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি পাটাৰলৈ, ভিন্ন ক্লাব বিভিন্ন উদ্দেশ্যত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। == গল্ফৰ স্ক’ৰিং পদ্ধতি == * **Par** – নিৰ্দিষ্ট হোলৰ আদৰ্শ ষ্ট্ৰোক সংখ্যা * **Birdie** – par ৰ পৰা ১টা কম * **Eagle** – par ৰ পৰা ২টা কম * **Bogey** – par ৰ পৰা ১টা বেছি ইত্যাদি। == অলিম্পিক আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ৰূপ == গল্ফ অলিম্পিকত প্ৰথমবাৰ ১৯০০ আৰু ১৯০৪ চনত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। পিচত ১১২ বছৰ বাদে ২০১৬ চনত পুনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। আধুনিক গল্ফ USA, ইউৰোপ, জাপান আৰু অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াত বিশেষ জনপ্ৰিয়। == জনপ্ৰিয় খেলুৱৈ == * [[Tiger Woods]] * [[Jack Nicklaus]] * [[Rory McIlroy]] * [[Annika Sörenstam]] == চাওক আনিও == * [[Mini golf]] * [[Cricket]] * [[Baseball]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] ro9y4uhji2fqbs49gz6xyhw8aa22l8u 518675 518674 2025-06-16T19:33:45Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = গল্ফ | image = | image_caption = | union = আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গলফ ফেডাৰেচন | nickname = — | first = পঞ্চদশ শতিকা, [[স্কটলেণ্ড]] | contact = নোহোৱা | team = একক, কিন্তু দলগতভাৱে প্ৰতিযোগিতাও হয় | venue = গল্ফ কোৰ্ছ | olympic = হয়, ১৯০০, ১৯০৪; পুনৰ ২০১৬ চনৰ পৰা }} [[File:Golfer swing.jpg|thumb]] '''গল্ফ''' হৈছে এটি এককভাৱে খেলা [[ক্ৰীড়া]], য'ত খেলুৱৈয়ে এবিধ গল্ফ ষ্টিক (club) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বলটো দূৰৰ পৰা সৰু গাঁতত পেলোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে। প্ৰতিটো খেলুৱৈয়ে বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ ষ্টিক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, যাক "ক্লাব" বোলে। ড্ৰাইভাৰৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি পাটাৰলৈ, ভিন্ন ক্লাব বিভিন্ন উদ্দেশ্যত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। গল্ফ অলিম্পিকত প্ৰথমবাৰ ১৯০০ আৰু ১৯০৪ চনত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। পিচত ১১২ বছৰ বাদে ২০১৬ চনত পুনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। আধুনিক গল্ফ [[আমেৰিকা]], [[ইউৰোপ]], [[জাপান]] আৰু [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]]ত বিশেষ জনপ্ৰিয় [[খেল]]। == ইতিহাস == গল্ফৰ আধুনিক ৰূপৰ উৎপত্তি ১৫শ শতিকাত [[স্কটলেণ্ড]]ত হৈছিল। স্কটলেণ্ডৰ পৰ্বতীয়া অঞ্চলত বলক ষ্টিকৰে ঠেলি গাঁতত পেলোৱাৰ এই খেল ধীৰে ধীৰে ইউৰোপত, বিশেষকৈ ইংলেণ্ডত লোকপ্ৰিয় হয়। ১৮৬০ চনত প্ৰথম "The Open Championship" অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল, যিটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি গল্ফ প্ৰতিযোগিতা।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Golf |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/golf |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == গল্ফ সাধাৰণতে ৯ বা ১৮ "হোল"যুক্ত কোৰ্ছত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিটো হোলত খেলুৱৈয়ে বলটো টি (tee) ৰ পৰা মাৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু বলটো গাঁতৰ ফালে ঠেলে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—সৰ্বনিম্ন ষ্ট্ৰ'কত বলটো গাঁতত পেলোৱা। == গল্ফ ক্লাব আৰু বল == প্ৰতিটো খেলুৱৈয়ে বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ ষ্টিক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে—যাক "ক্লাব" বোলে। ড্ৰাইভাৰৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি পাটাৰলৈ, ভিন্ন ক্লাব বিভিন্ন উদ্দেশ্যত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। == গল্ফৰ স্ক’ৰিং পদ্ধতি == * **Par** – নিৰ্দিষ্ট হোলৰ আদৰ্শ ষ্ট্ৰোক সংখ্যা * **Birdie** – par ৰ পৰা ১টা কম * **Eagle** – par ৰ পৰা ২টা কম * **Bogey** – par ৰ পৰা ১টা বেছি ইত্যাদি। == অলিম্পিক আৰু আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় ৰূপ == গল্ফ অলিম্পিকত প্ৰথমবাৰ ১৯০০ আৰু ১৯০৪ চনত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। পিচত ১১২ বছৰ বাদে ২০১৬ চনত পুনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। আধুনিক গল্ফ USA, ইউৰোপ, জাপান আৰু অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়াত বিশেষ জনপ্ৰিয়। == জনপ্ৰিয় খেলুৱৈ == * [[Tiger Woods]] * [[Jack Nicklaus]] * [[Rory McIlroy]] * [[Annika Sörenstam]] == চাওক আনিও == * [[Mini golf]] * [[Cricket]] * [[Baseball]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] lj82uhkxg7zeaq4s7iw30kxagchsdnp 518676 518675 2025-06-16T19:34:24Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = গল্ফ | image = | image_caption = | union = আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় গলফ ফেডাৰেচন | nickname = — | first = পঞ্চদশ শতিকা, [[স্কটলেণ্ড]] | contact = নোহোৱা | team = একক, কিন্তু দলগতভাৱে প্ৰতিযোগিতাও হয় | venue = গল্ফ কোৰ্ছ | olympic = হয়, ১৯০০, ১৯০৪; পুনৰ ২০১৬ চনৰ পৰা }} [[File:Golfer swing.jpg|thumb]] '''গল্ফ''' হৈছে এটি এককভাৱে খেলা [[ক্ৰীড়া]], য'ত খেলুৱৈয়ে এবিধ গল্ফ ষ্টিক (club) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি বলটো দূৰৰ পৰা সৰু গাঁতত পেলোৱাৰ চেষ্টা কৰে। প্ৰতিটো খেলুৱৈয়ে বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ ষ্টিক ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, যাক "ক্লাব" বোলে। ড্ৰাইভাৰৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি পাটাৰলৈ, ভিন্ন ক্লাব বিভিন্ন উদ্দেশ্যত ব্যৱহৃত হয়। গল্ফ অলিম্পিকত প্ৰথমবাৰ ১৯০০ আৰু ১৯০৪ চনত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হৈছিল। পিচত ১১২ বছৰ বাদে ২০১৬ চনত পুনৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। আধুনিক গল্ফ [[আমেৰিকা]], [[ইউৰোপ]], [[জাপান]] আৰু [[অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া]]ত বিশেষ জনপ্ৰিয় [[খেল]]। == ইতিহাস == গল্ফৰ আধুনিক ৰূপৰ উৎপত্তি ১৫শ শতিকাত [[স্কটলেণ্ড]]ত হৈছিল। স্কটলেণ্ডৰ পৰ্বতীয়া অঞ্চলত বলক ষ্টিকৰে ঠেলি গাঁতত পেলোৱাৰ এই খেল ধীৰে ধীৰে ইউৰোপত, বিশেষকৈ ইংলেণ্ডত লোকপ্ৰিয় হয়। ১৮৬০ চনত প্ৰথম "The Open Championship" অনুষ্ঠিত হৈছিল, যিটো বিশ্বৰ আটাইতকৈ পুৰণি গল্ফ প্ৰতিযোগিতা।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Golf |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/golf |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == খেলাৰ নিয়ম == গল্ফ সাধাৰণতে ৯ বা ১৮ "হোল"যুক্ত কোৰ্ছত খেলা হয়। প্ৰতিটো হোলত খেলুৱৈয়ে বলটো টি (tee) ৰ পৰা মাৰিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু বলটো গাঁতৰ ফালে ঠেলে। লক্ষ্য হৈছে—সৰ্বনিম্ন ষ্ট্ৰ'কত বলটো গাঁতত পেলোৱা। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references/> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] mashshugv8pihdmbrkeff2lk4brdnwb 0 122868 518617 2025-06-16T18:27:48Z Human Anubhav 45073 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox martial art | name = জুডো | image = Judo Tournament 2012.jpg | image_caption = জুডোৰ এখন প্ৰতিযোগিতা | focus = গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং | country = [[জাপান]] | creator = [[জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano)]] | parenthood = [[জুজুত্সু]], [[কেনজুত্সু]] | olympic = হʼয... 518617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox martial art | name = জুডো | image = Judo Tournament 2012.jpg | image_caption = জুডোৰ এখন প্ৰতিযোগিতা | focus = গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং | country = [[জাপান]] | creator = [[জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano)]] | parenthood = [[জুজুত্সু]], [[কেনজুত্সু]] | olympic = হʼয়, ১৯৬৪ চনৰ পৰা }} '''জুডো''' ({{lang-ja|柔道}}, অৰ্থাৎ "নম্রতাৰ পথ") হৈছে এটা আধুনিক জাপানী যুদ্ধকলা (martial art), যিটো জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano) এ ১৮৮২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ইয়াত প্রধানকৈ গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং, নিক্ষেপ (throwing), মাটিত দমন (pinning), আৰু সংযম (submission techniques) কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। == ইতিহাস == জুডোৰ মূল আধাৰ হৈছে প্ৰাচীন জাপানী যুদ্ধকলা জুজুত্সু। জিগোৰো কান' এ ১৮৮২ চনত ইয়াৰ পৰা অহিংস প্ৰশিক্ষণমূলক পদ্ধতি ৰূপে "জুডো" সৃষ্টি কৰে। তেওঁ টোকিঅ’ত “Kōdōkan” নামৰ প্ৰথম জুডো প্ৰশিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান স্থাপন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Judo |url=https://www.ijf.org/history |website=International Judo Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == নিয়ম আৰু প্ৰতিযোগিতা == জুডো প্ৰতিযোগিতাত খেলুৱৈ দুজন মাত্ৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ৰ বাবে কৌশল প্ৰয়োগ কৰি একে-অন্যক মাটিত পেলাবলৈ বা প্ৰত্যাহ্বান কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। জয়ৰ বিভিন্ন ধৰণ আছে, যেনে: * **ইপ্পন** (সম্পূৰ্ণ জয়) * **ওয়াজাৰি** (অর্ধ জয়) * **শিড'** (চেতাৱনী/penalty) == অলিম্পিক আৰু বৈশ্বিক ৰূপ == জুডো ১৯৬৪ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰ অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। বৰ্তমান ই এক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় খেল হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। মহিলাৰ জুডো অলিম্পিকত ১৯৯২ চনত অন্তর্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। == কৌশল == * **নাগে-ৱাজা (投げ技)** — নিক্ষেপ কৌশল * **কাটামে-ৱাজা (固め技)** — নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৌশল * **শিমে-ৱাজা (絞技)** — গল-বন্ধ কৌশল * **কানসেট্সু-ৱাজা (関節技)** — জয়ণ্ট-লক কৌশল == সংস্কৃতি আৰু মূল্যবোধ == জুডো কেৱল শাৰীৰিক খেল নহয়—ই এক নৈতিক শিক্ষাৰ পদ্ধতি, য’ত শ্রদ্ধা, শৃংখলা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু আত্ম-উন্নতিৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। ইয়াক বহুতো বিদ্যালয় আৰু শাৰীৰিক শিক্ষা কেন্দ্ৰত শিকোৱা হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Karate]] * [[Taekwondo]] * [[Martial art]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> rlevexhx9fkmo2sui3wj7my0o94ivbg 518677 518617 2025-06-16T19:35:08Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 পৃষ্ঠা [[জুদো]]ৰ পৰা [[জুডো]]লৈ Kandarpajit Kallolয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 518617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox martial art | name = জুডো | image = Judo Tournament 2012.jpg | image_caption = জুডোৰ এখন প্ৰতিযোগিতা | focus = গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং | country = [[জাপান]] | creator = [[জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano)]] | parenthood = [[জুজুত্সু]], [[কেনজুত্সু]] | olympic = হʼয়, ১৯৬৪ চনৰ পৰা }} '''জুডো''' ({{lang-ja|柔道}}, অৰ্থাৎ "নম্রতাৰ পথ") হৈছে এটা আধুনিক জাপানী যুদ্ধকলা (martial art), যিটো জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano) এ ১৮৮২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ইয়াত প্রধানকৈ গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং, নিক্ষেপ (throwing), মাটিত দমন (pinning), আৰু সংযম (submission techniques) কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। == ইতিহাস == জুডোৰ মূল আধাৰ হৈছে প্ৰাচীন জাপানী যুদ্ধকলা জুজুত্সু। জিগোৰো কান' এ ১৮৮২ চনত ইয়াৰ পৰা অহিংস প্ৰশিক্ষণমূলক পদ্ধতি ৰূপে "জুডো" সৃষ্টি কৰে। তেওঁ টোকিঅ’ত “Kōdōkan” নামৰ প্ৰথম জুডো প্ৰশিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান স্থাপন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Judo |url=https://www.ijf.org/history |website=International Judo Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == নিয়ম আৰু প্ৰতিযোগিতা == জুডো প্ৰতিযোগিতাত খেলুৱৈ দুজন মাত্ৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ৰ বাবে কৌশল প্ৰয়োগ কৰি একে-অন্যক মাটিত পেলাবলৈ বা প্ৰত্যাহ্বান কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। জয়ৰ বিভিন্ন ধৰণ আছে, যেনে: * **ইপ্পন** (সম্পূৰ্ণ জয়) * **ওয়াজাৰি** (অর্ধ জয়) * **শিড'** (চেতাৱনী/penalty) == অলিম্পিক আৰু বৈশ্বিক ৰূপ == জুডো ১৯৬৪ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰ অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। বৰ্তমান ই এক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় খেল হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। মহিলাৰ জুডো অলিম্পিকত ১৯৯২ চনত অন্তর্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। == কৌশল == * **নাগে-ৱাজা (投げ技)** — নিক্ষেপ কৌশল * **কাটামে-ৱাজা (固め技)** — নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৌশল * **শিমে-ৱাজা (絞技)** — গল-বন্ধ কৌশল * **কানসেট্সু-ৱাজা (関節技)** — জয়ণ্ট-লক কৌশল == সংস্কৃতি আৰু মূল্যবোধ == জুডো কেৱল শাৰীৰিক খেল নহয়—ই এক নৈতিক শিক্ষাৰ পদ্ধতি, য’ত শ্রদ্ধা, শৃংখলা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু আত্ম-উন্নতিৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। ইয়াক বহুতো বিদ্যালয় আৰু শাৰীৰিক শিক্ষা কেন্দ্ৰত শিকোৱা হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Karate]] * [[Taekwondo]] * [[Martial art]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> rlevexhx9fkmo2sui3wj7my0o94ivbg 518679 518677 2025-06-16T19:37:23Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox martial art | name = জুডো | image = Judo Tournament 2012.jpg | image_caption = জুডোৰ এখন প্ৰতিযোগিতা | focus = গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং | country = [[জাপান]] | creator = জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano) | parenthood = জুজুৎসু, কেনজুৎসু | olympic = হয়, ১৯৬৪ চনৰ পৰা }} [[File:Jigoro Kano and Kyuzo Mifune (restoration).jpg|thumb]] '''জুডো''' ({{lang-ja|柔道}}, অৰ্থাৎ "নম্রতাৰ পথ") হৈছে এটা আধুনিক জাপানী যুদ্ধকলা (martial art), যিটো জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano) এ ১৮৮২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ইয়াত প্রধানকৈ গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং, নিক্ষেপ (throwing), মাটিত দমন (pinning), আৰু সংযম (submission techniques) কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। == ইতিহাস == জুডোৰ মূল আধাৰ হৈছে প্ৰাচীন জাপানী যুদ্ধকলা জুজুত্সু। জিগোৰো কান' এ ১৮৮২ চনত ইয়াৰ পৰা অহিংস প্ৰশিক্ষণমূলক পদ্ধতি ৰূপে "জুডো" সৃষ্টি কৰে। তেওঁ টোকিঅ’ত “Kōdōkan” নামৰ প্ৰথম জুডো প্ৰশিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান স্থাপন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Judo |url=https://www.ijf.org/history |website=International Judo Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == নিয়ম আৰু প্ৰতিযোগিতা == জুডো প্ৰতিযোগিতাত খেলুৱৈ দুজন মাত্ৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ৰ বাবে কৌশল প্ৰয়োগ কৰি একে-অন্যক মাটিত পেলাবলৈ বা প্ৰত্যাহ্বান কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। জয়ৰ বিভিন্ন ধৰণ আছে, যেনে: * **ইপ্পন** (সম্পূৰ্ণ জয়) * **ওয়াজাৰি** (অর্ধ জয়) * **শিড'** (চেতাৱনী/penalty) == অলিম্পিক আৰু বৈশ্বিক ৰূপ == জুডো ১৯৬৪ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰ অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। বৰ্তমান ই এক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় খেল হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। মহিলাৰ জুডো অলিম্পিকত ১৯৯২ চনত অন্তর্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। == কৌশল == * **নাগে-ৱাজা (投げ技)** — নিক্ষেপ কৌশল * **কাটামে-ৱাজা (固め技)** — নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৌশল * **শিমে-ৱাজা (絞技)** — গল-বন্ধ কৌশল * **কানসেট্সু-ৱাজা (関節技)** — জয়ণ্ট-লক কৌশল == সংস্কৃতি আৰু মূল্যবোধ == জুডো কেৱল শাৰীৰিক খেল নহয়—ই এক নৈতিক শিক্ষাৰ পদ্ধতি, য’ত শ্রদ্ধা, শৃংখলা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু আত্ম-উন্নতিৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। ইয়াক বহুতো বিদ্যালয় আৰু শাৰীৰিক শিক্ষা কেন্দ্ৰত শিকোৱা হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Karate]] * [[Taekwondo]] * [[Martial art]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> qf2r5qev3n9pn85zt7cpgqtymeg2mbc 518680 518679 2025-06-16T19:37:40Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox martial art | name = জুডো | image = | image_caption = | focus = গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং | country = [[জাপান]] | creator = জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano) | parenthood = জুজুৎসু, কেনজুৎসু | olympic = হয়, ১৯৬৪ চনৰ পৰা }} [[File:Jigoro Kano and Kyuzo Mifune (restoration).jpg|thumb]] '''জুডো''' ({{lang-ja|柔道}}, অৰ্থাৎ "নম্রতাৰ পথ") হৈছে এটা আধুনিক জাপানী যুদ্ধকলা (martial art), যিটো জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano) এ ১৮৮২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ইয়াত প্রধানকৈ গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং, নিক্ষেপ (throwing), মাটিত দমন (pinning), আৰু সংযম (submission techniques) কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। == ইতিহাস == জুডোৰ মূল আধাৰ হৈছে প্ৰাচীন জাপানী যুদ্ধকলা জুজুত্সু। জিগোৰো কান' এ ১৮৮২ চনত ইয়াৰ পৰা অহিংস প্ৰশিক্ষণমূলক পদ্ধতি ৰূপে "জুডো" সৃষ্টি কৰে। তেওঁ টোকিঅ’ত “Kōdōkan” নামৰ প্ৰথম জুডো প্ৰশিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান স্থাপন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Judo |url=https://www.ijf.org/history |website=International Judo Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == নিয়ম আৰু প্ৰতিযোগিতা == জুডো প্ৰতিযোগিতাত খেলুৱৈ দুজন মাত্ৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ৰ বাবে কৌশল প্ৰয়োগ কৰি একে-অন্যক মাটিত পেলাবলৈ বা প্ৰত্যাহ্বান কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। জয়ৰ বিভিন্ন ধৰণ আছে, যেনে: * **ইপ্পন** (সম্পূৰ্ণ জয়) * **ওয়াজাৰি** (অর্ধ জয়) * **শিড'** (চেতাৱনী/penalty) == অলিম্পিক আৰু বৈশ্বিক ৰূপ == জুডো ১৯৬৪ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰ অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। বৰ্তমান ই এক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় খেল হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। মহিলাৰ জুডো অলিম্পিকত ১৯৯২ চনত অন্তর্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। == কৌশল == * **নাগে-ৱাজা (投げ技)** — নিক্ষেপ কৌশল * **কাটামে-ৱাজা (固め技)** — নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৌশল * **শিমে-ৱাজা (絞技)** — গল-বন্ধ কৌশল * **কানসেট্সু-ৱাজা (関節技)** — জয়ণ্ট-লক কৌশল == সংস্কৃতি আৰু মূল্যবোধ == জুডো কেৱল শাৰীৰিক খেল নহয়—ই এক নৈতিক শিক্ষাৰ পদ্ধতি, য’ত শ্রদ্ধা, শৃংখলা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু আত্ম-উন্নতিৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। ইয়াক বহুতো বিদ্যালয় আৰু শাৰীৰিক শিক্ষা কেন্দ্ৰত শিকোৱা হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Karate]] * [[Taekwondo]] * [[Martial art]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> nxymrjzhk09o3kp482ltqylio7w0edq 518681 518680 2025-06-16T19:38:05Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518681 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jigoro Kano and Kyuzo Mifune (restoration).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox martial art | name = জুডো | image = | image_caption = | focus = গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং | country = [[জাপান]] | creator = জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano) | parenthood = জুজুৎসু, কেনজুৎসু | olympic = হয়, ১৯৬৪ চনৰ পৰা }} '''জুডো''' ({{lang-ja|柔道}}, অৰ্থাৎ "নম্রতাৰ পথ") হৈছে এটা আধুনিক জাপানী যুদ্ধকলা (martial art), যিটো জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano) এ ১৮৮২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ইয়াত প্রধানকৈ গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং, নিক্ষেপ (throwing), মাটিত দমন (pinning), আৰু সংযম (submission techniques) কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। == ইতিহাস == জুডোৰ মূল আধাৰ হৈছে প্ৰাচীন জাপানী যুদ্ধকলা জুজুত্সু। জিগোৰো কান' এ ১৮৮২ চনত ইয়াৰ পৰা অহিংস প্ৰশিক্ষণমূলক পদ্ধতি ৰূপে "জুডো" সৃষ্টি কৰে। তেওঁ টোকিঅ’ত “Kōdōkan” নামৰ প্ৰথম জুডো প্ৰশিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান স্থাপন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Judo |url=https://www.ijf.org/history |website=International Judo Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == নিয়ম আৰু প্ৰতিযোগিতা == জুডো প্ৰতিযোগিতাত খেলুৱৈ দুজন মাত্ৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ৰ বাবে কৌশল প্ৰয়োগ কৰি একে-অন্যক মাটিত পেলাবলৈ বা প্ৰত্যাহ্বান কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। জয়ৰ বিভিন্ন ধৰণ আছে, যেনে: * **ইপ্পন** (সম্পূৰ্ণ জয়) * **ওয়াজাৰি** (অর্ধ জয়) * **শিড'** (চেতাৱনী/penalty) == অলিম্পিক আৰু বৈশ্বিক ৰূপ == জুডো ১৯৬৪ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰ অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। বৰ্তমান ই এক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় খেল হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। মহিলাৰ জুডো অলিম্পিকত ১৯৯২ চনত অন্তর্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। == কৌশল == * **নাগে-ৱাজা (投げ技)** — নিক্ষেপ কৌশল * **কাটামে-ৱাজা (固め技)** — নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৌশল * **শিমে-ৱাজা (絞技)** — গল-বন্ধ কৌশল * **কানসেট্সু-ৱাজা (関節技)** — জয়ণ্ট-লক কৌশল == সংস্কৃতি আৰু মূল্যবোধ == জুডো কেৱল শাৰীৰিক খেল নহয়—ই এক নৈতিক শিক্ষাৰ পদ্ধতি, য’ত শ্রদ্ধা, শৃংখলা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু আত্ম-উন্নতিৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। ইয়াক বহুতো বিদ্যালয় আৰু শাৰীৰিক শিক্ষা কেন্দ্ৰত শিকোৱা হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Karate]] * [[Taekwondo]] * [[Martial art]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> 6dpwu2gajln29mvbp7pp6rxf82lj59r 518682 518681 2025-06-16T19:38:56Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 518682 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jigoro Kano and Kyuzo Mifune (restoration).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox martial art | name = জুডো | image = | image_caption = | focus = গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং | country = [[জাপান]] | creator = জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano) | parenthood = জুজুৎসু, কেনজুৎসু | olympic = হয়, ১৯৬৪ চনৰ পৰা }} '''জুডো''' ({{lang-ja|柔道}}, অৰ্থাৎ "নম্ৰতাৰ পথ") হৈছে এটা আধুনিক জাপানী যুদ্ধকলা (martial art), যিটো জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano) এ ১৮৮২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ইয়াত প্ৰধানকৈ গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং, নিক্ষেপ (throwing), মাটিত দমন (pinning), আৰু সংযম (submission techniques) কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। == ইতিহাস == জুডোৰ মূল আধাৰ হৈছে প্ৰাচীন জাপানী যুদ্ধকলা জুজুত্সু। জিগোৰো কান' এ ১৮৮২ চনত ইয়াৰ পৰা অহিংস প্ৰশিক্ষণমূলক পদ্ধতি ৰূপে "জুডো" সৃষ্টি কৰে। তেওঁ টোকিঅ’ত “Kōdōkan” নামৰ প্ৰথম জুডো প্ৰশিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান স্থাপন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Judo |url=https://www.ijf.org/history |website=International Judo Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == নিয়ম আৰু প্ৰতিযোগিতা == জুডো প্ৰতিযোগিতাত খেলুৱৈ দুজন মাত্ৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ৰ বাবে কৌশল প্ৰয়োগ কৰি একে-অন্যক মাটিত পেলাবলৈ বা প্ৰত্যাহ্বান কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। জয়ৰ বিভিন্ন ধৰণ আছে, যেনে: * **ইপ্পন** (সম্পূৰ্ণ জয়) * **ওয়াজাৰি** (অৰ্ধ জয়) * **শিড'** (চেতাৱনী/penalty) == অলিম্পিক আৰু বৈশ্বিক ৰূপ == জুডো ১৯৬৪ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰ অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। বৰ্তমান ই এক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় খেল হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। মহিলাৰ জুডো অলিম্পিকত ১৯৯২ চনত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। == কৌশল == * **নাগে-ৱাজা (投げ技)** — নিক্ষেপ কৌশল * **কাটামে-ৱাজা (固め技)** — নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৌশল * **শিমে-ৱাজা (絞技)** — গল-বন্ধ কৌশল * **কানসেট্সু-ৱাজা (関節技)** — জয়ণ্ট-লক কৌশল == সংস্কৃতি আৰু মূল্যবোধ == জুডো কেৱল শাৰীৰিক খেল নহয়—ই এক নৈতিক শিক্ষাৰ পদ্ধতি, য’ত শ্ৰদ্ধা, শৃংখলা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু আত্ম-উন্নতিৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। ইয়াক বহুতো বিদ্যালয় আৰু শাৰীৰিক শিক্ষা কেন্দ্ৰত শিকোৱা হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Karate]] * [[Taekwondo]] * [[Martial art]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমৰ কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] k4ywcxil7qvosfoe83rjs06vhc2asrv 518683 518682 2025-06-16T19:39:32Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518683 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jigoro Kano and Kyuzo Mifune (restoration).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox martial art | name = জুডো | image = | image_caption = | focus = গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং | country = [[জাপান]] | creator = জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano) | parenthood = জুজুৎসু, কেনজুৎসু | olympic = হয়, ১৯৬৪ চনৰ পৰা }} '''জুডো''' ({{lang-ja|柔道}}, অৰ্থাৎ "নম্ৰতাৰ পথ") হৈছে এটা আধুনিক জাপানী যুদ্ধকলা (martial art), যিটো জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano) এ ১৮৮২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ইয়াত প্ৰধানকৈ গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং, নিক্ষেপ (throwing), মাটিত দমন (pinning), আৰু সংযম (submission techniques) কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। == ইতিহাস == জুডোৰ মূল আধাৰ হৈছে প্ৰাচীন জাপানী যুদ্ধকলা জুজুত্সু। জিগোৰো কান' এ ১৮৮২ চনত ইয়াৰ পৰা অহিংস প্ৰশিক্ষণমূলক পদ্ধতি ৰূপে "জুডো" সৃষ্টি কৰে। তেওঁ টোকিঅ’ত “Kōdōkan” নামৰ প্ৰথম জুডো প্ৰশিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান স্থাপন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Judo |url=https://www.ijf.org/history |website=International Judo Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == নিয়ম আৰু প্ৰতিযোগিতা == জুডো প্ৰতিযোগিতাত খেলুৱৈ দুজন মাত্ৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ৰ বাবে কৌশল প্ৰয়োগ কৰি একে-অন্যক মাটিত পেলাবলৈ বা প্ৰত্যাহ্বান কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। == অলিম্পিক আৰু বৈশ্বিক ৰূপ == জুডো ১৯৬৪ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰ অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। বৰ্তমান ই এক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় খেল হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। মহিলাৰ জুডো অলিম্পিকত ১৯৯২ চনত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। == কৌশল == * **নাগে-ৱাজা (投げ技)** — নিক্ষেপ কৌশল * **কাটামে-ৱাজা (固め技)** — নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৌশল * **শিমে-ৱাজা (絞技)** — গল-বন্ধ কৌশল * **কানসেট্সু-ৱাজা (関節技)** — জয়ণ্ট-লক কৌশল == সংস্কৃতি আৰু মূল্যবোধ == জুডো কেৱল শাৰীৰিক খেল নহয়—ই এক নৈতিক শিক্ষাৰ পদ্ধতি, য’ত শ্ৰদ্ধা, শৃংখলা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু আত্ম-উন্নতিৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। ইয়াক বহুতো বিদ্যালয় আৰু শাৰীৰিক শিক্ষা কেন্দ্ৰত শিকোৱা হয়। == চাওক আনিও == * [[Karate]] * [[Taekwondo]] * [[Martial art]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমৰ কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] su8hoh7lovwfru6duryio7wt8bm2g6l 518684 518683 2025-06-16T19:40:30Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518684 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jigoro Kano and Kyuzo Mifune (restoration).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox martial art | name = জুডো | image = | image_caption = | focus = গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং | country = [[জাপান]] | creator = জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano) | parenthood = জুজুৎসু, কেনজুৎসু | olympic = হয়, ১৯৬৪ চনৰ পৰা }} '''জুডো''' ({{lang-ja|柔道}}, অৰ্থাৎ "নম্ৰতাৰ পথ") হৈছে এটা আধুনিক জাপানী যুদ্ধকলা (martial art), যিটো জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano) এ ১৮৮২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ইয়াত প্ৰধানকৈ গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং, নিক্ষেপ (throwing), মাটিত দমন (pinning), আৰু সংযম (submission techniques) কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। জুডো ১৯৬৪ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰ অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। বৰ্তমান ই এক আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় খেল হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। মহিলাৰ জুডো অলিম্পিকত ১৯৯২ চনত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। == ইতিহাস == জুডোৰ মূল আধাৰ হৈছে প্ৰাচীন জাপানী যুদ্ধকলা জুজুত্সু। জিগোৰো কান' এ ১৮৮২ চনত ইয়াৰ পৰা অহিংস প্ৰশিক্ষণমূলক পদ্ধতি ৰূপে "জুডো" সৃষ্টি কৰে। তেওঁ টোকিঅ’ত “Kōdōkan” নামৰ প্ৰথম জুডো প্ৰশিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান স্থাপন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Judo |url=https://www.ijf.org/history |website=International Judo Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == নিয়ম আৰু প্ৰতিযোগিতা == জুডো প্ৰতিযোগিতাত খেলুৱৈ দুজন মাত্ৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ৰ বাবে কৌশল প্ৰয়োগ কৰি একে-অন্যক মাটিত পেলাবলৈ বা প্ৰত্যাহ্বান কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। == সংস্কৃতি আৰু মূল্যবোধ == জুডো কেৱল শাৰীৰিক খেল নহয়—ই এক নৈতিক শিক্ষাৰ পদ্ধতি, য’ত শ্ৰদ্ধা, শৃংখলা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু আত্ম-উন্নতিৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। ইয়াক বহুতো বিদ্যালয় আৰু শাৰীৰিক শিক্ষা কেন্দ্ৰত শিকোৱা হয়। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমৰ কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] 7atfsrcbjqz99izkwb6dmwuakpcn4qr 518685 518684 2025-06-16T19:41:15Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518685 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jigoro Kano and Kyuzo Mifune (restoration).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox martial art | name = জুডো | image = | image_caption = | focus = গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং | country = [[জাপান]] | creator = জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano) | parenthood = জুজুৎসু, কেনজুৎসু | olympic = হয়, ১৯৬৪ চনৰ পৰা }} '''জুডো''' ({{lang-ja|柔道}}, অৰ্থাৎ "নম্ৰতাৰ পথ") হৈছে এটা আধুনিক জাপানী যুদ্ধকলা (martial art), যিটো জিগোৰো কান' (Jigoro Kano) এ ১৮৮২ চনত সৃষ্টি কৰিছিল। ইয়াত প্ৰধানকৈ গ্ৰ্যাপ্লিং, নিক্ষেপ (throwing), মাটিত দমন (pinning), আৰু সংযম (submission techniques) কৌশল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। জুডো ১৯৬৪ চনত প্ৰথমবাৰ অলিম্পিক খেলত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হয়। বৰ্তমান ই আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় [[খেল]] হিচাপে পৰিগণিত। মহিলাৰ জুডো অলিম্পিকত ১৯৯২ চনত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। == ইতিহাস == জুডোৰ মূল আধাৰ হৈছে প্ৰাচীন জাপানী যুদ্ধকলা জুজুত্সু। জিগোৰো কান' এ ১৮৮২ চনত ইয়াৰ পৰা অহিংস প্ৰশিক্ষণমূলক পদ্ধতি ৰূপে "জুডো" সৃষ্টি কৰে। তেওঁ টোকিঅ’ত “Kōdōkan” নামৰ প্ৰথম জুডো প্ৰশিক্ষণ প্ৰতিষ্ঠান স্থাপন কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Judo |url=https://www.ijf.org/history |website=International Judo Federation |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> == নিয়ম আৰু প্ৰতিযোগিতা == জুডো প্ৰতিযোগিতাত খেলুৱৈ দুজন মাত্ৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ৰ বাবে কৌশল প্ৰয়োগ কৰি একে-অন্যক মাটিত পেলাবলৈ বা প্ৰত্যাহ্বান কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰে। == সংস্কৃতি আৰু মূল্যবোধ == জুডো কেৱল শাৰীৰিক খেল নহয়—ই এক নৈতিক শিক্ষাৰ পদ্ধতি, য’ত শ্ৰদ্ধা, শৃংখলা, ধৈৰ্য আৰু আত্ম-উন্নতিৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়। ইয়াক বহুতো বিদ্যালয় আৰু শাৰীৰিক শিক্ষা কেন্দ্ৰত শিকোৱা হয়। == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == <references /> [[শ্ৰেণী:কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:সমৰ কলা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:বিনোদন]] [[শ্ৰেণী:খেল]] rcl90ljcai940lbh35twmbht6xcri0y 0 122869 518664 2025-06-16T19:21:27Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 পৃষ্ঠা [[ৰাগবী]]ৰ পৰা [[ৰাগবী ফুটবল]]লৈ Kandarpajit Kallolয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 518664 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ৰাগবী ফুটবল]] dbwvqqpgxe6pxk21zgg55m7sx8btafb 0 122870 518678 2025-06-16T19:35:08Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 পৃষ্ঠা [[জুদো]]ৰ পৰা [[জুডো]]লৈ Kandarpajit Kallolয়ে স্থানান্তৰ কৰিলে 518678 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[জুডো]] dtsrh1g11exhoagmnf9hiyy9ahrl5xs 0 122871 518723 2025-06-17T05:31:06Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: লিংগ সমতা বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নির্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-... 518723 wikitext text/x-wiki লিংগ সমতা বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নির্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়৷ 1ylzw2hemoswhg21oxambea0420rda0 518724 518723 2025-06-17T05:31:21Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 518724 wikitext text/x-wiki লিংগ সমতা বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়। nigb682geztiimtmxr1u5ujdyfpqhz0 518726 518724 2025-06-17T05:31:38Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518726 wikitext text/x-wiki '''লিংগ সমতা''' বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়। huxjlbrleph6layuw5tszn2jdi6t975 518727 518726 2025-06-17T05:32:26Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518727 wikitext text/x-wiki '''লিংগ সমতা''' বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়। কিন্তু তাৰ অৰ্থ এইটো নহয় যে পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলা হুবহু একে ধৰণৰ মানুহ বা তেওঁলোকৰ লগত হুবহু একে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা উচিত। 3yiumeg22ks1lqk9pjrrfedyroxf4j0 518728 518727 2025-06-17T05:34:59Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 518728 wikitext text/x-wiki '''লিংগ সমতা''' বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়। কিন্তু তাৰ অৰ্থ এইটো নহয় যে পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলা হুবহু একে ধৰণৰ মানুহ বা তেওঁলোকৰ লগত হুবহু একে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা উচিত।<ref name="UNICEF">{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|title=Promoting Gender Equality: An Equity-based Approach to Programming|first=Roger|date=2011|ওয়েবসাইট=Operational Guidance Overview in Brief|publisher=UNICEF|date=2011-01-28|last=LeMoyne|archive-date=২০১৭-১০-২০|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020152744/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== m82isoejqegwpojuxbv2sljj4jcm57f 518733 518728 2025-06-17T05:39:26Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518733 wikitext text/x-wiki '''লিংগ সমতা''' বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়।<ref name="UNICEF">{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|title=Promoting Gender Equality: An Equity-based Approach to Programming|first=Roger|date=2011|ওয়েবসাইট=Operational Guidance Overview in Brief|publisher=UNICEF|date=2011-01-28|last=LeMoyne|archive-date=২০১৭-১০-২০|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020152744/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref> ইউনিচেফে (ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা সংস্থা) লিংগ সমতাৰ সংজ্ঞা দি কৈছে,"মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষ, আৰু ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰাই একে অধিকাৰ, সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ বাবে ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰা, বা মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষক একে হোৱা বা তেওঁলোকৰ লগত হুবহু একে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নহয়।"<ref name="UNICEF"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== lrpiftk9in4dnkeml4bxs0rn0ca4ruz 518735 518733 2025-06-17T05:46:58Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518735 wikitext text/x-wiki '''লিংগ সমতা''' বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়।<ref name="UNICEF">{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|title=Promoting Gender Equality: An Equity-based Approach to Programming|first=Roger|date=2011|ওয়েবসাইট=Operational Guidance Overview in Brief|publisher=UNICEF|date=2011-01-28|last=LeMoyne|archive-date=২০১৭-১০-২০|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020152744/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref> ইউনিচেফে (ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা সংস্থা) লিংগ সমতাৰ সংজ্ঞা দি কৈছে,"মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষ, আৰু ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰাই একে অধিকাৰ, সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ বাবে ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰা, বা মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষক একে হোৱা বা তেওঁলোকৰ লগত হুবহু একে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নহয়।"<ref name="UNICEF"/> লিংগ সমতাই লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সমান সুযোগ বা আনুষ্ঠানিক সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে বা লিংগৰ বাবে সমান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব বা ফলাফলৰ সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে, যাক বস্তুনিষ্ঠ সমতা বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="EU">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1358229120927947|title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law|first=Marc|last=De Vos|date=March 1, 2020|journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law|volume=20|issue=1|pages=62–87|via=SAGE Journals|doi=10.1177/1358229120927947}}</ref> লিংগ সমতা হৈছে‍ লক্ষ্য, আনহাতে লিংগ নিৰপেক্ষতা আৰু লিংগ সমতা হৈছে এনে এক প্ৰথা আৰু চিন্তাধাৰা যিয়ে লক্ষ্যত উপনীত হোৱাত সহায় কৰে। কোনো এক পৰিস্থিতিত লিংগ ভাৰসাম্য জুখিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা লিংগ সমতাই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ লিংগ সমতা লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিব পাৰে যদিও ই নিজৰ মাজতে লক্ষ্য নহয়। লিংগ সমতা নাৰীৰ অধিকাৰৰ সৈতে শক্তিশালীভাৱে জড়িত, আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে নীতি পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== ohvqb9q5jj74miks9cp0af42a6nb0cm 518736 518735 2025-06-17T05:52:42Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518736 wikitext text/x-wiki '''লিংগ সমতা''' বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়।<ref name="UNICEF">{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|title=Promoting Gender Equality: An Equity-based Approach to Programming|first=Roger|date=2011|ওয়েবসাইট=Operational Guidance Overview in Brief|publisher=UNICEF|date=2011-01-28|last=LeMoyne|archive-date=২০১৭-১০-২০|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020152744/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref> ইউনিচেফে (ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা সংস্থা) লিংগ সমতাৰ সংজ্ঞা দি কৈছে,"মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষ, আৰু ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰাই একে অধিকাৰ, সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ বাবে ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰা, বা মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষক একে হোৱা বা তেওঁলোকৰ লগত হুবহু একে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নহয়।"<ref name="UNICEF"/> লিংগ সমতাই লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সমান সুযোগ বা আনুষ্ঠানিক সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে বা লিংগৰ বাবে সমান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব বা ফলাফলৰ সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে, যাক বস্তুনিষ্ঠ সমতা বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="EU">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1358229120927947|title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law|first=Marc|last=De Vos|date=March 1, 2020|journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law|volume=20|issue=1|pages=62–87|via=SAGE Journals|doi=10.1177/1358229120927947}}</ref> লিংগ সমতা হৈছে‍ লক্ষ্য, আনহাতে লিংগ নিৰপেক্ষতা আৰু লিংগ সমতা হৈছে এনে এক প্ৰথা আৰু চিন্তাধাৰা যিয়ে লক্ষ্যত উপনীত হোৱাত সহায় কৰে। কোনো এক পৰিস্থিতিত লিংগ ভাৰসাম্য জুখিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা লিংগ সমতাই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ লিংগ সমতা লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিব পাৰে যদিও ই নিজৰ মাজতে লক্ষ্য নহয়। লিংগ সমতা নাৰীৰ অধিকাৰৰ সৈতে শক্তিশালীভাৱে জড়িত, আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে নীতি পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। বিশ্বব্যাপী লিংগ সমতা লাভৰ বাবে মহিলা আৰু ছোৱালীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যৌন সৰবৰাহৰ, নাৰীহত্যা, যুদ্ধকালীন যৌন হিংসা, লিংগ মজুৰিৰ ব্যৱধান,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal|last1=Meriküll|first1=Jaanika|last2=Mõtsmees|first2=Pille|date=2017-09-04|title=Do you get what you ask? The gender gap in desired and realised wages|journal=International Journal of Manpower|volume=38|issue=6|pages=893–908|doi=10.1108/ijm-11-2015-0197|s2cid=155152121 |issn=0143-7720}}</ref> আৰু অন্যান্য অত্যাচাৰৰ কৌশলকে ধৰি ক্ষতিকাৰক প্ৰথাসমূহো নিৰ্মূল কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজন।ইউএনএফপিএই উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে "বহু আন্তৰ্জাতিক চুক্তিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ মানৱ অধিকাৰক দৃঢ়তাৰে স্বীকাৰ কৰাৰ পিছতো মহিলাসকল এতিয়াও পুৰুষতকৈ দৰিদ্ৰ আৰু নিৰক্ষৰ হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি। সম্পত্তিৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব, ঋণ, প্ৰশিক্ষণ, নিয়োগৰ সুবিধা তেওঁলোকৰ কম। এইটো আংশিকভাৱে নাৰীক পৰিয়ালৰ জীৱিকাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে সন্তান জন্ম দিয়া আৰু গৃহিণী বুলি লেবেল লগোৱাৰ প্ৰাচীন কু-সংস্কাৰৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fineman|first=Martha|date=2000|title=Cracking the Foundational Myths: Independence, Autonomy, and Self-Sufficiency|journal=[[Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law]]|volume=8|pages=13–29|via=HeinOnline}}</ref> তেওঁলোক ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে সক্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা পুৰুষতকৈ বহু কম আৰু ঘৰুৱা হিংসাৰ বলি হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি।"<ref name="unfpa.org1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|title=Gender equality|website=United Nations Population Fund|publisher=UNFPA|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520233303/https://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|archive-date=20 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== fqajmuru56ip2vv750eu4w4ih773jda 518746 518736 2025-06-17T06:03:25Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518746 wikitext text/x-wiki '''লিংগ সমতা''' ({{lang-en|Gender equality}}) বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়।<ref name="UNICEF">{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|title=Promoting Gender Equality: An Equity-based Approach to Programming|first=Roger|date=2011|ওয়েবসাইট=Operational Guidance Overview in Brief|publisher=UNICEF|date=2011-01-28|last=LeMoyne|archive-date=২০১৭-১০-২০|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020152744/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref> ইউনিচেফে (ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা সংস্থা) লিংগ সমতাৰ সংজ্ঞা দি কৈছে,"মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষ, আৰু ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰাই একে অধিকাৰ, সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ বাবে ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰা, বা মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষক একে হোৱা বা তেওঁলোকৰ লগত হুবহু একে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নহয়।"<ref name="UNICEF"/> লিংগ সমতাই লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সমান সুযোগ বা আনুষ্ঠানিক সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে বা লিংগৰ বাবে সমান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব বা ফলাফলৰ সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে, যাক বস্তুনিষ্ঠ সমতা বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="EU">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1358229120927947|title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law|first=Marc|last=De Vos|date=March 1, 2020|journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law|volume=20|issue=1|pages=62–87|via=SAGE Journals|doi=10.1177/1358229120927947}}</ref> লিংগ সমতা হৈছে‍ লক্ষ্য, আনহাতে লিংগ নিৰপেক্ষতা আৰু লিংগ সমতা হৈছে এনে এক প্ৰথা আৰু চিন্তাধাৰা যিয়ে লক্ষ্যত উপনীত হোৱাত সহায় কৰে। কোনো এক পৰিস্থিতিত লিংগ ভাৰসাম্য জুখিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা লিংগ সমতাই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ লিংগ সমতা লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিব পাৰে যদিও ই নিজৰ মাজতে লক্ষ্য নহয়। লিংগ সমতা নাৰীৰ অধিকাৰৰ সৈতে শক্তিশালীভাৱে জড়িত, আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে নীতি পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। বিশ্বব্যাপী লিংগ সমতা লাভৰ বাবে মহিলা আৰু ছোৱালীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যৌন সৰবৰাহৰ, নাৰীহত্যা, যুদ্ধকালীন যৌন হিংসা, লিংগ মজুৰিৰ ব্যৱধান,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal|last1=Meriküll|first1=Jaanika|last2=Mõtsmees|first2=Pille|date=2017-09-04|title=Do you get what you ask? The gender gap in desired and realised wages|journal=International Journal of Manpower|volume=38|issue=6|pages=893–908|doi=10.1108/ijm-11-2015-0197|s2cid=155152121 |issn=0143-7720}}</ref> আৰু অন্যান্য অত্যাচাৰৰ কৌশলকে ধৰি ক্ষতিকাৰক প্ৰথাসমূহো নিৰ্মূল কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজন।ইউএনএফপিএই উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে "বহু আন্তৰ্জাতিক চুক্তিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ মানৱ অধিকাৰক দৃঢ়তাৰে স্বীকাৰ কৰাৰ পিছতো মহিলাসকল এতিয়াও পুৰুষতকৈ দৰিদ্ৰ আৰু নিৰক্ষৰ হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি। সম্পত্তিৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব, ঋণ, প্ৰশিক্ষণ, নিয়োগৰ সুবিধা তেওঁলোকৰ কম। এইটো আংশিকভাৱে নাৰীক পৰিয়ালৰ জীৱিকাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে সন্তান জন্ম দিয়া আৰু গৃহিণী বুলি লেবেল লগোৱাৰ প্ৰাচীন কু-সংস্কাৰৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fineman|first=Martha|date=2000|title=Cracking the Foundational Myths: Independence, Autonomy, and Self-Sufficiency|journal=[[Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law]]|volume=8|pages=13–29|via=HeinOnline}}</ref> তেওঁলোক ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে সক্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা পুৰুষতকৈ বহু কম আৰু ঘৰুৱা হিংসাৰ বলি হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি।"<ref name="unfpa.org1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|title=Gender equality|website=United Nations Population Fund|publisher=UNFPA|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520233303/https://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|archive-date=20 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== hxh6rtm4twroe7wigyoj7q8g3ji770p 518747 518746 2025-06-17T06:06:36Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518747 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stamp of India - 2016 - Colnect 804389 - He for She.jpeg|alt=Two Indian stamps which combine to make a human face. Left stamp is of the left half of a man's face. Right stamp is of the right half of a woman's face.|thumb|দুটা ভাৰতীয় ডাকটিকট যি মিলি লিংগ সমতাক প্ৰতীকৃত কৰিছে‍]] '''লিংগ সমতা''' ({{lang-en|Gender equality}}) বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়।<ref name="UNICEF">{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|title=Promoting Gender Equality: An Equity-based Approach to Programming|first=Roger|date=2011|ওয়েবসাইট=Operational Guidance Overview in Brief|publisher=UNICEF|date=2011-01-28|last=LeMoyne|archive-date=২০১৭-১০-২০|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020152744/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref> ইউনিচেফে (ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা সংস্থা) লিংগ সমতাৰ সংজ্ঞা দি কৈছে,"মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষ, আৰু ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰাই একে অধিকাৰ, সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ বাবে ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰা, বা মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষক একে হোৱা বা তেওঁলোকৰ লগত হুবহু একে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নহয়।"<ref name="UNICEF"/> লিংগ সমতাই লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সমান সুযোগ বা আনুষ্ঠানিক সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে বা লিংগৰ বাবে সমান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব বা ফলাফলৰ সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে, যাক বস্তুনিষ্ঠ সমতা বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="EU">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1358229120927947|title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law|first=Marc|last=De Vos|date=March 1, 2020|journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law|volume=20|issue=1|pages=62–87|via=SAGE Journals|doi=10.1177/1358229120927947}}</ref> লিংগ সমতা হৈছে‍ লক্ষ্য, আনহাতে লিংগ নিৰপেক্ষতা আৰু লিংগ সমতা হৈছে এনে এক প্ৰথা আৰু চিন্তাধাৰা যিয়ে লক্ষ্যত উপনীত হোৱাত সহায় কৰে। কোনো এক পৰিস্থিতিত লিংগ ভাৰসাম্য জুখিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা লিংগ সমতাই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ লিংগ সমতা লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিব পাৰে যদিও ই নিজৰ মাজতে লক্ষ্য নহয়। লিংগ সমতা নাৰীৰ অধিকাৰৰ সৈতে শক্তিশালীভাৱে জড়িত, আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে নীতি পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। বিশ্বব্যাপী লিংগ সমতা লাভৰ বাবে মহিলা আৰু ছোৱালীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যৌন সৰবৰাহৰ, নাৰীহত্যা, যুদ্ধকালীন যৌন হিংসা, লিংগ মজুৰিৰ ব্যৱধান,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal|last1=Meriküll|first1=Jaanika|last2=Mõtsmees|first2=Pille|date=2017-09-04|title=Do you get what you ask? The gender gap in desired and realised wages|journal=International Journal of Manpower|volume=38|issue=6|pages=893–908|doi=10.1108/ijm-11-2015-0197|s2cid=155152121 |issn=0143-7720}}</ref> আৰু অন্যান্য অত্যাচাৰৰ কৌশলকে ধৰি ক্ষতিকাৰক প্ৰথাসমূহো নিৰ্মূল কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজন।ইউএনএফপিএই উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে "বহু আন্তৰ্জাতিক চুক্তিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ মানৱ অধিকাৰক দৃঢ়তাৰে স্বীকাৰ কৰাৰ পিছতো মহিলাসকল এতিয়াও পুৰুষতকৈ দৰিদ্ৰ আৰু নিৰক্ষৰ হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি। সম্পত্তিৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব, ঋণ, প্ৰশিক্ষণ, নিয়োগৰ সুবিধা তেওঁলোকৰ কম। এইটো আংশিকভাৱে নাৰীক পৰিয়ালৰ জীৱিকাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে সন্তান জন্ম দিয়া আৰু গৃহিণী বুলি লেবেল লগোৱাৰ প্ৰাচীন কু-সংস্কাৰৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fineman|first=Martha|date=2000|title=Cracking the Foundational Myths: Independence, Autonomy, and Self-Sufficiency|journal=[[Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law]]|volume=8|pages=13–29|via=HeinOnline}}</ref> তেওঁলোক ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে সক্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা পুৰুষতকৈ বহু কম আৰু ঘৰুৱা হিংসাৰ বলি হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি।"<ref name="unfpa.org1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|title=Gender equality|website=United Nations Population Fund|publisher=UNFPA|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520233303/https://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|archive-date=20 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== ggbkn5t8hgj666aybemxnxtdlex7vm9 518748 518747 2025-06-17T06:09:12Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* তথ্যসূত্ৰ */ 518748 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stamp of India - 2016 - Colnect 804389 - He for She.jpeg|alt=Two Indian stamps which combine to make a human face. Left stamp is of the left half of a man's face. Right stamp is of the right half of a woman's face.|thumb|দুটা ভাৰতীয় ডাকটিকট যি মিলি লিংগ সমতাক প্ৰতীকৃত কৰিছে‍]] '''লিংগ সমতা''' ({{lang-en|Gender equality}}) বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়।<ref name="UNICEF">{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|title=Promoting Gender Equality: An Equity-based Approach to Programming|first=Roger|date=2011|ওয়েবসাইট=Operational Guidance Overview in Brief|publisher=UNICEF|date=2011-01-28|last=LeMoyne|archive-date=২০১৭-১০-২০|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020152744/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref> ইউনিচেফে (ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা সংস্থা) লিংগ সমতাৰ সংজ্ঞা দি কৈছে,"মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষ, আৰু ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰাই একে অধিকাৰ, সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ বাবে ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰা, বা মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষক একে হোৱা বা তেওঁলোকৰ লগত হুবহু একে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নহয়।"<ref name="UNICEF"/> লিংগ সমতাই লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সমান সুযোগ বা আনুষ্ঠানিক সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে বা লিংগৰ বাবে সমান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব বা ফলাফলৰ সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে, যাক বস্তুনিষ্ঠ সমতা বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="EU">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1358229120927947|title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law|first=Marc|last=De Vos|date=March 1, 2020|journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law|volume=20|issue=1|pages=62–87|via=SAGE Journals|doi=10.1177/1358229120927947}}</ref> লিংগ সমতা হৈছে‍ লক্ষ্য, আনহাতে লিংগ নিৰপেক্ষতা আৰু লিংগ সমতা হৈছে এনে এক প্ৰথা আৰু চিন্তাধাৰা যিয়ে লক্ষ্যত উপনীত হোৱাত সহায় কৰে। কোনো এক পৰিস্থিতিত লিংগ ভাৰসাম্য জুখিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা লিংগ সমতাই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ লিংগ সমতা লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিব পাৰে যদিও ই নিজৰ মাজতে লক্ষ্য নহয়। লিংগ সমতা নাৰীৰ অধিকাৰৰ সৈতে শক্তিশালীভাৱে জড়িত, আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে নীতি পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। বিশ্বব্যাপী লিংগ সমতা লাভৰ বাবে মহিলা আৰু ছোৱালীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যৌন সৰবৰাহৰ, নাৰীহত্যা, যুদ্ধকালীন যৌন হিংসা, লিংগ মজুৰিৰ ব্যৱধান,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal|last1=Meriküll|first1=Jaanika|last2=Mõtsmees|first2=Pille|date=2017-09-04|title=Do you get what you ask? The gender gap in desired and realised wages|journal=International Journal of Manpower|volume=38|issue=6|pages=893–908|doi=10.1108/ijm-11-2015-0197|s2cid=155152121 |issn=0143-7720}}</ref> আৰু অন্যান্য অত্যাচাৰৰ কৌশলকে ধৰি ক্ষতিকাৰক প্ৰথাসমূহো নিৰ্মূল কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজন।ইউএনএফপিএই উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে "বহু আন্তৰ্জাতিক চুক্তিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ মানৱ অধিকাৰক দৃঢ়তাৰে স্বীকাৰ কৰাৰ পিছতো মহিলাসকল এতিয়াও পুৰুষতকৈ দৰিদ্ৰ আৰু নিৰক্ষৰ হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি। সম্পত্তিৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব, ঋণ, প্ৰশিক্ষণ, নিয়োগৰ সুবিধা তেওঁলোকৰ কম। এইটো আংশিকভাৱে নাৰীক পৰিয়ালৰ জীৱিকাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে সন্তান জন্ম দিয়া আৰু গৃহিণী বুলি লেবেল লগোৱাৰ প্ৰাচীন কু-সংস্কাৰৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fineman|first=Martha|date=2000|title=Cracking the Foundational Myths: Independence, Autonomy, and Self-Sufficiency|journal=[[Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law]]|volume=8|pages=13–29|via=HeinOnline}}</ref> তেওঁলোক ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে সক্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা পুৰুষতকৈ বহু কম আৰু ঘৰুৱা হিংসাৰ বলি হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি।"<ref name="unfpa.org1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|title=Gender equality|website=United Nations Population Fund|publisher=UNFPA|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520233303/https://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|archive-date=20 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== tosf2czfskzj1kg990h35y34wnnxkxy 518749 518748 2025-06-17T06:10:17Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* ইতিহাস */ 518749 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stamp of India - 2016 - Colnect 804389 - He for She.jpeg|alt=Two Indian stamps which combine to make a human face. Left stamp is of the left half of a man's face. Right stamp is of the right half of a woman's face.|thumb|দুটা ভাৰতীয় ডাকটিকট যি মিলি লিংগ সমতাক প্ৰতীকৃত কৰিছে‍]] '''লিংগ সমতা''' ({{lang-en|Gender equality}}) বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়।<ref name="UNICEF">{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|title=Promoting Gender Equality: An Equity-based Approach to Programming|first=Roger|date=2011|ওয়েবসাইট=Operational Guidance Overview in Brief|publisher=UNICEF|date=2011-01-28|last=LeMoyne|archive-date=২০১৭-১০-২০|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020152744/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref> ইউনিচেফে (ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা সংস্থা) লিংগ সমতাৰ সংজ্ঞা দি কৈছে,"মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষ, আৰু ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰাই একে অধিকাৰ, সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ বাবে ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰা, বা মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষক একে হোৱা বা তেওঁলোকৰ লগত হুবহু একে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নহয়।"<ref name="UNICEF"/> লিংগ সমতাই লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সমান সুযোগ বা আনুষ্ঠানিক সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে বা লিংগৰ বাবে সমান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব বা ফলাফলৰ সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে, যাক বস্তুনিষ্ঠ সমতা বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="EU">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1358229120927947|title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law|first=Marc|last=De Vos|date=March 1, 2020|journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law|volume=20|issue=1|pages=62–87|via=SAGE Journals|doi=10.1177/1358229120927947}}</ref> লিংগ সমতা হৈছে‍ লক্ষ্য, আনহাতে লিংগ নিৰপেক্ষতা আৰু লিংগ সমতা হৈছে এনে এক প্ৰথা আৰু চিন্তাধাৰা যিয়ে লক্ষ্যত উপনীত হোৱাত সহায় কৰে। কোনো এক পৰিস্থিতিত লিংগ ভাৰসাম্য জুখিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা লিংগ সমতাই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ লিংগ সমতা লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিব পাৰে যদিও ই নিজৰ মাজতে লক্ষ্য নহয়। লিংগ সমতা নাৰীৰ অধিকাৰৰ সৈতে শক্তিশালীভাৱে জড়িত, আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে নীতি পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। বিশ্বব্যাপী লিংগ সমতা লাভৰ বাবে মহিলা আৰু ছোৱালীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যৌন সৰবৰাহৰ, নাৰীহত্যা, যুদ্ধকালীন যৌন হিংসা, লিংগ মজুৰিৰ ব্যৱধান,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal|last1=Meriküll|first1=Jaanika|last2=Mõtsmees|first2=Pille|date=2017-09-04|title=Do you get what you ask? The gender gap in desired and realised wages|journal=International Journal of Manpower|volume=38|issue=6|pages=893–908|doi=10.1108/ijm-11-2015-0197|s2cid=155152121 |issn=0143-7720}}</ref> আৰু অন্যান্য অত্যাচাৰৰ কৌশলকে ধৰি ক্ষতিকাৰক প্ৰথাসমূহো নিৰ্মূল কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজন।ইউএনএফপিএই উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে "বহু আন্তৰ্জাতিক চুক্তিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ মানৱ অধিকাৰক দৃঢ়তাৰে স্বীকাৰ কৰাৰ পিছতো মহিলাসকল এতিয়াও পুৰুষতকৈ দৰিদ্ৰ আৰু নিৰক্ষৰ হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি। সম্পত্তিৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব, ঋণ, প্ৰশিক্ষণ, নিয়োগৰ সুবিধা তেওঁলোকৰ কম। এইটো আংশিকভাৱে নাৰীক পৰিয়ালৰ জীৱিকাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে সন্তান জন্ম দিয়া আৰু গৃহিণী বুলি লেবেল লগোৱাৰ প্ৰাচীন কু-সংস্কাৰৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fineman|first=Martha|date=2000|title=Cracking the Foundational Myths: Independence, Autonomy, and Self-Sufficiency|journal=[[Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law]]|volume=8|pages=13–29|via=HeinOnline}}</ref> তেওঁলোক ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে সক্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা পুৰুষতকৈ বহু কম আৰু ঘৰুৱা হিংসাৰ বলি হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি।"<ref name="unfpa.org1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|title=Gender equality|website=United Nations Population Fund|publisher=UNFPA|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520233303/https://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|archive-date=20 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== লিংগ সমতাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সমৰ্থক ক্ৰীষ্টিন ডি পিজানে ১৪০৫ চনত লিখা গ্ৰন্থ ''দ্য বুক অৱ দ্য চিটি অৱ লেডিজ''ত নাৰীৰ ওপৰত চলা অত্যাচাৰ অযুক্তিকৰ পক্ষপাতিত্বৰ ওপৰত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি সমাজত সম্ভৱতঃ নাৰীয়ে সৃষ্টি কৰা অসংখ্য অগ্ৰগতিৰ কথা আঙুলিয়াই দিছিল৷ ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== p6d6ch4kplxbh3y0qvgkdql16qhm12m 518750 518749 2025-06-17T06:11:14Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* ইতিহাস */ 518750 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stamp of India - 2016 - Colnect 804389 - He for She.jpeg|alt=Two Indian stamps which combine to make a human face. Left stamp is of the left half of a man's face. Right stamp is of the right half of a woman's face.|thumb|দুটা ভাৰতীয় ডাকটিকট যি মিলি লিংগ সমতাক প্ৰতীকৃত কৰিছে‍]] '''লিংগ সমতা''' ({{lang-en|Gender equality}}) বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়।<ref name="UNICEF">{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|title=Promoting Gender Equality: An Equity-based Approach to Programming|first=Roger|date=2011|ওয়েবসাইট=Operational Guidance Overview in Brief|publisher=UNICEF|date=2011-01-28|last=LeMoyne|archive-date=২০১৭-১০-২০|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020152744/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref> ইউনিচেফে (ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা সংস্থা) লিংগ সমতাৰ সংজ্ঞা দি কৈছে,"মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষ, আৰু ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰাই একে অধিকাৰ, সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ বাবে ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰা, বা মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষক একে হোৱা বা তেওঁলোকৰ লগত হুবহু একে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নহয়।"<ref name="UNICEF"/> লিংগ সমতাই লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সমান সুযোগ বা আনুষ্ঠানিক সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে বা লিংগৰ বাবে সমান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব বা ফলাফলৰ সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে, যাক বস্তুনিষ্ঠ সমতা বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="EU">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1358229120927947|title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law|first=Marc|last=De Vos|date=March 1, 2020|journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law|volume=20|issue=1|pages=62–87|via=SAGE Journals|doi=10.1177/1358229120927947}}</ref> লিংগ সমতা হৈছে‍ লক্ষ্য, আনহাতে লিংগ নিৰপেক্ষতা আৰু লিংগ সমতা হৈছে এনে এক প্ৰথা আৰু চিন্তাধাৰা যিয়ে লক্ষ্যত উপনীত হোৱাত সহায় কৰে। কোনো এক পৰিস্থিতিত লিংগ ভাৰসাম্য জুখিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা লিংগ সমতাই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ লিংগ সমতা লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিব পাৰে যদিও ই নিজৰ মাজতে লক্ষ্য নহয়। লিংগ সমতা নাৰীৰ অধিকাৰৰ সৈতে শক্তিশালীভাৱে জড়িত, আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে নীতি পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। বিশ্বব্যাপী লিংগ সমতা লাভৰ বাবে মহিলা আৰু ছোৱালীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যৌন সৰবৰাহৰ, নাৰীহত্যা, যুদ্ধকালীন যৌন হিংসা, লিংগ মজুৰিৰ ব্যৱধান,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal|last1=Meriküll|first1=Jaanika|last2=Mõtsmees|first2=Pille|date=2017-09-04|title=Do you get what you ask? The gender gap in desired and realised wages|journal=International Journal of Manpower|volume=38|issue=6|pages=893–908|doi=10.1108/ijm-11-2015-0197|s2cid=155152121 |issn=0143-7720}}</ref> আৰু অন্যান্য অত্যাচাৰৰ কৌশলকে ধৰি ক্ষতিকাৰক প্ৰথাসমূহো নিৰ্মূল কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজন।ইউএনএফপিএই উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে "বহু আন্তৰ্জাতিক চুক্তিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ মানৱ অধিকাৰক দৃঢ়তাৰে স্বীকাৰ কৰাৰ পিছতো মহিলাসকল এতিয়াও পুৰুষতকৈ দৰিদ্ৰ আৰু নিৰক্ষৰ হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি। সম্পত্তিৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব, ঋণ, প্ৰশিক্ষণ, নিয়োগৰ সুবিধা তেওঁলোকৰ কম। এইটো আংশিকভাৱে নাৰীক পৰিয়ালৰ জীৱিকাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে সন্তান জন্ম দিয়া আৰু গৃহিণী বুলি লেবেল লগোৱাৰ প্ৰাচীন কু-সংস্কাৰৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fineman|first=Martha|date=2000|title=Cracking the Foundational Myths: Independence, Autonomy, and Self-Sufficiency|journal=[[Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law]]|volume=8|pages=13–29|via=HeinOnline}}</ref> তেওঁলোক ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে সক্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা পুৰুষতকৈ বহু কম আৰু ঘৰুৱা হিংসাৰ বলি হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি।"<ref name="unfpa.org1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|title=Gender equality|website=United Nations Population Fund|publisher=UNFPA|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520233303/https://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|archive-date=20 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== লিংগ সমতাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সমৰ্থক ক্ৰীষ্টিন ডি পিজানে ১৪০৫ চনত লিখা গ্ৰন্থ ''দ্য বুক অৱ দ্য চিটি অৱ লেডিজ''ত নাৰীৰ ওপৰত চলা অত্যাচাৰ অযুক্তিকৰ পক্ষপাতিত্বৰ ওপৰত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি সমাজত সম্ভৱতঃ নাৰীয়ে সৃষ্টি কৰা অসংখ্য অগ্ৰগতিৰ কথা আঙুলিয়াই দিছিল৷<ref>{{cite book|title=The Real Wealth of Nations: Creating a Caring Economics|url=https://archive.org/details/realwealthofnati0000eisl|url-access=registration|first=Riane|last=Eisler|author-link=Riane Eisler|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/realwealthofnati0000eisl/page/72 72]|publisher=Berrett-Koehler Publishers |isbn=978-1-57675-388-0}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=de Pizan|first=Christine|title=From The Book of the City of Ladies (1404)|work=Available Means|year=2001|pages=33–42|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt5hjqnj.11|isbn=978-0-8229-7975-3}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== togwjx29og1078dr6fnrn9hu5imjm6s 518751 518750 2025-06-17T06:13:44Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* ইতিহাস */ 518751 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stamp of India - 2016 - Colnect 804389 - He for She.jpeg|alt=Two Indian stamps which combine to make a human face. Left stamp is of the left half of a man's face. Right stamp is of the right half of a woman's face.|thumb|দুটা ভাৰতীয় ডাকটিকট যি মিলি লিংগ সমতাক প্ৰতীকৃত কৰিছে‍]] '''লিংগ সমতা''' ({{lang-en|Gender equality}}) বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়।<ref name="UNICEF">{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|title=Promoting Gender Equality: An Equity-based Approach to Programming|first=Roger|date=2011|ওয়েবসাইট=Operational Guidance Overview in Brief|publisher=UNICEF|date=2011-01-28|last=LeMoyne|archive-date=২০১৭-১০-২০|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020152744/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref> ইউনিচেফে (ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা সংস্থা) লিংগ সমতাৰ সংজ্ঞা দি কৈছে,"মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষ, আৰু ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰাই একে অধিকাৰ, সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ বাবে ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰা, বা মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষক একে হোৱা বা তেওঁলোকৰ লগত হুবহু একে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নহয়।"<ref name="UNICEF"/> লিংগ সমতাই লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সমান সুযোগ বা আনুষ্ঠানিক সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে বা লিংগৰ বাবে সমান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব বা ফলাফলৰ সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে, যাক বস্তুনিষ্ঠ সমতা বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="EU">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1358229120927947|title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law|first=Marc|last=De Vos|date=March 1, 2020|journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law|volume=20|issue=1|pages=62–87|via=SAGE Journals|doi=10.1177/1358229120927947}}</ref> লিংগ সমতা হৈছে‍ লক্ষ্য, আনহাতে লিংগ নিৰপেক্ষতা আৰু লিংগ সমতা হৈছে এনে এক প্ৰথা আৰু চিন্তাধাৰা যিয়ে লক্ষ্যত উপনীত হোৱাত সহায় কৰে। কোনো এক পৰিস্থিতিত লিংগ ভাৰসাম্য জুখিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা লিংগ সমতাই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ লিংগ সমতা লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিব পাৰে যদিও ই নিজৰ মাজতে লক্ষ্য নহয়। লিংগ সমতা নাৰীৰ অধিকাৰৰ সৈতে শক্তিশালীভাৱে জড়িত, আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে নীতি পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। বিশ্বব্যাপী লিংগ সমতা লাভৰ বাবে মহিলা আৰু ছোৱালীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যৌন সৰবৰাহৰ, নাৰীহত্যা, যুদ্ধকালীন যৌন হিংসা, লিংগ মজুৰিৰ ব্যৱধান,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal|last1=Meriküll|first1=Jaanika|last2=Mõtsmees|first2=Pille|date=2017-09-04|title=Do you get what you ask? The gender gap in desired and realised wages|journal=International Journal of Manpower|volume=38|issue=6|pages=893–908|doi=10.1108/ijm-11-2015-0197|s2cid=155152121 |issn=0143-7720}}</ref> আৰু অন্যান্য অত্যাচাৰৰ কৌশলকে ধৰি ক্ষতিকাৰক প্ৰথাসমূহো নিৰ্মূল কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজন।ইউএনএফপিএই উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে "বহু আন্তৰ্জাতিক চুক্তিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ মানৱ অধিকাৰক দৃঢ়তাৰে স্বীকাৰ কৰাৰ পিছতো মহিলাসকল এতিয়াও পুৰুষতকৈ দৰিদ্ৰ আৰু নিৰক্ষৰ হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি। সম্পত্তিৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব, ঋণ, প্ৰশিক্ষণ, নিয়োগৰ সুবিধা তেওঁলোকৰ কম। এইটো আংশিকভাৱে নাৰীক পৰিয়ালৰ জীৱিকাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে সন্তান জন্ম দিয়া আৰু গৃহিণী বুলি লেবেল লগোৱাৰ প্ৰাচীন কু-সংস্কাৰৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fineman|first=Martha|date=2000|title=Cracking the Foundational Myths: Independence, Autonomy, and Self-Sufficiency|journal=[[Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law]]|volume=8|pages=13–29|via=HeinOnline}}</ref> তেওঁলোক ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে সক্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা পুৰুষতকৈ বহু কম আৰু ঘৰুৱা হিংসাৰ বলি হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি।"<ref name="unfpa.org1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|title=Gender equality|website=United Nations Population Fund|publisher=UNFPA|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520233303/https://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|archive-date=20 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== লিংগ সমতাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সমৰ্থক ক্ৰীষ্টিন ডি পিজানে ১৪০৫ চনত লিখা গ্ৰন্থ ''দ্য বুক অৱ দ্য চিটি অৱ লেডিজ''ত নাৰীৰ ওপৰত চলা অত্যাচাৰ অযুক্তিকৰ পক্ষপাতিত্বৰ ওপৰত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি সমাজত সম্ভৱতঃ নাৰীয়ে সৃষ্টি কৰা অসংখ্য অগ্ৰগতিৰ কথা আঙুলিয়াই দিছিল৷<ref>{{cite book|title=The Real Wealth of Nations: Creating a Caring Economics|url=https://archive.org/details/realwealthofnati0000eisl|url-access=registration|first=Riane|last=Eisler|author-link=Riane Eisler|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/realwealthofnati0000eisl/page/72 72]|publisher=Berrett-Koehler Publishers |isbn=978-1-57675-388-0}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=de Pizan|first=Christine|title=From The Book of the City of Ladies (1404)|work=Available Means|year=2001|pages=33–42|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt5hjqnj.11|isbn=978-0-8229-7975-3}}</ref> ===শ্বেকাৰছ=== লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ আৰু কঠোৰ বৈবাহিক জীৱনৰ অভ্যাস কৰা ইভানজেলিকেল গোট শ্বেকাৰসকল আছিল লিংগ সমতাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক অনুশীলনকাৰী। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== bo5ysa0czkpnf6nfdkjmjck9gqa5csx 518753 518751 2025-06-17T06:14:29Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* শ্বেকাৰছ */ 518753 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stamp of India - 2016 - Colnect 804389 - He for She.jpeg|alt=Two Indian stamps which combine to make a human face. Left stamp is of the left half of a man's face. Right stamp is of the right half of a woman's face.|thumb|দুটা ভাৰতীয় ডাকটিকট যি মিলি লিংগ সমতাক প্ৰতীকৃত কৰিছে‍]] '''লিংগ সমতা''' ({{lang-en|Gender equality}}) বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়।<ref name="UNICEF">{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|title=Promoting Gender Equality: An Equity-based Approach to Programming|first=Roger|date=2011|ওয়েবসাইট=Operational Guidance Overview in Brief|publisher=UNICEF|date=2011-01-28|last=LeMoyne|archive-date=২০১৭-১০-২০|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020152744/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref> ইউনিচেফে (ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা সংস্থা) লিংগ সমতাৰ সংজ্ঞা দি কৈছে,"মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষ, আৰু ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰাই একে অধিকাৰ, সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ বাবে ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰা, বা মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষক একে হোৱা বা তেওঁলোকৰ লগত হুবহু একে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নহয়।"<ref name="UNICEF"/> লিংগ সমতাই লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সমান সুযোগ বা আনুষ্ঠানিক সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে বা লিংগৰ বাবে সমান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব বা ফলাফলৰ সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে, যাক বস্তুনিষ্ঠ সমতা বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="EU">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1358229120927947|title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law|first=Marc|last=De Vos|date=March 1, 2020|journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law|volume=20|issue=1|pages=62–87|via=SAGE Journals|doi=10.1177/1358229120927947}}</ref> লিংগ সমতা হৈছে‍ লক্ষ্য, আনহাতে লিংগ নিৰপেক্ষতা আৰু লিংগ সমতা হৈছে এনে এক প্ৰথা আৰু চিন্তাধাৰা যিয়ে লক্ষ্যত উপনীত হোৱাত সহায় কৰে। কোনো এক পৰিস্থিতিত লিংগ ভাৰসাম্য জুখিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা লিংগ সমতাই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ লিংগ সমতা লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিব পাৰে যদিও ই নিজৰ মাজতে লক্ষ্য নহয়। লিংগ সমতা নাৰীৰ অধিকাৰৰ সৈতে শক্তিশালীভাৱে জড়িত, আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে নীতি পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। বিশ্বব্যাপী লিংগ সমতা লাভৰ বাবে মহিলা আৰু ছোৱালীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যৌন সৰবৰাহৰ, নাৰীহত্যা, যুদ্ধকালীন যৌন হিংসা, লিংগ মজুৰিৰ ব্যৱধান,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal|last1=Meriküll|first1=Jaanika|last2=Mõtsmees|first2=Pille|date=2017-09-04|title=Do you get what you ask? The gender gap in desired and realised wages|journal=International Journal of Manpower|volume=38|issue=6|pages=893–908|doi=10.1108/ijm-11-2015-0197|s2cid=155152121 |issn=0143-7720}}</ref> আৰু অন্যান্য অত্যাচাৰৰ কৌশলকে ধৰি ক্ষতিকাৰক প্ৰথাসমূহো নিৰ্মূল কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজন।ইউএনএফপিএই উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে "বহু আন্তৰ্জাতিক চুক্তিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ মানৱ অধিকাৰক দৃঢ়তাৰে স্বীকাৰ কৰাৰ পিছতো মহিলাসকল এতিয়াও পুৰুষতকৈ দৰিদ্ৰ আৰু নিৰক্ষৰ হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি। সম্পত্তিৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব, ঋণ, প্ৰশিক্ষণ, নিয়োগৰ সুবিধা তেওঁলোকৰ কম। এইটো আংশিকভাৱে নাৰীক পৰিয়ালৰ জীৱিকাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে সন্তান জন্ম দিয়া আৰু গৃহিণী বুলি লেবেল লগোৱাৰ প্ৰাচীন কু-সংস্কাৰৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fineman|first=Martha|date=2000|title=Cracking the Foundational Myths: Independence, Autonomy, and Self-Sufficiency|journal=[[Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law]]|volume=8|pages=13–29|via=HeinOnline}}</ref> তেওঁলোক ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে সক্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা পুৰুষতকৈ বহু কম আৰু ঘৰুৱা হিংসাৰ বলি হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি।"<ref name="unfpa.org1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|title=Gender equality|website=United Nations Population Fund|publisher=UNFPA|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520233303/https://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|archive-date=20 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== লিংগ সমতাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সমৰ্থক ক্ৰীষ্টিন ডি পিজানে ১৪০৫ চনত লিখা গ্ৰন্থ ''দ্য বুক অৱ দ্য চিটি অৱ লেডিজ''ত নাৰীৰ ওপৰত চলা অত্যাচাৰ অযুক্তিকৰ পক্ষপাতিত্বৰ ওপৰত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি সমাজত সম্ভৱতঃ নাৰীয়ে সৃষ্টি কৰা অসংখ্য অগ্ৰগতিৰ কথা আঙুলিয়াই দিছিল৷<ref>{{cite book|title=The Real Wealth of Nations: Creating a Caring Economics|url=https://archive.org/details/realwealthofnati0000eisl|url-access=registration|first=Riane|last=Eisler|author-link=Riane Eisler|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/realwealthofnati0000eisl/page/72 72]|publisher=Berrett-Koehler Publishers |isbn=978-1-57675-388-0}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=de Pizan|first=Christine|title=From The Book of the City of Ladies (1404)|work=Available Means|year=2001|pages=33–42|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt5hjqnj.11|isbn=978-0-8229-7975-3}}</ref> ===শ্বেকাৰছ=== লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ আৰু কঠোৰ বৈবাহিক জীৱনৰ অভ্যাস কৰা ইভানজেলিকেল গোট শ্বেকাৰসকল আছিল লিংগ সমতাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক অনুশীলনকাৰী। ১৭৭৪ চনত আমেৰিকালৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰাৰ আগতে ইংলেণ্ডৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলৰ এটা কোৱাকাৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে শাখা-প্ৰশাখা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== d5fq55b37sl65713wkgn1cz87ldjs08 518756 518753 2025-06-17T06:15:25Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* শ্বেকাৰছ */ 518756 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stamp of India - 2016 - Colnect 804389 - He for She.jpeg|alt=Two Indian stamps which combine to make a human face. Left stamp is of the left half of a man's face. Right stamp is of the right half of a woman's face.|thumb|দুটা ভাৰতীয় ডাকটিকট যি মিলি লিংগ সমতাক প্ৰতীকৃত কৰিছে‍]] '''লিংগ সমতা''' ({{lang-en|Gender equality}}) বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়।<ref name="UNICEF">{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|title=Promoting Gender Equality: An Equity-based Approach to Programming|first=Roger|date=2011|ওয়েবসাইট=Operational Guidance Overview in Brief|publisher=UNICEF|date=2011-01-28|last=LeMoyne|archive-date=২০১৭-১০-২০|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020152744/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref> ইউনিচেফে (ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা সংস্থা) লিংগ সমতাৰ সংজ্ঞা দি কৈছে,"মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষ, আৰু ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰাই একে অধিকাৰ, সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ বাবে ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰা, বা মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষক একে হোৱা বা তেওঁলোকৰ লগত হুবহু একে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নহয়।"<ref name="UNICEF"/> লিংগ সমতাই লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সমান সুযোগ বা আনুষ্ঠানিক সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে বা লিংগৰ বাবে সমান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব বা ফলাফলৰ সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে, যাক বস্তুনিষ্ঠ সমতা বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="EU">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1358229120927947|title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law|first=Marc|last=De Vos|date=March 1, 2020|journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law|volume=20|issue=1|pages=62–87|via=SAGE Journals|doi=10.1177/1358229120927947}}</ref> লিংগ সমতা হৈছে‍ লক্ষ্য, আনহাতে লিংগ নিৰপেক্ষতা আৰু লিংগ সমতা হৈছে এনে এক প্ৰথা আৰু চিন্তাধাৰা যিয়ে লক্ষ্যত উপনীত হোৱাত সহায় কৰে। কোনো এক পৰিস্থিতিত লিংগ ভাৰসাম্য জুখিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা লিংগ সমতাই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ লিংগ সমতা লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিব পাৰে যদিও ই নিজৰ মাজতে লক্ষ্য নহয়। লিংগ সমতা নাৰীৰ অধিকাৰৰ সৈতে শক্তিশালীভাৱে জড়িত, আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে নীতি পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। বিশ্বব্যাপী লিংগ সমতা লাভৰ বাবে মহিলা আৰু ছোৱালীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যৌন সৰবৰাহৰ, নাৰীহত্যা, যুদ্ধকালীন যৌন হিংসা, লিংগ মজুৰিৰ ব্যৱধান,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal|last1=Meriküll|first1=Jaanika|last2=Mõtsmees|first2=Pille|date=2017-09-04|title=Do you get what you ask? The gender gap in desired and realised wages|journal=International Journal of Manpower|volume=38|issue=6|pages=893–908|doi=10.1108/ijm-11-2015-0197|s2cid=155152121 |issn=0143-7720}}</ref> আৰু অন্যান্য অত্যাচাৰৰ কৌশলকে ধৰি ক্ষতিকাৰক প্ৰথাসমূহো নিৰ্মূল কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজন।ইউএনএফপিএই উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে "বহু আন্তৰ্জাতিক চুক্তিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ মানৱ অধিকাৰক দৃঢ়তাৰে স্বীকাৰ কৰাৰ পিছতো মহিলাসকল এতিয়াও পুৰুষতকৈ দৰিদ্ৰ আৰু নিৰক্ষৰ হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি। সম্পত্তিৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব, ঋণ, প্ৰশিক্ষণ, নিয়োগৰ সুবিধা তেওঁলোকৰ কম। এইটো আংশিকভাৱে নাৰীক পৰিয়ালৰ জীৱিকাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে সন্তান জন্ম দিয়া আৰু গৃহিণী বুলি লেবেল লগোৱাৰ প্ৰাচীন কু-সংস্কাৰৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fineman|first=Martha|date=2000|title=Cracking the Foundational Myths: Independence, Autonomy, and Self-Sufficiency|journal=[[Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law]]|volume=8|pages=13–29|via=HeinOnline}}</ref> তেওঁলোক ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে সক্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা পুৰুষতকৈ বহু কম আৰু ঘৰুৱা হিংসাৰ বলি হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি।"<ref name="unfpa.org1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|title=Gender equality|website=United Nations Population Fund|publisher=UNFPA|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520233303/https://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|archive-date=20 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== লিংগ সমতাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সমৰ্থক ক্ৰীষ্টিন ডি পিজানে ১৪০৫ চনত লিখা গ্ৰন্থ ''দ্য বুক অৱ দ্য চিটি অৱ লেডিজ''ত নাৰীৰ ওপৰত চলা অত্যাচাৰ অযুক্তিকৰ পক্ষপাতিত্বৰ ওপৰত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি সমাজত সম্ভৱতঃ নাৰীয়ে সৃষ্টি কৰা অসংখ্য অগ্ৰগতিৰ কথা আঙুলিয়াই দিছিল৷<ref>{{cite book|title=The Real Wealth of Nations: Creating a Caring Economics|url=https://archive.org/details/realwealthofnati0000eisl|url-access=registration|first=Riane|last=Eisler|author-link=Riane Eisler|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/realwealthofnati0000eisl/page/72 72]|publisher=Berrett-Koehler Publishers |isbn=978-1-57675-388-0}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=de Pizan|first=Christine|title=From The Book of the City of Ladies (1404)|work=Available Means|year=2001|pages=33–42|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt5hjqnj.11|isbn=978-0-8229-7975-3}}</ref> ===শ্বেকাৰছ=== লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ আৰু কঠোৰ বৈবাহিক জীৱনৰ অভ্যাস কৰা ইভানজেলিকেল গোট শ্বেকাৰসকল আছিল লিংগ সমতাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক অনুশীলনকাৰী। ১৭৭৪ চনত আমেৰিকালৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰাৰ আগতে ইংলেণ্ডৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলৰ এটা কোৱাকাৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে শাখা-প্ৰশাখা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। আমেৰিকাত ১৭৮৮ চনত শ্বেকাৰছৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ মুৰব্বী জোচেফ মিচামে লিংগ সমান হ’ব লাগে বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== hgvnwsz731j9nq4owfvkie00tmbt2lh 518757 518756 2025-06-17T06:16:10Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* শ্বেকাৰছ */ 518757 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stamp of India - 2016 - Colnect 804389 - He for She.jpeg|alt=Two Indian stamps which combine to make a human face. Left stamp is of the left half of a man's face. Right stamp is of the right half of a woman's face.|thumb|দুটা ভাৰতীয় ডাকটিকট যি মিলি লিংগ সমতাক প্ৰতীকৃত কৰিছে‍]] '''লিংগ সমতা''' ({{lang-en|Gender equality}}) বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়।<ref name="UNICEF">{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|title=Promoting Gender Equality: An Equity-based Approach to Programming|first=Roger|date=2011|ওয়েবসাইট=Operational Guidance Overview in Brief|publisher=UNICEF|date=2011-01-28|last=LeMoyne|archive-date=২০১৭-১০-২০|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020152744/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref> ইউনিচেফে (ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা সংস্থা) লিংগ সমতাৰ সংজ্ঞা দি কৈছে,"মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষ, আৰু ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰাই একে অধিকাৰ, সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ বাবে ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰা, বা মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষক একে হোৱা বা তেওঁলোকৰ লগত হুবহু একে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নহয়।"<ref name="UNICEF"/> লিংগ সমতাই লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সমান সুযোগ বা আনুষ্ঠানিক সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে বা লিংগৰ বাবে সমান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব বা ফলাফলৰ সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে, যাক বস্তুনিষ্ঠ সমতা বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="EU">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1358229120927947|title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law|first=Marc|last=De Vos|date=March 1, 2020|journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law|volume=20|issue=1|pages=62–87|via=SAGE Journals|doi=10.1177/1358229120927947}}</ref> লিংগ সমতা হৈছে‍ লক্ষ্য, আনহাতে লিংগ নিৰপেক্ষতা আৰু লিংগ সমতা হৈছে এনে এক প্ৰথা আৰু চিন্তাধাৰা যিয়ে লক্ষ্যত উপনীত হোৱাত সহায় কৰে। কোনো এক পৰিস্থিতিত লিংগ ভাৰসাম্য জুখিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা লিংগ সমতাই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ লিংগ সমতা লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিব পাৰে যদিও ই নিজৰ মাজতে লক্ষ্য নহয়। লিংগ সমতা নাৰীৰ অধিকাৰৰ সৈতে শক্তিশালীভাৱে জড়িত, আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে নীতি পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। বিশ্বব্যাপী লিংগ সমতা লাভৰ বাবে মহিলা আৰু ছোৱালীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যৌন সৰবৰাহৰ, নাৰীহত্যা, যুদ্ধকালীন যৌন হিংসা, লিংগ মজুৰিৰ ব্যৱধান,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal|last1=Meriküll|first1=Jaanika|last2=Mõtsmees|first2=Pille|date=2017-09-04|title=Do you get what you ask? The gender gap in desired and realised wages|journal=International Journal of Manpower|volume=38|issue=6|pages=893–908|doi=10.1108/ijm-11-2015-0197|s2cid=155152121 |issn=0143-7720}}</ref> আৰু অন্যান্য অত্যাচাৰৰ কৌশলকে ধৰি ক্ষতিকাৰক প্ৰথাসমূহো নিৰ্মূল কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজন।ইউএনএফপিএই উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে "বহু আন্তৰ্জাতিক চুক্তিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ মানৱ অধিকাৰক দৃঢ়তাৰে স্বীকাৰ কৰাৰ পিছতো মহিলাসকল এতিয়াও পুৰুষতকৈ দৰিদ্ৰ আৰু নিৰক্ষৰ হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি। সম্পত্তিৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব, ঋণ, প্ৰশিক্ষণ, নিয়োগৰ সুবিধা তেওঁলোকৰ কম। এইটো আংশিকভাৱে নাৰীক পৰিয়ালৰ জীৱিকাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে সন্তান জন্ম দিয়া আৰু গৃহিণী বুলি লেবেল লগোৱাৰ প্ৰাচীন কু-সংস্কাৰৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fineman|first=Martha|date=2000|title=Cracking the Foundational Myths: Independence, Autonomy, and Self-Sufficiency|journal=[[Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law]]|volume=8|pages=13–29|via=HeinOnline}}</ref> তেওঁলোক ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে সক্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা পুৰুষতকৈ বহু কম আৰু ঘৰুৱা হিংসাৰ বলি হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি।"<ref name="unfpa.org1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|title=Gender equality|website=United Nations Population Fund|publisher=UNFPA|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520233303/https://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|archive-date=20 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== লিংগ সমতাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সমৰ্থক ক্ৰীষ্টিন ডি পিজানে ১৪০৫ চনত লিখা গ্ৰন্থ ''দ্য বুক অৱ দ্য চিটি অৱ লেডিজ''ত নাৰীৰ ওপৰত চলা অত্যাচাৰ অযুক্তিকৰ পক্ষপাতিত্বৰ ওপৰত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি সমাজত সম্ভৱতঃ নাৰীয়ে সৃষ্টি কৰা অসংখ্য অগ্ৰগতিৰ কথা আঙুলিয়াই দিছিল৷<ref>{{cite book|title=The Real Wealth of Nations: Creating a Caring Economics|url=https://archive.org/details/realwealthofnati0000eisl|url-access=registration|first=Riane|last=Eisler|author-link=Riane Eisler|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/realwealthofnati0000eisl/page/72 72]|publisher=Berrett-Koehler Publishers |isbn=978-1-57675-388-0}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=de Pizan|first=Christine|title=From The Book of the City of Ladies (1404)|work=Available Means|year=2001|pages=33–42|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt5hjqnj.11|isbn=978-0-8229-7975-3}}</ref> ===শ্বেকাৰছ=== লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ আৰু কঠোৰ বৈবাহিক জীৱনৰ অভ্যাস কৰা ইভানজেলিকেল গোট শ্বেকাৰসকল আছিল লিংগ সমতাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক অনুশীলনকাৰী। ১৭৭৪ চনত আমেৰিকালৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰাৰ আগতে ইংলেণ্ডৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলৰ এটা কোৱাকাৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে শাখা-প্ৰশাখা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। আমেৰিকাত ১৭৮৮ চনত শ্বেকাৰছৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ মুৰব্বী জোচেফ মিচামে লিংগ সমান হ’ব লাগে বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ লুচি ৰাইটক নিজৰ মহিলা সমকক্ষ হিচাপে মন্ত্ৰালয়লৈ আনিছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকে মিলি লিংগৰ অধিকাৰৰ মাজত ভাৰসাম্য ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ সমাজখনক পুনৰ্গঠন কৰিছিল। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== m0jjgz8hd185j1mx22xazu7a8bnfvi7 518760 518757 2025-06-17T06:18:00Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* শ্বেকাৰছ */ 518760 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stamp of India - 2016 - Colnect 804389 - He for She.jpeg|alt=Two Indian stamps which combine to make a human face. Left stamp is of the left half of a man's face. Right stamp is of the right half of a woman's face.|thumb|দুটা ভাৰতীয় ডাকটিকট যি মিলি লিংগ সমতাক প্ৰতীকৃত কৰিছে‍]] '''লিংগ সমতা''' ({{lang-en|Gender equality}}) বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়।<ref name="UNICEF">{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|title=Promoting Gender Equality: An Equity-based Approach to Programming|first=Roger|date=2011|ওয়েবসাইট=Operational Guidance Overview in Brief|publisher=UNICEF|date=2011-01-28|last=LeMoyne|archive-date=২০১৭-১০-২০|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020152744/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref> ইউনিচেফে (ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা সংস্থা) লিংগ সমতাৰ সংজ্ঞা দি কৈছে,"মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষ, আৰু ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰাই একে অধিকাৰ, সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ বাবে ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰা, বা মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষক একে হোৱা বা তেওঁলোকৰ লগত হুবহু একে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নহয়।"<ref name="UNICEF"/> লিংগ সমতাই লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সমান সুযোগ বা আনুষ্ঠানিক সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে বা লিংগৰ বাবে সমান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব বা ফলাফলৰ সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে, যাক বস্তুনিষ্ঠ সমতা বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="EU">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1358229120927947|title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law|first=Marc|last=De Vos|date=March 1, 2020|journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law|volume=20|issue=1|pages=62–87|via=SAGE Journals|doi=10.1177/1358229120927947}}</ref> লিংগ সমতা হৈছে‍ লক্ষ্য, আনহাতে লিংগ নিৰপেক্ষতা আৰু লিংগ সমতা হৈছে এনে এক প্ৰথা আৰু চিন্তাধাৰা যিয়ে লক্ষ্যত উপনীত হোৱাত সহায় কৰে। কোনো এক পৰিস্থিতিত লিংগ ভাৰসাম্য জুখিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা লিংগ সমতাই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ লিংগ সমতা লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিব পাৰে যদিও ই নিজৰ মাজতে লক্ষ্য নহয়। লিংগ সমতা নাৰীৰ অধিকাৰৰ সৈতে শক্তিশালীভাৱে জড়িত, আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে নীতি পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। বিশ্বব্যাপী লিংগ সমতা লাভৰ বাবে মহিলা আৰু ছোৱালীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যৌন সৰবৰাহৰ, নাৰীহত্যা, যুদ্ধকালীন যৌন হিংসা, লিংগ মজুৰিৰ ব্যৱধান,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal|last1=Meriküll|first1=Jaanika|last2=Mõtsmees|first2=Pille|date=2017-09-04|title=Do you get what you ask? The gender gap in desired and realised wages|journal=International Journal of Manpower|volume=38|issue=6|pages=893–908|doi=10.1108/ijm-11-2015-0197|s2cid=155152121 |issn=0143-7720}}</ref> আৰু অন্যান্য অত্যাচাৰৰ কৌশলকে ধৰি ক্ষতিকাৰক প্ৰথাসমূহো নিৰ্মূল কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজন।ইউএনএফপিএই উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে "বহু আন্তৰ্জাতিক চুক্তিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ মানৱ অধিকাৰক দৃঢ়তাৰে স্বীকাৰ কৰাৰ পিছতো মহিলাসকল এতিয়াও পুৰুষতকৈ দৰিদ্ৰ আৰু নিৰক্ষৰ হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি। সম্পত্তিৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব, ঋণ, প্ৰশিক্ষণ, নিয়োগৰ সুবিধা তেওঁলোকৰ কম। এইটো আংশিকভাৱে নাৰীক পৰিয়ালৰ জীৱিকাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে সন্তান জন্ম দিয়া আৰু গৃহিণী বুলি লেবেল লগোৱাৰ প্ৰাচীন কু-সংস্কাৰৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fineman|first=Martha|date=2000|title=Cracking the Foundational Myths: Independence, Autonomy, and Self-Sufficiency|journal=[[Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law]]|volume=8|pages=13–29|via=HeinOnline}}</ref> তেওঁলোক ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে সক্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা পুৰুষতকৈ বহু কম আৰু ঘৰুৱা হিংসাৰ বলি হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি।"<ref name="unfpa.org1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|title=Gender equality|website=United Nations Population Fund|publisher=UNFPA|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520233303/https://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|archive-date=20 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== লিংগ সমতাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সমৰ্থক ক্ৰীষ্টিন ডি পিজানে ১৪০৫ চনত লিখা গ্ৰন্থ ''দ্য বুক অৱ দ্য চিটি অৱ লেডিজ''ত নাৰীৰ ওপৰত চলা অত্যাচাৰ অযুক্তিকৰ পক্ষপাতিত্বৰ ওপৰত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি সমাজত সম্ভৱতঃ নাৰীয়ে সৃষ্টি কৰা অসংখ্য অগ্ৰগতিৰ কথা আঙুলিয়াই দিছিল৷<ref>{{cite book|title=The Real Wealth of Nations: Creating a Caring Economics|url=https://archive.org/details/realwealthofnati0000eisl|url-access=registration|first=Riane|last=Eisler|author-link=Riane Eisler|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/realwealthofnati0000eisl/page/72 72]|publisher=Berrett-Koehler Publishers |isbn=978-1-57675-388-0}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=de Pizan|first=Christine|title=From The Book of the City of Ladies (1404)|work=Available Means|year=2001|pages=33–42|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt5hjqnj.11|isbn=978-0-8229-7975-3}}</ref> ===শ্বেকাৰছ=== লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ আৰু কঠোৰ বৈবাহিক জীৱনৰ অভ্যাস কৰা ইভানজেলিকেল গোট শ্বেকাৰসকল আছিল লিংগ সমতাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক অনুশীলনকাৰী। ১৭৭৪ চনত আমেৰিকালৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰাৰ আগতে ইংলেণ্ডৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলৰ এটা কোৱাকাৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে শাখা-প্ৰশাখা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। আমেৰিকাত ১৭৮৮ চনত শ্বেকাৰছৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ মুৰব্বী জোচেফ মিচামে লিংগ সমান হ’ব লাগে বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ লুচি ৰাইটক নিজৰ মহিলা সমকক্ষ হিচাপে মন্ত্ৰালয়লৈ আনিছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকে মিলি লিংগৰ অধিকাৰৰ মাজত ভাৰসাম্য ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ সমাজখনক পুনৰ্গঠন কৰিছিল। মিচাম আৰু ৰাইটে নেতৃত্বৰ দল স্থাপন কৰিছিল য'ত পুৰুষৰ আধ্যাত্মিক কল্যাণৰ সৈতে জড়িত প্ৰতিজন জ্য‍েষ্ঠই এজন এলড্ৰেছৰ সৈতে অংশীদাৰিত্ব কৰিছিল, যিয়ে মহিলাসকলৰ বাবেও একে কাম কৰিছিল। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== nsxgrow0l6nluwtsyv4omjz6ok6j88s 518761 518760 2025-06-17T06:22:47Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* শ্বেকাৰছ */ 518761 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stamp of India - 2016 - Colnect 804389 - He for She.jpeg|alt=Two Indian stamps which combine to make a human face. Left stamp is of the left half of a man's face. Right stamp is of the right half of a woman's face.|thumb|দুটা ভাৰতীয় ডাকটিকট যি মিলি লিংগ সমতাক প্ৰতীকৃত কৰিছে‍]] '''লিংগ সমতা''' ({{lang-en|Gender equality}}) বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়।<ref name="UNICEF">{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|title=Promoting Gender Equality: An Equity-based Approach to Programming|first=Roger|date=2011|ওয়েবসাইট=Operational Guidance Overview in Brief|publisher=UNICEF|date=2011-01-28|last=LeMoyne|archive-date=২০১৭-১০-২০|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020152744/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref> ইউনিচেফে (ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা সংস্থা) লিংগ সমতাৰ সংজ্ঞা দি কৈছে,"মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষ, আৰু ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰাই একে অধিকাৰ, সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ বাবে ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰা, বা মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষক একে হোৱা বা তেওঁলোকৰ লগত হুবহু একে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নহয়।"<ref name="UNICEF"/> লিংগ সমতাই লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সমান সুযোগ বা আনুষ্ঠানিক সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে বা লিংগৰ বাবে সমান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব বা ফলাফলৰ সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে, যাক বস্তুনিষ্ঠ সমতা বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="EU">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1358229120927947|title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law|first=Marc|last=De Vos|date=March 1, 2020|journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law|volume=20|issue=1|pages=62–87|via=SAGE Journals|doi=10.1177/1358229120927947}}</ref> লিংগ সমতা হৈছে‍ লক্ষ্য, আনহাতে লিংগ নিৰপেক্ষতা আৰু লিংগ সমতা হৈছে এনে এক প্ৰথা আৰু চিন্তাধাৰা যিয়ে লক্ষ্যত উপনীত হোৱাত সহায় কৰে। কোনো এক পৰিস্থিতিত লিংগ ভাৰসাম্য জুখিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা লিংগ সমতাই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ লিংগ সমতা লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিব পাৰে যদিও ই নিজৰ মাজতে লক্ষ্য নহয়। লিংগ সমতা নাৰীৰ অধিকাৰৰ সৈতে শক্তিশালীভাৱে জড়িত, আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে নীতি পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। বিশ্বব্যাপী লিংগ সমতা লাভৰ বাবে মহিলা আৰু ছোৱালীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যৌন সৰবৰাহৰ, নাৰীহত্যা, যুদ্ধকালীন যৌন হিংসা, লিংগ মজুৰিৰ ব্যৱধান,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal|last1=Meriküll|first1=Jaanika|last2=Mõtsmees|first2=Pille|date=2017-09-04|title=Do you get what you ask? The gender gap in desired and realised wages|journal=International Journal of Manpower|volume=38|issue=6|pages=893–908|doi=10.1108/ijm-11-2015-0197|s2cid=155152121 |issn=0143-7720}}</ref> আৰু অন্যান্য অত্যাচাৰৰ কৌশলকে ধৰি ক্ষতিকাৰক প্ৰথাসমূহো নিৰ্মূল কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজন।ইউএনএফপিএই উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে "বহু আন্তৰ্জাতিক চুক্তিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ মানৱ অধিকাৰক দৃঢ়তাৰে স্বীকাৰ কৰাৰ পিছতো মহিলাসকল এতিয়াও পুৰুষতকৈ দৰিদ্ৰ আৰু নিৰক্ষৰ হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি। সম্পত্তিৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব, ঋণ, প্ৰশিক্ষণ, নিয়োগৰ সুবিধা তেওঁলোকৰ কম। এইটো আংশিকভাৱে নাৰীক পৰিয়ালৰ জীৱিকাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে সন্তান জন্ম দিয়া আৰু গৃহিণী বুলি লেবেল লগোৱাৰ প্ৰাচীন কু-সংস্কাৰৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fineman|first=Martha|date=2000|title=Cracking the Foundational Myths: Independence, Autonomy, and Self-Sufficiency|journal=[[Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law]]|volume=8|pages=13–29|via=HeinOnline}}</ref> তেওঁলোক ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে সক্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা পুৰুষতকৈ বহু কম আৰু ঘৰুৱা হিংসাৰ বলি হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি।"<ref name="unfpa.org1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|title=Gender equality|website=United Nations Population Fund|publisher=UNFPA|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520233303/https://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|archive-date=20 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== লিংগ সমতাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সমৰ্থক ক্ৰীষ্টিন ডি পিজানে ১৪০৫ চনত লিখা গ্ৰন্থ ''দ্য বুক অৱ দ্য চিটি অৱ লেডিজ''ত নাৰীৰ ওপৰত চলা অত্যাচাৰ অযুক্তিকৰ পক্ষপাতিত্বৰ ওপৰত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি সমাজত সম্ভৱতঃ নাৰীয়ে সৃষ্টি কৰা অসংখ্য অগ্ৰগতিৰ কথা আঙুলিয়াই দিছিল৷<ref>{{cite book|title=The Real Wealth of Nations: Creating a Caring Economics|url=https://archive.org/details/realwealthofnati0000eisl|url-access=registration|first=Riane|last=Eisler|author-link=Riane Eisler|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/realwealthofnati0000eisl/page/72 72]|publisher=Berrett-Koehler Publishers |isbn=978-1-57675-388-0}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=de Pizan|first=Christine|title=From The Book of the City of Ladies (1404)|work=Available Means|year=2001|pages=33–42|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt5hjqnj.11|isbn=978-0-8229-7975-3}}</ref> ===শ্বেকাৰছ=== লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ আৰু কঠোৰ বৈবাহিক জীৱনৰ অভ্যাস কৰা ইভানজেলিকেল গোট শ্বেকাৰসকল আছিল লিংগ সমতাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক অনুশীলনকাৰী। ১৭৭৪ চনত আমেৰিকালৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰাৰ আগতে ইংলেণ্ডৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলৰ এটা কোৱাকাৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে শাখা-প্ৰশাখা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। আমেৰিকাত ১৭৮৮ চনত শ্বেকাৰছৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ মুৰব্বী জোচেফ মিচামে লিংগ সমান হ’ব লাগে বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ লুচি ৰাইটক নিজৰ মহিলা সমকক্ষ হিচাপে মন্ত্ৰালয়লৈ আনিছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকে মিলি লিংগৰ অধিকাৰৰ মাজত ভাৰসাম্য ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ সমাজখনক পুনৰ্গঠন কৰিছিল। মিচাম আৰু ৰাইটে নেতৃত্বৰ দল স্থাপন কৰিছিল য'ত পুৰুষৰ আধ্যাত্মিক কল্যাণৰ সৈতে জড়িত প্ৰতিজন জ্য‍েষ্ঠই এজন এলড্ৰেছৰ সৈতে অংশীদাৰিত্ব কৰিছিল, যিয়ে মহিলাসকলৰ বাবেও একে কাম কৰিছিল। প্ৰতিজন ডিকনক এগৰাকী ডিকনেছৰ সৈতে অংশীদাৰিত্ব কৰা হৈছিল। পুৰুষৰ ওপৰত পুৰুষ তদাৰকী আছিল; মহিলাসকলৰ মহিলাৰ তদাৰকী আছিল। মহিলাসকল নাৰীৰ লগত বাস কৰিছিল; পুৰুষ পুৰুষৰ লগত বাস কৰিছিল। শ্বেকাৰ সমাজত এগৰাকী নাৰীক কোনো পুৰুষৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ বা মালিকানাধীন হ’ব নালাগিছিল। ১৭৯৬ চনত মিচামৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত ১৮২১ চনত মৃত্যুৰ আগলৈকে ৰাইট শ্বেকাৰ মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ মুৰব্বী আছিল৷ ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== bpbqbsvpv71iz4a5vxrk0dz5h202070 518762 518761 2025-06-17T06:23:35Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 added [[Category:লিংগভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 518762 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stamp of India - 2016 - Colnect 804389 - He for She.jpeg|alt=Two Indian stamps which combine to make a human face. Left stamp is of the left half of a man's face. Right stamp is of the right half of a woman's face.|thumb|দুটা ভাৰতীয় ডাকটিকট যি মিলি লিংগ সমতাক প্ৰতীকৃত কৰিছে‍]] '''লিংগ সমতা''' ({{lang-en|Gender equality}}) বুলিলে‍ কোনো এজন ব্যক্তিয়ে‍ লিংগ (নাবালক ল’ৰা বা ছোৱালী আৰু সাবালক পুৰুষ বা মহিলা) নিৰ্বিশেষে জীৱনৰ সকলো ক্ষেত্ৰতে‍ সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰা, অৰ্থনৈতিক কাম-কাজত অংশগ্ৰহণ আৰু সিদ্ধান্ত গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰ সম অধিকাৰক বুজায়।<ref name="UNICEF">{{ওয়েব উদ্ধৃতি|url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|title=Promoting Gender Equality: An Equity-based Approach to Programming|first=Roger|date=2011|ওয়েবসাইট=Operational Guidance Overview in Brief|publisher=UNICEF|date=2011-01-28|last=LeMoyne|archive-date=২০১৭-১০-২০|আৰ্কাইভেৰ-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020152744/https://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Overarching_2Pager_Web.pdf|url-অবস্থা=অকাৰ্যকৰ}}</ref> ইউনিচেফে (ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা সংস্থা) লিংগ সমতাৰ সংজ্ঞা দি কৈছে,"মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষ, আৰু ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰাই একে অধিকাৰ, সম্পদ, সুযোগ আৰু সুৰক্ষা লাভ কৰে। ইয়াৰ বাবে ছোৱালী আৰু ল'ৰা, বা মহিলা আৰু পুৰুষক একে হোৱা বা তেওঁলোকৰ লগত হুবহু একে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজনীয় নহয়।"<ref name="UNICEF"/> লিংগ সমতাই লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি সমান সুযোগ বা আনুষ্ঠানিক সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে বা লিংগৰ বাবে সমান প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব বা ফলাফলৰ সমতাক বুজাব পাৰে, যাক বস্তুনিষ্ঠ সমতা বুলিও কোৱা হয়।<ref name="EU">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1358229120927947|title=The European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law|first=Marc|last=De Vos|date=March 1, 2020|journal=International Journal of Discrimination and the Law|volume=20|issue=1|pages=62–87|via=SAGE Journals|doi=10.1177/1358229120927947}}</ref> লিংগ সমতা হৈছে‍ লক্ষ্য, আনহাতে লিংগ নিৰপেক্ষতা আৰু লিংগ সমতা হৈছে এনে এক প্ৰথা আৰু চিন্তাধাৰা যিয়ে লক্ষ্যত উপনীত হোৱাত সহায় কৰে। কোনো এক পৰিস্থিতিত লিংগ ভাৰসাম্য জুখিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা লিংগ সমতাই গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ লিংগ সমতা লাভ কৰাত সহায় কৰিব পাৰে যদিও ই নিজৰ মাজতে লক্ষ্য নহয়। লিংগ সমতা নাৰীৰ অধিকাৰৰ সৈতে শক্তিশালীভাৱে জড়িত, আৰু ইয়াৰ বাবে প্ৰায়ে নীতি পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। বিশ্বব্যাপী লিংগ সমতা লাভৰ বাবে মহিলা আৰু ছোৱালীৰ বিৰুদ্ধে যৌন সৰবৰাহৰ, নাৰীহত্যা, যুদ্ধকালীন যৌন হিংসা, লিংগ মজুৰিৰ ব্যৱধান,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal|last1=Meriküll|first1=Jaanika|last2=Mõtsmees|first2=Pille|date=2017-09-04|title=Do you get what you ask? The gender gap in desired and realised wages|journal=International Journal of Manpower|volume=38|issue=6|pages=893–908|doi=10.1108/ijm-11-2015-0197|s2cid=155152121 |issn=0143-7720}}</ref> আৰু অন্যান্য অত্যাচাৰৰ কৌশলকে ধৰি ক্ষতিকাৰক প্ৰথাসমূহো নিৰ্মূল কৰাটো প্ৰয়োজন।ইউএনএফপিএই উল্লেখ কৰিছে যে "বহু আন্তৰ্জাতিক চুক্তিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ মানৱ অধিকাৰক দৃঢ়তাৰে স্বীকাৰ কৰাৰ পিছতো মহিলাসকল এতিয়াও পুৰুষতকৈ দৰিদ্ৰ আৰু নিৰক্ষৰ হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি। সম্পত্তিৰ মালিকীস্বত্ব, ঋণ, প্ৰশিক্ষণ, নিয়োগৰ সুবিধা তেওঁলোকৰ কম। এইটো আংশিকভাৱে নাৰীক পৰিয়ালৰ জীৱিকাৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে সন্তান জন্ম দিয়া আৰু গৃহিণী বুলি লেবেল লগোৱাৰ প্ৰাচীন কু-সংস্কাৰৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fineman|first=Martha|date=2000|title=Cracking the Foundational Myths: Independence, Autonomy, and Self-Sufficiency|journal=[[Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law]]|volume=8|pages=13–29|via=HeinOnline}}</ref> তেওঁলোক ৰাজনৈতিকভাৱে সক্ৰিয় হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা পুৰুষতকৈ বহু কম আৰু ঘৰুৱা হিংসাৰ বলি হোৱাৰ সম্ভাৱনা বহু বেছি।"<ref name="unfpa.org1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|title=Gender equality|website=United Nations Population Fund|publisher=UNFPA|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520233303/https://www.unfpa.org/gender-equality|archive-date=20 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ইতিহাস== লিংগ সমতাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক সমৰ্থক ক্ৰীষ্টিন ডি পিজানে ১৪০৫ চনত লিখা গ্ৰন্থ ''দ্য বুক অৱ দ্য চিটি অৱ লেডিজ''ত নাৰীৰ ওপৰত চলা অত্যাচাৰ অযুক্তিকৰ পক্ষপাতিত্বৰ ওপৰত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত বুলি উল্লেখ কৰি সমাজত সম্ভৱতঃ নাৰীয়ে সৃষ্টি কৰা অসংখ্য অগ্ৰগতিৰ কথা আঙুলিয়াই দিছিল৷<ref>{{cite book|title=The Real Wealth of Nations: Creating a Caring Economics|url=https://archive.org/details/realwealthofnati0000eisl|url-access=registration|first=Riane|last=Eisler|author-link=Riane Eisler|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/realwealthofnati0000eisl/page/72 72]|publisher=Berrett-Koehler Publishers |isbn=978-1-57675-388-0}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=de Pizan|first=Christine|title=From The Book of the City of Ladies (1404)|work=Available Means|year=2001|pages=33–42|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt5hjqnj.11|isbn=978-0-8229-7975-3}}</ref> ===শ্বেকাৰছ=== লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ আৰু কঠোৰ বৈবাহিক জীৱনৰ অভ্যাস কৰা ইভানজেলিকেল গোট শ্বেকাৰসকল আছিল লিংগ সমতাৰ প্ৰাৰম্ভিক অনুশীলনকাৰী। ১৭৭৪ চনত আমেৰিকালৈ প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰাৰ আগতে ইংলেণ্ডৰ উত্তৰ-পশ্চিম অঞ্চলৰ এটা কোৱাকাৰ সম্প্ৰদায়ৰ পৰা তেওঁলোকে শাখা-প্ৰশাখা আৰম্ভ কৰিছিল। আমেৰিকাত ১৭৮৮ চনত শ্বেকাৰছৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ মুৰব্বী জোচেফ মিচামে লিংগ সমান হ’ব লাগে বুলি মত প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল। তাৰ পিছত তেওঁ লুচি ৰাইটক নিজৰ মহিলা সমকক্ষ হিচাপে মন্ত্ৰালয়লৈ আনিছিল আৰু তেওঁলোকে মিলি লিংগৰ অধিকাৰৰ মাজত ভাৰসাম্য ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ সমাজখনক পুনৰ্গঠন কৰিছিল। মিচাম আৰু ৰাইটে নেতৃত্বৰ দল স্থাপন কৰিছিল য'ত পুৰুষৰ আধ্যাত্মিক কল্যাণৰ সৈতে জড়িত প্ৰতিজন জ্য‍েষ্ঠই এজন এলড্ৰেছৰ সৈতে অংশীদাৰিত্ব কৰিছিল, যিয়ে মহিলাসকলৰ বাবেও একে কাম কৰিছিল। প্ৰতিজন ডিকনক এগৰাকী ডিকনেছৰ সৈতে অংশীদাৰিত্ব কৰা হৈছিল। পুৰুষৰ ওপৰত পুৰুষ তদাৰকী আছিল; মহিলাসকলৰ মহিলাৰ তদাৰকী আছিল। মহিলাসকল নাৰীৰ লগত বাস কৰিছিল; পুৰুষ পুৰুষৰ লগত বাস কৰিছিল। শ্বেকাৰ সমাজত এগৰাকী নাৰীক কোনো পুৰুষৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ বা মালিকানাধীন হ’ব নালাগিছিল। ১৭৯৬ চনত মিচামৰ মৃত্যুৰ পাছত ১৮২১ চনত মৃত্যুৰ আগলৈকে ৰাইট শ্বেকাৰ মন্ত্ৰালয়ৰ মুৰব্বী আছিল৷ ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:লিংগভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন]] 2fdql5n5oznu0r9fiq773qlpnzt2xqs 0 122872 518729 2025-06-17T05:35:43Z -chanakyakdas 23408 [[ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ]]-লৈ পুনৰ্নিৰ্দেশ কৰা হ'ল 518729 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ]] tavcgwgaoth97nkw347utc83tfhhswi 0 122873 518731 2025-06-17T05:37:27Z -chanakyakdas 23408 [[ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ]]-লৈ পুনৰ্নিৰ্দেশ কৰা হ'ল 518731 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ভাৰত বতৰ বিজ্ঞান বিভাগ]] tavcgwgaoth97nkw347utc83tfhhswi 0 122874 518738 2025-06-17T05:54:26Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox organization | name = World Meteorological Organization | image = World Meteorological Organization Logo.svg | image_size = 250px | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialized agency]] | abbreviation = WMO | leader_title = Head | leader_name = '''President''' <br /> [[Abdulla Al Mandous]], UAE<br /> <small>(since... 518738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = World Meteorological Organization | image = World Meteorological Organization Logo.svg | image_size = 250px | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialized agency]] | abbreviation = WMO | leader_title = Head | leader_name = '''President''' <br /> [[Abdulla Al Mandous]], UAE<br /> <small>(since 2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting | title=Executive Council opens with new office holders |work=public.wmo.int | date=5 June 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> </small> <br /> '''Secretary-General'''<br /> [[Celeste Saulo]], Argentina<br /><small>since 2024</small> | status = Active | formation = {{start date and age|1950|3|23|df=yes}} | headquarters = Geneva, Switzerland | website = {{URL|https://public.wmo.int/en|wmo.int}} | parent_organization = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] | subsidiaries = | footnotes = {{portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}} }} The '''World Meteorological Organization''' ('''WMO''') is a [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialized agency]] of the [[United Nations]] responsible for promoting international cooperation on [[atmospheric science]], [[climatology]], [[hydrology]] and [[geophysics]].<ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100031338 |url-access= |title=World Meteorological Organization (WMO) |author1=Staff writer |year=2024 |department=UIA Global Civil Society Database |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online |location=Brussels, Belgium |access-date=24 December 2024 |url-status= |trans-quote= }}</ref><ref name="WMO history">{{cite web|date=2 February 2016|title=History of WMO|url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207215446/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2023|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> The WMO originated from the [[International Meteorological Organization]] (IMO), a [[nongovernmental organization]] founded in 1873 as a forum for exchanging weather data and research.<ref name="who WMO">{{cite web|date=2 December 2015|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> Proposals to reform the status and structure of the IMO culminated in the World Meteorological Convention of 1947, which formally established the World Meteorological Organization.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10076 |access-date=2023-09-23|title=Basic Documents|website=library.wmo.int }}</ref> The Convention entered into force on 23 March 1950, and the following year the WMO began operations as an [[intergovernmental organization]] within the [[UN system]]. The WMO is made up of 193 countries and territories, and facilitates the "free and unrestricted" exchange of data, information, and research between the respective meteorological and hydrological institutions of its members.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-02|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=2020-08-27|website=World Meteorological Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221739/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2023 |title=The WMO Building / Conference Centre|date=12 January 2016 |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=public.wmo.int}}</ref> It also collaborates with nongovernmental partners and other international organizations on matters related to [[environmental protection]], [[climate change]], resource management, and [[economic development|socioeconomic development]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-20 |title=What we do |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161055/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=2020-08-27 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the WMO is governed by the World Meteorological Congress, composed of member states, which meets every four years to set policies and priorities. The Congress is led by an Executive Council led by the President, currently Abdulla Al Mandous of UAE.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting. |title=President |last=Al Mandous |first=Abdulla |date=2023 |website=WMO |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> dc102y0a1ghew2vaajm6v1k1hveo71j 518739 518738 2025-06-17T05:55:40Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 +[[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]]; +[[শ্ৰেণী:প্ৰকৃতি]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 518739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = World Meteorological Organization | image = World Meteorological Organization Logo.svg | image_size = 250px | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialized agency]] | abbreviation = WMO | leader_title = Head | leader_name = '''President''' <br /> [[Abdulla Al Mandous]], UAE<br /> <small>(since 2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting | title=Executive Council opens with new office holders |work=public.wmo.int | date=5 June 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> </small> <br /> '''Secretary-General'''<br /> [[Celeste Saulo]], Argentina<br /><small>since 2024</small> | status = Active | formation = {{start date and age|1950|3|23|df=yes}} | headquarters = Geneva, Switzerland | website = {{URL|https://public.wmo.int/en|wmo.int}} | parent_organization = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] | subsidiaries = | footnotes = {{portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}} }} The '''World Meteorological Organization''' ('''WMO''') is a [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialized agency]] of the [[United Nations]] responsible for promoting international cooperation on [[atmospheric science]], [[climatology]], [[hydrology]] and [[geophysics]].<ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100031338 |url-access= |title=World Meteorological Organization (WMO) |author1=Staff writer |year=2024 |department=UIA Global Civil Society Database |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online |location=Brussels, Belgium |access-date=24 December 2024 |url-status= |trans-quote= }}</ref><ref name="WMO history">{{cite web|date=2 February 2016|title=History of WMO|url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207215446/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2023|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> The WMO originated from the [[International Meteorological Organization]] (IMO), a [[nongovernmental organization]] founded in 1873 as a forum for exchanging weather data and research.<ref name="who WMO">{{cite web|date=2 December 2015|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> Proposals to reform the status and structure of the IMO culminated in the World Meteorological Convention of 1947, which formally established the World Meteorological Organization.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10076 |access-date=2023-09-23|title=Basic Documents|website=library.wmo.int }}</ref> The Convention entered into force on 23 March 1950, and the following year the WMO began operations as an [[intergovernmental organization]] within the [[UN system]]. The WMO is made up of 193 countries and territories, and facilitates the "free and unrestricted" exchange of data, information, and research between the respective meteorological and hydrological institutions of its members.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-02|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=2020-08-27|website=World Meteorological Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221739/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2023 |title=The WMO Building / Conference Centre|date=12 January 2016 |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=public.wmo.int}}</ref> It also collaborates with nongovernmental partners and other international organizations on matters related to [[environmental protection]], [[climate change]], resource management, and [[economic development|socioeconomic development]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-20 |title=What we do |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161055/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=2020-08-27 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the WMO is governed by the World Meteorological Congress, composed of member states, which meets every four years to set policies and priorities. The Congress is led by an Executive Council led by the President, currently Abdulla Al Mandous of UAE.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting. |title=President |last=Al Mandous |first=Abdulla |date=2023 |website=WMO |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:প্ৰকৃতি]] acx0p43y206etjzitcjb1b0ee4hridj 518740 518739 2025-06-17T05:55:56Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 added [[Category:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 518740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = World Meteorological Organization | image = World Meteorological Organization Logo.svg | image_size = 250px | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialized agency]] | abbreviation = WMO | leader_title = Head | leader_name = '''President''' <br /> [[Abdulla Al Mandous]], UAE<br /> <small>(since 2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting | title=Executive Council opens with new office holders |work=public.wmo.int | date=5 June 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> </small> <br /> '''Secretary-General'''<br /> [[Celeste Saulo]], Argentina<br /><small>since 2024</small> | status = Active | formation = {{start date and age|1950|3|23|df=yes}} | headquarters = Geneva, Switzerland | website = {{URL|https://public.wmo.int/en|wmo.int}} | parent_organization = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] | subsidiaries = | footnotes = {{portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}} }} The '''World Meteorological Organization''' ('''WMO''') is a [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialized agency]] of the [[United Nations]] responsible for promoting international cooperation on [[atmospheric science]], [[climatology]], [[hydrology]] and [[geophysics]].<ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100031338 |url-access= |title=World Meteorological Organization (WMO) |author1=Staff writer |year=2024 |department=UIA Global Civil Society Database |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online |location=Brussels, Belgium |access-date=24 December 2024 |url-status= |trans-quote= }}</ref><ref name="WMO history">{{cite web|date=2 February 2016|title=History of WMO|url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207215446/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2023|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> The WMO originated from the [[International Meteorological Organization]] (IMO), a [[nongovernmental organization]] founded in 1873 as a forum for exchanging weather data and research.<ref name="who WMO">{{cite web|date=2 December 2015|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> Proposals to reform the status and structure of the IMO culminated in the World Meteorological Convention of 1947, which formally established the World Meteorological Organization.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10076 |access-date=2023-09-23|title=Basic Documents|website=library.wmo.int }}</ref> The Convention entered into force on 23 March 1950, and the following year the WMO began operations as an [[intergovernmental organization]] within the [[UN system]]. The WMO is made up of 193 countries and territories, and facilitates the "free and unrestricted" exchange of data, information, and research between the respective meteorological and hydrological institutions of its members.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-02|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=2020-08-27|website=World Meteorological Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221739/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2023 |title=The WMO Building / Conference Centre|date=12 January 2016 |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=public.wmo.int}}</ref> It also collaborates with nongovernmental partners and other international organizations on matters related to [[environmental protection]], [[climate change]], resource management, and [[economic development|socioeconomic development]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-20 |title=What we do |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161055/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=2020-08-27 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the WMO is governed by the World Meteorological Congress, composed of member states, which meets every four years to set policies and priorities. The Congress is led by an Executive Council led by the President, currently Abdulla Al Mandous of UAE.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting. |title=President |last=Al Mandous |first=Abdulla |date=2023 |website=WMO |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:প্ৰকৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] 13xgnsexz36n6a1w0jfy1iy87tf1mhu 518741 518740 2025-06-17T05:57:07Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 518741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = World Meteorological Organization | image = World Meteorological Organization Logo.svg | image_size = 250px | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialized agency]] | abbreviation = WMO | leader_title = Head | leader_name = '''President''' <br /> [[Abdulla Al Mandous]], UAE<br /> <small>(since 2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting | title=Executive Council opens with new office holders |work=public.wmo.int | date=5 June 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> </small> <br /> '''Secretary-General'''<br /> [[Celeste Saulo]], Argentina<br /><small>since 2024</small> | status = Active | formation = {{start date and age|1950|3|23|df=yes}} | headquarters = Geneva, Switzerland | website = {{URL|https://public.wmo.int/en|wmo.int}} | parent_organization = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] | subsidiaries = | footnotes = {{portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}} }} বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা (WMO) হৈছে ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা বিশেষ সংস্থা যিয়ে বায়ুমণ্ডল বিজ্ঞান, জলবায়ুবিজ্ঞান, জলবিজ্ঞান আৰু ভূপদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহযোগিতা প্ৰসাৰিত কৰাৰ বাবে দায়বদ্ধ।<ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100031338 |url-access= |title=World Meteorological Organization (WMO) |author1=Staff writer |year=2024 |department=UIA Global Civil Society Database |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online |location=Brussels, Belgium |access-date=24 December 2024 |url-status= |trans-quote= }}</ref><ref name="WMO history">{{cite web|date=2 February 2016|title=History of WMO|url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207215446/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2023|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> ১৮৭৩ চনত বতৰৰ তথ্য আৰু গৱেষণাৰ বিনিময়ৰ মঞ্চ হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থা আন্তৰ্জাতিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা (IMO)ৰ পৰা ডব্লিউ এম অ'ৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছিল।<ref name="who WMO">{{cite web|date=2 December 2015|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> আইএমঅ'ৰ মৰ্যাদা আৰু গঠন সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ ১৯৪৭ চনৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সন্মিলনত শিখৰত উপনীত হয়, যিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10076 |access-date=2023-09-23|title=Basic Documents|website=library.wmo.int }}</ref> The Convention entered into force on 23 March 1950, and the following year the WMO began operations as an [[intergovernmental organization]] within the [[UN system]]. The WMO is made up of 193 countries and territories, and facilitates the "free and unrestricted" exchange of data, information, and research between the respective meteorological and hydrological institutions of its members.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-02|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=2020-08-27|website=World Meteorological Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221739/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2023 |title=The WMO Building / Conference Centre|date=12 January 2016 |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=public.wmo.int}}</ref> It also collaborates with nongovernmental partners and other international organizations on matters related to [[environmental protection]], [[climate change]], resource management, and [[economic development|socioeconomic development]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-20 |title=What we do |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161055/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=2020-08-27 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the WMO is governed by the World Meteorological Congress, composed of member states, which meets every four years to set policies and priorities. The Congress is led by an Executive Council led by the President, currently Abdulla Al Mandous of UAE.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting. |title=President |last=Al Mandous |first=Abdulla |date=2023 |website=WMO |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:প্ৰকৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] d5p9hq9lle78m7e8x4optxnxp48r2h7 518743 518741 2025-06-17T06:01:53Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 518743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = World Meteorological Organization | image = World Meteorological Organization Logo.png | image_size = 250px | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialized agency]] | abbreviation = WMO | leader_title = Head | leader_name = '''President''' <br /> [[Abdulla Al Mandous]], UAE<br /> <small>(since 2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting | title=Executive Council opens with new office holders |work=public.wmo.int | date=5 June 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> </small> <br /> '''Secretary-General'''<br /> [[Celeste Saulo]], Argentina<br /><small>since 2024</small> | status = Active | formation = {{start date and age|1950|3|23|df=yes}} | headquarters = Geneva, Switzerland | website = {{URL|https://public.wmo.int/en|wmo.int}} | parent_organization = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] | subsidiaries = | footnotes = {{portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}} }} বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা (WMO) হৈছে ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা বিশেষ সংস্থা যিয়ে বায়ুমণ্ডল বিজ্ঞান, জলবায়ুবিজ্ঞান, জলবিজ্ঞান আৰু ভূপদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহযোগিতা প্ৰসাৰিত কৰাৰ বাবে দায়বদ্ধ।<ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100031338 |url-access= |title=World Meteorological Organization (WMO) |author1=Staff writer |year=2024 |department=UIA Global Civil Society Database |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online |location=Brussels, Belgium |access-date=24 December 2024 |url-status= |trans-quote= }}</ref><ref name="WMO history">{{cite web|date=2 February 2016|title=History of WMO|url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207215446/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2023|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> ১৮৭৩ চনত বতৰৰ তথ্য আৰু গৱেষণাৰ বিনিময়ৰ মঞ্চ হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থা আন্তৰ্জাতিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা (IMO)ৰ পৰা ডব্লিউ এম অ'ৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছিল।<ref name="who WMO">{{cite web|date=2 December 2015|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> আইএমঅ'ৰ মৰ্যাদা আৰু গঠন সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ ১৯৪৭ চনৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সন্মিলনত শিখৰত উপনীত হয়, যিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10076 |access-date=2023-09-23|title=Basic Documents|website=library.wmo.int }}</ref> The Convention entered into force on 23 March 1950, and the following year the WMO began operations as an [[intergovernmental organization]] within the [[UN system]]. The WMO is made up of 193 countries and territories, and facilitates the "free and unrestricted" exchange of data, information, and research between the respective meteorological and hydrological institutions of its members.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-02|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=2020-08-27|website=World Meteorological Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221739/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2023 |title=The WMO Building / Conference Centre|date=12 January 2016 |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=public.wmo.int}}</ref> It also collaborates with nongovernmental partners and other international organizations on matters related to [[environmental protection]], [[climate change]], resource management, and [[economic development|socioeconomic development]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-20 |title=What we do |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161055/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=2020-08-27 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the WMO is governed by the World Meteorological Congress, composed of member states, which meets every four years to set policies and priorities. The Congress is led by an Executive Council led by the President, currently Abdulla Al Mandous of UAE.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting. |title=President |last=Al Mandous |first=Abdulla |date=2023 |website=WMO |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:প্ৰকৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] 630p4ghrjba0hhgk9izqpuv2goslxov 518744 518743 2025-06-17T06:02:41Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* তথ্যসূত্ৰ */ 518744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = World Meteorological Organization | image = World Meteorological Organization Logo.png | image_size = 250px | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialized agency]] | abbreviation = WMO | leader_title = Head | leader_name = '''President''' <br /> [[Abdulla Al Mandous]], UAE<br /> <small>(since 2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting | title=Executive Council opens with new office holders |work=public.wmo.int | date=5 June 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> </small> <br /> '''Secretary-General'''<br /> [[Celeste Saulo]], Argentina<br /><small>since 2024</small> | status = Active | formation = {{start date and age|1950|3|23|df=yes}} | headquarters = Geneva, Switzerland | website = {{URL|https://public.wmo.int/en|wmo.int}} | parent_organization = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] | subsidiaries = | footnotes = {{portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}} }} বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা (WMO) হৈছে ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা বিশেষ সংস্থা যিয়ে বায়ুমণ্ডল বিজ্ঞান, জলবায়ুবিজ্ঞান, জলবিজ্ঞান আৰু ভূপদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহযোগিতা প্ৰসাৰিত কৰাৰ বাবে দায়বদ্ধ।<ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100031338 |url-access= |title=World Meteorological Organization (WMO) |author1=Staff writer |year=2024 |department=UIA Global Civil Society Database |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online |location=Brussels, Belgium |access-date=24 December 2024 |url-status= |trans-quote= }}</ref><ref name="WMO history">{{cite web|date=2 February 2016|title=History of WMO|url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207215446/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2023|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> ১৮৭৩ চনত বতৰৰ তথ্য আৰু গৱেষণাৰ বিনিময়ৰ মঞ্চ হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থা আন্তৰ্জাতিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা (IMO)ৰ পৰা ডব্লিউ এম অ'ৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছিল।<ref name="who WMO">{{cite web|date=2 December 2015|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> আইএমঅ'ৰ মৰ্যাদা আৰু গঠন সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ ১৯৪৭ চনৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সন্মিলনত শিখৰত উপনীত হয়, যিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10076 |access-date=2023-09-23|title=Basic Documents|website=library.wmo.int }}</ref> The Convention entered into force on 23 March 1950, and the following year the WMO began operations as an [[intergovernmental organization]] within the [[UN system]]. The WMO is made up of 193 countries and territories, and facilitates the "free and unrestricted" exchange of data, information, and research between the respective meteorological and hydrological institutions of its members.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-02|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=2020-08-27|website=World Meteorological Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221739/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2023 |title=The WMO Building / Conference Centre|date=12 January 2016 |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=public.wmo.int}}</ref> It also collaborates with nongovernmental partners and other international organizations on matters related to [[environmental protection]], [[climate change]], resource management, and [[economic development|socioeconomic development]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-20 |title=What we do |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161055/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=2020-08-27 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the WMO is governed by the World Meteorological Congress, composed of member states, which meets every four years to set policies and priorities. The Congress is led by an Executive Council led by the President, currently Abdulla Al Mandous of UAE.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting. |title=President |last=Al Mandous |first=Abdulla |date=2023 |website=WMO |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:প্ৰকৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] == বাহ্য়িক সংযোগ == {{Wikisource|Convention of the World Meteorological Organization}} {{Commons category|World Meteorological Organization}} * {{Official website}} * {{cite web |url=https://severeweather.wmo.int/ |title=Severe World Weather website |publisher=WMO}} * {{cite web |url= http://icoads.noaa.gov/metadata/wmo47/wmo_quarterly/47CodeTables9903.html |title= International List of Selected, Supplementary and Auxiliary Ships |id = Pub 47 |year = 1999 |publisher= [[International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set]] (ICOADS) |quote= '''Including country codes''' }} * {{cite web |url=https://gfcs.wmo.int//wwc_3 |title=World Climate Conference-3 (WCC-3) |date=Aug 2009 |publisher=WMO}} hlp0jtk5ebji9zyvgc1v5u8dy49akx7 518745 518744 2025-06-17T06:03:25Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 518745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = World Meteorological Organization | image = World Meteorological Organization Logo.png | image_size = 250px | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | type = [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|United Nations specialized agency]] | abbreviation = WMO | leader_title = Head | leader_name = '''President''' <br /> [[Abdulla Al Mandous]], UAE<br /> <small>(since 2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting | title=Executive Council opens with new office holders |work=public.wmo.int | date=5 June 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> </small> <br /> '''Secretary-General'''<br /> [[Celeste Saulo]], Argentina<br /><small>since 2024</small> | status = Active | formation = {{start date and age|1950|3|23|df=yes}} | headquarters = Geneva, Switzerland | website = {{URL|https://public.wmo.int/en|wmo.int}} | parent_organization = [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] | subsidiaries = | footnotes = {{portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}} }} বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা (WMO) হৈছে ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ এটা বিশেষ সংস্থা যিয়ে বায়ুমণ্ডল বিজ্ঞান, জলবায়ুবিজ্ঞান, জলবিজ্ঞান আৰু ভূপদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞানৰ ওপৰত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহযোগিতা প্ৰসাৰিত কৰাৰ বাবে দায়বদ্ধ।<ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100031338 |url-access= |title=World Meteorological Organization (WMO) |author1=Staff writer |year=2024 |department=UIA Global Civil Society Database |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online |location=Brussels, Belgium |access-date=24 December 2024 |url-status= |trans-quote= }}</ref><ref name="WMO history">{{cite web|date=2 February 2016|title=History of WMO|url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207215446/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2023|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> ১৮৭৩ চনত বতৰৰ তথ্য আৰু গৱেষণাৰ বিনিময়ৰ মঞ্চ হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থা আন্তৰ্জাতিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা (IMO)ৰ পৰা ডব্লিউ এম অ'ৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছিল।<ref name="who WMO">{{cite web|date=2 December 2015|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> আইএমঅ'ৰ মৰ্যাদা আৰু গঠন সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ ১৯৪৭ চনৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সন্মিলনত শিখৰত উপনীত হয়, যিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10076 |access-date=2023-09-23|title=Basic Documents|website=library.wmo.int }}</ref> The Convention entered into force on 23 March 1950, and the following year the WMO began operations as an [[intergovernmental organization]] within the [[UN system]]. The WMO is made up of 193 countries and territories, and facilitates the "free and unrestricted" exchange of data, information, and research between the respective meteorological and hydrological institutions of its members.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-02|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=2020-08-27|website=World Meteorological Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221739/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2023 |title=The WMO Building / Conference Centre|date=12 January 2016 |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=public.wmo.int}}</ref> It also collaborates with nongovernmental partners and other international organizations on matters related to [[environmental protection]], [[climate change]], resource management, and [[economic development|socioeconomic development]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-20 |title=What we do |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161055/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=2020-08-27 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the WMO is governed by the World Meteorological Congress, composed of member states, which meets every four years to set policies and priorities. The Congress is led by an Executive Council led by the President, currently Abdulla Al Mandous of UAE.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting. |title=President |last=Al Mandous |first=Abdulla |date=2023 |website=WMO |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} == বাহ্য়িক সংযোগ == {{Wikisource|Convention of the World Meteorological Organization}} {{Commons category|World Meteorological Organization}} * {{Official website}} * {{cite web |url=https://severeweather.wmo.int/ |title=Severe World Weather website |publisher=WMO}} * {{cite web |url= http://icoads.noaa.gov/metadata/wmo47/wmo_quarterly/47CodeTables9903.html |title= International List of Selected, Supplementary and Auxiliary Ships |id = Pub 47 |year = 1999 |publisher= [[International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set]] (ICOADS) |quote= '''Including country codes''' }} * {{cite web |url=https://gfcs.wmo.int//wwc_3 |title=World Climate Conference-3 (WCC-3) |date=Aug 2009 |publisher=WMO}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:প্ৰকৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] atmni9p7r2gxjmo1u8nbumb7683jv9d 518752 518745 2025-06-17T06:14:00Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 518752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা </br> World Meteorological Organization | image = World Meteorological Organization Logo.png | image_size = 250px | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | type = | abbreviation = WMO | leader_title = প্ৰধান | leader_name = '''সভাপতি''' <br /> আব্দুলা এল মান্দৌছ, UAE<br /> <small>(২০২৩ বৰ্ষৰ পৰা)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting | title=Executive Council opens with new office holders |work=public.wmo.int | date=5 June 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> </small> <br />'''সচিব প্ৰধান'''<br /> চেলেষ্টে ছাউলো, [[আৰ্জেণ্টিনা]]<br /><small>২০২৪ চনৰ পৰা</small> | status = সক্ৰিয়া | formation = {{start date and age|1950|3|23|df=yes}} | headquarters = জেনেভা, ছুইজাৰলেণ্ড | website = {{URL|https://public.wmo.int/en|wmo.int}} | parent_organization = ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ অৰ্থনৈতিক আৰু সামাজিক সংস্থা | subsidiaries = | footnotes = {{portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}} }} '''বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা''' {{Lang-en|World Meteorological Organization}}(WMO) হৈছে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ এটা বিশেষ সংস্থা যিয়ে বায়ুমণ্ডল বিজ্ঞান, [[জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান|জলবায়ুবিজ্ঞান]], [[জল বিজ্ঞান]] আৰু [[ভূ-পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান|ভূপদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান]]ৰ ওপৰত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহযোগিতা প্ৰসাৰিত কৰাৰ বাবে দায়বদ্ধ।<ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100031338 |url-access= |title=World Meteorological Organization (WMO) |author1=Staff writer |year=2024 |department=UIA Global Civil Society Database |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online |location=Brussels, Belgium |access-date=24 December 2024 |url-status= |trans-quote= }}</ref><ref name="WMO history">{{cite web|date=2 February 2016|title=History of WMO|url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207215446/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2023|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> ১৮৭৩ চনত বতৰৰ তথ্য আৰু গৱেষণাৰ বিনিময়ৰ মঞ্চ হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থা '''আন্তৰ্জাতিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা (IMO)'''ৰ পৰা WMO-ৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছিল।<ref name="who WMO">{{cite web|date=2 December 2015|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> আইএমঅ'ৰ মৰ্যাদা আৰু গঠন সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ ১৯৪৭ চনৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সন্মিলনত শিখৰত উপনীত হয়, যিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10076 |access-date=2023-09-23|title=Basic Documents|website=library.wmo.int }}</ref> ১৯৫০ চনৰ ২৩ মাৰ্চৰ পৰা এই সন্ধি বলবৎ হয় আৰু পিছৰ বছৰত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ ভিতৰত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চৰকাৰী সংস্থা হিচাপে ডব্লিউ এম অ’ই কাৰ্য্যকলাপ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ডব্লিউ এম অ' ১৯৩খন দেশ আৰু ভূখণ্ডৰে গঠিত আৰু ইয়াৰ সদস্য দেশসমূহৰ নিজ নিজ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান আৰু জলবিজ্ঞান প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ মাজত তথ্য, তথ্য আৰু গৱেষণাৰ "মুক্ত আৰু নিষিদ্ধ" আদান-প্ৰদানৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-02|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=2020-08-27|website=World Meteorological Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221739/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2023 |title=The WMO Building / Conference Centre|date=12 January 2016 |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=public.wmo.int}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ই পৰিৱেশ সুৰক্ষা, জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তন, সম্পদ ব্যৱস্থাপনা আৰু আৰ্থ-সামাজিক উন্নয়নৰ সৈতে জড়িত বিষয়সমূহত বেচৰকাৰী অংশীদাৰ আৰু অন্যান্য আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থাসমূহৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-20 |title=What we do |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161055/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=2020-08-27 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> [[ছুইজাৰলেণ্ড]]ৰ জেনেভাত মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় থকা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰে গঠিত বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কংগ্ৰেছে পৰিচালিত কৰে আৰু প্ৰতি চাৰি বছৰৰ মূৰে মূৰে বৈঠকত মিলিত হৈ নীতি আৰু অগ্ৰাধিকাৰ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে। কংগ্ৰেছৰ নেতৃত্বত আছে এখন কাৰ্যবাহী পৰিষদ যিখন সভাপতিৰ নেতৃত্বত থাকে। বৰ্তমানৰ সভাপতি হৈছে UAE-ৰ আব্দুলা আল মাণ্ডুছ।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting. |title=President |last=Al Mandous |first=Abdulla |date=2023 |website=WMO |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} == বাহ্য়িক সংযোগ == {{Wikisource|Convention of the World Meteorological Organization}} {{Commons category|World Meteorological Organization}} * {{Official website}} * {{cite web |url=https://severeweather.wmo.int/ |title=Severe World Weather website |publisher=WMO}} * {{cite web |url= http://icoads.noaa.gov/metadata/wmo47/wmo_quarterly/47CodeTables9903.html |title= International List of Selected, Supplementary and Auxiliary Ships |id = Pub 47 |year = 1999 |publisher= [[International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set]] (ICOADS) |quote= '''Including country codes''' }} * {{cite web |url=https://gfcs.wmo.int//wwc_3 |title=World Climate Conference-3 (WCC-3) |date=Aug 2009 |publisher=WMO}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:প্ৰকৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] 6sq50hyyu1lo0ckik54xicjwd9y71am 518754 518752 2025-06-17T06:14:47Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* তথ্যসূত্ৰ */ 518754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা </br> World Meteorological Organization | image = World Meteorological Organization Logo.png | image_size = 250px | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | type = | abbreviation = WMO | leader_title = প্ৰধান | leader_name = '''সভাপতি''' <br /> আব্দুলা এল মান্দৌছ, UAE<br /> <small>(২০২৩ বৰ্ষৰ পৰা)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting | title=Executive Council opens with new office holders |work=public.wmo.int | date=5 June 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> </small> <br />'''সচিব প্ৰধান'''<br /> চেলেষ্টে ছাউলো, [[আৰ্জেণ্টিনা]]<br /><small>২০২৪ চনৰ পৰা</small> | status = সক্ৰিয়া | formation = {{start date and age|1950|3|23|df=yes}} | headquarters = জেনেভা, ছুইজাৰলেণ্ড | website = {{URL|https://public.wmo.int/en|wmo.int}} | parent_organization = ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ অৰ্থনৈতিক আৰু সামাজিক সংস্থা | subsidiaries = | footnotes = {{portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}} }} '''বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা''' {{Lang-en|World Meteorological Organization}}(WMO) হৈছে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ এটা বিশেষ সংস্থা যিয়ে বায়ুমণ্ডল বিজ্ঞান, [[জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান|জলবায়ুবিজ্ঞান]], [[জল বিজ্ঞান]] আৰু [[ভূ-পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান|ভূপদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান]]ৰ ওপৰত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহযোগিতা প্ৰসাৰিত কৰাৰ বাবে দায়বদ্ধ।<ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100031338 |url-access= |title=World Meteorological Organization (WMO) |author1=Staff writer |year=2024 |department=UIA Global Civil Society Database |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online |location=Brussels, Belgium |access-date=24 December 2024 |url-status= |trans-quote= }}</ref><ref name="WMO history">{{cite web|date=2 February 2016|title=History of WMO|url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207215446/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2023|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> ১৮৭৩ চনত বতৰৰ তথ্য আৰু গৱেষণাৰ বিনিময়ৰ মঞ্চ হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থা '''আন্তৰ্জাতিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা (IMO)'''ৰ পৰা WMO-ৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছিল।<ref name="who WMO">{{cite web|date=2 December 2015|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> আইএমঅ'ৰ মৰ্যাদা আৰু গঠন সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ ১৯৪৭ চনৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সন্মিলনত শিখৰত উপনীত হয়, যিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10076 |access-date=2023-09-23|title=Basic Documents|website=library.wmo.int }}</ref> ১৯৫০ চনৰ ২৩ মাৰ্চৰ পৰা এই সন্ধি বলবৎ হয় আৰু পিছৰ বছৰত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ ভিতৰত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চৰকাৰী সংস্থা হিচাপে ডব্লিউ এম অ’ই কাৰ্য্যকলাপ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ডব্লিউ এম অ' ১৯৩খন দেশ আৰু ভূখণ্ডৰে গঠিত আৰু ইয়াৰ সদস্য দেশসমূহৰ নিজ নিজ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান আৰু জলবিজ্ঞান প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ মাজত তথ্য, তথ্য আৰু গৱেষণাৰ "মুক্ত আৰু নিষিদ্ধ" আদান-প্ৰদানৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-02|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=2020-08-27|website=World Meteorological Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221739/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2023 |title=The WMO Building / Conference Centre|date=12 January 2016 |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=public.wmo.int}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ই পৰিৱেশ সুৰক্ষা, জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তন, সম্পদ ব্যৱস্থাপনা আৰু আৰ্থ-সামাজিক উন্নয়নৰ সৈতে জড়িত বিষয়সমূহত বেচৰকাৰী অংশীদাৰ আৰু অন্যান্য আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থাসমূহৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-20 |title=What we do |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161055/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=2020-08-27 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> [[ছুইজাৰলেণ্ড]]ৰ জেনেভাত মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় থকা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰে গঠিত বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কংগ্ৰেছে পৰিচালিত কৰে আৰু প্ৰতি চাৰি বছৰৰ মূৰে মূৰে বৈঠকত মিলিত হৈ নীতি আৰু অগ্ৰাধিকাৰ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে। কংগ্ৰেছৰ নেতৃত্বত আছে এখন কাৰ্যবাহী পৰিষদ যিখন সভাপতিৰ নেতৃত্বত থাকে। বৰ্তমানৰ সভাপতি হৈছে UAE-ৰ আব্দুলা আল মাণ্ডুছ।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting. |title=President |last=Al Mandous |first=Abdulla |date=2023 |website=WMO |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> == আঞ্চলিক সংস্থাৰ সদস্যপদ === [[File:WMO Regions.PNG|500 px|thumbnail|center|The member states of the World Meteorological Organization divided into the six regional associations, shown on a world map]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} == বাহ্য়িক সংযোগ == {{Wikisource|Convention of the World Meteorological Organization}} {{Commons category|World Meteorological Organization}} * {{Official website}} * {{cite web |url=https://severeweather.wmo.int/ |title=Severe World Weather website |publisher=WMO}} * {{cite web |url= http://icoads.noaa.gov/metadata/wmo47/wmo_quarterly/47CodeTables9903.html |title= International List of Selected, Supplementary and Auxiliary Ships |id = Pub 47 |year = 1999 |publisher= [[International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set]] (ICOADS) |quote= '''Including country codes''' }} * {{cite web |url=https://gfcs.wmo.int//wwc_3 |title=World Climate Conference-3 (WCC-3) |date=Aug 2009 |publisher=WMO}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:প্ৰকৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] jvnrtwl5ndjzk7jpntsww41wp2njs3q 518755 518754 2025-06-17T06:15:14Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* আঞ্চলিক সংস্থাৰ সদস্যপদ = */ 518755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা </br> World Meteorological Organization | image = World Meteorological Organization Logo.png | image_size = 250px | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | type = | abbreviation = WMO | leader_title = প্ৰধান | leader_name = '''সভাপতি''' <br /> আব্দুলা এল মান্দৌছ, UAE<br /> <small>(২০২৩ বৰ্ষৰ পৰা)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting | title=Executive Council opens with new office holders |work=public.wmo.int | date=5 June 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> </small> <br />'''সচিব প্ৰধান'''<br /> চেলেষ্টে ছাউলো, [[আৰ্জেণ্টিনা]]<br /><small>২০২৪ চনৰ পৰা</small> | status = সক্ৰিয়া | formation = {{start date and age|1950|3|23|df=yes}} | headquarters = জেনেভা, ছুইজাৰলেণ্ড | website = {{URL|https://public.wmo.int/en|wmo.int}} | parent_organization = ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ অৰ্থনৈতিক আৰু সামাজিক সংস্থা | subsidiaries = | footnotes = {{portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}} }} '''বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা''' {{Lang-en|World Meteorological Organization}}(WMO) হৈছে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ এটা বিশেষ সংস্থা যিয়ে বায়ুমণ্ডল বিজ্ঞান, [[জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান|জলবায়ুবিজ্ঞান]], [[জল বিজ্ঞান]] আৰু [[ভূ-পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান|ভূপদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান]]ৰ ওপৰত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহযোগিতা প্ৰসাৰিত কৰাৰ বাবে দায়বদ্ধ।<ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100031338 |url-access= |title=World Meteorological Organization (WMO) |author1=Staff writer |year=2024 |department=UIA Global Civil Society Database |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online |location=Brussels, Belgium |access-date=24 December 2024 |url-status= |trans-quote= }}</ref><ref name="WMO history">{{cite web|date=2 February 2016|title=History of WMO|url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207215446/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2023|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> ১৮৭৩ চনত বতৰৰ তথ্য আৰু গৱেষণাৰ বিনিময়ৰ মঞ্চ হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থা '''আন্তৰ্জাতিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা (IMO)'''ৰ পৰা WMO-ৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছিল।<ref name="who WMO">{{cite web|date=2 December 2015|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> আইএমঅ'ৰ মৰ্যাদা আৰু গঠন সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ ১৯৪৭ চনৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সন্মিলনত শিখৰত উপনীত হয়, যিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10076 |access-date=2023-09-23|title=Basic Documents|website=library.wmo.int }}</ref> ১৯৫০ চনৰ ২৩ মাৰ্চৰ পৰা এই সন্ধি বলবৎ হয় আৰু পিছৰ বছৰত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ ভিতৰত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চৰকাৰী সংস্থা হিচাপে ডব্লিউ এম অ’ই কাৰ্য্যকলাপ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ডব্লিউ এম অ' ১৯৩খন দেশ আৰু ভূখণ্ডৰে গঠিত আৰু ইয়াৰ সদস্য দেশসমূহৰ নিজ নিজ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান আৰু জলবিজ্ঞান প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ মাজত তথ্য, তথ্য আৰু গৱেষণাৰ "মুক্ত আৰু নিষিদ্ধ" আদান-প্ৰদানৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-02|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=2020-08-27|website=World Meteorological Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221739/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2023 |title=The WMO Building / Conference Centre|date=12 January 2016 |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=public.wmo.int}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ই পৰিৱেশ সুৰক্ষা, জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তন, সম্পদ ব্যৱস্থাপনা আৰু আৰ্থ-সামাজিক উন্নয়নৰ সৈতে জড়িত বিষয়সমূহত বেচৰকাৰী অংশীদাৰ আৰু অন্যান্য আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থাসমূহৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-20 |title=What we do |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161055/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=2020-08-27 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> [[ছুইজাৰলেণ্ড]]ৰ জেনেভাত মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় থকা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰে গঠিত বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কংগ্ৰেছে পৰিচালিত কৰে আৰু প্ৰতি চাৰি বছৰৰ মূৰে মূৰে বৈঠকত মিলিত হৈ নীতি আৰু অগ্ৰাধিকাৰ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে। কংগ্ৰেছৰ নেতৃত্বত আছে এখন কাৰ্যবাহী পৰিষদ যিখন সভাপতিৰ নেতৃত্বত থাকে। বৰ্তমানৰ সভাপতি হৈছে UAE-ৰ আব্দুলা আল মাণ্ডুছ।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting. |title=President |last=Al Mandous |first=Abdulla |date=2023 |website=WMO |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> == আঞ্চলিক সংস্থাৰ সদস্যপদ == [[File:WMO Regions.PNG|500 px|thumbnail|center|বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক ছটা আঞ্চলিক সংঘত বিভক্ত কৰি বিশ্বৰ মানচিত্ৰত দেখুওৱা হৈছে]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} == বাহ্য়িক সংযোগ == {{Wikisource|Convention of the World Meteorological Organization}} {{Commons category|World Meteorological Organization}} * {{Official website}} * {{cite web |url=https://severeweather.wmo.int/ |title=Severe World Weather website |publisher=WMO}} * {{cite web |url= http://icoads.noaa.gov/metadata/wmo47/wmo_quarterly/47CodeTables9903.html |title= International List of Selected, Supplementary and Auxiliary Ships |id = Pub 47 |year = 1999 |publisher= [[International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set]] (ICOADS) |quote= '''Including country codes''' }} * {{cite web |url=https://gfcs.wmo.int//wwc_3 |title=World Climate Conference-3 (WCC-3) |date=Aug 2009 |publisher=WMO}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:প্ৰকৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] bzz01uwh6u5hmi1xvicas4hdd441vl4 518758 518755 2025-06-17T06:16:57Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* আঞ্চলিক সংস্থাৰ সদস্যপদ */ 518758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা </br> World Meteorological Organization | image = World Meteorological Organization Logo.png | image_size = 250px | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | type = | abbreviation = WMO | leader_title = প্ৰধান | leader_name = '''সভাপতি''' <br /> আব্দুলা এল মান্দৌছ, UAE<br /> <small>(২০২৩ বৰ্ষৰ পৰা)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting | title=Executive Council opens with new office holders |work=public.wmo.int | date=5 June 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> </small> <br />'''সচিব প্ৰধান'''<br /> চেলেষ্টে ছাউলো, [[আৰ্জেণ্টিনা]]<br /><small>২০২৪ চনৰ পৰা</small> | status = সক্ৰিয়া | formation = {{start date and age|1950|3|23|df=yes}} | headquarters = জেনেভা, ছুইজাৰলেণ্ড | website = {{URL|https://public.wmo.int/en|wmo.int}} | parent_organization = ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ অৰ্থনৈতিক আৰু সামাজিক সংস্থা | subsidiaries = | footnotes = {{portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}} }} '''বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা''' {{Lang-en|World Meteorological Organization}}(WMO) হৈছে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ এটা বিশেষ সংস্থা যিয়ে বায়ুমণ্ডল বিজ্ঞান, [[জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান|জলবায়ুবিজ্ঞান]], [[জল বিজ্ঞান]] আৰু [[ভূ-পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান|ভূপদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান]]ৰ ওপৰত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহযোগিতা প্ৰসাৰিত কৰাৰ বাবে দায়বদ্ধ।<ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100031338 |url-access= |title=World Meteorological Organization (WMO) |author1=Staff writer |year=2024 |department=UIA Global Civil Society Database |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online |location=Brussels, Belgium |access-date=24 December 2024 |url-status= |trans-quote= }}</ref><ref name="WMO history">{{cite web|date=2 February 2016|title=History of WMO|url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207215446/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2023|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> ১৮৭৩ চনত বতৰৰ তথ্য আৰু গৱেষণাৰ বিনিময়ৰ মঞ্চ হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থা '''আন্তৰ্জাতিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা (IMO)'''ৰ পৰা WMO-ৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছিল।<ref name="who WMO">{{cite web|date=2 December 2015|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> আইএমঅ'ৰ মৰ্যাদা আৰু গঠন সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ ১৯৪৭ চনৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সন্মিলনত শিখৰত উপনীত হয়, যিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10076 |access-date=2023-09-23|title=Basic Documents|website=library.wmo.int }}</ref> ১৯৫০ চনৰ ২৩ মাৰ্চৰ পৰা এই সন্ধি বলবৎ হয় আৰু পিছৰ বছৰত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ ভিতৰত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চৰকাৰী সংস্থা হিচাপে ডব্লিউ এম অ’ই কাৰ্য্যকলাপ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ডব্লিউ এম অ' ১৯৩খন দেশ আৰু ভূখণ্ডৰে গঠিত আৰু ইয়াৰ সদস্য দেশসমূহৰ নিজ নিজ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান আৰু জলবিজ্ঞান প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ মাজত তথ্য, তথ্য আৰু গৱেষণাৰ "মুক্ত আৰু নিষিদ্ধ" আদান-প্ৰদানৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-02|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=2020-08-27|website=World Meteorological Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221739/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2023 |title=The WMO Building / Conference Centre|date=12 January 2016 |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=public.wmo.int}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ই পৰিৱেশ সুৰক্ষা, জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তন, সম্পদ ব্যৱস্থাপনা আৰু আৰ্থ-সামাজিক উন্নয়নৰ সৈতে জড়িত বিষয়সমূহত বেচৰকাৰী অংশীদাৰ আৰু অন্যান্য আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থাসমূহৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-20 |title=What we do |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161055/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=2020-08-27 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> [[ছুইজাৰলেণ্ড]]ৰ জেনেভাত মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় থকা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰে গঠিত বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কংগ্ৰেছে পৰিচালিত কৰে আৰু প্ৰতি চাৰি বছৰৰ মূৰে মূৰে বৈঠকত মিলিত হৈ নীতি আৰু অগ্ৰাধিকাৰ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে। কংগ্ৰেছৰ নেতৃত্বত আছে এখন কাৰ্যবাহী পৰিষদ যিখন সভাপতিৰ নেতৃত্বত থাকে। বৰ্তমানৰ সভাপতি হৈছে UAE-ৰ আব্দুলা আল মাণ্ডুছ।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting. |title=President |last=Al Mandous |first=Abdulla |date=2023 |website=WMO |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> ==বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান দিৱস== [[File:WMO Ženeva.jpg|thumb|upright|জেনেভাত থকা ডব্লিউ এম অ’ৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয়, আই পি চি চি আৰু ‘গ্ৰুপ অন আৰ্থ অবজাৰ্ভেচনছ’ৰ সৈতে একেলগে]] [[বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান দিৱস]] প্ৰতি বছৰে ২৩ মাৰ্চত অনুষ্ঠিত হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/world-meteorological-day |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161017/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/world-meteorological-day |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2023 |title=World Meteorological Day |date=5 February 2018 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref> == আঞ্চলিক সংস্থাৰ সদস্যপদ == [[File:WMO Regions.PNG|500 px|thumbnail|center|বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক ছটা আঞ্চলিক সংঘত বিভক্ত কৰি বিশ্বৰ মানচিত্ৰত দেখুওৱা হৈছে]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} == বাহ্য়িক সংযোগ == {{Wikisource|Convention of the World Meteorological Organization}} {{Commons category|World Meteorological Organization}} * {{Official website}} * {{cite web |url=https://severeweather.wmo.int/ |title=Severe World Weather website |publisher=WMO}} * {{cite web |url= http://icoads.noaa.gov/metadata/wmo47/wmo_quarterly/47CodeTables9903.html |title= International List of Selected, Supplementary and Auxiliary Ships |id = Pub 47 |year = 1999 |publisher= [[International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set]] (ICOADS) |quote= '''Including country codes''' }} * {{cite web |url=https://gfcs.wmo.int//wwc_3 |title=World Climate Conference-3 (WCC-3) |date=Aug 2009 |publisher=WMO}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:প্ৰকৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] ktlrssacasyanvvd535mnmm936js9g0 518759 518758 2025-06-17T06:17:31Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান দিৱস */ 518759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা </br> World Meteorological Organization | image = World Meteorological Organization Logo.png | image_size = 250px | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | type = | abbreviation = WMO | leader_title = প্ৰধান | leader_name = '''সভাপতি''' <br /> আব্দুলা এল মান্দৌছ, UAE<br /> <small>(২০২৩ বৰ্ষৰ পৰা)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting | title=Executive Council opens with new office holders |work=public.wmo.int | date=5 June 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> </small> <br />'''সচিব প্ৰধান'''<br /> চেলেষ্টে ছাউলো, [[আৰ্জেণ্টিনা]]<br /><small>২০২৪ চনৰ পৰা</small> | status = সক্ৰিয়া | formation = {{start date and age|1950|3|23|df=yes}} | headquarters = জেনেভা, ছুইজাৰলেণ্ড | website = {{URL|https://public.wmo.int/en|wmo.int}} | parent_organization = ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ অৰ্থনৈতিক আৰু সামাজিক সংস্থা | subsidiaries = | footnotes = {{portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}} }} '''বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা''' {{Lang-en|World Meteorological Organization}}(WMO) হৈছে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ এটা বিশেষ সংস্থা যিয়ে বায়ুমণ্ডল বিজ্ঞান, [[জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান|জলবায়ুবিজ্ঞান]], [[জল বিজ্ঞান]] আৰু [[ভূ-পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান|ভূপদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান]]ৰ ওপৰত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহযোগিতা প্ৰসাৰিত কৰাৰ বাবে দায়বদ্ধ।<ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100031338 |url-access= |title=World Meteorological Organization (WMO) |author1=Staff writer |year=2024 |department=UIA Global Civil Society Database |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online |location=Brussels, Belgium |access-date=24 December 2024 |url-status= |trans-quote= }}</ref><ref name="WMO history">{{cite web|date=2 February 2016|title=History of WMO|url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207215446/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2023|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> ১৮৭৩ চনত বতৰৰ তথ্য আৰু গৱেষণাৰ বিনিময়ৰ মঞ্চ হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থা '''আন্তৰ্জাতিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা (IMO)'''ৰ পৰা WMO-ৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছিল।<ref name="who WMO">{{cite web|date=2 December 2015|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> আইএমঅ'ৰ মৰ্যাদা আৰু গঠন সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ ১৯৪৭ চনৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সন্মিলনত শিখৰত উপনীত হয়, যিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10076 |access-date=2023-09-23|title=Basic Documents|website=library.wmo.int }}</ref> ১৯৫০ চনৰ ২৩ মাৰ্চৰ পৰা এই সন্ধি বলবৎ হয় আৰু পিছৰ বছৰত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ ভিতৰত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চৰকাৰী সংস্থা হিচাপে ডব্লিউ এম অ’ই কাৰ্য্যকলাপ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ডব্লিউ এম অ' ১৯৩খন দেশ আৰু ভূখণ্ডৰে গঠিত আৰু ইয়াৰ সদস্য দেশসমূহৰ নিজ নিজ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান আৰু জলবিজ্ঞান প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ মাজত তথ্য, তথ্য আৰু গৱেষণাৰ "মুক্ত আৰু নিষিদ্ধ" আদান-প্ৰদানৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-02|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=2020-08-27|website=World Meteorological Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221739/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2023 |title=The WMO Building / Conference Centre|date=12 January 2016 |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=public.wmo.int}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ই পৰিৱেশ সুৰক্ষা, জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তন, সম্পদ ব্যৱস্থাপনা আৰু আৰ্থ-সামাজিক উন্নয়নৰ সৈতে জড়িত বিষয়সমূহত বেচৰকাৰী অংশীদাৰ আৰু অন্যান্য আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থাসমূহৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-20 |title=What we do |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161055/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=2020-08-27 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> [[ছুইজাৰলেণ্ড]]ৰ জেনেভাত মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় থকা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰে গঠিত বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কংগ্ৰেছে পৰিচালিত কৰে আৰু প্ৰতি চাৰি বছৰৰ মূৰে মূৰে বৈঠকত মিলিত হৈ নীতি আৰু অগ্ৰাধিকাৰ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে। কংগ্ৰেছৰ নেতৃত্বত আছে এখন কাৰ্যবাহী পৰিষদ যিখন সভাপতিৰ নেতৃত্বত থাকে। বৰ্তমানৰ সভাপতি হৈছে UAE-ৰ আব্দুলা আল মাণ্ডুছ।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting. |title=President |last=Al Mandous |first=Abdulla |date=2023 |website=WMO |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> ==Governance== [[File:Gerhard Adrian at World Meteorological Organization.jpg|thumb|German meteorologist Gerhard Adrian, president of the World Meteorological Organization, in 2019]] The WMO was established by the Convention of the World Meteorological Organization,<ref>{{cite web |title=Convention of the World Meteorological Organization |url=http://library.wmo.int/opac/doc_num.php?explnum_id=3137 |website=library.wmo.int/opac }}</ref> signed 11 October 1947 and ratified on 23 March 1950. The Convention serves as the constituent treaty of the WMO, setting forth its purposes, governance, and general framework. The WMO hierarchy: *The World Meteorological Congress,<ref>{{cite web |title=Governance {{!}} World Meteorological Organization |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/governance |access-date=21 November 2024 |date=27 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161039/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/governance |archive-date=27 November 2023 }}</ref> the supreme body of the Organization, determines policy. Each member state and territory is represented by a Permanent Representative with WMO when Congress meets every four years. Congress elects the President and vice-presidents of the Organization and members of the Executive Council; and appoints the Secretary-General. *The Executive Council (EC) implements Congress decisions. *The Secretariat is an eight-department organization with a staff of 200 headed by a Secretary-General, who can serve a maximum of two four-year terms.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/about/documents/1069_en.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610184400/https://www.wmo.int/pages/about/documents/1069_en.pdf |title=WMO Strategic Plan |work=wmo.int |archivedate=10 June 2013}}</ref> The annually published WMO Statement on the status of the World Climate<ref>{{cite web |title=WMO Statement on the status of the World Climate |url=http://library.wmo.int/opac/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=97#.WOOzUnew1Bw |website=library.wmo.int }}</ref> provides details of global, regional and national temperatures and extreme weather events. It also provides information on long-term climate change indicators including atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, sea level rise, and sea ice extent. The year 2016 was the hottest year on record, with many weather and climate extremes, according to the most recent WMO report.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/climate-breaks-multiple-records-2016-global-impacts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218181353/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/climate-breaks-multiple-records-2016-global-impacts |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2023 |title = Climate breaks multiple records in 2016, with global impacts |work=public.wmo.int |date=20 March 2017 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> As of August 2023, the WMO has a membership of 193 member states and territories.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/members |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221739/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/members |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2023 |title=Members |work=public.wmo.int |date= 2022 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> ==বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান দিৱস== [[File:WMO Ženeva.jpg|thumb|upright|জেনেভাত থকা ডব্লিউ এম অ’ৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয়, আই পি চি চি আৰু ‘গ্ৰুপ অন আৰ্থ অবজাৰ্ভেচনছ’ৰ সৈতে একেলগে]] [[বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান দিৱস]] প্ৰতি বছৰে ২৩ মাৰ্চত অনুষ্ঠিত হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/world-meteorological-day |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161017/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/world-meteorological-day |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2023 |title=World Meteorological Day |date=5 February 2018 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref> == আঞ্চলিক সংস্থাৰ সদস্যপদ == [[File:WMO Regions.PNG|500 px|thumbnail|center|বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক ছটা আঞ্চলিক সংঘত বিভক্ত কৰি বিশ্বৰ মানচিত্ৰত দেখুওৱা হৈছে]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} == বাহ্য়িক সংযোগ == {{Wikisource|Convention of the World Meteorological Organization}} {{Commons category|World Meteorological Organization}} * {{Official website}} * {{cite web |url=https://severeweather.wmo.int/ |title=Severe World Weather website |publisher=WMO}} * {{cite web |url= http://icoads.noaa.gov/metadata/wmo47/wmo_quarterly/47CodeTables9903.html |title= International List of Selected, Supplementary and Auxiliary Ships |id = Pub 47 |year = 1999 |publisher= [[International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set]] (ICOADS) |quote= '''Including country codes''' }} * {{cite web |url=https://gfcs.wmo.int//wwc_3 |title=World Climate Conference-3 (WCC-3) |date=Aug 2009 |publisher=WMO}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:প্ৰকৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] mc9euqqj70nneeqpm92mo7lsuuinmsd 518763 518759 2025-06-17T06:29:24Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* Governance */ 518763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা </br> World Meteorological Organization | image = World Meteorological Organization Logo.png | image_size = 250px | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | type = | abbreviation = WMO | leader_title = প্ৰধান | leader_name = '''সভাপতি''' <br /> আব্দুলা এল মান্দৌছ, UAE<br /> <small>(২০২৩ বৰ্ষৰ পৰা)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting | title=Executive Council opens with new office holders |work=public.wmo.int | date=5 June 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> </small> <br />'''সচিব প্ৰধান'''<br /> চেলেষ্টে ছাউলো, [[আৰ্জেণ্টিনা]]<br /><small>২০২৪ চনৰ পৰা</small> | status = সক্ৰিয়া | formation = {{start date and age|1950|3|23|df=yes}} | headquarters = জেনেভা, ছুইজাৰলেণ্ড | website = {{URL|https://public.wmo.int/en|wmo.int}} | parent_organization = ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ অৰ্থনৈতিক আৰু সামাজিক সংস্থা | subsidiaries = | footnotes = {{portal-inline|Politics|size=tiny}} }} '''বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা''' {{Lang-en|World Meteorological Organization}}(WMO) হৈছে [[ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘ]]ৰ এটা বিশেষ সংস্থা যিয়ে বায়ুমণ্ডল বিজ্ঞান, [[জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান|জলবায়ুবিজ্ঞান]], [[জল বিজ্ঞান]] আৰু [[ভূ-পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান|ভূপদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান]]ৰ ওপৰত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সহযোগিতা প্ৰসাৰিত কৰাৰ বাবে দায়বদ্ধ।<ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100031338 |url-access= |title=World Meteorological Organization (WMO) |author1=Staff writer |year=2024 |department=UIA Global Civil Society Database |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online |location=Brussels, Belgium |access-date=24 December 2024 |url-status= |trans-quote= }}</ref><ref name="WMO history">{{cite web|date=2 February 2016|title=History of WMO|url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207215446/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2023|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> ১৮৭৩ চনত বতৰৰ তথ্য আৰু গৱেষণাৰ বিনিময়ৰ মঞ্চ হিচাপে প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হোৱা বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থা '''আন্তৰ্জাতিক বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা (IMO)'''ৰ পৰা WMO-ৰ উৎপত্তি হৈছিল।<ref name="who WMO">{{cite web|date=2 December 2015|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=14 October 2018|website=World Meteorological Organization}}</ref> আইএমঅ'ৰ মৰ্যাদা আৰু গঠন সংস্কাৰৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ ১৯৪৭ চনৰ বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সন্মিলনত শিখৰত উপনীত হয়, যিয়ে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰে।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10076 |access-date=2023-09-23|title=Basic Documents|website=library.wmo.int }}</ref> ১৯৫০ চনৰ ২৩ মাৰ্চৰ পৰা এই সন্ধি বলবৎ হয় আৰু পিছৰ বছৰত ৰাষ্ট্ৰসংঘৰ ব্যৱস্থাৰ ভিতৰত আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় চৰকাৰী সংস্থা হিচাপে ডব্লিউ এম অ’ই কাৰ্য্যকলাপ আৰম্ভ কৰে। ডব্লিউ এম অ' ১৯৩খন দেশ আৰু ভূখণ্ডৰে গঠিত আৰু ইয়াৰ সদস্য দেশসমূহৰ নিজ নিজ বতৰ বিজ্ঞান আৰু জলবিজ্ঞান প্ৰতিষ্ঠানসমূহৰ মাজত তথ্য, তথ্য আৰু গৱেষণাৰ "মুক্ত আৰু নিষিদ্ধ" আদান-প্ৰদানৰ সুবিধা প্ৰদান কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-02|title=Who we are|url=https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328025623/http://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=2020-08-27|website=World Meteorological Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221739/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/wmo-building-conference-centre |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2023 |title=The WMO Building / Conference Centre|date=12 January 2016 |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=public.wmo.int}}</ref> ইয়াৰ উপৰিও ই পৰিৱেশ সুৰক্ষা, জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তন, সম্পদ ব্যৱস্থাপনা আৰু আৰ্থ-সামাজিক উন্নয়নৰ সৈতে জড়িত বিষয়সমূহত বেচৰকাৰী অংশীদাৰ আৰু অন্যান্য আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থাসমূহৰ সৈতে সহযোগিতা কৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-20 |title=What we do |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161055/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/what-we-do |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=2020-08-27 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> [[ছুইজাৰলেণ্ড]]ৰ জেনেভাত মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয় থকা বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থা সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰে গঠিত বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কংগ্ৰেছে পৰিচালিত কৰে আৰু প্ৰতি চাৰি বছৰৰ মূৰে মূৰে বৈঠকত মিলিত হৈ নীতি আৰু অগ্ৰাধিকাৰ নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে। কংগ্ৰেছৰ নেতৃত্বত আছে এখন কাৰ্যবাহী পৰিষদ যিখন সভাপতিৰ নেতৃত্বত থাকে। বৰ্তমানৰ সভাপতি হৈছে UAE-ৰ আব্দুলা আল মাণ্ডুছ।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.int/media/news/executive-council-opens-new-office-holders#:~:text=New%20WMO%20President%20Dr.,chaired%20the%20Executive%20Council%20meeting. |title=President |last=Al Mandous |first=Abdulla |date=2023 |website=WMO |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> ==প্ৰশাসন== [[File:Gerhard Adrian at World Meteorological Organization.jpg|thumb|বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ সভাপতি জাৰ্মান বতৰ বিজ্ঞানী গেৰহাৰ্ড এড্ৰিয়ান, ২০১৯ চনত]] ১৯৪৭ চনৰ ১১ অক্টোবৰত স্বাক্ষৰিত হোৱা বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ সন্ধিৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা কৰা ডব্লিউ এম অ’ ১৯৫০ চনৰ ২৩ মাৰ্চত অনুমোদন কৰা হয়। এই সন্ধিখনে ডব্লিউ এম অ’ৰ গঠনমূলক সন্ধি হিচাপে কাম কৰে, ইয়াৰ উদ্দেশ্য, শাসন আৰু সাধাৰণ কাঠামো নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে। অধিক্ৰমসমূহ: *সংস্থাটোৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ সংস্থা বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান কংগ্ৰেছে নীতি নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে। প্ৰতিখন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আৰু ভূখণ্ডক প্ৰতি চাৰি বছৰৰ মূৰে মূৰে কংগ্ৰেছৰ বৈঠক অনুষ্ঠিত হ’লে ডব্লিউ এম অ’ৰ সৈতে এজন স্থায়ী প্ৰতিনিধিয়ে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। কংগ্ৰেছে সংগঠনৰ সভাপতি, উপ-সভাপতিৰ লগতে কাৰ্যবাহী পৰিষদৰ সদস্য নিৰ্বাচন কৰে আৰু সচিব প্ৰধানক নিযুক্তি দিয়ে।<ref>{{cite web |title=Governance {{!}} World Meteorological Organization |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/governance |access-date=21 November 2024 |date=27 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161039/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/governance |archive-date=27 November 2023 }}</ref> *কংগ্ৰেছৰ সিদ্ধান্ত কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহক পৰিষদে কাৰ্যকৰী কৰে । *সচিবালয় হৈছে আঠটা বিভাগৰ এটা সংস্থা আৰু ইয়াৰ কৰ্মচাৰী সচিব প্ৰধানৰ নেতৃত্বত ২০০ জনীয়া কৰ্মচাৰী থাকে, যিয়ে সৰ্বাধিক দুটা চাৰি বছৰীয়া কাৰ্যকাল কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহ কৰিব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/about/documents/1069_en.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610184400/https://www.wmo.int/pages/about/documents/1069_en.pdf |title=WMO Strategic Plan |work=wmo.int |archivedate=10 June 2013}}</ref> বিশ্ব জলবায়ুৰ অৱস্থাৰ সন্দৰ্ভত বছৰি প্ৰকাশিত ডব্লিউ এম অ'ৰ বিবৃতিত<ref>{{cite web |title=WMO Statement on the status of the World Climate |url=http://library.wmo.int/opac/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=97#.WOOzUnew1Bw |website=library.wmo.int }}</ref> বিশ্ব, আঞ্চলিক আৰু ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় উষ্ণতা আৰু চৰম বতৰৰ পৰিঘটনাৰ বিৱৰণ দিয়া হয়। ইয়াৰ উপৰি ই বায়ুমণ্ডলীয় [[সেউজ গৃহ প্ৰভাৱ|সেউজ গৃহ]] গেছৰ ঘনত্ব, সাগৰৰ জলপৃষ্ঠ বৃদ্ধি, আৰু সাগৰীয় বৰফৰ পৰিসৰকে ধৰি দীৰ্ঘম্যাদী জলবায়ু পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ সূচকৰ বিষয়ে তথ্য প্ৰদান কৰে। শেহতীয়াকৈ ডব্লিউ এম অ'ৰ প্ৰতিবেদন অনুসৰি ২০১৬ চনটোৱেই আছিল অভিলেখৰ আটাইতকৈ উষ্ণ বছৰ, য'ত বতৰ আৰু জলবায়ুৰ বহু চৰম পৰিস্থিতিৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছিল।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/climate-breaks-multiple-records-2016-global-impacts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218181353/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/climate-breaks-multiple-records-2016-global-impacts |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2023 |title = Climate breaks multiple records in 2016, with global impacts |work=public.wmo.int |date=20 March 2017 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> ২০২৩ চনৰ আগষ্ট মাহলৈকে ডব্লিউ এম অ'ৰ সদস্য সংখ্যা ১৯৩ খন সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰ আৰু ভূখণ্ড।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/members |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221739/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us/members |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2023 |title=Members |work=public.wmo.int |date= 2022 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> ==বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান দিৱস== [[File:WMO Ženeva.jpg|thumb|upright|জেনেভাত থকা ডব্লিউ এম অ’ৰ মুখ্য কাৰ্যালয়, আই পি চি চি আৰু ‘গ্ৰুপ অন আৰ্থ অবজাৰ্ভেচনছ’ৰ সৈতে একেলগে]] [[বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান দিৱস]] প্ৰতি বছৰে ২৩ মাৰ্চত অনুষ্ঠিত হয়।<ref>{{cite web |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/world-meteorological-day |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127161017/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/resources/world-meteorological-day |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2023 |title=World Meteorological Day |date=5 February 2018 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref> == আঞ্চলিক সংস্থাৰ সদস্যপদ == [[File:WMO Regions.PNG|500 px|thumbnail|center|বিশ্ব বতৰ বিজ্ঞান সংস্থাৰ সদস্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰসমূহক ছটা আঞ্চলিক সংঘত বিভক্ত কৰি বিশ্বৰ মানচিত্ৰত দেখুওৱা হৈছে]] == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} == বাহ্য়িক সংযোগ == {{Wikisource|Convention of the World Meteorological Organization}} {{Commons category|World Meteorological Organization}} * {{Official website}} * {{cite web |url=https://severeweather.wmo.int/ |title=Severe World Weather website |publisher=WMO}} * {{cite web |url= http://icoads.noaa.gov/metadata/wmo47/wmo_quarterly/47CodeTables9903.html |title= International List of Selected, Supplementary and Auxiliary Ships |id = Pub 47 |year = 1999 |publisher= [[International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set]] (ICOADS) |quote= '''Including country codes''' }} * {{cite web |url=https://gfcs.wmo.int//wwc_3 |title=World Climate Conference-3 (WCC-3) |date=Aug 2009 |publisher=WMO}} [[শ্ৰেণী:জলবায়ু বিজ্ঞান]] [[শ্ৰেণী:প্ৰকৃতি]] [[শ্ৰেণী:অনুষ্ঠান প্ৰতিষ্ঠান]] pvcl0wxw6c09hqe2nm1vprth9yd16xs 6 122875 518742 2025-06-17T06:00:20Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=5439 518742 wikitext text/x-wiki == সাৰাংশ == https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=5439 == অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ == {{Non-free logo}} ewf44eyrbbxeo60vhuv4pcm9rpzk4vi 0 122876 518764 2025-06-17T06:29:35Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। 518764 wikitext text/x-wiki লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। r7ujs18mcomdum66nja6mn8vq35u2ft 518765 518764 2025-06-17T06:31:40Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। bc0acrk8p0ezwj946739hkywsm1qrcl 518766 518765 2025-06-17T07:17:40Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ sewlp69swx9yefsea98m6ymxypthmv6 518767 518766 2025-06-17T07:18:22Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। 2qi5ill6dyfo8b3rzb8dbntf7zge2x3 518768 518767 2025-06-17T07:19:37Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। 5kudm3qnzha8cowthsx4pgkq23ewxl8 518769 518768 2025-06-17T07:20:48Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান সমৰ্থকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আইন আৰু সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থলত৷ o4pq6z392ibd2b4w9vdj1laq4puh0eg 518770 518769 2025-06-17T07:21:44Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান সমৰ্থকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আইন আৰু সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থলত৷ লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দটোৱেই হৈছে লিংগ বৰ্ণবাদ। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== cezc82021hfsgu6rk23gva3ol27rhk2 518771 518770 2025-06-17T07:22:27Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান সমৰ্থকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আইন আৰু সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থলত৷<ref name="World Bank 2012">The World Bank. 2012. "Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012." Washington, D.C: The World Bank.</ref><ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. 2003. "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." "Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society" 29(2): 325–355</ref> লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দটোৱেই হৈছে লিংগ বৰ্ণবাদ। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 906qtta3z03p4h6l92b0ex00jfuy5aa 518772 518771 2025-06-17T07:25:29Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান সমৰ্থকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আইন আৰু সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থলত৷<ref name="World Bank 2012">The World Bank. 2012. "Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012." Washington, D.C: The World Bank.</ref><ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. 2003. "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." "Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society" 29(2): 325–355</ref> লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দটোৱেই হৈছে লিংগ বৰ্ণবাদ। '''লিঙ্গ বিভাজন''' শব্দটো '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ'''ৰ সমাৰ্থক হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে যৌন আৰু লিংগক সাধাৰণতে পৃথক ধাৰণা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== i3b3hpyf6wavvstxiatjk2oxydg3nzf 518773 518772 2025-06-17T07:26:14Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 518773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান সমৰ্থকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আইন আৰু সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থলত৷<ref name="World Bank 2012">The World Bank. 2012. "Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012." Washington, D.C: The World Bank.</ref><ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. 2003. "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." "Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society" 29(2): 325–355</ref> লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দটোৱেই হৈছে লিংগ বৰ্ণবাদ। '''লিঙ্গ বিভাজন''' শব্দটো '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ'''ৰ সমাৰ্থক হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে যৌন আৰু লিংগক সাধাৰণতে পৃথক ধাৰণা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==সংজ্ঞা== ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== thw3z4l59mua0uj4z5tgypex32c2ean 518774 518773 2025-06-17T07:35:50Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* সংজ্ঞা */ 518774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান সমৰ্থকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আইন আৰু সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থলত৷<ref name="World Bank 2012">The World Bank. 2012. "Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012." Washington, D.C: The World Bank.</ref><ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. 2003. "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." "Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society" 29(2): 325–355</ref> লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দটোৱেই হৈছে লিংগ বৰ্ণবাদ। '''লিঙ্গ বিভাজন''' শব্দটো '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ'''ৰ সমাৰ্থক হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে যৌন আৰু লিংগক সাধাৰণতে পৃথক ধাৰণা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==সংজ্ঞা== "লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ"ত "লিংগ" শব্দটোৱে পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ মাজৰ জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্যক বুজায়, যিটো "লিংগ"ৰ বিপৰীতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Cohen 2010">{{cite journal | doi=10.7916/cjgl.v20i1.2618 | date=2011 | last1=Cohen | first1=David S. | title=The Stubborn Persistence of Sex Segregation |journal=Columbia Journal of Gender and Law | volume=20 | issue=1 |ssrn=1558451}}</ref> "পৃথকীকৰণ" শব্দটোৱে লিংগৰ বিভাজনক বুজায়, যিটো নিয়ম, আইন আৰু নীতিৰ দ্বাৰা বলবৎ কৰিব পাৰি, বা লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা মানুহক পৃথক কৰা বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হ'ব পাৰে। আনকি বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হিচাপেও সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে ল’লে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সমাজৰ চাপ, ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰথা, সামাজিক পছন্দ আৰু “মৌলিক জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্য”ৰ ফলত হ’ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regitz-Zagrosek |first=Vera |date=June 15, 2012 |title=Sex and gender differences in health |journal= EMBO Reports|volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=596–603 |doi=10.1038/embor.2012.87 |pmid=22699937 |pmc=3388783 }}</ref> লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে লিংগ অনুসৰি আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজাব পাৰে। কোনো বৃত্তি, প্ৰতিষ্ঠান বা গোটত অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পৰা এক লিংগক বাদ দিয়াৰ বাবেও এই শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সম্পূৰ্ণ বা আংশিক হ'ব পাৰে, যেনে যেতিয়া এটা লিংগৰ সদস্যই কোনো গোট বা সংগঠনৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু একচেটিয়াভাৱে গঠন নকৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== mfmbyl15hh6dnpxlzelhlexlah15j3m 518776 518774 2025-06-17T07:42:24Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* সংজ্ঞা */ 518776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান সমৰ্থকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আইন আৰু সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থলত৷<ref name="World Bank 2012">The World Bank. 2012. "Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012." Washington, D.C: The World Bank.</ref><ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. 2003. "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." "Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society" 29(2): 325–355</ref> লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দটোৱেই হৈছে লিংগ বৰ্ণবাদ। '''লিঙ্গ বিভাজন''' শব্দটো '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ'''ৰ সমাৰ্থক হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে যৌন আৰু লিংগক সাধাৰণতে পৃথক ধাৰণা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==সংজ্ঞা== "লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ"ত "লিংগ" শব্দটোৱে পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ মাজৰ জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্যক বুজায়, যিটো "লিংগ"ৰ বিপৰীতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Cohen 2010">{{cite journal | doi=10.7916/cjgl.v20i1.2618 | date=2011 | last1=Cohen | first1=David S. | title=The Stubborn Persistence of Sex Segregation |journal=Columbia Journal of Gender and Law | volume=20 | issue=1 |ssrn=1558451}}</ref> "পৃথকীকৰণ" শব্দটোৱে লিংগৰ বিভাজনক বুজায়, যিটো নিয়ম, আইন আৰু নীতিৰ দ্বাৰা বলবৎ কৰিব পাৰি, বা লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা মানুহক পৃথক কৰা বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হ'ব পাৰে। আনকি বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হিচাপেও সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে ল’লে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সমাজৰ চাপ, ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰথা, সামাজিক পছন্দ আৰু “মৌলিক জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্য”ৰ ফলত হ’ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regitz-Zagrosek |first=Vera |date=June 15, 2012 |title=Sex and gender differences in health |journal= EMBO Reports|volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=596–603 |doi=10.1038/embor.2012.87 |pmid=22699937 |pmc=3388783 }}</ref> লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে লিংগ অনুসৰি আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজাব পাৰে। কোনো বৃত্তি, প্ৰতিষ্ঠান বা গোটত অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পৰা এক লিংগক বাদ দিয়াৰ বাবেও এই শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সম্পূৰ্ণ বা আংশিক হ'ব পাৰে, যেনে যেতিয়া এটা লিংগৰ সদস্যই কোনো গোট বা সংগঠনৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু একচেটিয়াভাৱে গঠন নকৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> লিংগ বৰ্ণবৈষম্য (বা যৌন বৰ্ণবৈষম্য) শব্দটো লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হৈছে,<ref name="clergy">{{Cite news|title=Women clergy accuse Church of sexual apartheid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,580180,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian Unlimited | location=London | first=Stephen | last=Bates | date=October 25, 2001 | access-date=May 23, 2010}}</ref> ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে যে ই যৌন বৈষম্য।<ref name="Otto">{{Cite journal|author=Otto D |title=Holding Up half the Sky, But For Whose Benefit: A Critical Analysis of the Fourth World Conference on Women |journal=Australian Feminist Law Journal |year=1996 |volume=6 |page=7 |doi=10.1080/13200968.1996.11077188 |url=http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/afemlj6&section=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> যদি লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ লিংগ বৈষম্যৰ এটা প্ৰকাৰ হয়, তেন্তে ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱে লিংগ সমতা আৰু সমতাৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিণতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010" /> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 5uzp2xjbvaj3wimkx43llmdq8my2fm8 518777 518776 2025-06-17T07:43:26Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* তথ্যসূত্ৰ */ 518777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান সমৰ্থকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আইন আৰু সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থলত৷<ref name="World Bank 2012">The World Bank. 2012. "Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012." Washington, D.C: The World Bank.</ref><ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. 2003. "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." "Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society" 29(2): 325–355</ref> লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দটোৱেই হৈছে লিংগ বৰ্ণবাদ। '''লিঙ্গ বিভাজন''' শব্দটো '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ'''ৰ সমাৰ্থক হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে যৌন আৰু লিংগক সাধাৰণতে পৃথক ধাৰণা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==সংজ্ঞা== "লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ"ত "লিংগ" শব্দটোৱে পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ মাজৰ জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্যক বুজায়, যিটো "লিংগ"ৰ বিপৰীতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Cohen 2010">{{cite journal | doi=10.7916/cjgl.v20i1.2618 | date=2011 | last1=Cohen | first1=David S. | title=The Stubborn Persistence of Sex Segregation |journal=Columbia Journal of Gender and Law | volume=20 | issue=1 |ssrn=1558451}}</ref> "পৃথকীকৰণ" শব্দটোৱে লিংগৰ বিভাজনক বুজায়, যিটো নিয়ম, আইন আৰু নীতিৰ দ্বাৰা বলবৎ কৰিব পাৰি, বা লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা মানুহক পৃথক কৰা বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হ'ব পাৰে। আনকি বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হিচাপেও সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে ল’লে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সমাজৰ চাপ, ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰথা, সামাজিক পছন্দ আৰু “মৌলিক জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্য”ৰ ফলত হ’ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regitz-Zagrosek |first=Vera |date=June 15, 2012 |title=Sex and gender differences in health |journal= EMBO Reports|volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=596–603 |doi=10.1038/embor.2012.87 |pmid=22699937 |pmc=3388783 }}</ref> লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে লিংগ অনুসৰি আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজাব পাৰে। কোনো বৃত্তি, প্ৰতিষ্ঠান বা গোটত অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পৰা এক লিংগক বাদ দিয়াৰ বাবেও এই শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সম্পূৰ্ণ বা আংশিক হ'ব পাৰে, যেনে যেতিয়া এটা লিংগৰ সদস্যই কোনো গোট বা সংগঠনৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু একচেটিয়াভাৱে গঠন নকৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> লিংগ বৰ্ণবৈষম্য (বা যৌন বৰ্ণবৈষম্য) শব্দটো লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হৈছে,<ref name="clergy">{{Cite news|title=Women clergy accuse Church of sexual apartheid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,580180,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian Unlimited | location=London | first=Stephen | last=Bates | date=October 25, 2001 | access-date=May 23, 2010}}</ref> ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে যে ই যৌন বৈষম্য।<ref name="Otto">{{Cite journal|author=Otto D |title=Holding Up half the Sky, But For Whose Benefit: A Critical Analysis of the Fourth World Conference on Women |journal=Australian Feminist Law Journal |year=1996 |volume=6 |page=7 |doi=10.1080/13200968.1996.11077188 |url=http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/afemlj6&section=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> যদি লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ লিংগ বৈষম্যৰ এটা প্ৰকাৰ হয়, তেন্তে ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱে লিংগ সমতা আৰু সমতাৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিণতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010" /> ==প্ৰকাৰ== ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== c05j3nk1qcgnjbagcewywpzdnimir98 518778 518777 2025-06-17T07:43:58Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* প্ৰকাৰ */ 518778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান সমৰ্থকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আইন আৰু সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থলত৷<ref name="World Bank 2012">The World Bank. 2012. "Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012." Washington, D.C: The World Bank.</ref><ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. 2003. "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." "Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society" 29(2): 325–355</ref> লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দটোৱেই হৈছে লিংগ বৰ্ণবাদ। '''লিঙ্গ বিভাজন''' শব্দটো '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ'''ৰ সমাৰ্থক হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে যৌন আৰু লিংগক সাধাৰণতে পৃথক ধাৰণা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==সংজ্ঞা== "লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ"ত "লিংগ" শব্দটোৱে পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ মাজৰ জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্যক বুজায়, যিটো "লিংগ"ৰ বিপৰীতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Cohen 2010">{{cite journal | doi=10.7916/cjgl.v20i1.2618 | date=2011 | last1=Cohen | first1=David S. | title=The Stubborn Persistence of Sex Segregation |journal=Columbia Journal of Gender and Law | volume=20 | issue=1 |ssrn=1558451}}</ref> "পৃথকীকৰণ" শব্দটোৱে লিংগৰ বিভাজনক বুজায়, যিটো নিয়ম, আইন আৰু নীতিৰ দ্বাৰা বলবৎ কৰিব পাৰি, বা লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা মানুহক পৃথক কৰা বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হ'ব পাৰে। আনকি বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হিচাপেও সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে ল’লে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সমাজৰ চাপ, ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰথা, সামাজিক পছন্দ আৰু “মৌলিক জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্য”ৰ ফলত হ’ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regitz-Zagrosek |first=Vera |date=June 15, 2012 |title=Sex and gender differences in health |journal= EMBO Reports|volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=596–603 |doi=10.1038/embor.2012.87 |pmid=22699937 |pmc=3388783 }}</ref> লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে লিংগ অনুসৰি আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজাব পাৰে। কোনো বৃত্তি, প্ৰতিষ্ঠান বা গোটত অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পৰা এক লিংগক বাদ দিয়াৰ বাবেও এই শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সম্পূৰ্ণ বা আংশিক হ'ব পাৰে, যেনে যেতিয়া এটা লিংগৰ সদস্যই কোনো গোট বা সংগঠনৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু একচেটিয়াভাৱে গঠন নকৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> লিংগ বৰ্ণবৈষম্য (বা যৌন বৰ্ণবৈষম্য) শব্দটো লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হৈছে,<ref name="clergy">{{Cite news|title=Women clergy accuse Church of sexual apartheid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,580180,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian Unlimited | location=London | first=Stephen | last=Bates | date=October 25, 2001 | access-date=May 23, 2010}}</ref> ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে যে ই যৌন বৈষম্য।<ref name="Otto">{{Cite journal|author=Otto D |title=Holding Up half the Sky, But For Whose Benefit: A Critical Analysis of the Fourth World Conference on Women |journal=Australian Feminist Law Journal |year=1996 |volume=6 |page=7 |doi=10.1080/13200968.1996.11077188 |url=http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/afemlj6&section=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> যদি লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ লিংগ বৈষম্যৰ এটা প্ৰকাৰ হয়, তেন্তে ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱে লিংগ সমতা আৰু সমতাৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিণতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010" /> ==প্ৰকাৰ== লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ ৰাজহুৱা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত দুয়োটা প্ৰেক্ষাপটতে হ’ব পাৰে, আৰু ইয়াক বহু ধৰণে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== ioig5akky38xu4524go6nqjc823hdjz 518779 518778 2025-06-17T07:44:34Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* প্ৰকাৰ */ 518779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান সমৰ্থকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আইন আৰু সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থলত৷<ref name="World Bank 2012">The World Bank. 2012. "Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012." Washington, D.C: The World Bank.</ref><ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. 2003. "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." "Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society" 29(2): 325–355</ref> লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দটোৱেই হৈছে লিংগ বৰ্ণবাদ। '''লিঙ্গ বিভাজন''' শব্দটো '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ'''ৰ সমাৰ্থক হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে যৌন আৰু লিংগক সাধাৰণতে পৃথক ধাৰণা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==সংজ্ঞা== "লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ"ত "লিংগ" শব্দটোৱে পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ মাজৰ জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্যক বুজায়, যিটো "লিংগ"ৰ বিপৰীতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Cohen 2010">{{cite journal | doi=10.7916/cjgl.v20i1.2618 | date=2011 | last1=Cohen | first1=David S. | title=The Stubborn Persistence of Sex Segregation |journal=Columbia Journal of Gender and Law | volume=20 | issue=1 |ssrn=1558451}}</ref> "পৃথকীকৰণ" শব্দটোৱে লিংগৰ বিভাজনক বুজায়, যিটো নিয়ম, আইন আৰু নীতিৰ দ্বাৰা বলবৎ কৰিব পাৰি, বা লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা মানুহক পৃথক কৰা বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হ'ব পাৰে। আনকি বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হিচাপেও সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে ল’লে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সমাজৰ চাপ, ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰথা, সামাজিক পছন্দ আৰু “মৌলিক জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্য”ৰ ফলত হ’ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regitz-Zagrosek |first=Vera |date=June 15, 2012 |title=Sex and gender differences in health |journal= EMBO Reports|volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=596–603 |doi=10.1038/embor.2012.87 |pmid=22699937 |pmc=3388783 }}</ref> লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে লিংগ অনুসৰি আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজাব পাৰে। কোনো বৃত্তি, প্ৰতিষ্ঠান বা গোটত অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পৰা এক লিংগক বাদ দিয়াৰ বাবেও এই শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সম্পূৰ্ণ বা আংশিক হ'ব পাৰে, যেনে যেতিয়া এটা লিংগৰ সদস্যই কোনো গোট বা সংগঠনৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু একচেটিয়াভাৱে গঠন নকৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> লিংগ বৰ্ণবৈষম্য (বা যৌন বৰ্ণবৈষম্য) শব্দটো লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হৈছে,<ref name="clergy">{{Cite news|title=Women clergy accuse Church of sexual apartheid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,580180,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian Unlimited | location=London | first=Stephen | last=Bates | date=October 25, 2001 | access-date=May 23, 2010}}</ref> ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে যে ই যৌন বৈষম্য।<ref name="Otto">{{Cite journal|author=Otto D |title=Holding Up half the Sky, But For Whose Benefit: A Critical Analysis of the Fourth World Conference on Women |journal=Australian Feminist Law Journal |year=1996 |volume=6 |page=7 |doi=10.1080/13200968.1996.11077188 |url=http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/afemlj6&section=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> যদি লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ লিংগ বৈষম্যৰ এটা প্ৰকাৰ হয়, তেন্তে ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱে লিংগ সমতা আৰু সমতাৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিণতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010" /> ==প্ৰকাৰ== লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ ৰাজহুৱা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত দুয়োটা প্ৰেক্ষাপটতে হ’ব পাৰে, আৰু ইয়াক বহু ধৰণে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ই মানুহক তেওঁলোকৰ লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৃথক কৰাৰ প্ৰথা আৰু ই বিভিন্ন প্ৰেক্ষাপটত বিভিন্ন ৰূপ ল’ব পাৰে। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== isujdn3d5o5lfzkv6e2trqq1ukurnfo 518780 518779 2025-06-17T07:51:29Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* প্ৰকাৰ */ 518780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান সমৰ্থকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আইন আৰু সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থলত৷<ref name="World Bank 2012">The World Bank. 2012. "Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012." Washington, D.C: The World Bank.</ref><ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. 2003. "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." "Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society" 29(2): 325–355</ref> লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দটোৱেই হৈছে লিংগ বৰ্ণবাদ। '''লিঙ্গ বিভাজন''' শব্দটো '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ'''ৰ সমাৰ্থক হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে যৌন আৰু লিংগক সাধাৰণতে পৃথক ধাৰণা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==সংজ্ঞা== "লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ"ত "লিংগ" শব্দটোৱে পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ মাজৰ জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্যক বুজায়, যিটো "লিংগ"ৰ বিপৰীতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Cohen 2010">{{cite journal | doi=10.7916/cjgl.v20i1.2618 | date=2011 | last1=Cohen | first1=David S. | title=The Stubborn Persistence of Sex Segregation |journal=Columbia Journal of Gender and Law | volume=20 | issue=1 |ssrn=1558451}}</ref> "পৃথকীকৰণ" শব্দটোৱে লিংগৰ বিভাজনক বুজায়, যিটো নিয়ম, আইন আৰু নীতিৰ দ্বাৰা বলবৎ কৰিব পাৰি, বা লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা মানুহক পৃথক কৰা বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হ'ব পাৰে। আনকি বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হিচাপেও সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে ল’লে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সমাজৰ চাপ, ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰথা, সামাজিক পছন্দ আৰু “মৌলিক জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্য”ৰ ফলত হ’ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regitz-Zagrosek |first=Vera |date=June 15, 2012 |title=Sex and gender differences in health |journal= EMBO Reports|volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=596–603 |doi=10.1038/embor.2012.87 |pmid=22699937 |pmc=3388783 }}</ref> লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে লিংগ অনুসৰি আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজাব পাৰে। কোনো বৃত্তি, প্ৰতিষ্ঠান বা গোটত অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পৰা এক লিংগক বাদ দিয়াৰ বাবেও এই শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সম্পূৰ্ণ বা আংশিক হ'ব পাৰে, যেনে যেতিয়া এটা লিংগৰ সদস্যই কোনো গোট বা সংগঠনৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু একচেটিয়াভাৱে গঠন নকৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> লিংগ বৰ্ণবৈষম্য (বা যৌন বৰ্ণবৈষম্য) শব্দটো লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হৈছে,<ref name="clergy">{{Cite news|title=Women clergy accuse Church of sexual apartheid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,580180,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian Unlimited | location=London | first=Stephen | last=Bates | date=October 25, 2001 | access-date=May 23, 2010}}</ref> ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে যে ই যৌন বৈষম্য।<ref name="Otto">{{Cite journal|author=Otto D |title=Holding Up half the Sky, But For Whose Benefit: A Critical Analysis of the Fourth World Conference on Women |journal=Australian Feminist Law Journal |year=1996 |volume=6 |page=7 |doi=10.1080/13200968.1996.11077188 |url=http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/afemlj6&section=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> যদি লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ লিংগ বৈষম্যৰ এটা প্ৰকাৰ হয়, তেন্তে ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱে লিংগ সমতা আৰু সমতাৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিণতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010" /> ==প্ৰকাৰ== লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ ৰাজহুৱা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত দুয়োটা প্ৰেক্ষাপটতে হ’ব পাৰে, আৰু ইয়াক বহু ধৰণে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ই মানুহক তেওঁলোকৰ লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৃথক কৰাৰ প্ৰথা আৰু ই বিভিন্ন প্ৰেক্ষাপটত বিভিন্ন ৰূপ ল’ব পাৰে। আইনী আৰু লিংগ অধ্যয়নৰ পণ্ডিত ডেভিদ এছ কোহেনে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণক বাধ্যতামূলক, প্ৰশাসনিক, অনুমতিমূলক বা স্বেচ্ছামূলক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰি‍ এক শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন আগবঢ়াইছে। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== amnjxs5c7nprom1r7fpfmbjxtzo3vri 518781 518780 2025-06-17T07:53:28Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* প্ৰকাৰ */ 518781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান সমৰ্থকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আইন আৰু সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থলত৷<ref name="World Bank 2012">The World Bank. 2012. "Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012." Washington, D.C: The World Bank.</ref><ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. 2003. "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." "Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society" 29(2): 325–355</ref> লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দটোৱেই হৈছে লিংগ বৰ্ণবাদ। '''লিঙ্গ বিভাজন''' শব্দটো '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ'''ৰ সমাৰ্থক হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে যৌন আৰু লিংগক সাধাৰণতে পৃথক ধাৰণা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==সংজ্ঞা== "লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ"ত "লিংগ" শব্দটোৱে পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ মাজৰ জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্যক বুজায়, যিটো "লিংগ"ৰ বিপৰীতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Cohen 2010">{{cite journal | doi=10.7916/cjgl.v20i1.2618 | date=2011 | last1=Cohen | first1=David S. | title=The Stubborn Persistence of Sex Segregation |journal=Columbia Journal of Gender and Law | volume=20 | issue=1 |ssrn=1558451}}</ref> "পৃথকীকৰণ" শব্দটোৱে লিংগৰ বিভাজনক বুজায়, যিটো নিয়ম, আইন আৰু নীতিৰ দ্বাৰা বলবৎ কৰিব পাৰি, বা লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা মানুহক পৃথক কৰা বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হ'ব পাৰে। আনকি বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হিচাপেও সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে ল’লে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সমাজৰ চাপ, ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰথা, সামাজিক পছন্দ আৰু “মৌলিক জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্য”ৰ ফলত হ’ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regitz-Zagrosek |first=Vera |date=June 15, 2012 |title=Sex and gender differences in health |journal= EMBO Reports|volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=596–603 |doi=10.1038/embor.2012.87 |pmid=22699937 |pmc=3388783 }}</ref> লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে লিংগ অনুসৰি আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজাব পাৰে। কোনো বৃত্তি, প্ৰতিষ্ঠান বা গোটত অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পৰা এক লিংগক বাদ দিয়াৰ বাবেও এই শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সম্পূৰ্ণ বা আংশিক হ'ব পাৰে, যেনে যেতিয়া এটা লিংগৰ সদস্যই কোনো গোট বা সংগঠনৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু একচেটিয়াভাৱে গঠন নকৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> লিংগ বৰ্ণবৈষম্য (বা যৌন বৰ্ণবৈষম্য) শব্দটো লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হৈছে,<ref name="clergy">{{Cite news|title=Women clergy accuse Church of sexual apartheid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,580180,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian Unlimited | location=London | first=Stephen | last=Bates | date=October 25, 2001 | access-date=May 23, 2010}}</ref> ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে যে ই যৌন বৈষম্য।<ref name="Otto">{{Cite journal|author=Otto D |title=Holding Up half the Sky, But For Whose Benefit: A Critical Analysis of the Fourth World Conference on Women |journal=Australian Feminist Law Journal |year=1996 |volume=6 |page=7 |doi=10.1080/13200968.1996.11077188 |url=http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/afemlj6&section=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> যদি লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ লিংগ বৈষম্যৰ এটা প্ৰকাৰ হয়, তেন্তে ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱে লিংগ সমতা আৰু সমতাৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিণতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010" /> ==প্ৰকাৰ== লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ ৰাজহুৱা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত দুয়োটা প্ৰেক্ষাপটতে হ’ব পাৰে, আৰু ইয়াক বহু ধৰণে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ই মানুহক তেওঁলোকৰ লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৃথক কৰাৰ প্ৰথা আৰু ই বিভিন্ন প্ৰেক্ষাপটত বিভিন্ন ৰূপ ল’ব পাৰে। আইনী আৰু লিংগ অধ্যয়নৰ পণ্ডিত ডেভিদ এছ কোহেনে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণক বাধ্যতামূলক, প্ৰশাসনিক, অনুমতিমূলক বা স্বেচ্ছামূলক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰি‍ এক শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন আগবঢ়াইছে। বাধ্যতামূলক আৰু প্ৰশাসনিক লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ প্ৰয়োজনীয় আৰু চৰকাৰে ৰাজহুৱা পৰিৱেশত বলবৎ কৰে, আনহাতে অনুমতিমূলক আৰু স্বেচ্ছামূলক লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ হৈছে ৰাজহুৱা বা ব্যক্তিগত প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে বাছি লোৱা স্থিতি, কিন্তু আইনৰ সামৰ্থ্যৰ ভিতৰত। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 5m74vmxw1s3t8ncwcsd3jcmi3dr6lt9 518782 518781 2025-06-17T07:58:49Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 /* প্ৰকাৰ */ 518782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান সমৰ্থকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আইন আৰু সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থলত৷<ref name="World Bank 2012">The World Bank. 2012. "Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012." Washington, D.C: The World Bank.</ref><ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. 2003. "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." "Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society" 29(2): 325–355</ref> লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দটোৱেই হৈছে লিংগ বৰ্ণবাদ। '''লিঙ্গ বিভাজন''' শব্দটো '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ'''ৰ সমাৰ্থক হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে যৌন আৰু লিংগক সাধাৰণতে পৃথক ধাৰণা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==সংজ্ঞা== "লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ"ত "লিংগ" শব্দটোৱে পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ মাজৰ জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্যক বুজায়, যিটো "লিংগ"ৰ বিপৰীতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Cohen 2010">{{cite journal | doi=10.7916/cjgl.v20i1.2618 | date=2011 | last1=Cohen | first1=David S. | title=The Stubborn Persistence of Sex Segregation |journal=Columbia Journal of Gender and Law | volume=20 | issue=1 |ssrn=1558451}}</ref> "পৃথকীকৰণ" শব্দটোৱে লিংগৰ বিভাজনক বুজায়, যিটো নিয়ম, আইন আৰু নীতিৰ দ্বাৰা বলবৎ কৰিব পাৰি, বা লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা মানুহক পৃথক কৰা বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হ'ব পাৰে। আনকি বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হিচাপেও সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে ল’লে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সমাজৰ চাপ, ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰথা, সামাজিক পছন্দ আৰু “মৌলিক জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্য”ৰ ফলত হ’ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regitz-Zagrosek |first=Vera |date=June 15, 2012 |title=Sex and gender differences in health |journal= EMBO Reports|volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=596–603 |doi=10.1038/embor.2012.87 |pmid=22699937 |pmc=3388783 }}</ref> লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে লিংগ অনুসৰি আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজাব পাৰে। কোনো বৃত্তি, প্ৰতিষ্ঠান বা গোটত অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পৰা এক লিংগক বাদ দিয়াৰ বাবেও এই শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সম্পূৰ্ণ বা আংশিক হ'ব পাৰে, যেনে যেতিয়া এটা লিংগৰ সদস্যই কোনো গোট বা সংগঠনৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু একচেটিয়াভাৱে গঠন নকৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> লিংগ বৰ্ণবৈষম্য (বা যৌন বৰ্ণবৈষম্য) শব্দটো লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হৈছে,<ref name="clergy">{{Cite news|title=Women clergy accuse Church of sexual apartheid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,580180,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian Unlimited | location=London | first=Stephen | last=Bates | date=October 25, 2001 | access-date=May 23, 2010}}</ref> ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে যে ই যৌন বৈষম্য।<ref name="Otto">{{Cite journal|author=Otto D |title=Holding Up half the Sky, But For Whose Benefit: A Critical Analysis of the Fourth World Conference on Women |journal=Australian Feminist Law Journal |year=1996 |volume=6 |page=7 |doi=10.1080/13200968.1996.11077188 |url=http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/afemlj6&section=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> যদি লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ লিংগ বৈষম্যৰ এটা প্ৰকাৰ হয়, তেন্তে ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱে লিংগ সমতা আৰু সমতাৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিণতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010" /> ==প্ৰকাৰ== লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ ৰাজহুৱা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত দুয়োটা প্ৰেক্ষাপটতে হ’ব পাৰে, আৰু ইয়াক বহু ধৰণে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ই মানুহক তেওঁলোকৰ লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৃথক কৰাৰ প্ৰথা আৰু ই বিভিন্ন প্ৰেক্ষাপটত বিভিন্ন ৰূপ ল’ব পাৰে। আইনী আৰু লিংগ অধ্যয়নৰ পণ্ডিত ডেভিদ এছ কোহেনে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণক বাধ্যতামূলক, প্ৰশাসনিক, অনুমতিমূলক বা স্বেচ্ছামূলক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰি‍ এক শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন আগবঢ়াইছে। বাধ্যতামূলক আৰু প্ৰশাসনিক লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ প্ৰয়োজনীয় আৰু চৰকাৰে ৰাজহুৱা পৰিৱেশত বলবৎ কৰে, আনহাতে অনুমতিমূলক আৰু স্বেচ্ছামূলক লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ হৈছে ৰাজহুৱা বা ব্যক্তিগত প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে বাছি লোৱা স্থিতি, কিন্তু আইনৰ সামৰ্থ্যৰ ভিতৰত।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> উদাহৰণ: ৰাজহুৱা অট্টালিকাত পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ বাবে পৃথক শৌচাগাৰ আৰু লকাৰ ৰুম। লিংগ-বিভাজিত কাৰাগাৰ বা ডিটেনচন চেণ্টাৰ। লিংগ নিৰ্দিষ্ট ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা, বিশেষকৈ য’ত শাৰীৰিক পাৰ্থক্যক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 2itugpafimmk2gjv6zxu9qtq6xt0pcy 518783 518782 2025-06-17T07:59:38Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' ({{lang-en| Sex segregation}}) হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান সমৰ্থকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আইন আৰু সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থলত৷<ref name="World Bank 2012">The World Bank. 2012. "Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012." Washington, D.C: The World Bank.</ref><ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. 2003. "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." "Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society" 29(2): 325–355</ref> লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দটোৱেই হৈছে লিংগ বৰ্ণবাদ। '''লিঙ্গ বিভাজন''' শব্দটো '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ'''ৰ সমাৰ্থক হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে যৌন আৰু লিংগক সাধাৰণতে পৃথক ধাৰণা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==সংজ্ঞা== "লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ"ত "লিংগ" শব্দটোৱে পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ মাজৰ জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্যক বুজায়, যিটো "লিংগ"ৰ বিপৰীতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Cohen 2010">{{cite journal | doi=10.7916/cjgl.v20i1.2618 | date=2011 | last1=Cohen | first1=David S. | title=The Stubborn Persistence of Sex Segregation |journal=Columbia Journal of Gender and Law | volume=20 | issue=1 |ssrn=1558451}}</ref> "পৃথকীকৰণ" শব্দটোৱে লিংগৰ বিভাজনক বুজায়, যিটো নিয়ম, আইন আৰু নীতিৰ দ্বাৰা বলবৎ কৰিব পাৰি, বা লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা মানুহক পৃথক কৰা বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হ'ব পাৰে। আনকি বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হিচাপেও সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে ল’লে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সমাজৰ চাপ, ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰথা, সামাজিক পছন্দ আৰু “মৌলিক জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্য”ৰ ফলত হ’ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regitz-Zagrosek |first=Vera |date=June 15, 2012 |title=Sex and gender differences in health |journal= EMBO Reports|volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=596–603 |doi=10.1038/embor.2012.87 |pmid=22699937 |pmc=3388783 }}</ref> লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে লিংগ অনুসৰি আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজাব পাৰে। কোনো বৃত্তি, প্ৰতিষ্ঠান বা গোটত অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পৰা এক লিংগক বাদ দিয়াৰ বাবেও এই শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সম্পূৰ্ণ বা আংশিক হ'ব পাৰে, যেনে যেতিয়া এটা লিংগৰ সদস্যই কোনো গোট বা সংগঠনৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু একচেটিয়াভাৱে গঠন নকৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> লিংগ বৰ্ণবৈষম্য (বা যৌন বৰ্ণবৈষম্য) শব্দটো লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হৈছে,<ref name="clergy">{{Cite news|title=Women clergy accuse Church of sexual apartheid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,580180,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian Unlimited | location=London | first=Stephen | last=Bates | date=October 25, 2001 | access-date=May 23, 2010}}</ref> ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে যে ই যৌন বৈষম্য।<ref name="Otto">{{Cite journal|author=Otto D |title=Holding Up half the Sky, But For Whose Benefit: A Critical Analysis of the Fourth World Conference on Women |journal=Australian Feminist Law Journal |year=1996 |volume=6 |page=7 |doi=10.1080/13200968.1996.11077188 |url=http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/afemlj6&section=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> যদি লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ লিংগ বৈষম্যৰ এটা প্ৰকাৰ হয়, তেন্তে ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱে লিংগ সমতা আৰু সমতাৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিণতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010" /> ==প্ৰকাৰ== লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ ৰাজহুৱা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত দুয়োটা প্ৰেক্ষাপটতে হ’ব পাৰে, আৰু ইয়াক বহু ধৰণে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ই মানুহক তেওঁলোকৰ লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৃথক কৰাৰ প্ৰথা আৰু ই বিভিন্ন প্ৰেক্ষাপটত বিভিন্ন ৰূপ ল’ব পাৰে। আইনী আৰু লিংগ অধ্যয়নৰ পণ্ডিত ডেভিদ এছ কোহেনে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণক বাধ্যতামূলক, প্ৰশাসনিক, অনুমতিমূলক বা স্বেচ্ছামূলক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰি‍ এক শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন আগবঢ়াইছে। বাধ্যতামূলক আৰু প্ৰশাসনিক লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ প্ৰয়োজনীয় আৰু চৰকাৰে ৰাজহুৱা পৰিৱেশত বলবৎ কৰে, আনহাতে অনুমতিমূলক আৰু স্বেচ্ছামূলক লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ হৈছে ৰাজহুৱা বা ব্যক্তিগত প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে বাছি লোৱা স্থিতি, কিন্তু আইনৰ সামৰ্থ্যৰ ভিতৰত।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> উদাহৰণ: ৰাজহুৱা অট্টালিকাত পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ বাবে পৃথক শৌচাগাৰ আৰু লকাৰ ৰুম। লিংগ-বিভাজিত কাৰাগাৰ বা ডিটেনচন চেণ্টাৰ। লিংগ নিৰ্দিষ্ট ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা, বিশেষকৈ য’ত শাৰীৰিক পাৰ্থক্যক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== kojpa2n61p0uc30bgdwqjzmxpjl2bvm 518784 518783 2025-06-17T08:00:16Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' ({{lang-en| Sex segregation}}) হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান সমৰ্থকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আইন আৰু সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থলত৷<ref name="World Bank 2012">The World Bank. 2012. "Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012." Washington, D.C: The World Bank.</ref><ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. 2003. "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." "Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society" 29(2): 325–355</ref> লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দটোৱেই হৈছে লিংগ বৰ্ণবাদ। '''লিঙ্গ বিভাজন''' শব্দটো '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ'''ৰ সমাৰ্থক হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে যৌন আৰু লিংগক সাধাৰণতে পৃথক ধাৰণা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==সংজ্ঞা== "লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ"ত "লিংগ" শব্দটোৱে পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ মাজৰ জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্যক বুজায়, যিটো "লিংগ"ৰ বিপৰীতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Cohen 2010">{{cite journal | doi=10.7916/cjgl.v20i1.2618 | date=2011 | last1=Cohen | first1=David S. | title=The Stubborn Persistence of Sex Segregation |journal=Columbia Journal of Gender and Law | volume=20 | issue=1 |ssrn=1558451}}</ref> "পৃথকীকৰণ" শব্দটোৱে লিংগৰ বিভাজনক বুজায়, যিটো নিয়ম, আইন আৰু নীতিৰ দ্বাৰা বলবৎ কৰিব পাৰি, বা লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা মানুহক পৃথক কৰা বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হ'ব পাৰে। আনকি বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হিচাপেও সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে ল’লে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সমাজৰ চাপ, ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰথা, সামাজিক পছন্দ আৰু “মৌলিক জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্য”ৰ ফলত হ’ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regitz-Zagrosek |first=Vera |date=June 15, 2012 |title=Sex and gender differences in health |journal= EMBO Reports|volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=596–603 |doi=10.1038/embor.2012.87 |pmid=22699937 |pmc=3388783 }}</ref> লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে লিংগ অনুসৰি আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজাব পাৰে। কোনো বৃত্তি, প্ৰতিষ্ঠান বা গোটত অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পৰা এক লিংগক বাদ দিয়াৰ বাবেও এই শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সম্পূৰ্ণ বা আংশিক হ'ব পাৰে, যেনে যেতিয়া এটা লিংগৰ সদস্যই কোনো গোট বা সংগঠনৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু একচেটিয়াভাৱে গঠন নকৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> লিংগ বৰ্ণবৈষম্য (বা যৌন বৰ্ণবৈষম্য) শব্দটো লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হৈছে,<ref name="clergy">{{Cite news|title=Women clergy accuse Church of sexual apartheid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,580180,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian Unlimited | location=London | first=Stephen | last=Bates | date=October 25, 2001 | access-date=May 23, 2010}}</ref> ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে যে ই যৌন বৈষম্য।<ref name="Otto">{{Cite journal|author=Otto D |title=Holding Up half the Sky, But For Whose Benefit: A Critical Analysis of the Fourth World Conference on Women |journal=Australian Feminist Law Journal |year=1996 |volume=6 |page=7 |doi=10.1080/13200968.1996.11077188 |url=http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/afemlj6&section=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> যদি লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ লিংগ বৈষম্যৰ এটা প্ৰকাৰ হয়, তেন্তে ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱে লিংগ সমতা আৰু সমতাৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিণতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010" /> ==প্ৰকাৰ== লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ ৰাজহুৱা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত দুয়োটা প্ৰেক্ষাপটতে হ’ব পাৰে, আৰু ইয়াক বহু ধৰণে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ই মানুহক তেওঁলোকৰ লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৃথক কৰাৰ প্ৰথা আৰু ই বিভিন্ন প্ৰেক্ষাপটত বিভিন্ন ৰূপ ল’ব পাৰে। আইনী আৰু লিংগ অধ্যয়নৰ পণ্ডিত ডেভিদ এছ কোহেনে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণক বাধ্যতামূলক, প্ৰশাসনিক, অনুমতিমূলক বা স্বেচ্ছামূলক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰি‍ এক শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন আগবঢ়াইছে। বাধ্যতামূলক আৰু প্ৰশাসনিক লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ প্ৰয়োজনীয় আৰু চৰকাৰে ৰাজহুৱা পৰিৱেশত বলবৎ কৰে, আনহাতে অনুমতিমূলক আৰু স্বেচ্ছামূলক লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ হৈছে ৰাজহুৱা বা ব্যক্তিগত প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে বাছি লোৱা স্থিতি, কিন্তু আইনৰ সামৰ্থ্যৰ ভিতৰত।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> উদাহৰণ: ৰাজহুৱা অট্টালিকাত পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ বাবে পৃথক শৌচাগাৰ আৰু লকাৰ ৰুম। লিংগ-বিভাজিত কাৰাগাৰ বা ডিটেনচন চেণ্টাৰ। লিংগ নিৰ্দিষ্ট ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা, বিশেষকৈ য’ত শাৰীৰিক পাৰ্থক্যক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 20sozhccphqd5qqxjnpygrbv38k5tlh 518787 518784 2025-06-17T08:13:48Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518787 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Marasem emsal do panjareh.jpg|thumb|ইৰাণত ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠানত মানৱ লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ। খিৰিকী দুখনৰ প্ৰত্যেকেই এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট লিংগৰ।]] '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' ({{lang-en| Sex segregation}}) হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান সমৰ্থকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আইন আৰু সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থলত৷<ref name="World Bank 2012">The World Bank. 2012. "Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012." Washington, D.C: The World Bank.</ref><ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. 2003. "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." "Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society" 29(2): 325–355</ref> লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দটোৱেই হৈছে লিংগ বৰ্ণবাদ। '''লিঙ্গ বিভাজন''' শব্দটো '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ'''ৰ সমাৰ্থক হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে যৌন আৰু লিংগক সাধাৰণতে পৃথক ধাৰণা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==সংজ্ঞা== "লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ"ত "লিংগ" শব্দটোৱে পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ মাজৰ জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্যক বুজায়, যিটো "লিংগ"ৰ বিপৰীতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Cohen 2010">{{cite journal | doi=10.7916/cjgl.v20i1.2618 | date=2011 | last1=Cohen | first1=David S. | title=The Stubborn Persistence of Sex Segregation |journal=Columbia Journal of Gender and Law | volume=20 | issue=1 |ssrn=1558451}}</ref> "পৃথকীকৰণ" শব্দটোৱে লিংগৰ বিভাজনক বুজায়, যিটো নিয়ম, আইন আৰু নীতিৰ দ্বাৰা বলবৎ কৰিব পাৰি, বা লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা মানুহক পৃথক কৰা বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হ'ব পাৰে। আনকি বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হিচাপেও সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে ল’লে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সমাজৰ চাপ, ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰথা, সামাজিক পছন্দ আৰু “মৌলিক জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্য”ৰ ফলত হ’ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regitz-Zagrosek |first=Vera |date=June 15, 2012 |title=Sex and gender differences in health |journal= EMBO Reports|volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=596–603 |doi=10.1038/embor.2012.87 |pmid=22699937 |pmc=3388783 }}</ref> লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে লিংগ অনুসৰি আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজাব পাৰে। কোনো বৃত্তি, প্ৰতিষ্ঠান বা গোটত অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পৰা এক লিংগক বাদ দিয়াৰ বাবেও এই শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সম্পূৰ্ণ বা আংশিক হ'ব পাৰে, যেনে যেতিয়া এটা লিংগৰ সদস্যই কোনো গোট বা সংগঠনৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু একচেটিয়াভাৱে গঠন নকৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> লিংগ বৰ্ণবৈষম্য (বা যৌন বৰ্ণবৈষম্য) শব্দটো লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হৈছে,<ref name="clergy">{{Cite news|title=Women clergy accuse Church of sexual apartheid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,580180,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian Unlimited | location=London | first=Stephen | last=Bates | date=October 25, 2001 | access-date=May 23, 2010}}</ref> ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে যে ই যৌন বৈষম্য।<ref name="Otto">{{Cite journal|author=Otto D |title=Holding Up half the Sky, But For Whose Benefit: A Critical Analysis of the Fourth World Conference on Women |journal=Australian Feminist Law Journal |year=1996 |volume=6 |page=7 |doi=10.1080/13200968.1996.11077188 |url=http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/afemlj6&section=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> যদি লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ লিংগ বৈষম্যৰ এটা প্ৰকাৰ হয়, তেন্তে ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱে লিংগ সমতা আৰু সমতাৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিণতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010" /> ==প্ৰকাৰ== লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ ৰাজহুৱা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত দুয়োটা প্ৰেক্ষাপটতে হ’ব পাৰে, আৰু ইয়াক বহু ধৰণে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ই মানুহক তেওঁলোকৰ লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৃথক কৰাৰ প্ৰথা আৰু ই বিভিন্ন প্ৰেক্ষাপটত বিভিন্ন ৰূপ ল’ব পাৰে। আইনী আৰু লিংগ অধ্যয়নৰ পণ্ডিত ডেভিদ এছ কোহেনে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণক বাধ্যতামূলক, প্ৰশাসনিক, অনুমতিমূলক বা স্বেচ্ছামূলক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰি‍ এক শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন আগবঢ়াইছে। বাধ্যতামূলক আৰু প্ৰশাসনিক লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ প্ৰয়োজনীয় আৰু চৰকাৰে ৰাজহুৱা পৰিৱেশত বলবৎ কৰে, আনহাতে অনুমতিমূলক আৰু স্বেচ্ছামূলক লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ হৈছে ৰাজহুৱা বা ব্যক্তিগত প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে বাছি লোৱা স্থিতি, কিন্তু আইনৰ সামৰ্থ্যৰ ভিতৰত।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> উদাহৰণ: ৰাজহুৱা অট্টালিকাত পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ বাবে পৃথক শৌচাগাৰ আৰু লকাৰ ৰুম। লিংগ-বিভাজিত কাৰাগাৰ বা ডিটেনচন চেণ্টাৰ। লিংগ নিৰ্দিষ্ট ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা, বিশেষকৈ য’ত শাৰীৰিক পাৰ্থক্যক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 3mrx0shnb8qdxolpdrnwacpzzcza9h3 518789 518787 2025-06-17T08:16:34Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518789 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Marasem emsal do panjareh.jpg|thumb|ইৰাণত ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠানত মানৱ লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ। খিৰিকী দুখনৰ প্ৰত্যেকেই এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট লিংগৰ।]] [[File:Toilets unisex.svg|thumb|ৰাজহুৱা শৌচাগাৰত লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সাধাৰণ আৰু ইয়াক প্ৰায়ে শৌচাগাৰৰ দুৱাৰত লাঠিৰ আকৃতিৰ [[লিংগ চিহ্ন]]ৰ দ্বাৰা সূচিত কৰা হয়।]] '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' ({{lang-en| Sex segregation}}) হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান সমৰ্থকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আইন আৰু সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থলত৷<ref name="World Bank 2012">The World Bank. 2012. "Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012." Washington, D.C: The World Bank.</ref><ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. 2003. "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." "Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society" 29(2): 325–355</ref> লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দটোৱেই হৈছে লিংগ বৰ্ণবাদ। '''লিঙ্গ বিভাজন''' শব্দটো '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ'''ৰ সমাৰ্থক হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে যৌন আৰু লিংগক সাধাৰণতে পৃথক ধাৰণা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==সংজ্ঞা== "লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ"ত "লিংগ" শব্দটোৱে পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ মাজৰ জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্যক বুজায়, যিটো "লিংগ"ৰ বিপৰীতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Cohen 2010">{{cite journal | doi=10.7916/cjgl.v20i1.2618 | date=2011 | last1=Cohen | first1=David S. | title=The Stubborn Persistence of Sex Segregation |journal=Columbia Journal of Gender and Law | volume=20 | issue=1 |ssrn=1558451}}</ref> "পৃথকীকৰণ" শব্দটোৱে লিংগৰ বিভাজনক বুজায়, যিটো নিয়ম, আইন আৰু নীতিৰ দ্বাৰা বলবৎ কৰিব পাৰি, বা লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা মানুহক পৃথক কৰা বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হ'ব পাৰে। আনকি বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হিচাপেও সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে ল’লে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সমাজৰ চাপ, ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰথা, সামাজিক পছন্দ আৰু “মৌলিক জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্য”ৰ ফলত হ’ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regitz-Zagrosek |first=Vera |date=June 15, 2012 |title=Sex and gender differences in health |journal= EMBO Reports|volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=596–603 |doi=10.1038/embor.2012.87 |pmid=22699937 |pmc=3388783 }}</ref> লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে লিংগ অনুসৰি আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজাব পাৰে। কোনো বৃত্তি, প্ৰতিষ্ঠান বা গোটত অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পৰা এক লিংগক বাদ দিয়াৰ বাবেও এই শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সম্পূৰ্ণ বা আংশিক হ'ব পাৰে, যেনে যেতিয়া এটা লিংগৰ সদস্যই কোনো গোট বা সংগঠনৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু একচেটিয়াভাৱে গঠন নকৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> লিংগ বৰ্ণবৈষম্য (বা যৌন বৰ্ণবৈষম্য) শব্দটো লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হৈছে,<ref name="clergy">{{Cite news|title=Women clergy accuse Church of sexual apartheid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,580180,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian Unlimited | location=London | first=Stephen | last=Bates | date=October 25, 2001 | access-date=May 23, 2010}}</ref> ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে যে ই যৌন বৈষম্য।<ref name="Otto">{{Cite journal|author=Otto D |title=Holding Up half the Sky, But For Whose Benefit: A Critical Analysis of the Fourth World Conference on Women |journal=Australian Feminist Law Journal |year=1996 |volume=6 |page=7 |doi=10.1080/13200968.1996.11077188 |url=http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/afemlj6&section=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> যদি লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ লিংগ বৈষম্যৰ এটা প্ৰকাৰ হয়, তেন্তে ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱে লিংগ সমতা আৰু সমতাৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিণতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010" /> ==প্ৰকাৰ== লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ ৰাজহুৱা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত দুয়োটা প্ৰেক্ষাপটতে হ’ব পাৰে, আৰু ইয়াক বহু ধৰণে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ই মানুহক তেওঁলোকৰ লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৃথক কৰাৰ প্ৰথা আৰু ই বিভিন্ন প্ৰেক্ষাপটত বিভিন্ন ৰূপ ল’ব পাৰে। আইনী আৰু লিংগ অধ্যয়নৰ পণ্ডিত ডেভিদ এছ কোহেনে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণক বাধ্যতামূলক, প্ৰশাসনিক, অনুমতিমূলক বা স্বেচ্ছামূলক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰি‍ এক শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন আগবঢ়াইছে। বাধ্যতামূলক আৰু প্ৰশাসনিক লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ প্ৰয়োজনীয় আৰু চৰকাৰে ৰাজহুৱা পৰিৱেশত বলবৎ কৰে, আনহাতে অনুমতিমূলক আৰু স্বেচ্ছামূলক লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ হৈছে ৰাজহুৱা বা ব্যক্তিগত প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে বাছি লোৱা স্থিতি, কিন্তু আইনৰ সামৰ্থ্যৰ ভিতৰত।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> উদাহৰণ: ৰাজহুৱা অট্টালিকাত পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ বাবে পৃথক শৌচাগাৰ আৰু লকাৰ ৰুম। লিংগ-বিভাজিত কাৰাগাৰ বা ডিটেনচন চেণ্টাৰ। লিংগ নিৰ্দিষ্ট ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা, বিশেষকৈ য’ত শাৰীৰিক পাৰ্থক্যক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== jywxh5v2vo3la4fncsphip1lbq8l5x3 518797 518789 2025-06-17T08:32:26Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 added [[Category:লিংগভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 518797 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Marasem emsal do panjareh.jpg|thumb|ইৰাণত ধৰ্মীয় অনুষ্ঠানত মানৱ লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ। খিৰিকী দুখনৰ প্ৰত্যেকেই এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট লিংগৰ।]] [[File:Toilets unisex.svg|thumb|ৰাজহুৱা শৌচাগাৰত লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সাধাৰণ আৰু ইয়াক প্ৰায়ে শৌচাগাৰৰ দুৱাৰত লাঠিৰ আকৃতিৰ [[লিংগ চিহ্ন]]ৰ দ্বাৰা সূচিত কৰা হয়।]] '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ''' ({{lang-en| Sex segregation}}) হ'ল মানুহৰ জৈৱিক লিংগ অনুসৰি শাৰীৰিক, আইনী আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক বিচ্ছেদ। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে বৈষম্যৰ কোনো দিশ নোহোৱাকৈ কেৱল লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজায়৷ বহু পৰিস্থিতিত যৌন বিচ্ছেদ বিতৰ্কিত বিষয় হ’ব পাৰে। পৰিস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি ইয়াৰ ফলত ক্ষমতা আৰু মানৱ অধিকাৰ উলংঘন হ’ব পাৰে আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক অদক্ষতাৰ সৃষ্টি হ’ব পাৰে। কিছুমান সমৰ্থকে যুক্তি আগবঢ়ায় যে ই নিৰ্দিষ্ট ধৰ্মীয় আইন আৰু সামাজিক আৰু সাংস্কৃতিক ইতিহাস আৰু পৰম্পৰাৰ কেন্দ্ৰীয় স্থলত৷<ref name="World Bank 2012">The World Bank. 2012. "Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012." Washington, D.C: The World Bank.</ref><ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. 2003. "Women's Education: A Global Challenge." "Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society" 29(2): 325–355</ref> লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দটোৱেই হৈছে লিংগ বৰ্ণবাদ। '''লিঙ্গ বিভাজন''' শব্দটো '''লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ'''ৰ সমাৰ্থক হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে যৌন আৰু লিংগক সাধাৰণতে পৃথক ধাৰণা বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==সংজ্ঞা== "লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ"ত "লিংগ" শব্দটোৱে পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ মাজৰ জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্যক বুজায়, যিটো "লিংগ"ৰ বিপৰীতে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।<ref name="Cohen 2010">{{cite journal | doi=10.7916/cjgl.v20i1.2618 | date=2011 | last1=Cohen | first1=David S. | title=The Stubborn Persistence of Sex Segregation |journal=Columbia Journal of Gender and Law | volume=20 | issue=1 |ssrn=1558451}}</ref> "পৃথকীকৰণ" শব্দটোৱে লিংগৰ বিভাজনক বুজায়, যিটো নিয়ম, আইন আৰু নীতিৰ দ্বাৰা বলবৎ কৰিব পাৰি, বা লিংগৰ দ্বাৰা মানুহক পৃথক কৰা বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হ'ব পাৰে। আনকি বাস্তৱিক ফলাফল হিচাপেও সামগ্ৰিকভাৱে ল’লে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সমাজৰ চাপ, ঐতিহাসিক প্ৰথা, সামাজিক পছন্দ আৰু “মৌলিক জৈৱিক পাৰ্থক্য”ৰ ফলত হ’ব পাৰে।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regitz-Zagrosek |first=Vera |date=June 15, 2012 |title=Sex and gender differences in health |journal= EMBO Reports|volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=596–603 |doi=10.1038/embor.2012.87 |pmid=22699937 |pmc=3388783 }}</ref> লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণে লিংগ অনুসৰি আক্ষৰিক শাৰীৰিক আৰু স্থানীয় পৃথকীকৰণক বুজাব পাৰে। কোনো বৃত্তি, প্ৰতিষ্ঠান বা গোটত অংশগ্ৰহণৰ পৰা এক লিংগক বাদ দিয়াৰ বাবেও এই শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ সম্পূৰ্ণ বা আংশিক হ'ব পাৰে, যেনে যেতিয়া এটা লিংগৰ সদস্যই কোনো গোট বা সংগঠনৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰাধান্য লাভ কৰে, কিন্তু একচেটিয়াভাৱে গঠন নকৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> লিংগ বৰ্ণবৈষম্য (বা যৌন বৰ্ণবৈষম্য) শব্দটো লিংগ অনুসৰি মানুহক পৃথক কৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতো প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হৈছে,<ref name="clergy">{{Cite news|title=Women clergy accuse Church of sexual apartheid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,580180,00.html |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian Unlimited | location=London | first=Stephen | last=Bates | date=October 25, 2001 | access-date=May 23, 2010}}</ref> ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হৈছে যে ই যৌন বৈষম্য।<ref name="Otto">{{Cite journal|author=Otto D |title=Holding Up half the Sky, But For Whose Benefit: A Critical Analysis of the Fourth World Conference on Women |journal=Australian Feminist Law Journal |year=1996 |volume=6 |page=7 |doi=10.1080/13200968.1996.11077188 |url=http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/afemlj6&section=6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> যদি লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ লিংগ বৈষম্যৰ এটা প্ৰকাৰ হয়, তেন্তে ইয়াৰ প্ৰভাৱে লিংগ সমতা আৰু সমতাৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পৰিণতিৰ সৃষ্টি কৰে।<ref name="Cohen 2010" /> ==প্ৰকাৰ== লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ ৰাজহুৱা আৰু ব্যক্তিগত দুয়োটা প্ৰেক্ষাপটতে হ’ব পাৰে, আৰু ইয়াক বহু ধৰণে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰা হয়। ই মানুহক তেওঁলোকৰ লিংগৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি পৃথক কৰাৰ প্ৰথা আৰু ই বিভিন্ন প্ৰেক্ষাপটত বিভিন্ন ৰূপ ল’ব পাৰে। আইনী আৰু লিংগ অধ্যয়নৰ পণ্ডিত ডেভিদ এছ কোহেনে লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণক বাধ্যতামূলক, প্ৰশাসনিক, অনুমতিমূলক বা স্বেচ্ছামূলক হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত কৰি‍ এক শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন আগবঢ়াইছে। বাধ্যতামূলক আৰু প্ৰশাসনিক লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ প্ৰয়োজনীয় আৰু চৰকাৰে ৰাজহুৱা পৰিৱেশত বলবৎ কৰে, আনহাতে অনুমতিমূলক আৰু স্বেচ্ছামূলক লিংগ পৃথকীকৰণ হৈছে ৰাজহুৱা বা ব্যক্তিগত প্ৰতিষ্ঠানে বাছি লোৱা স্থিতি, কিন্তু আইনৰ সামৰ্থ্যৰ ভিতৰত।<ref name="Cohen 2010"/> উদাহৰণ: ৰাজহুৱা অট্টালিকাত পুৰুষ আৰু মহিলাৰ বাবে পৃথক শৌচাগাৰ আৰু লকাৰ ৰুম। লিংগ-বিভাজিত কাৰাগাৰ বা ডিটেনচন চেণ্টাৰ। লিংগ নিৰ্দিষ্ট ক্ৰীড়া প্ৰতিযোগিতা, বিশেষকৈ য’ত শাৰীৰিক পাৰ্থক্যক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বুলি গণ্য কৰা হয়। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== [[শ্ৰেণী:লিংগভিত্তিক অধ্যয়ন]] r6l9oshfu6ne6u822igii3519llfqux 0 122877 518788 2025-06-17T08:16:25Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: [[File:103 Five-Headed Shiva, 16c, Ayutthaya (35122814071).jpg|thumb|Panchamukha Shiva, 16th century, Ayutthaya. Photograph from the National Museum, Bangkok, Thailand.]] {{Short description|Iconography of five-faced deities in Hinduism}}'''Panchamukha''' ({{Langx|sa|पञ्चमुख|lit=five faces|translit=Pañcamukha}}), also rendered '''Panchamukhi''', is a concept in [[Hindu iconography]], in which a [[Hindu deities|deity]] is represented with five... 518788 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:103 Five-Headed Shiva, 16c, Ayutthaya (35122814071).jpg|thumb|Panchamukha Shiva, 16th century, Ayutthaya. Photograph from the National Museum, Bangkok, Thailand.]] {{Short description|Iconography of five-faced deities in Hinduism}}'''Panchamukha''' ({{Langx|sa|पञ्चमुख|lit=five faces|translit=Pañcamukha}}), also rendered '''Panchamukhi''', is a concept in [[Hindu iconography]], in which a [[Hindu deities|deity]] is represented with five heads.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lingham |first=Durgadas (Rodney) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO0LBgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PA42 |title=Exploring Mantric Ayurveda: Secrets and Insights of Mantra-Yoga and Healing |date=2013-11-03 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-304-59409-9 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> Several [[Hindu deities]] are depicted with five faces in their iconography, such as [[Hanuman]], [[Shiva]], [[Brahma]], [[Ganesha]], and [[Gayatri]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-07-05 |title=Pancamukha, Pañcamukha, Panca-mukha, Pancan-mukha, Pamcamukha: 11 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancamukha |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> ijbk2wf6qb471uvvv2ege1ti9aohwxw 518790 518788 2025-06-17T08:20:50Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 518790 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:103 Five-Headed Shiva, 16c, Ayutthaya (35122814071).jpg|thumb|পঞ্চমুখ শিৱ, ১৬ শতিকা, আয়ুথায়। থাইলেণ্ডৰ বেংককৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ফটো।]] '''পঞ্চমুখ''' ({{Lang-sa|पञ्चमुख}},{{Lang-en|Pañcamukha}}) '''পঞ্চমুখী''' বুলিও অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে। [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] প্ৰতীকধৰ্মিতাত (Iconography) ই এক ধাৰণা, য'ত এজন দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মূৰ বা পাঁচখন মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lingham |first=Durgadas (Rodney) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO0LBgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PA42 |title=Exploring Mantric Ayurveda: Secrets and Insights of Mantra-Yoga and Healing |date=2013-11-03 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-304-59409-9 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> কেইবাজনো হিন্দু দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মুখেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে; যেনে-[[হনুমান]], [[শিৱ]], [[ব্ৰহ্মা|ব্ৰহ্ম]], [[গণেশ]] আৰু [[গায়ত্ৰী]]।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-07-05 |title=Pancamukha, Pañcamukha, Panca-mukha, Pancan-mukha, Pamcamukha: 11 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancamukha |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == 076gn2n8fmltxbsg77r0995oa8sysk6 518792 518790 2025-06-17T08:21:53Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 +[[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু দেৱতা]]; +[[শ্ৰেণী:দেৱ-দেৱী]]; +[[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ দেৱ দেৱী]] using [[WP:HC|HotCat]] 518792 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:103 Five-Headed Shiva, 16c, Ayutthaya (35122814071).jpg|thumb|পঞ্চমুখ শিৱ, ১৬ শতিকা, আয়ুথায়। থাইলেণ্ডৰ বেংককৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ফটো।]] '''পঞ্চমুখ''' ({{Lang-sa|पञ्चमुख}},{{Lang-en|Pañcamukha}}) '''পঞ্চমুখী''' বুলিও অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে। [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] প্ৰতীকধৰ্মিতাত (Iconography) ই এক ধাৰণা, য'ত এজন দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মূৰ বা পাঁচখন মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lingham |first=Durgadas (Rodney) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO0LBgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PA42 |title=Exploring Mantric Ayurveda: Secrets and Insights of Mantra-Yoga and Healing |date=2013-11-03 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-304-59409-9 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> কেইবাজনো হিন্দু দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মুখেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে; যেনে-[[হনুমান]], [[শিৱ]], [[ব্ৰহ্মা|ব্ৰহ্ম]], [[গণেশ]] আৰু [[গায়ত্ৰী]]।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-07-05 |title=Pancamukha, Pañcamukha, Panca-mukha, Pancan-mukha, Pamcamukha: 11 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancamukha |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু দেৱতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:দেৱ-দেৱী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ দেৱ দেৱী]] h2nrwi2i8nofwrf1meszrmz6xyqrjpo 518818 518792 2025-06-17T08:54:19Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* প্ৰতীকবাদত */ 518818 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:103 Five-Headed Shiva, 16c, Ayutthaya (35122814071).jpg|thumb|পঞ্চমুখ শিৱ, ১৬ শতিকা, আয়ুথায়। থাইলেণ্ডৰ বেংককৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ফটো।]] '''পঞ্চমুখ''' ({{Lang-sa|पञ्चमुख}},{{Lang-en|Pañcamukha}}) '''পঞ্চমুখী''' বুলিও অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে। [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] প্ৰতীকধৰ্মিতাত (Iconography) ই এক ধাৰণা, য'ত এজন দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মূৰ বা পাঁচখন মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lingham |first=Durgadas (Rodney) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO0LBgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PA42 |title=Exploring Mantric Ayurveda: Secrets and Insights of Mantra-Yoga and Healing |date=2013-11-03 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-304-59409-9 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> কেইবাজনো হিন্দু দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মুখেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে; যেনে-[[হনুমান]], [[শিৱ]], [[ব্ৰহ্মা|ব্ৰহ্ম]], [[গণেশ]] আৰু [[গায়ত্ৰী]]।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-07-05 |title=Pancamukha, Pañcamukha, Panca-mukha, Pancan-mukha, Pamcamukha: 11 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancamukha |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> == প্ৰতীকবাদত == === হনুমান === [[File:Panchamukhi Hanuman The Rare Five Faced Hanuman (252138845).jpeg|alt=Correct statue of Panchamukhi Hanuman depicting the five heads in their correct position|thumb|ভাৰতৰ মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ শিৰডীত পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি।]] [[হনুমান]] দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইক'ন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচমুখৰ সৈতে দেখা যায়, যাক '''পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান''' বা '''পঞ্চমুখ অঞ্জনেয়''' বুলি জনা যায়।<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wpDAAAAYAAJ&q=panchamukha+anjaneya |title=Itihas |date=1992 |publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh. |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> প্ৰতিটো মূৰ বিষ্ণুৰ সৈতে জড়িত এজন দেৱতাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক এটা মূল দিশৰ ফালে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে৷ হনুমান পূব দিশ, [[নৰসিংহ (হিন্দু ধৰ্ম)|নৰসিংহ]] দক্ষিণ, [[বৰাহ]] উত্তৰ, [[গৰুড়|গৰুড়]] পশ্চিম আৰু [[হয়গ্ৰীৱ মাধৱ মন্দিৰ|হয়গ্ৰীৱ]]ক আকাশৰ ফালে। এই আইকনগ্ৰাফীক মূলসুঁতিৰ হিন্দু ধৰ্মত অস্তিত্ব বুলি গণ্য কৰা নহয় আৰু ইয়াক প্ৰধানকৈ তন্ত্ৰ পৰম্পৰাত খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১৫ শতিকাৰ পৰাহে প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Urbani |first1=Bernardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPZ-EAAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukhi+hanuman&pg=PA450 |title=World Archaeoprimatology: Interconnections of Humans and Nonhuman Primates in the Past |last2=Youlatos |first2=Dionisios |last3=Antczak |first3=Andrzej T. |date=2022-08-18 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-80327-4 |pages=450 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> পঞ্চমুখ হনুমানৰ আৰ্ৱিৰ্ভাৱৰ বৰ্ণনা হনুমত ৰহশ্যাম নামৰ তান্ত্ৰিক গ্ৰন্থত পোৱা যায়। গ্ৰন্থখনৰ পঞ্চমুখহানুমত কৱচম নামৰ খণ্ডটোত এই ৰূপৰ বৰ্ণনা আছে।<ref>Hanumad Rahashyam with Hindi Commentary by Shivdutta Mishra Shastri, pp-130-133 | url=https://archive.org/details/wg989/page/n4/mode/1up</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> ৰামায়ণৰ আঞ্চলিক পৰম্পৰাতো এই দেৱতাৰ ৰূপ দেখা যায়। এটা সংস্কৰণত [[ৰাম]] আৰু [[লক্ষ্মণ]]ক [[অহিৰাৱণ|অহিৰাৱনে]] বন্দী কৰে, আৰু [[পাতাল]]ত এগৰাকী দেৱীৰ সমুখত বলি হিচাপে আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। হনুমানে ভাতৃদ্বয়ক বন্দীত্বৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ কৰে আৰু দেৱীক বধ কৰে,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=hanuman+mahiravan+five+faces&pg=PT526 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=526 |language=en}}</ref> আৰু নিজৰ পাঁচটা মুখ প্ৰকাশ কৰি একেলগে পাঁচগচি বন্তি নুমুৱাই অহিৰাৱনক পৰাস্ত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathy |first=Dr Preeti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lixAAQAAIAAJ&q=patala+anjaneya |title=Indian Religions: Tradition, History and Culture |date=2010 |publisher=Axis Publications |isbn=978-93-80376-17-2 |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Murty |first=Sudha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2puDwAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PT89 |title=The Upside-Down King: Unusual Tales about Rama and Krishna |date=2018-09-25 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-417-9 |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref> === শিৱ === The deity [[Shiva]] is sometimes represented in his panchamukha aspect, each connoting one of his attributes:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Kailash Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ok0t6cs3BAC&dq=shiva+five+faces&pg=PA41 |title=Gods And Goddesses Of India |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=B. K. |date=2000 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-069-6 |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-05-25 |title=Pancabrahma, Pañcabrahma, Panca-brahma: 5 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancabrahma |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> # His upward face is called iśānam, and represents knowledge and nature. It is supposed to be depicted in a copper hue. # His eastern face is called tatpuruṣam, and represents the organs of touch and action. It is supposed to be depicted in a yellow hue. # His western face is called vāmadevam, and represents the ego and fire. It is supposed to be depicted in a red hue. # His southern face is called aghoram, and represents intellect and righteousness. It is supposed to be depicted in a blue hue. # His northern face is called sadyojātam, and represents the mind and the substance called soma. It is supposed to be depicted in a white hue. == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু দেৱতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:দেৱ-দেৱী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ দেৱ দেৱী]] bw774f28twz6ceqy2nnajs0268siyer 518820 518818 2025-06-17T08:56:47Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* শিৱ */ 518820 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:103 Five-Headed Shiva, 16c, Ayutthaya (35122814071).jpg|thumb|পঞ্চমুখ শিৱ, ১৬ শতিকা, আয়ুথায়। থাইলেণ্ডৰ বেংককৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ফটো।]] '''পঞ্চমুখ''' ({{Lang-sa|पञ्चमुख}},{{Lang-en|Pañcamukha}}) '''পঞ্চমুখী''' বুলিও অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে। [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] প্ৰতীকধৰ্মিতাত (Iconography) ই এক ধাৰণা, য'ত এজন দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মূৰ বা পাঁচখন মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lingham |first=Durgadas (Rodney) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO0LBgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PA42 |title=Exploring Mantric Ayurveda: Secrets and Insights of Mantra-Yoga and Healing |date=2013-11-03 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-304-59409-9 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> কেইবাজনো হিন্দু দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মুখেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে; যেনে-[[হনুমান]], [[শিৱ]], [[ব্ৰহ্মা|ব্ৰহ্ম]], [[গণেশ]] আৰু [[গায়ত্ৰী]]।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-07-05 |title=Pancamukha, Pañcamukha, Panca-mukha, Pancan-mukha, Pamcamukha: 11 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancamukha |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> == প্ৰতীকবাদত == === হনুমান === [[File:Panchamukhi Hanuman The Rare Five Faced Hanuman (252138845).jpeg|alt=Correct statue of Panchamukhi Hanuman depicting the five heads in their correct position|thumb|ভাৰতৰ মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ শিৰডীত পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি।]] [[হনুমান]] দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইক'ন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচমুখৰ সৈতে দেখা যায়, যাক '''পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান''' বা '''পঞ্চমুখ অঞ্জনেয়''' বুলি জনা যায়।<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wpDAAAAYAAJ&q=panchamukha+anjaneya |title=Itihas |date=1992 |publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh. |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> প্ৰতিটো মূৰ বিষ্ণুৰ সৈতে জড়িত এজন দেৱতাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক এটা মূল দিশৰ ফালে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে৷ হনুমান পূব দিশ, [[নৰসিংহ (হিন্দু ধৰ্ম)|নৰসিংহ]] দক্ষিণ, [[বৰাহ]] উত্তৰ, [[গৰুড়|গৰুড়]] পশ্চিম আৰু [[হয়গ্ৰীৱ মাধৱ মন্দিৰ|হয়গ্ৰীৱ]]ক আকাশৰ ফালে। এই আইকনগ্ৰাফীক মূলসুঁতিৰ হিন্দু ধৰ্মত অস্তিত্ব বুলি গণ্য কৰা নহয় আৰু ইয়াক প্ৰধানকৈ তন্ত্ৰ পৰম্পৰাত খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১৫ শতিকাৰ পৰাহে প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Urbani |first1=Bernardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPZ-EAAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukhi+hanuman&pg=PA450 |title=World Archaeoprimatology: Interconnections of Humans and Nonhuman Primates in the Past |last2=Youlatos |first2=Dionisios |last3=Antczak |first3=Andrzej T. |date=2022-08-18 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-80327-4 |pages=450 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> পঞ্চমুখ হনুমানৰ আৰ্ৱিৰ্ভাৱৰ বৰ্ণনা হনুমত ৰহশ্যাম নামৰ তান্ত্ৰিক গ্ৰন্থত পোৱা যায়। গ্ৰন্থখনৰ পঞ্চমুখহানুমত কৱচম নামৰ খণ্ডটোত এই ৰূপৰ বৰ্ণনা আছে।<ref>Hanumad Rahashyam with Hindi Commentary by Shivdutta Mishra Shastri, pp-130-133 | url=https://archive.org/details/wg989/page/n4/mode/1up</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> ৰামায়ণৰ আঞ্চলিক পৰম্পৰাতো এই দেৱতাৰ ৰূপ দেখা যায়। এটা সংস্কৰণত [[ৰাম]] আৰু [[লক্ষ্মণ]]ক [[অহিৰাৱণ|অহিৰাৱনে]] বন্দী কৰে, আৰু [[পাতাল]]ত এগৰাকী দেৱীৰ সমুখত বলি হিচাপে আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। হনুমানে ভাতৃদ্বয়ক বন্দীত্বৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ কৰে আৰু দেৱীক বধ কৰে,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=hanuman+mahiravan+five+faces&pg=PT526 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=526 |language=en}}</ref> আৰু নিজৰ পাঁচটা মুখ প্ৰকাশ কৰি একেলগে পাঁচগচি বন্তি নুমুৱাই অহিৰাৱনক পৰাস্ত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathy |first=Dr Preeti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lixAAQAAIAAJ&q=patala+anjaneya |title=Indian Religions: Tradition, History and Culture |date=2010 |publisher=Axis Publications |isbn=978-93-80376-17-2 |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Murty |first=Sudha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2puDwAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PT89 |title=The Upside-Down King: Unusual Tales about Rama and Krishna |date=2018-09-25 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-417-9 |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref> === শিৱ === [[শিৱ]] দেৱতাক কেতিয়াবা তেওঁৰ পঞ্চমুখ দিশত প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়, আৰু প্ৰত্যেকেই নিজৰ এটা বৈশিষ্ট্যক বুজায়:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Kailash Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ok0t6cs3BAC&dq=shiva+five+faces&pg=PA41 |title=Gods And Goddesses Of India |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=B. K. |date=2000 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-069-6 |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-05-25 |title=Pancabrahma, Pañcabrahma, Panca-brahma: 5 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancabrahma |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> # তেওঁৰ উৰ্ধমুখী মুখখনক ঈ''শনাম্'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰকৃতিৰ প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক তামৰ ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পূব মুখখনক ''তৎপুৰুষম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই স্পৰ্শ আৰু ক্ৰিয়াৰ অংগক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক হালধীয়া ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পশ্চিম মুখখনক ''বামদেৱ'' বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু ই অহংকাৰ আৰু অগ্নিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক ৰঙা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ দক্ষিণৰ মুখখনক ''অঘোৰাম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই বুদ্ধি আৰু ধৰ্ম্মক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক নীলা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ উত্তৰ মুখখনক ''সদ্যোজাতম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই মন আৰু সোম নামৰ পদাৰ্থক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক বগা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয় == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু দেৱতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:দেৱ-দেৱী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ দেৱ দেৱী]] 8dfawo4dr7db23jca764iphxp8ss6q9 518821 518820 2025-06-17T08:57:03Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* তথ্যসূত্ৰ */ 518821 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:103 Five-Headed Shiva, 16c, Ayutthaya (35122814071).jpg|thumb|পঞ্চমুখ শিৱ, ১৬ শতিকা, আয়ুথায়। থাইলেণ্ডৰ বেংককৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ফটো।]] '''পঞ্চমুখ''' ({{Lang-sa|पञ्चमुख}},{{Lang-en|Pañcamukha}}) '''পঞ্চমুখী''' বুলিও অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে। [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] প্ৰতীকধৰ্মিতাত (Iconography) ই এক ধাৰণা, য'ত এজন দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মূৰ বা পাঁচখন মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lingham |first=Durgadas (Rodney) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO0LBgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PA42 |title=Exploring Mantric Ayurveda: Secrets and Insights of Mantra-Yoga and Healing |date=2013-11-03 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-304-59409-9 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> কেইবাজনো হিন্দু দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মুখেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে; যেনে-[[হনুমান]], [[শিৱ]], [[ব্ৰহ্মা|ব্ৰহ্ম]], [[গণেশ]] আৰু [[গায়ত্ৰী]]।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-07-05 |title=Pancamukha, Pañcamukha, Panca-mukha, Pancan-mukha, Pamcamukha: 11 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancamukha |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> == প্ৰতীকবাদত == === হনুমান === [[File:Panchamukhi Hanuman The Rare Five Faced Hanuman (252138845).jpeg|alt=Correct statue of Panchamukhi Hanuman depicting the five heads in their correct position|thumb|ভাৰতৰ মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ শিৰডীত পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি।]] [[হনুমান]] দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইক'ন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচমুখৰ সৈতে দেখা যায়, যাক '''পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান''' বা '''পঞ্চমুখ অঞ্জনেয়''' বুলি জনা যায়।<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wpDAAAAYAAJ&q=panchamukha+anjaneya |title=Itihas |date=1992 |publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh. |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> প্ৰতিটো মূৰ বিষ্ণুৰ সৈতে জড়িত এজন দেৱতাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক এটা মূল দিশৰ ফালে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে৷ হনুমান পূব দিশ, [[নৰসিংহ (হিন্দু ধৰ্ম)|নৰসিংহ]] দক্ষিণ, [[বৰাহ]] উত্তৰ, [[গৰুড়|গৰুড়]] পশ্চিম আৰু [[হয়গ্ৰীৱ মাধৱ মন্দিৰ|হয়গ্ৰীৱ]]ক আকাশৰ ফালে। এই আইকনগ্ৰাফীক মূলসুঁতিৰ হিন্দু ধৰ্মত অস্তিত্ব বুলি গণ্য কৰা নহয় আৰু ইয়াক প্ৰধানকৈ তন্ত্ৰ পৰম্পৰাত খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১৫ শতিকাৰ পৰাহে প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Urbani |first1=Bernardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPZ-EAAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukhi+hanuman&pg=PA450 |title=World Archaeoprimatology: Interconnections of Humans and Nonhuman Primates in the Past |last2=Youlatos |first2=Dionisios |last3=Antczak |first3=Andrzej T. |date=2022-08-18 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-80327-4 |pages=450 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> পঞ্চমুখ হনুমানৰ আৰ্ৱিৰ্ভাৱৰ বৰ্ণনা হনুমত ৰহশ্যাম নামৰ তান্ত্ৰিক গ্ৰন্থত পোৱা যায়। গ্ৰন্থখনৰ পঞ্চমুখহানুমত কৱচম নামৰ খণ্ডটোত এই ৰূপৰ বৰ্ণনা আছে।<ref>Hanumad Rahashyam with Hindi Commentary by Shivdutta Mishra Shastri, pp-130-133 | url=https://archive.org/details/wg989/page/n4/mode/1up</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> ৰামায়ণৰ আঞ্চলিক পৰম্পৰাতো এই দেৱতাৰ ৰূপ দেখা যায়। এটা সংস্কৰণত [[ৰাম]] আৰু [[লক্ষ্মণ]]ক [[অহিৰাৱণ|অহিৰাৱনে]] বন্দী কৰে, আৰু [[পাতাল]]ত এগৰাকী দেৱীৰ সমুখত বলি হিচাপে আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। হনুমানে ভাতৃদ্বয়ক বন্দীত্বৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ কৰে আৰু দেৱীক বধ কৰে,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=hanuman+mahiravan+five+faces&pg=PT526 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=526 |language=en}}</ref> আৰু নিজৰ পাঁচটা মুখ প্ৰকাশ কৰি একেলগে পাঁচগচি বন্তি নুমুৱাই অহিৰাৱনক পৰাস্ত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathy |first=Dr Preeti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lixAAQAAIAAJ&q=patala+anjaneya |title=Indian Religions: Tradition, History and Culture |date=2010 |publisher=Axis Publications |isbn=978-93-80376-17-2 |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Murty |first=Sudha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2puDwAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PT89 |title=The Upside-Down King: Unusual Tales about Rama and Krishna |date=2018-09-25 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-417-9 |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref> === শিৱ === [[শিৱ]] দেৱতাক কেতিয়াবা তেওঁৰ পঞ্চমুখ দিশত প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়, আৰু প্ৰত্যেকেই নিজৰ এটা বৈশিষ্ট্যক বুজায়:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Kailash Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ok0t6cs3BAC&dq=shiva+five+faces&pg=PA41 |title=Gods And Goddesses Of India |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=B. K. |date=2000 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-069-6 |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-05-25 |title=Pancabrahma, Pañcabrahma, Panca-brahma: 5 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancabrahma |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> # তেওঁৰ উৰ্ধমুখী মুখখনক ঈ''শনাম্'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰকৃতিৰ প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক তামৰ ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পূব মুখখনক ''তৎপুৰুষম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই স্পৰ্শ আৰু ক্ৰিয়াৰ অংগক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক হালধীয়া ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পশ্চিম মুখখনক ''বামদেৱ'' বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু ই অহংকাৰ আৰু অগ্নিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক ৰঙা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ দক্ষিণৰ মুখখনক ''অঘোৰাম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই বুদ্ধি আৰু ধৰ্ম্মক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক নীলা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ উত্তৰ মুখখনক ''সদ্যোজাতম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই মন আৰু সোম নামৰ পদাৰ্থক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক বগা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয় == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু দেৱতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:দেৱ-দেৱী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ দেৱ দেৱী]] bsj3cxx485o2kcm3rna729y9a6sw9p6 518883 518821 2025-06-17T11:16:54Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* শিৱ */ 518883 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:103 Five-Headed Shiva, 16c, Ayutthaya (35122814071).jpg|thumb|পঞ্চমুখ শিৱ, ১৬ শতিকা, আয়ুথায়। থাইলেণ্ডৰ বেংককৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ফটো।]] '''পঞ্চমুখ''' ({{Lang-sa|पञ्चमुख}},{{Lang-en|Pañcamukha}}) '''পঞ্চমুখী''' বুলিও অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে। [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] প্ৰতীকধৰ্মিতাত (Iconography) ই এক ধাৰণা, য'ত এজন দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মূৰ বা পাঁচখন মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lingham |first=Durgadas (Rodney) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO0LBgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PA42 |title=Exploring Mantric Ayurveda: Secrets and Insights of Mantra-Yoga and Healing |date=2013-11-03 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-304-59409-9 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> কেইবাজনো হিন্দু দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মুখেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে; যেনে-[[হনুমান]], [[শিৱ]], [[ব্ৰহ্মা|ব্ৰহ্ম]], [[গণেশ]] আৰু [[গায়ত্ৰী]]।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-07-05 |title=Pancamukha, Pañcamukha, Panca-mukha, Pancan-mukha, Pamcamukha: 11 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancamukha |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> == প্ৰতীকবাদত == === হনুমান === [[File:Panchamukhi Hanuman The Rare Five Faced Hanuman (252138845).jpeg|alt=Correct statue of Panchamukhi Hanuman depicting the five heads in their correct position|thumb|ভাৰতৰ মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ শিৰডীত পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি।]] [[হনুমান]] দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইক'ন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচমুখৰ সৈতে দেখা যায়, যাক '''পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান''' বা '''পঞ্চমুখ অঞ্জনেয়''' বুলি জনা যায়।<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wpDAAAAYAAJ&q=panchamukha+anjaneya |title=Itihas |date=1992 |publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh. |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> প্ৰতিটো মূৰ বিষ্ণুৰ সৈতে জড়িত এজন দেৱতাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক এটা মূল দিশৰ ফালে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে৷ হনুমান পূব দিশ, [[নৰসিংহ (হিন্দু ধৰ্ম)|নৰসিংহ]] দক্ষিণ, [[বৰাহ]] উত্তৰ, [[গৰুড়|গৰুড়]] পশ্চিম আৰু [[হয়গ্ৰীৱ মাধৱ মন্দিৰ|হয়গ্ৰীৱ]]ক আকাশৰ ফালে। এই আইকনগ্ৰাফীক মূলসুঁতিৰ হিন্দু ধৰ্মত অস্তিত্ব বুলি গণ্য কৰা নহয় আৰু ইয়াক প্ৰধানকৈ তন্ত্ৰ পৰম্পৰাত খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১৫ শতিকাৰ পৰাহে প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Urbani |first1=Bernardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPZ-EAAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukhi+hanuman&pg=PA450 |title=World Archaeoprimatology: Interconnections of Humans and Nonhuman Primates in the Past |last2=Youlatos |first2=Dionisios |last3=Antczak |first3=Andrzej T. |date=2022-08-18 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-80327-4 |pages=450 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> পঞ্চমুখ হনুমানৰ আৰ্ৱিৰ্ভাৱৰ বৰ্ণনা হনুমত ৰহশ্যাম নামৰ তান্ত্ৰিক গ্ৰন্থত পোৱা যায়। গ্ৰন্থখনৰ পঞ্চমুখহানুমত কৱচম নামৰ খণ্ডটোত এই ৰূপৰ বৰ্ণনা আছে।<ref>Hanumad Rahashyam with Hindi Commentary by Shivdutta Mishra Shastri, pp-130-133 | url=https://archive.org/details/wg989/page/n4/mode/1up</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> ৰামায়ণৰ আঞ্চলিক পৰম্পৰাতো এই দেৱতাৰ ৰূপ দেখা যায়। এটা সংস্কৰণত [[ৰাম]] আৰু [[লক্ষ্মণ]]ক [[অহিৰাৱণ|অহিৰাৱনে]] বন্দী কৰে, আৰু [[পাতাল]]ত এগৰাকী দেৱীৰ সমুখত বলি হিচাপে আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। হনুমানে ভাতৃদ্বয়ক বন্দীত্বৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ কৰে আৰু দেৱীক বধ কৰে,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=hanuman+mahiravan+five+faces&pg=PT526 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=526 |language=en}}</ref> আৰু নিজৰ পাঁচটা মুখ প্ৰকাশ কৰি একেলগে পাঁচগচি বন্তি নুমুৱাই অহিৰাৱনক পৰাস্ত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathy |first=Dr Preeti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lixAAQAAIAAJ&q=patala+anjaneya |title=Indian Religions: Tradition, History and Culture |date=2010 |publisher=Axis Publications |isbn=978-93-80376-17-2 |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Murty |first=Sudha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2puDwAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PT89 |title=The Upside-Down King: Unusual Tales about Rama and Krishna |date=2018-09-25 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-417-9 |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref> === শিৱ === [[শিৱ]] দেৱতাক কেতিয়াবা তেওঁৰ পঞ্চমুখ দিশত প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়, আৰু প্ৰত্যেকেই নিজৰ এটা বৈশিষ্ট্যক বুজায়:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Kailash Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ok0t6cs3BAC&dq=shiva+five+faces&pg=PA41 |title=Gods And Goddesses Of India |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=B. K. |date=2000 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-069-6 |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-05-25 |title=Pancabrahma, Pañcabrahma, Panca-brahma: 5 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancabrahma |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> # তেওঁৰ উৰ্ধমুখী মুখখনক ঈ''শনাম্'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰকৃতিৰ প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক তামৰ ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পূব মুখখনক ''তৎপুৰুষম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই স্পৰ্শ আৰু ক্ৰিয়াৰ অংগক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক হালধীয়া ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পশ্চিম মুখখনক ''বামদেৱ'' বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু ই অহংকাৰ আৰু অগ্নিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক ৰঙা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ দক্ষিণৰ মুখখনক ''অঘোৰাম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই বুদ্ধি আৰু ধৰ্ম্মক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক নীলা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ উত্তৰ মুখখনক ''সদ্যোজাতম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই মন আৰু সোম নামৰ পদাৰ্থক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক বগা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয় === ব্ৰহ্মা === [[File:Bhairava Brahma.jpg|thumb|ব্ৰহ্মা আৰু ভৈৰৱৰ চিত্ৰ]] ব্ৰহ্মা দেৱতাক চাৰিটা মূৰেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয় যদিও হিন্দু সাহিত্যত এসময়ত তেওঁৰ পাঁচটা মূৰ আছিল বুলি প্ৰায়ে কোৱা হয়। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি ব্ৰহ্মাই [[সৰস্বতী]], [[সাবিত্ৰী আৰু সত্যবান|সাবিত্ৰী]] বা [[গায়ত্ৰী]]ৰ নামেৰে এগৰাকী দেৱী সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ পিছত দেৱীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ প্ৰতি মোহ বাঢ়ি আহিছিল, যদিওবা ঋষিসকলে তেওঁৰ আধ্যাত্মিক কন্যা বুলি প্ৰতিবাদ কৰিছিল । দেৱীয়ে নিজৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তাক প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰি শ্ৰদ্ধা জনাইছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। নিজকে নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰিব নোৱাৰি তেওঁৰ প্ৰতি দৃষ্টি ৰখাই প্ৰচেষ্টাত ব্ৰহ্মাই তেওঁৰ প্ৰধান মূৰৰ কাষত তিনিটা মূৰ আৰু মূৰৰ ওপৰত অন্য এটা মূৰ প্ৰকাশ কৰিলে। ইয়াৰ ফলত তেওঁৰ সকলো যোগ্যতা ক্লান্ত হৈ পৰিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তিত ব্ৰহ্মাই শিৱৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠত্ব প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল৷ তেওঁৰ পঞ্চম মূৰটোৱে শিৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কেইবাটাও অত্যুগ্ৰ মন্তব্য কৰিছিল। শিৱই ইয়াৰ উত্তৰত নিজৰ পঞ্চমুখী ৰূপ প্ৰকাশ কৰি ব্ৰহ্মাৰ পঞ্চম মূৰটো নখেৰে কাটি পেলালে বা ভৈৰৱৰ জৰিয়তে সেই কাম কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিলে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bonnefoy |first=Yves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC&dq=brahma+five+faces&pg=PA51 |title=Asian Mythologies |date=1993-05-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-06456-7 |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref> === গণেশ === [[চিত্ৰ:Adoration_of_Five-headed_Ganesha_(6125065614).jpg|thumb|পঞ্চমুখ গণেশ, ছান ডিয়েগো মিউজিয়াম অৱ আৰ্ট]] গণেশ দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইকন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচটা মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়, যাক হেৰম্ব বা পঞ্চমুখ গণেশ বুলি কোৱা হয়। দেৱতাৰ প্ৰতিটো মূৰে পাঁচ কোষক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে বুলি কোৱা হয়৷ সেয়া হৈছে অন্নময়, প্ৰাণময়, মনোময়, বিজ্ঞানময়, আৰু আনন্দময়।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Iyer|first=V. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jmVAgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+ganesha&pg=PT13|title=7 Steps to the Art of Tanjore Painting|date=2013-12-30|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-1161-2|pages=13|language=en}}</ref> === গায়ত্ৰী === [[চিত্ৰ:Another_view_of_Gayatri_Mantra;_bazaar_art,_mid-1900's.jpg|thumb|গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী পাঁচটা মূৰৰ সৈতে।]] [[গায়ত্ৰী মন্ত্ৰ]]ৰ ব্যক্তিত্ব গায়ত্ৰী দেৱীক তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিত পাঁচটা মুখৰ অধিকাৰী বুলি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁৰ চাৰিটা মূৰত চাৰিখন [[বেদ]]ৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে, আনহাতে পঞ্চম মূৰটোৱে চূড়ান্ত বাস্তৱতাক বুজায়।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Suresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC&dq=five+heads+gayatri&pg=PA102|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses|date=1998|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-039-9|pages=102|language=en}}</ref> == মন্দিৰ == === পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ, বসতীয়াৱালা === [[হাৰিয়ানা]]ৰ বিলাসপুৰৰ ওচৰৰ যমুনানগৰ জিলাত বসতীয়াৱালাৰ পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ অৱস্থিত।<ref name="Bilaspur">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/kalesar-kalka-stretch-to-be-promoted-for-tourism/715488.html Kalesar-Kalka stretch to be promoted for tourism], The Tribune, 18 jan 2019.</ref> [[চিত্ৰ:Punchamukhi_Hanuman_Temple_1.jpg|thumb|শ্ৰী পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ]] === কৰাচীৰ পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ === [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ সিন্ধ প্ৰদেশৰ [[কৰাচী]]ত এটা পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2087907/diwali-celebrations-begin-karachi?amp=1|title=Diwali celebrations begin in Karachi Prayer services, ceremonies organised at temples across the city|newspaper=Dawn|date=27 December 2019|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> মন্দিৰটো ১৫০০ বছৰ পুৰণি মন্দিৰ বুলি দাবী কৰা হয়।<ref name="Rabia Ali">{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/338875/recycling-history-and-all-of-hanumans-men-put-this-temple-together-again?amp=1|title=Recycling history: And all of Hanuman's men put this temple together again|author=Rabia Ali|newspaper=Express Tribune|date=19 February 2012|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু দেৱতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:দেৱ-দেৱী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ দেৱ দেৱী]] mdmzrbh75n33zs3yurjemj7ap37ksjh 518884 518883 2025-06-17T11:17:35Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 518884 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:103 Five-Headed Shiva, 16c, Ayutthaya (35122814071).jpg|thumb|পঞ্চমুখ শিৱ, ১৬ শতিকা, আয়ুথায়। থাইলেণ্ডৰ বেংককৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ফটো।]] '''পঞ্চমুখ'''ক ({{Lang-sa|पञ्चमुख}},{{Lang-en|Pañcamukha}}) '''পঞ্চমুখী''' বুলিও অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে। [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] প্ৰতীকধৰ্মিতাত (Iconography) ই এক ধাৰণা, য'ত এজন দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মূৰ বা পাঁচখন মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lingham |first=Durgadas (Rodney) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO0LBgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PA42 |title=Exploring Mantric Ayurveda: Secrets and Insights of Mantra-Yoga and Healing |date=2013-11-03 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-304-59409-9 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> কেইবাজনো হিন্দু দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মুখেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে; যেনে-[[হনুমান]], [[শিৱ]], [[ব্ৰহ্মা]], [[গণেশ]] আৰু [[গায়ত্ৰী]]।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-07-05 |title=Pancamukha, Pañcamukha, Panca-mukha, Pancan-mukha, Pamcamukha: 11 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancamukha |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> == প্ৰতীকবাদত == === হনুমান === [[File:Panchamukhi Hanuman The Rare Five Faced Hanuman (252138845).jpeg|alt=Correct statue of Panchamukhi Hanuman depicting the five heads in their correct position|thumb|ভাৰতৰ মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ শিৰডীত পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি।]] [[হনুমান]] দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইক'ন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচমুখৰ সৈতে দেখা যায়, যাক '''পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান''' বা '''পঞ্চমুখ অঞ্জনেয়''' বুলি জনা যায়।<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wpDAAAAYAAJ&q=panchamukha+anjaneya |title=Itihas |date=1992 |publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh. |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> প্ৰতিটো মূৰ বিষ্ণুৰ সৈতে জড়িত এজন দেৱতাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক এটা মূল দিশৰ ফালে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে৷ হনুমান পূব দিশ, [[নৰসিংহ (হিন্দু ধৰ্ম)|নৰসিংহ]] দক্ষিণ, [[বৰাহ]] উত্তৰ, [[গৰুড়|গৰুড়]] পশ্চিম আৰু [[হয়গ্ৰীৱ মাধৱ মন্দিৰ|হয়গ্ৰীৱ]]ক আকাশৰ ফালে। এই আইকনগ্ৰাফীক মূলসুঁতিৰ হিন্দু ধৰ্মত অস্তিত্ব বুলি গণ্য কৰা নহয় আৰু ইয়াক প্ৰধানকৈ তন্ত্ৰ পৰম্পৰাত খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১৫ শতিকাৰ পৰাহে প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Urbani |first1=Bernardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPZ-EAAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukhi+hanuman&pg=PA450 |title=World Archaeoprimatology: Interconnections of Humans and Nonhuman Primates in the Past |last2=Youlatos |first2=Dionisios |last3=Antczak |first3=Andrzej T. |date=2022-08-18 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-80327-4 |pages=450 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> পঞ্চমুখ হনুমানৰ আৰ্ৱিৰ্ভাৱৰ বৰ্ণনা হনুমত ৰহশ্যাম নামৰ তান্ত্ৰিক গ্ৰন্থত পোৱা যায়। গ্ৰন্থখনৰ পঞ্চমুখহানুমত কৱচম নামৰ খণ্ডটোত এই ৰূপৰ বৰ্ণনা আছে।<ref>Hanumad Rahashyam with Hindi Commentary by Shivdutta Mishra Shastri, pp-130-133 | url=https://archive.org/details/wg989/page/n4/mode/1up</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> ৰামায়ণৰ আঞ্চলিক পৰম্পৰাতো এই দেৱতাৰ ৰূপ দেখা যায়। এটা সংস্কৰণত [[ৰাম]] আৰু [[লক্ষ্মণ]]ক [[অহিৰাৱণ|অহিৰাৱনে]] বন্দী কৰে, আৰু [[পাতাল]]ত এগৰাকী দেৱীৰ সমুখত বলি হিচাপে আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। হনুমানে ভাতৃদ্বয়ক বন্দীত্বৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ কৰে আৰু দেৱীক বধ কৰে,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=hanuman+mahiravan+five+faces&pg=PT526 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=526 |language=en}}</ref> আৰু নিজৰ পাঁচটা মুখ প্ৰকাশ কৰি একেলগে পাঁচগচি বন্তি নুমুৱাই অহিৰাৱনক পৰাস্ত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathy |first=Dr Preeti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lixAAQAAIAAJ&q=patala+anjaneya |title=Indian Religions: Tradition, History and Culture |date=2010 |publisher=Axis Publications |isbn=978-93-80376-17-2 |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Murty |first=Sudha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2puDwAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PT89 |title=The Upside-Down King: Unusual Tales about Rama and Krishna |date=2018-09-25 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-417-9 |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref> === শিৱ === [[শিৱ]] দেৱতাক কেতিয়াবা তেওঁৰ পঞ্চমুখ দিশত প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়, আৰু প্ৰত্যেকেই নিজৰ এটা বৈশিষ্ট্যক বুজায়:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Kailash Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ok0t6cs3BAC&dq=shiva+five+faces&pg=PA41 |title=Gods And Goddesses Of India |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=B. K. |date=2000 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-069-6 |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-05-25 |title=Pancabrahma, Pañcabrahma, Panca-brahma: 5 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancabrahma |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> # তেওঁৰ উৰ্ধমুখী মুখখনক ঈ''শনাম্'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰকৃতিৰ প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক তামৰ ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পূব মুখখনক ''তৎপুৰুষম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই স্পৰ্শ আৰু ক্ৰিয়াৰ অংগক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক হালধীয়া ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পশ্চিম মুখখনক ''বামদেৱ'' বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু ই অহংকাৰ আৰু অগ্নিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক ৰঙা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ দক্ষিণৰ মুখখনক ''অঘোৰাম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই বুদ্ধি আৰু ধৰ্ম্মক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক নীলা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ উত্তৰ মুখখনক ''সদ্যোজাতম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই মন আৰু সোম নামৰ পদাৰ্থক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক বগা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয় === ব্ৰহ্মা === [[File:Bhairava Brahma.jpg|thumb|ব্ৰহ্মা আৰু ভৈৰৱৰ চিত্ৰ]] ব্ৰহ্মা দেৱতাক চাৰিটা মূৰেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয় যদিও হিন্দু সাহিত্যত এসময়ত তেওঁৰ পাঁচটা মূৰ আছিল বুলি প্ৰায়ে কোৱা হয়। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি ব্ৰহ্মাই [[সৰস্বতী]], [[সাবিত্ৰী আৰু সত্যবান|সাবিত্ৰী]] বা [[গায়ত্ৰী]]ৰ নামেৰে এগৰাকী দেৱী সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ পিছত দেৱীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ প্ৰতি মোহ বাঢ়ি আহিছিল, যদিওবা ঋষিসকলে তেওঁৰ আধ্যাত্মিক কন্যা বুলি প্ৰতিবাদ কৰিছিল । দেৱীয়ে নিজৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তাক প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰি শ্ৰদ্ধা জনাইছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। নিজকে নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰিব নোৱাৰি তেওঁৰ প্ৰতি দৃষ্টি ৰখাই প্ৰচেষ্টাত ব্ৰহ্মাই তেওঁৰ প্ৰধান মূৰৰ কাষত তিনিটা মূৰ আৰু মূৰৰ ওপৰত অন্য এটা মূৰ প্ৰকাশ কৰিলে। ইয়াৰ ফলত তেওঁৰ সকলো যোগ্যতা ক্লান্ত হৈ পৰিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তিত ব্ৰহ্মাই শিৱৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠত্ব প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল৷ তেওঁৰ পঞ্চম মূৰটোৱে শিৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কেইবাটাও অত্যুগ্ৰ মন্তব্য কৰিছিল। শিৱই ইয়াৰ উত্তৰত নিজৰ পঞ্চমুখী ৰূপ প্ৰকাশ কৰি ব্ৰহ্মাৰ পঞ্চম মূৰটো নখেৰে কাটি পেলালে বা ভৈৰৱৰ জৰিয়তে সেই কাম কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিলে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bonnefoy |first=Yves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC&dq=brahma+five+faces&pg=PA51 |title=Asian Mythologies |date=1993-05-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-06456-7 |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref> === গণেশ === [[চিত্ৰ:Adoration_of_Five-headed_Ganesha_(6125065614).jpg|thumb|পঞ্চমুখ গণেশ, ছান ডিয়েগো মিউজিয়াম অৱ আৰ্ট]] গণেশ দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইকন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচটা মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়, যাক হেৰম্ব বা পঞ্চমুখ গণেশ বুলি কোৱা হয়। দেৱতাৰ প্ৰতিটো মূৰে পাঁচ কোষক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে বুলি কোৱা হয়৷ সেয়া হৈছে অন্নময়, প্ৰাণময়, মনোময়, বিজ্ঞানময়, আৰু আনন্দময়।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Iyer|first=V. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jmVAgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+ganesha&pg=PT13|title=7 Steps to the Art of Tanjore Painting|date=2013-12-30|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-1161-2|pages=13|language=en}}</ref> === গায়ত্ৰী === [[চিত্ৰ:Another_view_of_Gayatri_Mantra;_bazaar_art,_mid-1900's.jpg|thumb|গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী পাঁচটা মূৰৰ সৈতে।]] [[গায়ত্ৰী মন্ত্ৰ]]ৰ ব্যক্তিত্ব গায়ত্ৰী দেৱীক তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিত পাঁচটা মুখৰ অধিকাৰী বুলি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁৰ চাৰিটা মূৰত চাৰিখন [[বেদ]]ৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে, আনহাতে পঞ্চম মূৰটোৱে চূড়ান্ত বাস্তৱতাক বুজায়।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Suresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC&dq=five+heads+gayatri&pg=PA102|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses|date=1998|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-039-9|pages=102|language=en}}</ref> == মন্দিৰ == === পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ, বসতীয়াৱালা === [[হাৰিয়ানা]]ৰ বিলাসপুৰৰ ওচৰৰ যমুনানগৰ জিলাত বসতীয়াৱালাৰ পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ অৱস্থিত।<ref name="Bilaspur">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/kalesar-kalka-stretch-to-be-promoted-for-tourism/715488.html Kalesar-Kalka stretch to be promoted for tourism], The Tribune, 18 jan 2019.</ref> [[চিত্ৰ:Punchamukhi_Hanuman_Temple_1.jpg|thumb|শ্ৰী পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ]] === কৰাচীৰ পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ === [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ সিন্ধ প্ৰদেশৰ [[কৰাচী]]ত এটা পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2087907/diwali-celebrations-begin-karachi?amp=1|title=Diwali celebrations begin in Karachi Prayer services, ceremonies organised at temples across the city|newspaper=Dawn|date=27 December 2019|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> মন্দিৰটো ১৫০০ বছৰ পুৰণি মন্দিৰ বুলি দাবী কৰা হয়।<ref name="Rabia Ali">{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/338875/recycling-history-and-all-of-hanumans-men-put-this-temple-together-again?amp=1|title=Recycling history: And all of Hanuman's men put this temple together again|author=Rabia Ali|newspaper=Express Tribune|date=19 February 2012|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু দেৱতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:দেৱ-দেৱী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ দেৱ দেৱী]] dytz66534i8mq5fgbn7qhmng258yicn 518885 518884 2025-06-17T11:17:48Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* তথ্যসূত্ৰ */ 518885 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:103 Five-Headed Shiva, 16c, Ayutthaya (35122814071).jpg|thumb|পঞ্চমুখ শিৱ, ১৬ শতিকা, আয়ুথায়। থাইলেণ্ডৰ বেংককৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ফটো।]] '''পঞ্চমুখ'''ক ({{Lang-sa|पञ्चमुख}},{{Lang-en|Pañcamukha}}) '''পঞ্চমুখী''' বুলিও অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে। [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] প্ৰতীকধৰ্মিতাত (Iconography) ই এক ধাৰণা, য'ত এজন দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মূৰ বা পাঁচখন মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lingham |first=Durgadas (Rodney) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO0LBgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PA42 |title=Exploring Mantric Ayurveda: Secrets and Insights of Mantra-Yoga and Healing |date=2013-11-03 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-304-59409-9 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> কেইবাজনো হিন্দু দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মুখেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে; যেনে-[[হনুমান]], [[শিৱ]], [[ব্ৰহ্মা]], [[গণেশ]] আৰু [[গায়ত্ৰী]]।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-07-05 |title=Pancamukha, Pañcamukha, Panca-mukha, Pancan-mukha, Pamcamukha: 11 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancamukha |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> == প্ৰতীকবাদত == === হনুমান === [[File:Panchamukhi Hanuman The Rare Five Faced Hanuman (252138845).jpeg|alt=Correct statue of Panchamukhi Hanuman depicting the five heads in their correct position|thumb|ভাৰতৰ মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ শিৰডীত পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি।]] [[হনুমান]] দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইক'ন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচমুখৰ সৈতে দেখা যায়, যাক '''পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান''' বা '''পঞ্চমুখ অঞ্জনেয়''' বুলি জনা যায়।<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wpDAAAAYAAJ&q=panchamukha+anjaneya |title=Itihas |date=1992 |publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh. |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> প্ৰতিটো মূৰ বিষ্ণুৰ সৈতে জড়িত এজন দেৱতাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক এটা মূল দিশৰ ফালে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে৷ হনুমান পূব দিশ, [[নৰসিংহ (হিন্দু ধৰ্ম)|নৰসিংহ]] দক্ষিণ, [[বৰাহ]] উত্তৰ, [[গৰুড়|গৰুড়]] পশ্চিম আৰু [[হয়গ্ৰীৱ মাধৱ মন্দিৰ|হয়গ্ৰীৱ]]ক আকাশৰ ফালে। এই আইকনগ্ৰাফীক মূলসুঁতিৰ হিন্দু ধৰ্মত অস্তিত্ব বুলি গণ্য কৰা নহয় আৰু ইয়াক প্ৰধানকৈ তন্ত্ৰ পৰম্পৰাত খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১৫ শতিকাৰ পৰাহে প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Urbani |first1=Bernardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPZ-EAAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukhi+hanuman&pg=PA450 |title=World Archaeoprimatology: Interconnections of Humans and Nonhuman Primates in the Past |last2=Youlatos |first2=Dionisios |last3=Antczak |first3=Andrzej T. |date=2022-08-18 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-80327-4 |pages=450 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> পঞ্চমুখ হনুমানৰ আৰ্ৱিৰ্ভাৱৰ বৰ্ণনা হনুমত ৰহশ্যাম নামৰ তান্ত্ৰিক গ্ৰন্থত পোৱা যায়। গ্ৰন্থখনৰ পঞ্চমুখহানুমত কৱচম নামৰ খণ্ডটোত এই ৰূপৰ বৰ্ণনা আছে।<ref>Hanumad Rahashyam with Hindi Commentary by Shivdutta Mishra Shastri, pp-130-133 | url=https://archive.org/details/wg989/page/n4/mode/1up</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> ৰামায়ণৰ আঞ্চলিক পৰম্পৰাতো এই দেৱতাৰ ৰূপ দেখা যায়। এটা সংস্কৰণত [[ৰাম]] আৰু [[লক্ষ্মণ]]ক [[অহিৰাৱণ|অহিৰাৱনে]] বন্দী কৰে, আৰু [[পাতাল]]ত এগৰাকী দেৱীৰ সমুখত বলি হিচাপে আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। হনুমানে ভাতৃদ্বয়ক বন্দীত্বৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ কৰে আৰু দেৱীক বধ কৰে,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=hanuman+mahiravan+five+faces&pg=PT526 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=526 |language=en}}</ref> আৰু নিজৰ পাঁচটা মুখ প্ৰকাশ কৰি একেলগে পাঁচগচি বন্তি নুমুৱাই অহিৰাৱনক পৰাস্ত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathy |first=Dr Preeti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lixAAQAAIAAJ&q=patala+anjaneya |title=Indian Religions: Tradition, History and Culture |date=2010 |publisher=Axis Publications |isbn=978-93-80376-17-2 |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Murty |first=Sudha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2puDwAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PT89 |title=The Upside-Down King: Unusual Tales about Rama and Krishna |date=2018-09-25 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-417-9 |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref> === শিৱ === [[শিৱ]] দেৱতাক কেতিয়াবা তেওঁৰ পঞ্চমুখ দিশত প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়, আৰু প্ৰত্যেকেই নিজৰ এটা বৈশিষ্ট্যক বুজায়:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Kailash Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ok0t6cs3BAC&dq=shiva+five+faces&pg=PA41 |title=Gods And Goddesses Of India |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=B. K. |date=2000 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-069-6 |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-05-25 |title=Pancabrahma, Pañcabrahma, Panca-brahma: 5 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancabrahma |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> # তেওঁৰ উৰ্ধমুখী মুখখনক ঈ''শনাম্'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰকৃতিৰ প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক তামৰ ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পূব মুখখনক ''তৎপুৰুষম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই স্পৰ্শ আৰু ক্ৰিয়াৰ অংগক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক হালধীয়া ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পশ্চিম মুখখনক ''বামদেৱ'' বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু ই অহংকাৰ আৰু অগ্নিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক ৰঙা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ দক্ষিণৰ মুখখনক ''অঘোৰাম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই বুদ্ধি আৰু ধৰ্ম্মক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক নীলা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ উত্তৰ মুখখনক ''সদ্যোজাতম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই মন আৰু সোম নামৰ পদাৰ্থক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক বগা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয় === ব্ৰহ্মা === [[File:Bhairava Brahma.jpg|thumb|ব্ৰহ্মা আৰু ভৈৰৱৰ চিত্ৰ]] ব্ৰহ্মা দেৱতাক চাৰিটা মূৰেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয় যদিও হিন্দু সাহিত্যত এসময়ত তেওঁৰ পাঁচটা মূৰ আছিল বুলি প্ৰায়ে কোৱা হয়। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি ব্ৰহ্মাই [[সৰস্বতী]], [[সাবিত্ৰী আৰু সত্যবান|সাবিত্ৰী]] বা [[গায়ত্ৰী]]ৰ নামেৰে এগৰাকী দেৱী সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ পিছত দেৱীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ প্ৰতি মোহ বাঢ়ি আহিছিল, যদিওবা ঋষিসকলে তেওঁৰ আধ্যাত্মিক কন্যা বুলি প্ৰতিবাদ কৰিছিল । দেৱীয়ে নিজৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তাক প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰি শ্ৰদ্ধা জনাইছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। নিজকে নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰিব নোৱাৰি তেওঁৰ প্ৰতি দৃষ্টি ৰখাই প্ৰচেষ্টাত ব্ৰহ্মাই তেওঁৰ প্ৰধান মূৰৰ কাষত তিনিটা মূৰ আৰু মূৰৰ ওপৰত অন্য এটা মূৰ প্ৰকাশ কৰিলে। ইয়াৰ ফলত তেওঁৰ সকলো যোগ্যতা ক্লান্ত হৈ পৰিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তিত ব্ৰহ্মাই শিৱৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠত্ব প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল৷ তেওঁৰ পঞ্চম মূৰটোৱে শিৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কেইবাটাও অত্যুগ্ৰ মন্তব্য কৰিছিল। শিৱই ইয়াৰ উত্তৰত নিজৰ পঞ্চমুখী ৰূপ প্ৰকাশ কৰি ব্ৰহ্মাৰ পঞ্চম মূৰটো নখেৰে কাটি পেলালে বা ভৈৰৱৰ জৰিয়তে সেই কাম কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিলে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bonnefoy |first=Yves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC&dq=brahma+five+faces&pg=PA51 |title=Asian Mythologies |date=1993-05-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-06456-7 |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref> === গণেশ === [[চিত্ৰ:Adoration_of_Five-headed_Ganesha_(6125065614).jpg|thumb|পঞ্চমুখ গণেশ, ছান ডিয়েগো মিউজিয়াম অৱ আৰ্ট]] গণেশ দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইকন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচটা মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়, যাক হেৰম্ব বা পঞ্চমুখ গণেশ বুলি কোৱা হয়। দেৱতাৰ প্ৰতিটো মূৰে পাঁচ কোষক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে বুলি কোৱা হয়৷ সেয়া হৈছে অন্নময়, প্ৰাণময়, মনোময়, বিজ্ঞানময়, আৰু আনন্দময়।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Iyer|first=V. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jmVAgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+ganesha&pg=PT13|title=7 Steps to the Art of Tanjore Painting|date=2013-12-30|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-1161-2|pages=13|language=en}}</ref> === গায়ত্ৰী === [[চিত্ৰ:Another_view_of_Gayatri_Mantra;_bazaar_art,_mid-1900's.jpg|thumb|গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী পাঁচটা মূৰৰ সৈতে।]] [[গায়ত্ৰী মন্ত্ৰ]]ৰ ব্যক্তিত্ব গায়ত্ৰী দেৱীক তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিত পাঁচটা মুখৰ অধিকাৰী বুলি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁৰ চাৰিটা মূৰত চাৰিখন [[বেদ]]ৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে, আনহাতে পঞ্চম মূৰটোৱে চূড়ান্ত বাস্তৱতাক বুজায়।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Suresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC&dq=five+heads+gayatri&pg=PA102|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses|date=1998|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-039-9|pages=102|language=en}}</ref> == মন্দিৰ == === পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ, বসতীয়াৱালা === [[হাৰিয়ানা]]ৰ বিলাসপুৰৰ ওচৰৰ যমুনানগৰ জিলাত বসতীয়াৱালাৰ পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ অৱস্থিত।<ref name="Bilaspur">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/kalesar-kalka-stretch-to-be-promoted-for-tourism/715488.html Kalesar-Kalka stretch to be promoted for tourism], The Tribune, 18 jan 2019.</ref> [[চিত্ৰ:Punchamukhi_Hanuman_Temple_1.jpg|thumb|শ্ৰী পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ]] === কৰাচীৰ পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ === [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ সিন্ধ প্ৰদেশৰ [[কৰাচী]]ত এটা পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2087907/diwali-celebrations-begin-karachi?amp=1|title=Diwali celebrations begin in Karachi Prayer services, ceremonies organised at temples across the city|newspaper=Dawn|date=27 December 2019|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> মন্দিৰটো ১৫০০ বছৰ পুৰণি মন্দিৰ বুলি দাবী কৰা হয়।<ref name="Rabia Ali">{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/338875/recycling-history-and-all-of-hanumans-men-put-this-temple-together-again?amp=1|title=Recycling history: And all of Hanuman's men put this temple together again|author=Rabia Ali|newspaper=Express Tribune|date=19 February 2012|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু দেৱতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:দেৱ-দেৱী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ দেৱ দেৱী]] 0ydn6kqdje0n5ko3qxufsgpmjz88blf 518886 518885 2025-06-17T11:21:02Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 518886 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:103 Five-Headed Shiva, 16c, Ayutthaya (35122814071).jpg|thumb|পঞ্চমুখ শিৱ, ১৬ শতিকা, আয়ুথায়। থাইলেণ্ডৰ বেংককৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ফটো।]] '''পঞ্চমুখ'''ক ({{Lang-sa|पञ्चमुख}},{{Lang-en|Pañcamukha}}) '''পঞ্চমুখী''' বুলিও অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে। [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] প্ৰতীকধৰ্মিতাত (Iconography) ই এক ধাৰণা, য'ত এজন দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মূৰ বা পাঁচখন মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lingham |first=Durgadas (Rodney) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO0LBgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PA42 |title=Exploring Mantric Ayurveda: Secrets and Insights of Mantra-Yoga and Healing |date=2013-11-03 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-304-59409-9 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> কেইবাজনো হিন্দু দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মুখেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে; যেনে-[[হনুমান]], [[শিৱ]], [[ব্ৰহ্মা]], [[গণেশ]] আৰু [[গায়ত্ৰী]]।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-07-05 |title=Pancamukha, Pañcamukha, Panca-mukha, Pancan-mukha, Pamcamukha: 11 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancamukha |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> == প্ৰতীকবাদত == === হনুমান === [[File:Panchamukhi Hanuman The Rare Five Faced Hanuman (252138845).jpeg|alt=Correct statue of Panchamukhi Hanuman depicting the five heads in their correct position|thumb|ভাৰতৰ মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ শিৰডীত পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি।]] [[হনুমান]] দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইক'ন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচমুখৰ সৈতে দেখা যায়, যাক '''পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান''' বা '''পঞ্চমুখ অঞ্জনেয়''' বুলি জনা যায়।<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wpDAAAAYAAJ&q=panchamukha+anjaneya |title=Itihas |date=1992 |publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh. |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> প্ৰতিটো মূৰ বিষ্ণুৰ সৈতে জড়িত এজন দেৱতাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক এটা মূল দিশৰ ফালে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে৷ হনুমান পূব দিশ, [[নৰসিংহ (হিন্দু ধৰ্ম)|নৰসিংহ]] দক্ষিণ, [[বৰাহ]] উত্তৰ, [[গৰুড়|গৰুড়]] পশ্চিম আৰু [[হয়গ্ৰীৱ মাধৱ মন্দিৰ|হয়গ্ৰীৱ]]ক আকাশৰ ফালে। এই আইকনগ্ৰাফীক মূলসুঁতিৰ হিন্দু ধৰ্মত অস্তিত্ব বুলি গণ্য কৰা নহয় আৰু ইয়াক প্ৰধানকৈ তন্ত্ৰ পৰম্পৰাত খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১৫ শতিকাৰ পৰাহে প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Urbani |first1=Bernardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPZ-EAAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukhi+hanuman&pg=PA450 |title=World Archaeoprimatology: Interconnections of Humans and Nonhuman Primates in the Past |last2=Youlatos |first2=Dionisios |last3=Antczak |first3=Andrzej T. |date=2022-08-18 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-80327-4 |pages=450 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> পঞ্চমুখ হনুমানৰ আৰ্ৱিৰ্ভাৱৰ বৰ্ণনা হনুমত ৰহশ্যাম নামৰ তান্ত্ৰিক গ্ৰন্থত পোৱা যায়। গ্ৰন্থখনৰ পঞ্চমুখহানুমত কৱচম নামৰ খণ্ডটোত এই ৰূপৰ বৰ্ণনা আছে।<ref>Hanumad Rahashyam with Hindi Commentary by Shivdutta Mishra Shastri, pp-130-133 | url=https://archive.org/details/wg989/page/n4/mode/1up</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> ৰামায়ণৰ আঞ্চলিক পৰম্পৰাতো এই দেৱতাৰ ৰূপ দেখা যায়। এটা সংস্কৰণত [[ৰাম]] আৰু [[লক্ষ্মণ]]ক [[অহিৰাৱণ|অহিৰাৱনে]] বন্দী কৰে, আৰু [[পাতাল]]ত এগৰাকী দেৱীৰ সমুখত বলি হিচাপে আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। হনুমানে ভাতৃদ্বয়ক বন্দীত্বৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ কৰে আৰু দেৱীক বধ কৰে,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=hanuman+mahiravan+five+faces&pg=PT526 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=526 |language=en}}</ref> আৰু নিজৰ পাঁচটা মুখ প্ৰকাশ কৰি একেলগে পাঁচগচি বন্তি নুমুৱাই অহিৰাৱনক পৰাস্ত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathy |first=Dr Preeti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lixAAQAAIAAJ&q=patala+anjaneya |title=Indian Religions: Tradition, History and Culture |date=2010 |publisher=Axis Publications |isbn=978-93-80376-17-2 |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Murty |first=Sudha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2puDwAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PT89 |title=The Upside-Down King: Unusual Tales about Rama and Krishna |date=2018-09-25 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-417-9 |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref> === শিৱ === [[শিৱ]] দেৱতাক কেতিয়াবা তেওঁৰ পঞ্চমুখ দিশত প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়, আৰু প্ৰত্যেকেই নিজৰ এটা বৈশিষ্ট্যক বুজায়:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Kailash Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ok0t6cs3BAC&dq=shiva+five+faces&pg=PA41 |title=Gods And Goddesses Of India |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=B. K. |date=2000 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-069-6 |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-05-25 |title=Pancabrahma, Pañcabrahma, Panca-brahma: 5 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancabrahma |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> # তেওঁৰ উৰ্ধমুখী মুখখনক ঈ''শনাম্'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰকৃতিৰ প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক তামৰ ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পূব মুখখনক ''তৎপুৰুষম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই স্পৰ্শ আৰু ক্ৰিয়াৰ অংগক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক হালধীয়া ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পশ্চিম মুখখনক ''বামদেৱ'' বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু ই অহংকাৰ আৰু অগ্নিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক ৰঙা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ দক্ষিণৰ মুখখনক ''অঘোৰাম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই বুদ্ধি আৰু ধৰ্ম্মক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক নীলা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ উত্তৰ মুখখনক ''সদ্যোজাতম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই মন আৰু সোম নামৰ পদাৰ্থক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক বগা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয় === ব্ৰহ্মা === ব্ৰহ্মা দেৱতাক চাৰিটা মূৰেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয় যদিও হিন্দু সাহিত্যত এসময়ত তেওঁৰ পাঁচটা মূৰ আছিল বুলি প্ৰায়ে কোৱা হয়। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি ব্ৰহ্মাই [[সৰস্বতী]], [[সাবিত্ৰী আৰু সত্যবান|সাবিত্ৰী]] বা [[গায়ত্ৰী]]ৰ নামেৰে এগৰাকী দেৱী সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ পিছত দেৱীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ প্ৰতি মোহ বাঢ়ি আহিছিল, যদিওবা ঋষিসকলে তেওঁৰ আধ্যাত্মিক কন্যা বুলি প্ৰতিবাদ কৰিছিল । দেৱীয়ে নিজৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তাক প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰি শ্ৰদ্ধা জনাইছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। নিজকে নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰিব নোৱাৰি তেওঁৰ প্ৰতি দৃষ্টি ৰখাই প্ৰচেষ্টাত ব্ৰহ্মাই তেওঁৰ প্ৰধান মূৰৰ কাষত তিনিটা মূৰ আৰু মূৰৰ ওপৰত অন্য এটা মূৰ প্ৰকাশ কৰিলে। ইয়াৰ ফলত তেওঁৰ সকলো যোগ্যতা ক্লান্ত হৈ পৰিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তিত ব্ৰহ্মাই শিৱৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠত্ব প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল৷ তেওঁৰ পঞ্চম মূৰটোৱে শিৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কেইবাটাও অত্যুগ্ৰ মন্তব্য কৰিছিল। শিৱই ইয়াৰ উত্তৰত নিজৰ পঞ্চমুখী ৰূপ প্ৰকাশ কৰি ব্ৰহ্মাৰ পঞ্চম মূৰটো নখেৰে কাটি পেলালে বা ভৈৰৱৰ জৰিয়তে সেই কাম কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিলে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bonnefoy |first=Yves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC&dq=brahma+five+faces&pg=PA51 |title=Asian Mythologies |date=1993-05-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-06456-7 |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref> === গণেশ === গণেশ দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইকন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচটা মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়, যাক হেৰম্ব বা পঞ্চমুখ গণেশ বুলি কোৱা হয়। দেৱতাৰ প্ৰতিটো মূৰে পাঁচ কোষক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে বুলি কোৱা হয়৷ সেয়া হৈছে অন্নময়, প্ৰাণময়, মনোময়, বিজ্ঞানময়, আৰু আনন্দময়।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Iyer|first=V. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jmVAgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+ganesha&pg=PT13|title=7 Steps to the Art of Tanjore Painting|date=2013-12-30|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-1161-2|pages=13|language=en}}</ref> === গায়ত্ৰী === [[গায়ত্ৰী মন্ত্ৰ]]ৰ ব্যক্তিত্ব গায়ত্ৰী দেৱীক তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিত পাঁচটা মুখৰ অধিকাৰী বুলি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁৰ চাৰিটা মূৰত চাৰিখন [[বেদ]]ৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে, আনহাতে পঞ্চম মূৰটোৱে চূড়ান্ত বাস্তৱতাক বুজায়।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Suresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC&dq=five+heads+gayatri&pg=PA102|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses|date=1998|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-039-9|pages=102|language=en}}</ref> == মন্দিৰ == === পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ, বসতীয়াৱালা === [[হাৰিয়ানা]]ৰ বিলাসপুৰৰ ওচৰৰ যমুনানগৰ জিলাত বসতীয়াৱালাৰ পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ অৱস্থিত।<ref name="Bilaspur">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/kalesar-kalka-stretch-to-be-promoted-for-tourism/715488.html Kalesar-Kalka stretch to be promoted for tourism], The Tribune, 18 jan 2019.</ref> === কৰাচীৰ পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ === [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ সিন্ধ প্ৰদেশৰ [[কৰাচী]]ত এটা পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2087907/diwali-celebrations-begin-karachi?amp=1|title=Diwali celebrations begin in Karachi Prayer services, ceremonies organised at temples across the city|newspaper=Dawn|date=27 December 2019|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> মন্দিৰটো ১৫০০ বছৰ পুৰণি মন্দিৰ বুলি দাবী কৰা হয়।<ref name="Rabia Ali">{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/338875/recycling-history-and-all-of-hanumans-men-put-this-temple-together-again?amp=1|title=Recycling history: And all of Hanuman's men put this temple together again|author=Rabia Ali|newspaper=Express Tribune|date=19 February 2012|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> == ছবি-ভঁৰাল== <gallery mode="packed" heights="250"> Bhairava Brahma.jpg|ব্ৰহ্মা আৰু ভৈৰৱৰ চিত্ৰ Another_view_of_Gayatri_Mantra;_bazaar_art,_mid-1900's.jpg|গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী পাঁচটা মূৰৰ সৈতে Adoration_of_Five-headed_Ganesha_(6125065614).jpg|পঞ্চমুখ গণেশ, ছান ডিয়েগো মিউজিয়াম অৱ আৰ্ট Punchamukhi_Hanuman_Temple_1.jpg|শ্ৰী পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ </gallery> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু দেৱতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:দেৱ-দেৱী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ দেৱ দেৱী]] 7c3kudgztmmgplujvtaugb54bcedfc5 518887 518886 2025-06-17T11:21:28Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* মন্দিৰ */ 518887 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:103 Five-Headed Shiva, 16c, Ayutthaya (35122814071).jpg|thumb|পঞ্চমুখ শিৱ, ১৬ শতিকা, আয়ুথায়। থাইলেণ্ডৰ বেংককৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ফটো।]] '''পঞ্চমুখ'''ক ({{Lang-sa|पञ्चमुख}},{{Lang-en|Pañcamukha}}) '''পঞ্চমুখী''' বুলিও অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে। [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] প্ৰতীকধৰ্মিতাত (Iconography) ই এক ধাৰণা, য'ত এজন দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মূৰ বা পাঁচখন মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lingham |first=Durgadas (Rodney) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO0LBgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PA42 |title=Exploring Mantric Ayurveda: Secrets and Insights of Mantra-Yoga and Healing |date=2013-11-03 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-304-59409-9 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> কেইবাজনো হিন্দু দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মুখেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে; যেনে-[[হনুমান]], [[শিৱ]], [[ব্ৰহ্মা]], [[গণেশ]] আৰু [[গায়ত্ৰী]]।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-07-05 |title=Pancamukha, Pañcamukha, Panca-mukha, Pancan-mukha, Pamcamukha: 11 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancamukha |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> == প্ৰতীকবাদত == === হনুমান === [[File:Panchamukhi Hanuman The Rare Five Faced Hanuman (252138845).jpeg|alt=Correct statue of Panchamukhi Hanuman depicting the five heads in their correct position|thumb|ভাৰতৰ মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ শিৰডীত পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি।]] [[হনুমান]] দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইক'ন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচমুখৰ সৈতে দেখা যায়, যাক '''পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান''' বা '''পঞ্চমুখ অঞ্জনেয়''' বুলি জনা যায়।<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wpDAAAAYAAJ&q=panchamukha+anjaneya |title=Itihas |date=1992 |publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh. |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> প্ৰতিটো মূৰ বিষ্ণুৰ সৈতে জড়িত এজন দেৱতাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক এটা মূল দিশৰ ফালে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে৷ হনুমান পূব দিশ, [[নৰসিংহ (হিন্দু ধৰ্ম)|নৰসিংহ]] দক্ষিণ, [[বৰাহ]] উত্তৰ, [[গৰুড়|গৰুড়]] পশ্চিম আৰু [[হয়গ্ৰীৱ মাধৱ মন্দিৰ|হয়গ্ৰীৱ]]ক আকাশৰ ফালে। এই আইকনগ্ৰাফীক মূলসুঁতিৰ হিন্দু ধৰ্মত অস্তিত্ব বুলি গণ্য কৰা নহয় আৰু ইয়াক প্ৰধানকৈ তন্ত্ৰ পৰম্পৰাত খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১৫ শতিকাৰ পৰাহে প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Urbani |first1=Bernardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPZ-EAAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukhi+hanuman&pg=PA450 |title=World Archaeoprimatology: Interconnections of Humans and Nonhuman Primates in the Past |last2=Youlatos |first2=Dionisios |last3=Antczak |first3=Andrzej T. |date=2022-08-18 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-80327-4 |pages=450 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> পঞ্চমুখ হনুমানৰ আৰ্ৱিৰ্ভাৱৰ বৰ্ণনা হনুমত ৰহশ্যাম নামৰ তান্ত্ৰিক গ্ৰন্থত পোৱা যায়। গ্ৰন্থখনৰ পঞ্চমুখহানুমত কৱচম নামৰ খণ্ডটোত এই ৰূপৰ বৰ্ণনা আছে।<ref>Hanumad Rahashyam with Hindi Commentary by Shivdutta Mishra Shastri, pp-130-133 | url=https://archive.org/details/wg989/page/n4/mode/1up</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> ৰামায়ণৰ আঞ্চলিক পৰম্পৰাতো এই দেৱতাৰ ৰূপ দেখা যায়। এটা সংস্কৰণত [[ৰাম]] আৰু [[লক্ষ্মণ]]ক [[অহিৰাৱণ|অহিৰাৱনে]] বন্দী কৰে, আৰু [[পাতাল]]ত এগৰাকী দেৱীৰ সমুখত বলি হিচাপে আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। হনুমানে ভাতৃদ্বয়ক বন্দীত্বৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ কৰে আৰু দেৱীক বধ কৰে,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=hanuman+mahiravan+five+faces&pg=PT526 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=526 |language=en}}</ref> আৰু নিজৰ পাঁচটা মুখ প্ৰকাশ কৰি একেলগে পাঁচগচি বন্তি নুমুৱাই অহিৰাৱনক পৰাস্ত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathy |first=Dr Preeti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lixAAQAAIAAJ&q=patala+anjaneya |title=Indian Religions: Tradition, History and Culture |date=2010 |publisher=Axis Publications |isbn=978-93-80376-17-2 |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Murty |first=Sudha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2puDwAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PT89 |title=The Upside-Down King: Unusual Tales about Rama and Krishna |date=2018-09-25 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-417-9 |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref> === শিৱ === [[শিৱ]] দেৱতাক কেতিয়াবা তেওঁৰ পঞ্চমুখ দিশত প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়, আৰু প্ৰত্যেকেই নিজৰ এটা বৈশিষ্ট্যক বুজায়:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Kailash Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ok0t6cs3BAC&dq=shiva+five+faces&pg=PA41 |title=Gods And Goddesses Of India |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=B. K. |date=2000 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-069-6 |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-05-25 |title=Pancabrahma, Pañcabrahma, Panca-brahma: 5 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancabrahma |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> # তেওঁৰ উৰ্ধমুখী মুখখনক ঈ''শনাম্'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰকৃতিৰ প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক তামৰ ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পূব মুখখনক ''তৎপুৰুষম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই স্পৰ্শ আৰু ক্ৰিয়াৰ অংগক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক হালধীয়া ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পশ্চিম মুখখনক ''বামদেৱ'' বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু ই অহংকাৰ আৰু অগ্নিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক ৰঙা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ দক্ষিণৰ মুখখনক ''অঘোৰাম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই বুদ্ধি আৰু ধৰ্ম্মক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক নীলা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ উত্তৰ মুখখনক ''সদ্যোজাতম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই মন আৰু সোম নামৰ পদাৰ্থক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক বগা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয় === ব্ৰহ্মা === ব্ৰহ্মা দেৱতাক চাৰিটা মূৰেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয় যদিও হিন্দু সাহিত্যত এসময়ত তেওঁৰ পাঁচটা মূৰ আছিল বুলি প্ৰায়ে কোৱা হয়। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি ব্ৰহ্মাই [[সৰস্বতী]], [[সাবিত্ৰী আৰু সত্যবান|সাবিত্ৰী]] বা [[গায়ত্ৰী]]ৰ নামেৰে এগৰাকী দেৱী সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ পিছত দেৱীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ প্ৰতি মোহ বাঢ়ি আহিছিল, যদিওবা ঋষিসকলে তেওঁৰ আধ্যাত্মিক কন্যা বুলি প্ৰতিবাদ কৰিছিল । দেৱীয়ে নিজৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তাক প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰি শ্ৰদ্ধা জনাইছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। নিজকে নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰিব নোৱাৰি তেওঁৰ প্ৰতি দৃষ্টি ৰখাই প্ৰচেষ্টাত ব্ৰহ্মাই তেওঁৰ প্ৰধান মূৰৰ কাষত তিনিটা মূৰ আৰু মূৰৰ ওপৰত অন্য এটা মূৰ প্ৰকাশ কৰিলে। ইয়াৰ ফলত তেওঁৰ সকলো যোগ্যতা ক্লান্ত হৈ পৰিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তিত ব্ৰহ্মাই শিৱৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠত্ব প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল৷ তেওঁৰ পঞ্চম মূৰটোৱে শিৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কেইবাটাও অত্যুগ্ৰ মন্তব্য কৰিছিল। শিৱই ইয়াৰ উত্তৰত নিজৰ পঞ্চমুখী ৰূপ প্ৰকাশ কৰি ব্ৰহ্মাৰ পঞ্চম মূৰটো নখেৰে কাটি পেলালে বা ভৈৰৱৰ জৰিয়তে সেই কাম কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিলে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bonnefoy |first=Yves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC&dq=brahma+five+faces&pg=PA51 |title=Asian Mythologies |date=1993-05-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-06456-7 |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref> === গণেশ === গণেশ দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইকন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচটা মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়, যাক হেৰম্ব বা পঞ্চমুখ গণেশ বুলি কোৱা হয়। দেৱতাৰ প্ৰতিটো মূৰে পাঁচ কোষক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে বুলি কোৱা হয়৷ সেয়া হৈছে অন্নময়, প্ৰাণময়, মনোময়, বিজ্ঞানময়, আৰু আনন্দময়।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Iyer|first=V. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jmVAgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+ganesha&pg=PT13|title=7 Steps to the Art of Tanjore Painting|date=2013-12-30|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-1161-2|pages=13|language=en}}</ref> === গায়ত্ৰী === [[গায়ত্ৰী মন্ত্ৰ]]ৰ ব্যক্তিত্ব গায়ত্ৰী দেৱীক তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিত পাঁচটা মুখৰ অধিকাৰী বুলি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁৰ চাৰিটা মূৰত চাৰিখন [[বেদ]]ৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে, আনহাতে পঞ্চম মূৰটোৱে চূড়ান্ত বাস্তৱতাক বুজায়।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Suresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC&dq=five+heads+gayatri&pg=PA102|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses|date=1998|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-039-9|pages=102|language=en}}</ref> == মন্দিৰ == === পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ, বসতীয়াৱালা === [[হাৰিয়ানা]]ৰ বিলাসপুৰৰ ওচৰৰ যমুনানগৰ জিলাত বসতীয়াৱালাৰ পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ অৱস্থিত।<ref name="Bilaspur">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/kalesar-kalka-stretch-to-be-promoted-for-tourism/715488.html Kalesar-Kalka stretch to be promoted for tourism], The Tribune, 18 jan 2019.</ref> === কৰাচীৰ পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ === [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ সিন্ধ প্ৰদেশৰ [[কৰাচী]]ত এটা পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2087907/diwali-celebrations-begin-karachi?amp=1|title=Diwali celebrations begin in Karachi Prayer services, ceremonies organised at temples across the city|newspaper=Dawn|date=27 December 2019|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> মন্দিৰটো ১৫০০ বছৰ পুৰণি মন্দিৰ বুলি দাবী কৰা হয়।<ref name="Rabia Ali">{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/338875/recycling-history-and-all-of-hanumans-men-put-this-temple-together-again?amp=1|title=Recycling history: And all of Hanuman's men put this temple together again|author=Rabia Ali|newspaper=Express Tribune|date=19 February 2012|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> == ছবি-ভঁৰাল== <gallery mode="packed" heights="250"> Bhairava Brahma.jpg|ব্ৰহ্মা আৰু ভৈৰৱৰ চিত্ৰ Another_view_of_Gayatri_Mantra;_bazaar_art,_mid-1900's.jpg|গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী পাঁচটা মূৰৰ সৈতে Adoration_of_Five-headed_Ganesha_(6125065614).jpg|পঞ্চমুখ গণেশ, ছান ডিয়েগো মিউজিয়াম অৱ আৰ্ট Punchamukhi_Hanuman_Temple_1.jpg|শ্ৰী পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ </gallery> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু দেৱতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:দেৱ-দেৱী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ দেৱ দেৱী]] 9czb3ssj4th3x1kmyugwd6pby076em9 518888 518887 2025-06-17T11:21:47Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* তথ্যসূত্ৰ */ 518888 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:103 Five-Headed Shiva, 16c, Ayutthaya (35122814071).jpg|thumb|পঞ্চমুখ শিৱ, ১৬ শতিকা, আয়ুথায়। থাইলেণ্ডৰ বেংককৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ফটো।]] '''পঞ্চমুখ'''ক ({{Lang-sa|पञ्चमुख}},{{Lang-en|Pañcamukha}}) '''পঞ্চমুখী''' বুলিও অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে। [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] প্ৰতীকধৰ্মিতাত (Iconography) ই এক ধাৰণা, য'ত এজন দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মূৰ বা পাঁচখন মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lingham |first=Durgadas (Rodney) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO0LBgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PA42 |title=Exploring Mantric Ayurveda: Secrets and Insights of Mantra-Yoga and Healing |date=2013-11-03 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-304-59409-9 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> কেইবাজনো হিন্দু দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মুখেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে; যেনে-[[হনুমান]], [[শিৱ]], [[ব্ৰহ্মা]], [[গণেশ]] আৰু [[গায়ত্ৰী]]।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-07-05 |title=Pancamukha, Pañcamukha, Panca-mukha, Pancan-mukha, Pamcamukha: 11 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancamukha |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> == প্ৰতীকবাদত == === হনুমান === [[File:Panchamukhi Hanuman The Rare Five Faced Hanuman (252138845).jpeg|alt=Correct statue of Panchamukhi Hanuman depicting the five heads in their correct position|thumb|ভাৰতৰ মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ শিৰডীত পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি।]] [[হনুমান]] দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইক'ন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচমুখৰ সৈতে দেখা যায়, যাক '''পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান''' বা '''পঞ্চমুখ অঞ্জনেয়''' বুলি জনা যায়।<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wpDAAAAYAAJ&q=panchamukha+anjaneya |title=Itihas |date=1992 |publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh. |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> প্ৰতিটো মূৰ বিষ্ণুৰ সৈতে জড়িত এজন দেৱতাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক এটা মূল দিশৰ ফালে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে৷ হনুমান পূব দিশ, [[নৰসিংহ (হিন্দু ধৰ্ম)|নৰসিংহ]] দক্ষিণ, [[বৰাহ]] উত্তৰ, [[গৰুড়|গৰুড়]] পশ্চিম আৰু [[হয়গ্ৰীৱ মাধৱ মন্দিৰ|হয়গ্ৰীৱ]]ক আকাশৰ ফালে। এই আইকনগ্ৰাফীক মূলসুঁতিৰ হিন্দু ধৰ্মত অস্তিত্ব বুলি গণ্য কৰা নহয় আৰু ইয়াক প্ৰধানকৈ তন্ত্ৰ পৰম্পৰাত খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১৫ শতিকাৰ পৰাহে প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Urbani |first1=Bernardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPZ-EAAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukhi+hanuman&pg=PA450 |title=World Archaeoprimatology: Interconnections of Humans and Nonhuman Primates in the Past |last2=Youlatos |first2=Dionisios |last3=Antczak |first3=Andrzej T. |date=2022-08-18 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-80327-4 |pages=450 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> পঞ্চমুখ হনুমানৰ আৰ্ৱিৰ্ভাৱৰ বৰ্ণনা হনুমত ৰহশ্যাম নামৰ তান্ত্ৰিক গ্ৰন্থত পোৱা যায়। গ্ৰন্থখনৰ পঞ্চমুখহানুমত কৱচম নামৰ খণ্ডটোত এই ৰূপৰ বৰ্ণনা আছে।<ref>Hanumad Rahashyam with Hindi Commentary by Shivdutta Mishra Shastri, pp-130-133 | url=https://archive.org/details/wg989/page/n4/mode/1up</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> ৰামায়ণৰ আঞ্চলিক পৰম্পৰাতো এই দেৱতাৰ ৰূপ দেখা যায়। এটা সংস্কৰণত [[ৰাম]] আৰু [[লক্ষ্মণ]]ক [[অহিৰাৱণ|অহিৰাৱনে]] বন্দী কৰে, আৰু [[পাতাল]]ত এগৰাকী দেৱীৰ সমুখত বলি হিচাপে আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। হনুমানে ভাতৃদ্বয়ক বন্দীত্বৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ কৰে আৰু দেৱীক বধ কৰে,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=hanuman+mahiravan+five+faces&pg=PT526 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=526 |language=en}}</ref> আৰু নিজৰ পাঁচটা মুখ প্ৰকাশ কৰি একেলগে পাঁচগচি বন্তি নুমুৱাই অহিৰাৱনক পৰাস্ত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathy |first=Dr Preeti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lixAAQAAIAAJ&q=patala+anjaneya |title=Indian Religions: Tradition, History and Culture |date=2010 |publisher=Axis Publications |isbn=978-93-80376-17-2 |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Murty |first=Sudha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2puDwAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PT89 |title=The Upside-Down King: Unusual Tales about Rama and Krishna |date=2018-09-25 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-417-9 |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref> === শিৱ === [[শিৱ]] দেৱতাক কেতিয়াবা তেওঁৰ পঞ্চমুখ দিশত প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়, আৰু প্ৰত্যেকেই নিজৰ এটা বৈশিষ্ট্যক বুজায়:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Kailash Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ok0t6cs3BAC&dq=shiva+five+faces&pg=PA41 |title=Gods And Goddesses Of India |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=B. K. |date=2000 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-069-6 |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-05-25 |title=Pancabrahma, Pañcabrahma, Panca-brahma: 5 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancabrahma |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> # তেওঁৰ উৰ্ধমুখী মুখখনক ঈ''শনাম্'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰকৃতিৰ প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক তামৰ ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পূব মুখখনক ''তৎপুৰুষম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই স্পৰ্শ আৰু ক্ৰিয়াৰ অংগক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক হালধীয়া ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পশ্চিম মুখখনক ''বামদেৱ'' বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু ই অহংকাৰ আৰু অগ্নিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক ৰঙা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ দক্ষিণৰ মুখখনক ''অঘোৰাম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই বুদ্ধি আৰু ধৰ্ম্মক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক নীলা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ উত্তৰ মুখখনক ''সদ্যোজাতম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই মন আৰু সোম নামৰ পদাৰ্থক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক বগা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয় === ব্ৰহ্মা === ব্ৰহ্মা দেৱতাক চাৰিটা মূৰেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয় যদিও হিন্দু সাহিত্যত এসময়ত তেওঁৰ পাঁচটা মূৰ আছিল বুলি প্ৰায়ে কোৱা হয়। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি ব্ৰহ্মাই [[সৰস্বতী]], [[সাবিত্ৰী আৰু সত্যবান|সাবিত্ৰী]] বা [[গায়ত্ৰী]]ৰ নামেৰে এগৰাকী দেৱী সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ পিছত দেৱীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ প্ৰতি মোহ বাঢ়ি আহিছিল, যদিওবা ঋষিসকলে তেওঁৰ আধ্যাত্মিক কন্যা বুলি প্ৰতিবাদ কৰিছিল । দেৱীয়ে নিজৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তাক প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰি শ্ৰদ্ধা জনাইছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। নিজকে নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰিব নোৱাৰি তেওঁৰ প্ৰতি দৃষ্টি ৰখাই প্ৰচেষ্টাত ব্ৰহ্মাই তেওঁৰ প্ৰধান মূৰৰ কাষত তিনিটা মূৰ আৰু মূৰৰ ওপৰত অন্য এটা মূৰ প্ৰকাশ কৰিলে। ইয়াৰ ফলত তেওঁৰ সকলো যোগ্যতা ক্লান্ত হৈ পৰিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তিত ব্ৰহ্মাই শিৱৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠত্ব প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল৷ তেওঁৰ পঞ্চম মূৰটোৱে শিৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কেইবাটাও অত্যুগ্ৰ মন্তব্য কৰিছিল। শিৱই ইয়াৰ উত্তৰত নিজৰ পঞ্চমুখী ৰূপ প্ৰকাশ কৰি ব্ৰহ্মাৰ পঞ্চম মূৰটো নখেৰে কাটি পেলালে বা ভৈৰৱৰ জৰিয়তে সেই কাম কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিলে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bonnefoy |first=Yves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC&dq=brahma+five+faces&pg=PA51 |title=Asian Mythologies |date=1993-05-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-06456-7 |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref> === গণেশ === গণেশ দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইকন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচটা মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়, যাক হেৰম্ব বা পঞ্চমুখ গণেশ বুলি কোৱা হয়। দেৱতাৰ প্ৰতিটো মূৰে পাঁচ কোষক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে বুলি কোৱা হয়৷ সেয়া হৈছে অন্নময়, প্ৰাণময়, মনোময়, বিজ্ঞানময়, আৰু আনন্দময়।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Iyer|first=V. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jmVAgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+ganesha&pg=PT13|title=7 Steps to the Art of Tanjore Painting|date=2013-12-30|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-1161-2|pages=13|language=en}}</ref> === গায়ত্ৰী === [[গায়ত্ৰী মন্ত্ৰ]]ৰ ব্যক্তিত্ব গায়ত্ৰী দেৱীক তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিত পাঁচটা মুখৰ অধিকাৰী বুলি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁৰ চাৰিটা মূৰত চাৰিখন [[বেদ]]ৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে, আনহাতে পঞ্চম মূৰটোৱে চূড়ান্ত বাস্তৱতাক বুজায়।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Suresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC&dq=five+heads+gayatri&pg=PA102|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses|date=1998|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-039-9|pages=102|language=en}}</ref> == মন্দিৰ == === পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ, বসতীয়াৱালা === [[হাৰিয়ানা]]ৰ বিলাসপুৰৰ ওচৰৰ যমুনানগৰ জিলাত বসতীয়াৱালাৰ পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ অৱস্থিত।<ref name="Bilaspur">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/kalesar-kalka-stretch-to-be-promoted-for-tourism/715488.html Kalesar-Kalka stretch to be promoted for tourism], The Tribune, 18 jan 2019.</ref> === কৰাচীৰ পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ === [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ সিন্ধ প্ৰদেশৰ [[কৰাচী]]ত এটা পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2087907/diwali-celebrations-begin-karachi?amp=1|title=Diwali celebrations begin in Karachi Prayer services, ceremonies organised at temples across the city|newspaper=Dawn|date=27 December 2019|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> মন্দিৰটো ১৫০০ বছৰ পুৰণি মন্দিৰ বুলি দাবী কৰা হয়।<ref name="Rabia Ali">{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/338875/recycling-history-and-all-of-hanumans-men-put-this-temple-together-again?amp=1|title=Recycling history: And all of Hanuman's men put this temple together again|author=Rabia Ali|newspaper=Express Tribune|date=19 February 2012|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> == ছবি-ভঁৰাল== <gallery mode="packed" heights="250"> Bhairava Brahma.jpg|ব্ৰহ্মা আৰু ভৈৰৱৰ চিত্ৰ Another_view_of_Gayatri_Mantra;_bazaar_art,_mid-1900's.jpg|গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী পাঁচটা মূৰৰ সৈতে Adoration_of_Five-headed_Ganesha_(6125065614).jpg|পঞ্চমুখ গণেশ, ছান ডিয়েগো মিউজিয়াম অৱ আৰ্ট Punchamukhi_Hanuman_Temple_1.jpg|শ্ৰী পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ </gallery> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু দেৱতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:দেৱ-দেৱী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ দেৱ দেৱী]] 03lhol08ybstd7o0rjbgtq3wsb50x6y 518889 518888 2025-06-17T11:21:56Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 /* ছবি-ভঁৰাল */ 518889 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:103 Five-Headed Shiva, 16c, Ayutthaya (35122814071).jpg|thumb|পঞ্চমুখ শিৱ, ১৬ শতিকা, আয়ুথায়। থাইলেণ্ডৰ বেংককৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ফটো।]] '''পঞ্চমুখ'''ক ({{Lang-sa|पञ्चमुख}},{{Lang-en|Pañcamukha}}) '''পঞ্চমুখী''' বুলিও অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে। [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] প্ৰতীকধৰ্মিতাত (Iconography) ই এক ধাৰণা, য'ত এজন দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মূৰ বা পাঁচখন মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lingham |first=Durgadas (Rodney) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO0LBgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PA42 |title=Exploring Mantric Ayurveda: Secrets and Insights of Mantra-Yoga and Healing |date=2013-11-03 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-304-59409-9 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> কেইবাজনো হিন্দু দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মুখেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে; যেনে-[[হনুমান]], [[শিৱ]], [[ব্ৰহ্মা]], [[গণেশ]] আৰু [[গায়ত্ৰী]]।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-07-05 |title=Pancamukha, Pañcamukha, Panca-mukha, Pancan-mukha, Pamcamukha: 11 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancamukha |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> == প্ৰতীকবাদত == === হনুমান === [[File:Panchamukhi Hanuman The Rare Five Faced Hanuman (252138845).jpeg|alt=Correct statue of Panchamukhi Hanuman depicting the five heads in their correct position|thumb|ভাৰতৰ মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ শিৰডীত পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি।]] [[হনুমান]] দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইক'ন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচমুখৰ সৈতে দেখা যায়, যাক '''পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান''' বা '''পঞ্চমুখ অঞ্জনেয়''' বুলি জনা যায়।<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wpDAAAAYAAJ&q=panchamukha+anjaneya |title=Itihas |date=1992 |publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh. |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> প্ৰতিটো মূৰ বিষ্ণুৰ সৈতে জড়িত এজন দেৱতাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক এটা মূল দিশৰ ফালে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে৷ হনুমান পূব দিশ, [[নৰসিংহ (হিন্দু ধৰ্ম)|নৰসিংহ]] দক্ষিণ, [[বৰাহ]] উত্তৰ, [[গৰুড়|গৰুড়]] পশ্চিম আৰু [[হয়গ্ৰীৱ মাধৱ মন্দিৰ|হয়গ্ৰীৱ]]ক আকাশৰ ফালে। এই আইকনগ্ৰাফীক মূলসুঁতিৰ হিন্দু ধৰ্মত অস্তিত্ব বুলি গণ্য কৰা নহয় আৰু ইয়াক প্ৰধানকৈ তন্ত্ৰ পৰম্পৰাত খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১৫ শতিকাৰ পৰাহে প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Urbani |first1=Bernardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPZ-EAAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukhi+hanuman&pg=PA450 |title=World Archaeoprimatology: Interconnections of Humans and Nonhuman Primates in the Past |last2=Youlatos |first2=Dionisios |last3=Antczak |first3=Andrzej T. |date=2022-08-18 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-80327-4 |pages=450 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> পঞ্চমুখ হনুমানৰ আৰ্ৱিৰ্ভাৱৰ বৰ্ণনা হনুমত ৰহশ্যাম নামৰ তান্ত্ৰিক গ্ৰন্থত পোৱা যায়। গ্ৰন্থখনৰ পঞ্চমুখহানুমত কৱচম নামৰ খণ্ডটোত এই ৰূপৰ বৰ্ণনা আছে।<ref>Hanumad Rahashyam with Hindi Commentary by Shivdutta Mishra Shastri, pp-130-133 | url=https://archive.org/details/wg989/page/n4/mode/1up</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> ৰামায়ণৰ আঞ্চলিক পৰম্পৰাতো এই দেৱতাৰ ৰূপ দেখা যায়। এটা সংস্কৰণত [[ৰাম]] আৰু [[লক্ষ্মণ]]ক [[অহিৰাৱণ|অহিৰাৱনে]] বন্দী কৰে, আৰু [[পাতাল]]ত এগৰাকী দেৱীৰ সমুখত বলি হিচাপে আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। হনুমানে ভাতৃদ্বয়ক বন্দীত্বৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ কৰে আৰু দেৱীক বধ কৰে,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=hanuman+mahiravan+five+faces&pg=PT526 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=526 |language=en}}</ref> আৰু নিজৰ পাঁচটা মুখ প্ৰকাশ কৰি একেলগে পাঁচগচি বন্তি নুমুৱাই অহিৰাৱনক পৰাস্ত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathy |first=Dr Preeti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lixAAQAAIAAJ&q=patala+anjaneya |title=Indian Religions: Tradition, History and Culture |date=2010 |publisher=Axis Publications |isbn=978-93-80376-17-2 |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Murty |first=Sudha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2puDwAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PT89 |title=The Upside-Down King: Unusual Tales about Rama and Krishna |date=2018-09-25 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-417-9 |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref> === শিৱ === [[শিৱ]] দেৱতাক কেতিয়াবা তেওঁৰ পঞ্চমুখ দিশত প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়, আৰু প্ৰত্যেকেই নিজৰ এটা বৈশিষ্ট্যক বুজায়:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Kailash Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ok0t6cs3BAC&dq=shiva+five+faces&pg=PA41 |title=Gods And Goddesses Of India |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=B. K. |date=2000 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-069-6 |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-05-25 |title=Pancabrahma, Pañcabrahma, Panca-brahma: 5 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancabrahma |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> # তেওঁৰ উৰ্ধমুখী মুখখনক ঈ''শনাম্'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰকৃতিৰ প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক তামৰ ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পূব মুখখনক ''তৎপুৰুষম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই স্পৰ্শ আৰু ক্ৰিয়াৰ অংগক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক হালধীয়া ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পশ্চিম মুখখনক ''বামদেৱ'' বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু ই অহংকাৰ আৰু অগ্নিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক ৰঙা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ দক্ষিণৰ মুখখনক ''অঘোৰাম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই বুদ্ধি আৰু ধৰ্ম্মক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক নীলা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ উত্তৰ মুখখনক ''সদ্যোজাতম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই মন আৰু সোম নামৰ পদাৰ্থক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক বগা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয় === ব্ৰহ্মা === ব্ৰহ্মা দেৱতাক চাৰিটা মূৰেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয় যদিও হিন্দু সাহিত্যত এসময়ত তেওঁৰ পাঁচটা মূৰ আছিল বুলি প্ৰায়ে কোৱা হয়। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি ব্ৰহ্মাই [[সৰস্বতী]], [[সাবিত্ৰী আৰু সত্যবান|সাবিত্ৰী]] বা [[গায়ত্ৰী]]ৰ নামেৰে এগৰাকী দেৱী সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ পিছত দেৱীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ প্ৰতি মোহ বাঢ়ি আহিছিল, যদিওবা ঋষিসকলে তেওঁৰ আধ্যাত্মিক কন্যা বুলি প্ৰতিবাদ কৰিছিল । দেৱীয়ে নিজৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তাক প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰি শ্ৰদ্ধা জনাইছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। নিজকে নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰিব নোৱাৰি তেওঁৰ প্ৰতি দৃষ্টি ৰখাই প্ৰচেষ্টাত ব্ৰহ্মাই তেওঁৰ প্ৰধান মূৰৰ কাষত তিনিটা মূৰ আৰু মূৰৰ ওপৰত অন্য এটা মূৰ প্ৰকাশ কৰিলে। ইয়াৰ ফলত তেওঁৰ সকলো যোগ্যতা ক্লান্ত হৈ পৰিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তিত ব্ৰহ্মাই শিৱৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠত্ব প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল৷ তেওঁৰ পঞ্চম মূৰটোৱে শিৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কেইবাটাও অত্যুগ্ৰ মন্তব্য কৰিছিল। শিৱই ইয়াৰ উত্তৰত নিজৰ পঞ্চমুখী ৰূপ প্ৰকাশ কৰি ব্ৰহ্মাৰ পঞ্চম মূৰটো নখেৰে কাটি পেলালে বা ভৈৰৱৰ জৰিয়তে সেই কাম কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিলে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bonnefoy |first=Yves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC&dq=brahma+five+faces&pg=PA51 |title=Asian Mythologies |date=1993-05-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-06456-7 |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref> === গণেশ === গণেশ দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইকন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচটা মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়, যাক হেৰম্ব বা পঞ্চমুখ গণেশ বুলি কোৱা হয়। দেৱতাৰ প্ৰতিটো মূৰে পাঁচ কোষক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে বুলি কোৱা হয়৷ সেয়া হৈছে অন্নময়, প্ৰাণময়, মনোময়, বিজ্ঞানময়, আৰু আনন্দময়।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Iyer|first=V. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jmVAgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+ganesha&pg=PT13|title=7 Steps to the Art of Tanjore Painting|date=2013-12-30|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-1161-2|pages=13|language=en}}</ref> === গায়ত্ৰী === [[গায়ত্ৰী মন্ত্ৰ]]ৰ ব্যক্তিত্ব গায়ত্ৰী দেৱীক তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিত পাঁচটা মুখৰ অধিকাৰী বুলি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁৰ চাৰিটা মূৰত চাৰিখন [[বেদ]]ৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে, আনহাতে পঞ্চম মূৰটোৱে চূড়ান্ত বাস্তৱতাক বুজায়।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Suresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC&dq=five+heads+gayatri&pg=PA102|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses|date=1998|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-039-9|pages=102|language=en}}</ref> == মন্দিৰ == === পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ, বসতীয়াৱালা === [[হাৰিয়ানা]]ৰ বিলাসপুৰৰ ওচৰৰ যমুনানগৰ জিলাত বসতীয়াৱালাৰ পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ অৱস্থিত।<ref name="Bilaspur">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/kalesar-kalka-stretch-to-be-promoted-for-tourism/715488.html Kalesar-Kalka stretch to be promoted for tourism], The Tribune, 18 jan 2019.</ref> === কৰাচীৰ পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ === [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ সিন্ধ প্ৰদেশৰ [[কৰাচী]]ত এটা পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2087907/diwali-celebrations-begin-karachi?amp=1|title=Diwali celebrations begin in Karachi Prayer services, ceremonies organised at temples across the city|newspaper=Dawn|date=27 December 2019|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> মন্দিৰটো ১৫০০ বছৰ পুৰণি মন্দিৰ বুলি দাবী কৰা হয়।<ref name="Rabia Ali">{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/338875/recycling-history-and-all-of-hanumans-men-put-this-temple-together-again?amp=1|title=Recycling history: And all of Hanuman's men put this temple together again|author=Rabia Ali|newspaper=Express Tribune|date=19 February 2012|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> == ছবি-ভঁৰাল== <gallery mode="packed" heights="250"> Bhairava Brahma.jpg|ব্ৰহ্মা আৰু ভৈৰৱৰ চিত্ৰ Another_view_of_Gayatri_Mantra;_bazaar_art,_mid-1900's.jpg|গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী পাঁচটা মূৰৰ সৈতে Adoration_of_Five-headed_Ganesha_(6125065614).jpg|পঞ্চমুখ গণেশ, ছান ডিয়েগো মিউজিয়াম অৱ আৰ্ট Punchamukhi_Hanuman_Temple_1.jpg|শ্ৰী পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ </gallery> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু দেৱতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:দেৱ-দেৱী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ দেৱ দেৱী]] 3z9h7titlahsofqxr550txy2gwcudca 518890 518889 2025-06-17T11:22:32Z Ishanjyotibora 14131 518890 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:103 Five-Headed Shiva, 16c, Ayutthaya (35122814071).jpg|thumb|পঞ্চমুখ শিৱ, ১৬ শতিকা, আয়ুথায়। থাইলেণ্ডৰ বেংককৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংগ্ৰহালয়ৰ ফটো।]] '''পঞ্চমুখ'''ক ({{Lang-sa|पञ्चमुख}},{{Lang-en|Pañcamukha}}) '''পঞ্চমুখী''' বুলিও অনুবাদ কৰা হৈছে। [[হিন্দু ধৰ্ম|হিন্দু]] প্ৰতীকধৰ্মিতাত (Iconography) ই এক ধাৰণা, য'ত এজন দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মূৰ বা পাঁচখন মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lingham |first=Durgadas (Rodney) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO0LBgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PA42 |title=Exploring Mantric Ayurveda: Secrets and Insights of Mantra-Yoga and Healing |date=2013-11-03 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-304-59409-9 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> কেইবাজনো হিন্দু দেৱতাক পাঁচটা মুখেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে; যেনে-[[হনুমান]], [[শিৱ]], [[ব্ৰহ্মা]], [[গণেশ]] আৰু [[গায়ত্ৰী]]।<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-07-05 |title=Pancamukha, Pañcamukha, Panca-mukha, Pancan-mukha, Pamcamukha: 11 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancamukha |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> == প্ৰতীকবাদত == === হনুমান === [[File:Panchamukhi Hanuman The Rare Five Faced Hanuman (252138845).jpeg|alt=Correct statue of Panchamukhi Hanuman depicting the five heads in their correct position|thumb|ভাৰতৰ মহাৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ শিৰডীত পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান প্ৰতিমূৰ্তি।]] [[হনুমান]] দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইক'ন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচমুখৰ সৈতে দেখা যায়, যাক '''পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান''' বা '''পঞ্চমুখ অঞ্জনেয়''' বুলি জনা যায়।<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wpDAAAAYAAJ&q=panchamukha+anjaneya |title=Itihas |date=1992 |publisher=Director of State Archives, Government of Andhra Pradesh. |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> প্ৰতিটো মূৰ বিষ্ণুৰ সৈতে জড়িত এজন দেৱতাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক এটা মূল দিশৰ ফালে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে৷ হনুমান পূব দিশ, [[নৰসিংহ (হিন্দু ধৰ্ম)|নৰসিংহ]] দক্ষিণ, [[বৰাহ]] উত্তৰ, [[গৰুড়|গৰুড়]] পশ্চিম আৰু [[হয়গ্ৰীৱ মাধৱ মন্দিৰ|হয়গ্ৰীৱ]]ক আকাশৰ ফালে। এই আইকনগ্ৰাফীক মূলসুঁতিৰ হিন্দু ধৰ্মত অস্তিত্ব বুলি গণ্য কৰা নহয় আৰু ইয়াক প্ৰধানকৈ তন্ত্ৰ পৰম্পৰাত খ্ৰীষ্টীয় ১৫ শতিকাৰ পৰাহে প্ৰদৰ্শিত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Urbani |first1=Bernardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPZ-EAAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukhi+hanuman&pg=PA450 |title=World Archaeoprimatology: Interconnections of Humans and Nonhuman Primates in the Past |last2=Youlatos |first2=Dionisios |last3=Antczak |first3=Andrzej T. |date=2022-08-18 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-80327-4 |pages=450 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> পঞ্চমুখ হনুমানৰ আৰ্ৱিৰ্ভাৱৰ বৰ্ণনা হনুমত ৰহশ্যাম নামৰ তান্ত্ৰিক গ্ৰন্থত পোৱা যায়। গ্ৰন্থখনৰ পঞ্চমুখহানুমত কৱচম নামৰ খণ্ডটোত এই ৰূপৰ বৰ্ণনা আছে।<ref>Hanumad Rahashyam with Hindi Commentary by Shivdutta Mishra Shastri, pp-130-133 | url=https://archive.org/details/wg989/page/n4/mode/1up</ref><ref>Five Heads and no tail: Hanuman and the popularization of Tantra by Philip Lutgendorf, 2001, International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Page 269-296</ref> ৰামায়ণৰ আঞ্চলিক পৰম্পৰাতো এই দেৱতাৰ ৰূপ দেখা যায়। এটা সংস্কৰণত [[ৰাম]] আৰু [[লক্ষ্মণ]]ক [[অহিৰাৱণ|অহিৰাৱনে]] বন্দী কৰে, আৰু [[পাতাল]]ত এগৰাকী দেৱীৰ সমুখত বলি হিচাপে আগবঢ়োৱা হয়। হনুমানে ভাতৃদ্বয়ক বন্দীত্বৰ পৰা উদ্ধাৰ কৰে আৰু দেৱীক বধ কৰে,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=hanuman+mahiravan+five+faces&pg=PT526 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=526 |language=en}}</ref> আৰু নিজৰ পাঁচটা মুখ প্ৰকাশ কৰি একেলগে পাঁচগচি বন্তি নুমুৱাই অহিৰাৱনক পৰাস্ত কৰে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripathy |first=Dr Preeti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lixAAQAAIAAJ&q=patala+anjaneya |title=Indian Religions: Tradition, History and Culture |date=2010 |publisher=Axis Publications |isbn=978-93-80376-17-2 |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Murty |first=Sudha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2puDwAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+five+heads&pg=PT89 |title=The Upside-Down King: Unusual Tales about Rama and Krishna |date=2018-09-25 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-417-9 |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref> === শিৱ === [[শিৱ]] দেৱতাক কেতিয়াবা তেওঁৰ পঞ্চমুখ দিশত প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়, আৰু প্ৰত্যেকেই নিজৰ এটা বৈশিষ্ট্যক বুজায়:<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Kailash Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ok0t6cs3BAC&dq=shiva+five+faces&pg=PA41 |title=Gods And Goddesses Of India |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=B. K. |date=2000 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-069-6 |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-05-25 |title=Pancabrahma, Pañcabrahma, Panca-brahma: 5 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/pancabrahma |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> # তেওঁৰ উৰ্ধমুখী মুখখনক ঈ''শনাম্'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰকৃতিৰ প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক তামৰ ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পূব মুখখনক ''তৎপুৰুষম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই স্পৰ্শ আৰু ক্ৰিয়াৰ অংগক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক হালধীয়া ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়। # তেওঁৰ পশ্চিম মুখখনক ''বামদেৱ'' বুলি কোৱা হয়, আৰু ই অহংকাৰ আৰু অগ্নিক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক ৰঙা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ দক্ষিণৰ মুখখনক ''অঘোৰাম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই বুদ্ধি আৰু ধৰ্ম্মক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক নীলা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয়৷ # তেওঁৰ উত্তৰ মুখখনক ''সদ্যোজাতম'' বোলা হয়, আৰু ই মন আৰু সোম নামৰ পদাৰ্থক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে। ইয়াক বগা ৰঙেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয় === ব্ৰহ্মা === ব্ৰহ্মা দেৱতাক চাৰিটা মূৰেৰে চিত্ৰিত কৰা হয় যদিও হিন্দু সাহিত্যত এসময়ত তেওঁৰ পাঁচটা মূৰ আছিল বুলি প্ৰায়ে কোৱা হয়। এটা কিংবদন্তি অনুসৰি ব্ৰহ্মাই [[সৰস্বতী]], [[সাবিত্ৰী আৰু সত্যবান|সাবিত্ৰী]] বা [[গায়ত্ৰী]]ৰ নামেৰে এগৰাকী দেৱী সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ পিছত দেৱীৰ প্ৰতি তেওঁৰ প্ৰতি মোহ বাঢ়ি আহিছিল, যদিওবা ঋষিসকলে তেওঁৰ আধ্যাত্মিক কন্যা বুলি প্ৰতিবাদ কৰিছিল । দেৱীয়ে নিজৰ সৃষ্টিকৰ্তাক প্ৰদক্ষিণ কৰি শ্ৰদ্ধা জনাইছিল বুলি কোৱা হয়। নিজকে নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰিব নোৱাৰি তেওঁৰ প্ৰতি দৃষ্টি ৰখাই প্ৰচেষ্টাত ব্ৰহ্মাই তেওঁৰ প্ৰধান মূৰৰ কাষত তিনিটা মূৰ আৰু মূৰৰ ওপৰত অন্য এটা মূৰ প্ৰকাশ কৰিলে। ইয়াৰ ফলত তেওঁৰ সকলো যোগ্যতা ক্লান্ত হৈ পৰিল। আন এটা কিংবদন্তিত ব্ৰহ্মাই শিৱৰ ওপৰত নিজৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠত্ব প্ৰকাশ কৰিছিল৷ তেওঁৰ পঞ্চম মূৰটোৱে শিৱৰ বিৰুদ্ধে কেইবাটাও অত্যুগ্ৰ মন্তব্য কৰিছিল। শিৱই ইয়াৰ উত্তৰত নিজৰ পঞ্চমুখী ৰূপ প্ৰকাশ কৰি ব্ৰহ্মাৰ পঞ্চম মূৰটো নখেৰে কাটি পেলালে বা ভৈৰৱৰ জৰিয়তে সেই কাম কৰিবলৈ আদেশ দিলে।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bonnefoy |first=Yves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC&dq=brahma+five+faces&pg=PA51 |title=Asian Mythologies |date=1993-05-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-06456-7 |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref> === গণেশ === গণেশ দেৱতাক তেওঁৰ আইকন'গ্ৰাফীত কেতিয়াবা পাঁচটা মুখেৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা হয়, যাক হেৰম্ব বা পঞ্চমুখ গণেশ বুলি কোৱা হয়। দেৱতাৰ প্ৰতিটো মূৰে পাঁচ কোষক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে বুলি কোৱা হয়৷ সেয়া হৈছে অন্নময়, প্ৰাণময়, মনোময়, বিজ্ঞানময়, আৰু আনন্দময়।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Iyer|first=V. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jmVAgAAQBAJ&dq=panchamukha+ganesha&pg=PT13|title=7 Steps to the Art of Tanjore Painting|date=2013-12-30|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-1161-2|pages=13|language=en}}</ref> === গায়ত্ৰী === [[গায়ত্ৰী মন্ত্ৰ]]ৰ ব্যক্তিত্ব গায়ত্ৰী দেৱীক তেওঁৰ প্ৰতিমূৰ্তিত পাঁচটা মুখৰ অধিকাৰী বুলি চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। তেওঁৰ চাৰিটা মূৰত চাৰিখন [[বেদ]]ৰ চিত্ৰণ কৰা বুলি কোৱা হৈছে, আনহাতে পঞ্চম মূৰটোৱে চূড়ান্ত বাস্তৱতাক বুজায়।<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Suresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC&dq=five+heads+gayatri&pg=PA102|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses|date=1998|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-039-9|pages=102|language=en}}</ref> == মন্দিৰ == === পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ, বসতীয়াৱালা === [[হাৰিয়ানা]]ৰ বিলাসপুৰৰ ওচৰৰ যমুনানগৰ জিলাত বসতীয়াৱালাৰ পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ অৱস্থিত।<ref name="Bilaspur">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/kalesar-kalka-stretch-to-be-promoted-for-tourism/715488.html Kalesar-Kalka stretch to be promoted for tourism], The Tribune, 18 jan 2019.</ref> === কৰাচীৰ পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ === [[পাকিস্তান]]ৰ সিন্ধ প্ৰদেশৰ [[কৰাচী]]ত এটা পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ অৱস্থিত।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2087907/diwali-celebrations-begin-karachi?amp=1|title=Diwali celebrations begin in Karachi Prayer services, ceremonies organised at temples across the city|newspaper=Dawn|date=27 December 2019|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> মন্দিৰটো ১৫০০ বছৰ পুৰণি মন্দিৰ বুলি দাবী কৰা হয়।<ref name="Rabia Ali">{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/338875/recycling-history-and-all-of-hanumans-men-put-this-temple-together-again?amp=1|title=Recycling history: And all of Hanuman's men put this temple together again|author=Rabia Ali|newspaper=Express Tribune|date=19 February 2012|access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> == ছবি-ভঁৰাল== <gallery mode="packed" heights="250"> Bhairava Brahma.jpg|ব্ৰহ্মা আৰু ভৈৰৱৰ চিত্ৰ Another_view_of_Gayatri_Mantra;_bazaar_art,_mid-1900's.jpg|গায়ত্ৰী দেৱী পাঁচটা মূৰৰ সৈতে Adoration_of_Five-headed_Ganesha_(6125065614).jpg|পঞ্চমুখ গণেশ, ছান ডিয়েগো মিউজিয়াম অৱ আৰ্ট Punchamukhi_Hanuman_Temple_1.jpg|শ্ৰী পঞ্চমুখী হনুমান মন্দিৰ </gallery> == তথ্যসূত্ৰ == {{reflist|30em}} [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দু দেৱতা]] [[শ্ৰেণী:দেৱ-দেৱী]] [[শ্ৰেণী:হিন্দুধৰ্মৰ দেৱ দেৱী]] 5lryjfadhon0kpw7wwlr3chnq1vtjbo 0 122878 518804 2025-06-17T08:43:30Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ ক পাৰিস্থিতিক নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বা পৰিৱেশ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ই হৈছে পৰিৱেশ আৰু পৰিৱেশ বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গঢ় লোৱা এক নৈৰাজ্যবাদী চিন্তাধাৰা। 518804 wikitext text/x-wiki সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ ক পাৰিস্থিতিক নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বা পৰিৱেশ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ই হৈছে পৰিৱেশ আৰু পৰিৱেশ বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গঢ় লোৱা এক নৈৰাজ্যবাদী চিন্তাধাৰা। m9cyoo0n7ozlrr5eurmr6k39pz34jf6 518806 518804 2025-06-17T08:43:47Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518806 wikitext text/x-wiki সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ ({{lang-en| Green anarchism}})ক পাৰিস্থিতিক নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বা পৰিৱেশ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ই হৈছে পৰিৱেশ আৰু পৰিৱেশ বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গঢ় লোৱা এক নৈৰাজ্যবাদী চিন্তাধাৰা। o7c1x8rvezmmlnxsiuetbszy5pdu12o 518807 518806 2025-06-17T08:44:04Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518807 wikitext text/x-wiki '''সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ''' ({{lang-en| Green anarchism}})ক পাৰিস্থিতিক নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বা পৰিৱেশ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ই হৈছে পৰিৱেশ আৰু পৰিৱেশ বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গঢ় লোৱা এক নৈৰাজ্যবাদী চিন্তাধাৰা। 7gw1hmlmgiz8tfuqisfvzdhz81ek8fb 518808 518807 2025-06-17T08:44:30Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ''' ({{lang-en| Green anarchism}})ক পাৰিস্থিতিক নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বা পৰিৱেশ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ই হৈছে পৰিৱেশ আৰু পৰিৱেশ বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গঢ় লোৱা এক নৈৰাজ্যবাদী চিন্তাধাৰা। 0nocx85e71p3itwu823bd76v4lzovfx 518811 518808 2025-06-17T08:48:22Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ''' ({{lang-en| Green anarchism}})ক পাৰিস্থিতিক নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বা পৰিৱেশ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ই হৈছে পৰিৱেশ আৰু পৰিৱেশ বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গঢ় লোৱা এক নৈৰাজ্যবাদী চিন্তাধাৰা। ই হৈছে উগ্ৰ পৰিৱেশবাদৰ পুঁজিবাদ বিৰোধী আৰু স্বৈৰাচাৰ বিৰোধী ৰূপ যিয়ে সামাজিক সংগঠন, স্বাধীনতা আৰু আত্মপূৰ্ণতাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰে। iqlxb6tk4ml0vtsqqjhhqish8bhbwpx 518812 518811 2025-06-17T08:49:29Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ''' ({{lang-en| Green anarchism}})ক পাৰিস্থিতিক নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বা পৰিৱেশ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ই হৈছে পৰিৱেশ আৰু পৰিৱেশ বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গঢ় লোৱা এক নৈৰাজ্যবাদী চিন্তাধাৰা।{{Sfn|Price|2019|p=281}} ই হৈছে উগ্ৰ পৰিৱেশবাদৰ পুঁজিবাদ বিৰোধী আৰু স্বৈৰাচাৰ বিৰোধী ৰূপ যিয়ে সামাজিক সংগঠন, স্বাধীনতা আৰু আত্মপূৰ্ণতাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰে। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== amljidgnox8q8m35y05y3cbomyv0hc6 518814 518812 2025-06-17T08:50:02Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ''' ({{lang-en| Green anarchism}})ক পাৰিস্থিতিক নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বা পৰিৱেশ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ই হৈছে পৰিৱেশ আৰু পৰিৱেশ বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গঢ় লোৱা এক নৈৰাজ্যবাদী চিন্তাধাৰা।{{Sfn|Price|2019|p=281}} ই হৈছে উগ্ৰ পৰিৱেশবাদৰ পুঁজিবাদ বিৰোধী আৰু স্বৈৰাচাৰ বিৰোধী ৰূপ যিয়ে সামাজিক সংগঠন, স্বাধীনতা আৰু আত্মপূৰ্ণতাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰে।{{Sfn|Aaltola|2010|p=161}} ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== e3znkthnowv7hhrltxyroyvpeia4p1d 518817 518814 2025-06-17T08:53:45Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ''' ({{lang-en| Green anarchism}})ক পাৰিস্থিতিক নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বা পৰিৱেশ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ই হৈছে পৰিৱেশ আৰু পৰিৱেশ বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গঢ় লোৱা এক নৈৰাজ্যবাদী চিন্তাধাৰা।{{Sfn|Price|2019|p=281}} ই হৈছে উগ্ৰ পৰিৱেশবাদৰ পুঁজিবাদ বিৰোধী আৰু স্বৈৰাচাৰ বিৰোধী ৰূপ যিয়ে সামাজিক সংগঠন, স্বাধীনতা আৰু আত্মপূৰ্ণতাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰে।{{Sfn|Aaltola|2010|p=161}} পুঁজিবাদ আৰু ঔপনিৱেশিকতাবাদৰ উত্থানে পৰিৱেশৰ অৱক্ষয় সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ ফলত ১৯ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত নৈৰাজ্যবাদৰ পৰিৱেশগত দৃষ্টিভংগী প্ৰথম প্ৰণয়ন কৰা হৈছিল। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 3m8clp6jfzptbxg0991ujnm28ng4g71 518823 518817 2025-06-17T09:01:41Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ''' ({{lang-en| Green anarchism}})ক পাৰিস্থিতিক নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বা পৰিৱেশ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ই হৈছে পৰিৱেশ আৰু পৰিৱেশ বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গঢ় লোৱা এক নৈৰাজ্যবাদী চিন্তাধাৰা।{{Sfn|Price|2019|p=281}} ই হৈছে উগ্ৰ পৰিৱেশবাদৰ পুঁজিবাদ বিৰোধী আৰু স্বৈৰাচাৰ বিৰোধী ৰূপ যিয়ে সামাজিক সংগঠন, স্বাধীনতা আৰু আত্মপূৰ্ণতাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰে।{{Sfn|Aaltola|2010|p=161}} পুঁজিবাদ আৰু ঔপনিৱেশিকতাবাদৰ উত্থানে পৰিৱেশৰ অৱক্ষয় সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ ফলত ১৯ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত নৈৰাজ্যবাদৰ পৰিৱেশগত দৃষ্টিভংগী প্ৰথম প্ৰণয়ন কৰা হৈছিল। চাৰ্লছ ডাৰউইনৰ পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰা নৈৰাজ্যবাদী মিখাইল বাকুনিনে প্ৰকৃতিৰ পৰা মানৱতাৰ দ্বৈততাবাদী পৃথকীকৰণক নাকচ কৰা প্ৰকৃতিবাদী দৰ্শনৰ বিশদ বিৱৰণ আগবঢ়াইছে। ইয়াক পিটাৰ ক্ৰ’পটকিন আৰু এলিজী ৰেক্লুছে পৰিৱেশ দৰ্শনলৈ বিকশিত কৰিছিল, যিয়ে সামাজিক ন্যায় আৰু পৰিৱেশ সুৰক্ষা দুয়োটাকে আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ মাধ্যম হিচাপে উদ্যোগৰ বিকেন্দ্ৰীকৰণ আৰু অৱনতিৰ পোষকতা কৰিছিল। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 3lnbljdadkbool9kqczsmsb9ze5ekgo 518827 518823 2025-06-17T09:09:36Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ''' ({{lang-en| Green anarchism}})ক পাৰিস্থিতিক নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বা পৰিৱেশ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ই হৈছে পৰিৱেশ আৰু পৰিৱেশ বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গঢ় লোৱা এক নৈৰাজ্যবাদী চিন্তাধাৰা।{{Sfn|Price|2019|p=281}} ই হৈছে উগ্ৰ পৰিৱেশবাদৰ পুঁজিবাদ বিৰোধী আৰু স্বৈৰাচাৰ বিৰোধী ৰূপ যিয়ে সামাজিক সংগঠন, স্বাধীনতা আৰু আত্মপূৰ্ণতাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰে।{{Sfn|Aaltola|2010|p=161}} পুঁজিবাদ আৰু ঔপনিৱেশিকতাবাদৰ উত্থানে পৰিৱেশৰ অৱক্ষয় সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ ফলত ১৯ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত নৈৰাজ্যবাদৰ পৰিৱেশগত দৃষ্টিভংগী প্ৰথম প্ৰণয়ন কৰা হৈছিল। চাৰ্লছ ডাৰউইনৰ পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰা নৈৰাজ্যবাদী মিখাইল বাকুনিনে প্ৰকৃতিৰ পৰা মানৱতাৰ দ্বৈততাবাদী পৃথকীকৰণক নাকচ কৰা প্ৰকৃতিবাদী দৰ্শনৰ বিশদ বিৱৰণ আগবঢ়াইছে। ইয়াক পিটাৰ ক্ৰ’পটকিন আৰু এলিজী ৰেক্লুছে পৰিৱেশ দৰ্শনলৈ বিকশিত কৰিছিল, যিয়ে সামাজিক ন্যায় আৰু পৰিৱেশ সুৰক্ষা দুয়োটাকে আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ মাধ্যম হিচাপে উদ্যোগৰ বিকেন্দ্ৰীকৰণ আৰু অৱনতিৰ পোষকতা কৰিছিল। সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদক প্ৰথমে নতুন বাওঁপন্থীৰ কিছু অংশই এক সুকীয়া ৰাজনৈতিক তত্ত্বলৈ বিকশিত কৰিছিল, কিয়নো নৈৰাজ্যবাদৰ পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ পৰিৱেশ আন্দোলনৰ উত্থানৰ লগত সংগতি আছিল৷ ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 6oo3d7953isedqibba1sbeohrbdy4gp 518828 518827 2025-06-17T09:11:44Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ''' ({{lang-en| Green anarchism}})ক পাৰিস্থিতিক নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বা পৰিৱেশ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ই হৈছে পৰিৱেশ আৰু পৰিৱেশ বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গঢ় লোৱা এক নৈৰাজ্যবাদী চিন্তাধাৰা।{{Sfn|Price|2019|p=281}} ই হৈছে উগ্ৰ পৰিৱেশবাদৰ পুঁজিবাদ বিৰোধী আৰু স্বৈৰাচাৰ বিৰোধী ৰূপ যিয়ে সামাজিক সংগঠন, স্বাধীনতা আৰু আত্মপূৰ্ণতাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰে।{{Sfn|Aaltola|2010|p=161}} পুঁজিবাদ আৰু ঔপনিৱেশিকতাবাদৰ উত্থানে পৰিৱেশৰ অৱক্ষয় সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ ফলত ১৯ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত নৈৰাজ্যবাদৰ পৰিৱেশগত দৃষ্টিভংগী প্ৰথম প্ৰণয়ন কৰা হৈছিল। চাৰ্লছ ডাৰউইনৰ পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰা নৈৰাজ্যবাদী মিখাইল বাকুনিনে প্ৰকৃতিৰ পৰা মানৱতাৰ দ্বৈততাবাদী পৃথকীকৰণক নাকচ কৰা প্ৰকৃতিবাদী দৰ্শনৰ বিশদ বিৱৰণ আগবঢ়াইছে। ইয়াক পিটাৰ ক্ৰ’পটকিন আৰু এলিজী ৰেক্লুছে পৰিৱেশ দৰ্শনলৈ বিকশিত কৰিছিল, যিয়ে সামাজিক ন্যায় আৰু পৰিৱেশ সুৰক্ষা দুয়োটাকে আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ মাধ্যম হিচাপে উদ্যোগৰ বিকেন্দ্ৰীকৰণ আৰু অৱনতিৰ পোষকতা কৰিছিল। সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদক প্ৰথমে নতুন বাওঁপন্থীৰ কিছু অংশই এক সুকীয়া ৰাজনৈতিক তত্ত্বলৈ বিকশিত কৰিছিল, কিয়নো নৈৰাজ্যবাদৰ পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ পৰিৱেশ আন্দোলনৰ উত্থানৰ লগত সংগতি আছিল৷ ১৯৭০ চনৰ পৰা সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদৰ তিনিটা মূল প্ৰৱণতা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হ’ল: মাৰে বুকচিনে সামাজিক পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞানৰ তত্ত্বৰ বিষয়ে বিশদভাৱে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, য’ত যুক্তি দিয়া হৈছে যে পৰিৱেশৰ সমস্যাসমূহ প্ৰত্যক্ষভাৱে সামাজিক বিষয়ৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হয়; আৰ্নে নেছে গভীৰ পৰিৱেশ তত্ত্বৰ সংজ্ঞা দিছিল, যিয়ে জৈৱকেন্দ্ৰিকতাবাদৰ পোষকতা কৰে; আৰু জন জেৰ্জানে অৰাজক-আদিমতাবাদৰ তত্ত্ব গঢ়ি তুলিছিল, য’ত প্ৰযুক্তি আৰু সভ্যতাক বিলুপ্ত কৰাৰ আহ্বান জনোৱা হৈছে। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== rsb0xvh0goju4nu5fqie4r2m2nhbed4 518830 518828 2025-06-17T09:15:55Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ''' ({{lang-en| Green anarchism}})ক পাৰিস্থিতিক নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বা পৰিৱেশ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ই হৈছে পৰিৱেশ আৰু পৰিৱেশ বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গঢ় লোৱা এক নৈৰাজ্যবাদী চিন্তাধাৰা।{{Sfn|Price|2019|p=281}} ই হৈছে উগ্ৰ পৰিৱেশবাদৰ পুঁজিবাদ বিৰোধী আৰু স্বৈৰাচাৰ বিৰোধী ৰূপ যিয়ে সামাজিক সংগঠন, স্বাধীনতা আৰু আত্মপূৰ্ণতাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰে।{{Sfn|Aaltola|2010|p=161}} পুঁজিবাদ আৰু ঔপনিৱেশিকতাবাদৰ উত্থানে পৰিৱেশৰ অৱক্ষয় সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ ফলত ১৯ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত নৈৰাজ্যবাদৰ পৰিৱেশগত দৃষ্টিভংগী প্ৰথম প্ৰণয়ন কৰা হৈছিল। চাৰ্লছ ডাৰউইনৰ পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰা নৈৰাজ্যবাদী মিখাইল বাকুনিনে প্ৰকৃতিৰ পৰা মানৱতাৰ দ্বৈততাবাদী পৃথকীকৰণক নাকচ কৰা প্ৰকৃতিবাদী দৰ্শনৰ বিশদ বিৱৰণ আগবঢ়াইছে। ইয়াক পিটাৰ ক্ৰ’পটকিন আৰু এলিজী ৰেক্লুছে পৰিৱেশ দৰ্শনলৈ বিকশিত কৰিছিল, যিয়ে সামাজিক ন্যায় আৰু পৰিৱেশ সুৰক্ষা দুয়োটাকে আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ মাধ্যম হিচাপে উদ্যোগৰ বিকেন্দ্ৰীকৰণ আৰু অৱনতিৰ পোষকতা কৰিছিল। সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদক প্ৰথমে নতুন বাওঁপন্থীৰ কিছু অংশই এক সুকীয়া ৰাজনৈতিক তত্ত্বলৈ বিকশিত কৰিছিল, কিয়নো নৈৰাজ্যবাদৰ পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ পৰিৱেশ আন্দোলনৰ উত্থানৰ লগত সংগতি আছিল৷ ১৯৭০ চনৰ পৰা সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদৰ তিনিটা মূল প্ৰৱণতা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হ’ল: মাৰে বুকচিনে সামাজিক পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞানৰ তত্ত্বৰ বিষয়ে বিশদভাৱে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, য’ত যুক্তি দিয়া হৈছে যে পৰিৱেশৰ সমস্যাসমূহ প্ৰত্যক্ষভাৱে সামাজিক বিষয়ৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হয়; আৰ্নে নেছে গভীৰ পৰিৱেশ তত্ত্বৰ সংজ্ঞা দিছিল, যিয়ে জৈৱকেন্দ্ৰিকতাবাদৰ পোষকতা কৰে; আৰু জন জেৰ্জানে অৰাজক-আদিমতাবাদৰ তত্ত্ব গঢ়ি তুলিছিল, য’ত প্ৰযুক্তি আৰু সভ্যতাক বিলুপ্ত কৰাৰ আহ্বান জনোৱা হৈছে। একবিংশ শতিকাত এই প্ৰৱণতাসমূহৰ লগত যোগ হৈছিল জন্তুৰ অধিকাৰক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি থকা সম্পূৰ্ণ মুক্তি আৰু সেউজ ছিণ্ডিকেলিজম, যিয়ে‍ শ্ৰমিকসকলক নিজেই অশিল্পকৰণ পৰিচালনা কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনাইছে। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 5gt92fx5zcenxmghcu7fv988ys78qkq 518832 518830 2025-06-17T09:19:39Z কুমুদ ঘোষ 42738 518832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দ্ব}} '''সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ''' ({{lang-en| Green anarchism}})ক পাৰিস্থিতিক নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বা পৰিৱেশ নৈৰাজ্যবাদ বুলিও কোৱা হয়, ই হৈছে পৰিৱেশ আৰু পৰিৱেশ বিষয়ক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি গঢ় লোৱা এক নৈৰাজ্যবাদী চিন্তাধাৰা।{{Sfn|Price|2019|p=281}} ই হৈছে উগ্ৰ পৰিৱেশবাদৰ পুঁজিবাদ বিৰোধী আৰু স্বৈৰাচাৰ বিৰোধী ৰূপ যিয়ে সামাজিক সংগঠন, স্বাধীনতা আৰু আত্মপূৰ্ণতাৰ ওপৰত গুৰুত্ব আৰোপ কৰে।{{Sfn|Aaltola|2010|p=161}} পুঁজিবাদ আৰু ঔপনিৱেশিকতাবাদৰ উত্থানে পৰিৱেশৰ অৱক্ষয় সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ ফলত ১৯ শতিকাৰ সময়ছোৱাত নৈৰাজ্যবাদৰ পৰিৱেশগত দৃষ্টিভংগী প্ৰথম প্ৰণয়ন কৰা হৈছিল। চাৰ্লছ ডাৰউইনৰ পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞানৰ পৰা নৈৰাজ্যবাদী মিখাইল বাকুনিনে প্ৰকৃতিৰ পৰা মানৱতাৰ দ্বৈততাবাদী পৃথকীকৰণক নাকচ কৰা প্ৰকৃতিবাদী দৰ্শনৰ বিশদ বিৱৰণ আগবঢ়াইছে। ইয়াক পিটাৰ ক্ৰ’পটকিন আৰু এলিজী ৰেক্লুছে পৰিৱেশ দৰ্শনলৈ বিকশিত কৰিছিল, যিয়ে সামাজিক ন্যায় আৰু পৰিৱেশ সুৰক্ষা দুয়োটাকে আগুৱাই নিয়াৰ মাধ্যম হিচাপে উদ্যোগৰ বিকেন্দ্ৰীকৰণ আৰু অৱনতিৰ পোষকতা কৰিছিল। সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদক প্ৰথমে নতুন বাওঁপন্থীৰ কিছু অংশই এক সুকীয়া ৰাজনৈতিক তত্ত্বলৈ বিকশিত কৰিছিল, কিয়নো নৈৰাজ্যবাদৰ পুনৰুজ্জীৱনৰ পৰিৱেশ আন্দোলনৰ উত্থানৰ লগত সংগতি আছিল৷ ১৯৭০ চনৰ পৰা সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদৰ তিনিটা মূল প্ৰৱণতা প্ৰতিষ্ঠা হ’ল: মাৰে বুকচিনে সামাজিক পৰিৱেশ বিজ্ঞানৰ তত্ত্বৰ বিষয়ে বিশদভাৱে উল্লেখ কৰিছিল, য’ত যুক্তি দিয়া হৈছে যে পৰিৱেশৰ সমস্যাসমূহ প্ৰত্যক্ষভাৱে সামাজিক বিষয়ৰ পৰাই উদ্ভৱ হয়; আৰ্নে নেছে গভীৰ পৰিৱেশ তত্ত্বৰ সংজ্ঞা দিছিল, যিয়ে জৈৱকেন্দ্ৰিকতাবাদৰ পোষকতা কৰে; আৰু জন জেৰ্জানে অৰাজক-আদিমতাবাদৰ তত্ত্ব গঢ়ি তুলিছিল, য’ত প্ৰযুক্তি আৰু সভ্যতাক বিলুপ্ত কৰাৰ আহ্বান জনোৱা হৈছে। একবিংশ শতিকাত এই প্ৰৱণতাসমূহৰ লগত যোগ হৈছিল জন্তুৰ অধিকাৰক কেন্দ্ৰ কৰি থকা সম্পূৰ্ণ মুক্তি আৰু সেউজ ছিণ্ডিকেলিজম, যিয়ে‍ শ্ৰমিকসকলক নিজেই অশিল্পকৰণ পৰিচালনা কৰিবলৈ আহ্বান জনাইছে। ইয়াৰ মূলতে সেউজ নৈৰাজ্যবাদে পৰিৱেশৰ অৱক্ষয়ৰ কাৰণ হোৱা সামাজিক স্তৰসমূহৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ আৰু বিলুপ্তিৰ বিষয়ে চিন্তা কৰে। ঔদ্যোগিক পুঁজিবাদৰ নিষ্কাশন আৰু উৎপাদনশীলতাৰ বিৰোধিতা কৰি ই অৰ্থনীতিৰ অৱনতি‍ আৰু অশিল্পকৰণৰ পোষকতা কৰে। ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ সম্ভাৱ্য বিকল্প হিচাপে "প্ৰকৃতিলৈ ঘূৰি অহা"ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ দি এই মতবাদে অধিক স্থানীয়কৰণ আৰু বিকেন্দ্ৰীকৰণৰ আহ্বান জনাইছে। ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== g0ueg0y1rsnrv4z1b4105o1og9mhiq3 0 122879 518836 2025-06-17T09:26:51Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: '''ভিক্টৰ হিউগ'(জন্ম ২৬ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৮০২ –মৃত্যু ২২ মে' ১৮৮৫) আছিল এজন ফৰাচী ৰোমান্টিক লেখক, কবি, ৰচনাকাৰ, নাট্যকাৰ, সাংবাদিক, মানৱতাবাদী লিখক। তেওঁৰ বিখ্যাত ৰচনাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত হ’ল দ... 518836 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ভিক্টৰ হিউগ'(জন্ম ২৬ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৮০২ –মৃত্যু ২২ মে' ১৮৮৫) আছিল এজন ফৰাচী ৰোমান্টিক লেখক, কবি, ৰচনাকাৰ, নাট্যকাৰ, সাংবাদিক, মানৱতাবাদী লিখক। তেওঁৰ বিখ্যাত ৰচনাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত হ’ল দ্য হাঞ্চবেক অৱ নট্ৰে-ডেম (১৮৩১) আৰু লেছ মিজেৰেবলছ (১৮৬২) উপন্যাস। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:ফৰাচী লেখক]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] q61hjhmya2qmeblw8e87jclqv6o1vmf 518837 518836 2025-06-17T09:27:16Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 518837 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ভিক্টৰ হিউগ'(জন্ম ২৬ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৮০২ –মৃত্যু ২২ মে' ১৮৮৫) আছিল এজন ফৰাচী ৰোমান্টিক লেখক, কবি, ৰচনাকাৰ, নাট্যকাৰ, সাংবাদিক, মানৱতাবাদী লিখক। তেওঁৰ বিখ্যাত ৰচনাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত হ’ল দ্য হাঞ্চবেক অৱ নট্ৰে-ডেম (১৮৩১) আৰু লেছ মিজেৰেবলছ (১৮৬২) উপন্যাস। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:ফৰাচী লেখক]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] s1rxx7ctkj18x17jw3aw2khp4ls9wnz 518840 518837 2025-06-17T09:33:11Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 518840 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ভিক্টৰ হিউগ' {{lang_en|Victor-Marie Hugo, vicomte Hugo}} (জন্ম ২৬ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৮০২ –মৃত্যু ২২ মে' ১৮৮৫) আছিল এজন ফৰাচী ৰোমান্টিক লেখক, কবি, ৰচনাকাৰ, নাট্যকাৰ, সাংবাদিক, মানৱতাবাদী লিখক। তেওঁৰ বিখ্যাত ৰচনাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত হ’ল দ্য হাঞ্চবেক অৱ নট্ৰে-ডেম (১৮৩১) আৰু লেছ মিজেৰেবলছ (১৮৬২) উপন্যাস। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:ফৰাচী লেখক]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 4osu8ot19clmad3ik9r3paix2kq9wxm 518841 518840 2025-06-17T09:33:38Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 518841 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ভিক্টৰ হিউগ' {{lang_en|Victor-Marie Hugo, vicomte Hugo}}''' (জন্ম ২৬ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৮০২ –মৃত্যু ২২ মে' ১৮৮৫) আছিল এজন ফৰাচী ৰোমান্টিক লেখক, কবি, ৰচনাকাৰ, নাট্যকাৰ, সাংবাদিক, মানৱতাবাদী লিখক। তেওঁৰ বিখ্যাত ৰচনাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত হ’ল দ্য হাঞ্চবেক অৱ নট্ৰে-ডেম (১৮৩১) আৰু লেছ মিজেৰেবলছ (১৮৬২) উপন্যাস। ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:ফৰাচী লেখক]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] butqxtslb09ulcl3nxilsd8h1ha3kgh 518843 518841 2025-06-17T09:36:41Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 518843 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ভিক্টৰ হিউগ' {{lang_en|Victor-Marie Hugo, vicomte Hugo}}''' (জন্ম ২৬ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৮০২ –মৃত্যু ২২ মে' ১৮৮৫) আছিল এজন ফৰাচী ৰোমান্টিক লেখক, কবি, ৰচনাকাৰ, নাট্যকাৰ, সাংবাদিক, মানৱতাবাদী লিখক। তেওঁৰ বিখ্যাত ৰচনাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত হ’ল দ্য হাঞ্চবেক অৱ নট্ৰে-ডেম (১৮৩১) আৰু লেছ মিজেৰেবলছ (১৮৬২) উপন্যাস। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== ==কৰ্মজীৱন== ==ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱন আৰু নিৰ্বাসন== ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:ফৰাচী লেখক]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 8h4hs7bqfa63y9vmc8p5jln1n2lip4b 518848 518843 2025-06-17T09:48:47Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 /* ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱন আৰু নিৰ্বাসন */ 518848 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ভিক্টৰ হিউগ' {{lang_en|Victor-Marie Hugo, vicomte Hugo}}''' (জন্ম ২৬ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৮০২ –মৃত্যু ২২ মে' ১৮৮৫) আছিল এজন ফৰাচী ৰোমান্টিক লেখক, কবি, ৰচনাকাৰ, নাট্যকাৰ, সাংবাদিক, মানৱতাবাদী লিখক। তেওঁৰ বিখ্যাত ৰচনাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত হ’ল দ্য হাঞ্চবেক অৱ নট্ৰে-ডেম (১৮৩১) আৰু লেছ মিজেৰেবলছ (১৮৬২) উপন্যাস। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== ==কৰ্মজীৱন== ==ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱন আৰু নিৰ্বাসন== ==সংগীতৰ জীৱন== ==চিত্ৰকলা== ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:ফৰাচী লেখক]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] dy3so4xo05ezxlhxlq3mb6ebd4uzpt3 518853 518848 2025-06-17T09:54:10Z নৰুনা বৰুৱা 44897 518853 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ভিক্টৰ হিউগ' {{lang_en|Victor-Marie Hugo, vicomte Hugo}}''' (জন্ম ২৬ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৮০২ –মৃত্যু ২২ মে' ১৮৮৫) আছিল এজন ফৰাচী ৰোমান্টিক লেখক, কবি, ৰচনাকাৰ, নাট্যকাৰ, সাংবাদিক, মানৱতাবাদী লিখক। তেওঁৰ বিখ্যাত ৰচনাসমূহৰ ভিতৰত হ’ল দ্য হাঞ্চবেক অৱ নট্ৰে-ডেম (১৮৩১) আৰু লেছ মিজেৰেবলছ (১৮৬২) উপন্যাস। হিউগ'ৰ নাটক 'ক্ৰমৱেল' আৰু 'হাৰ্নানি'ৰে ৰোমান্টিক সাহিত্য আন্দোলনত অৱদান আগবঢ়াইছিল। ==প্ৰাৰম্ভিক জীৱন== ==কৰ্মজীৱন== ==ৰাজনৈতিক জীৱন আৰু নিৰ্বাসন== ==সংগীতৰ জীৱন== ==চিত্ৰকলা== ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ==তথ্যৰ উৎস== [[শ্ৰেণী:ফৰাচী লেখক]][[শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 1f4nb96w35cxzljes61r74ibqe06u94 0 122880 518846 2025-06-17T09:46:33Z Human Anubhav 45073 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: {{Infobox person | name = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | image = Abbey Brooks01.jpg | caption = এবে ব্ৰুকছ প্লেবয়ৰ মেনচনত | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|2|17}}<ref name="iafd">{{IAFD নাম|id=AbbeyBrooks|gender=f}}</ref> | birth_place = [[ডেট্ৰইট]], [[মিচিগান]], [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | birth_name = | spouse = | measurements =... 518846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | image = Abbey Brooks01.jpg | caption = এবে ব্ৰুকছ প্লেবয়ৰ মেনচনত | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|2|17}}<ref name="iafd">{{IAFD নাম|id=AbbeyBrooks|gender=f}}</ref> | birth_place = [[ডেট্ৰইট]], [[মিচিগান]], [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | birth_name = | spouse = | measurements = ৩৬DD-২৭-৩৬<ref name="freoones">[http://www.freeones.com/html/a_links/bio_Abbey_Brooks.php এবে ব্ৰুকছৰ জীৱনী] - FreeOnes</ref> | height = {{height|m=1.70}}<ref name="freoones" /> | weight = {{weight|kg=57}}<ref name="freoones" /> | eye_color = কেঁচা | hair_color = সোণালী | years_active = ২০০৬–২০১৭ | sexual_orientation = [[বিষমলিংগী]] | movie_orientation = [[দ্বিলিংগী]] | ethnicity = [[ককেশীয়]] | alias = এ্বি ব্ৰুকছ, এবে ব্ৰুকেছ | number_of_films = ৩৫৩ (IAFD অনুসৰি)<ref name="iafd" /> | website = https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/ | imdb_id = 2511017 | iafd_id = AbbeyBrooks | afdb_id = 45599 | myspace = therealabbeybrooks }} '''এবে ব্ৰুকছ''' ([[ডেট্ৰইট]], [[মিচিগান]]; ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী [[অশ্লীল চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্রী]] [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ|মাৰ্কিন]] নাগৰিক। তেওঁ লেচবিয়ান দৃশ্যত অধিক উৎসাহী; যদিও তেওঁৰ প্ৰচলন হৈছিল [[স্তন সহায়ত হস্তমৈথুন]] (masturbation with breasts) দৃশ্যৰ বাবে। তেওঁ [[Bang Bros]], [[Reality Kings]], [[Brazzers]] আদি সংস্থাত কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁ বহুতো ইৰোটিক এক্সপ’ত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।<ref>[http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 Pornstars reúne a 15 actrices porno.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 |date=20160308091430 }} Terra México, ৬ জুন ২০০৮</ref> == বঁটা == * ২০০৮ [[AVN বঁটা]]: মনোনীত * ২০১৪ XBiz Awards: মনোনীত – সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ গাৰ্ল-অন-গাৰ্ল দৃশ্য "Hot and Mean 9 (2013)" চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবে<ref>{{cite web|title=XBiz Awards 2014 Nominee: Best Scene – All-Girl for Hot and Mean 9 (2013)|url=https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|author=Mixxxtv.com|access-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130628/https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|archive-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮}}</ref> == উৎস == {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{official|https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/}} * {{Twitter|abbeybrooksxxx}} * {{IMDb name|2511017|Abbey Brooks}} * {{IAFD নাম|id=AbbeyBrooks|gender=f|name=Abbey Brooks}} * {{AFDB নাম|id=45599|gender=f|name=Abbey Brooks}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:মাৰ্কিন অশ্লীল চলচ্চিত্ৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[Category:ডেট্ৰইটত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:1983 চনত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা ব্যক্তি]] 24y4p8wtf9b657979rmpbsm13auxnhr 518847 518846 2025-06-17T09:48:45Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 518847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | image = Abbey Brooks01.jpg | caption = এবে ব্ৰুকছ প্লেবয়ৰ মেনচনত | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|2|17}}<ref name="iafd">{{IAFD নাম|id=AbbeyBrooks|gender=f}}</ref> | birth_place = [[ডেট্ৰইট]], [[মিচিগান]], [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | birth_name = | spouse = | measurements = ৩৬DD-২৭-৩৬<ref name="freoones">[http://www.freeones.com/html/a_links/bio_Abbey_Brooks.php এবে ব্ৰুকছৰ জীৱনী] - FreeOnes</ref> | height = {{height|m=1.70}}<ref name="freoones" /> | weight = {{weight|kg=57}}<ref name="freoones" /> | eye_color = কেঁচা | hair_color = সোণালী | years_active = ২০০৬–২০১৭ | sexual_orientation = [[বিষমলিংগী]] | movie_orientation = [[দ্বিলিংগী]] | ethnicity = [[ককেশীয়]] | alias = এ্বি ব্ৰুকছ, এবে ব্ৰুকেছ | number_of_films = ৩৫৩ (IAFD অনুসৰি)<ref name="iafd" /> | website = https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/ | imdb_id = 2511017 | iafd_id = AbbeyBrooks | afdb_id = 45599 | myspace = therealabbeybrooks }} '''এবে ব্ৰুকছ''' ([[ডেট্ৰইট]], [[মিচিগান]]; ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী [[অশ্লীল চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ|মাৰ্কিন]] নাগৰিক। তেওঁ লেচবিয়ান দৃশ্যত অধিক উৎসাহী; যদিও তেওঁৰ প্ৰচলন হৈছিল [[স্তন সহায়ত হস্তমৈথুন]] (masturbation with breasts) দৃশ্যৰ বাবে। তেওঁ [[Bang Bros]], [[Reality Kings]], [[Brazzers]] আদি সংস্থাত কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁ বহুতো ইৰোটিক এক্সপ’ত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।<ref>[http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 Pornstars reúne a 15 actrices porno.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 |date=20160308091430 }} Terra México, ৬ জুন ২০০৮</ref> == বঁটা == * ২০০৮ [[AVN বঁটা]]: মনোনীত * ২০১৪ XBiz Awards: মনোনীত – সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ গাৰ্ল-অন-গাৰ্ল দৃশ্য "Hot and Mean 9 (2013)" চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবে<ref>{{cite web|title=XBiz Awards 2014 Nominee: Best Scene – All-Girl for Hot and Mean 9 (2013)|url=https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|author=Mixxxtv.com|access-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130628/https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|archive-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮}}</ref> == উৎস == {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{official|https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/}} * {{Twitter|abbeybrooksxxx}} * {{IMDb name|2511017|Abbey Brooks}} * {{IAFD নাম|id=AbbeyBrooks|gender=f|name=Abbey Brooks}} * {{AFDB নাম|id=45599|gender=f|name=Abbey Brooks}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] bopwgezjcqdlwtvme442ni8rj72ombw 518849 518847 2025-06-17T09:50:41Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | image = Abbey Brooks01.jpg | caption = এবে ব্ৰুকছ প্লেবয়ৰ মেনচনত | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|2|17}}<ref name="iafd">{{IAFD নাম|id=AbbeyBrooks|gender=f}}</ref> | birth_place = [[ডেট্ৰইট]], [[মিচিগান]], [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | birth_name = | spouse = | measurements = ৩৬DD-২৭-৩৬<ref name="freoones">[http://www.freeones.com/html/a_links/bio_Abbey_Brooks.php এবে ব্ৰুকছৰ জীৱনী] - FreeOnes</ref> | height = {{height|m=1.70}}<ref name="freoones" /> | weight = {{weight|kg=57}}<ref name="freoones" /> | eye_color = কেঁচা | hair_color = সোণালী | years_active = ২০০৬–২০১৭ | sexual_orientation = [[বিষমলিংগী]] | movie_orientation = [[দ্বিলিংগী]] | ethnicity = [[ককেশীয়]] | alias = এ্বি ব্ৰুকছ, এবে ব্ৰুকেছ | number_of_films = ৩৫৩ (IAFD অনুসৰি)<ref name="iafd" /> | website = https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/ | imdb_id = 2511017 | iafd_id = AbbeyBrooks | afdb_id = 45599 | myspace = therealabbeybrooks }} '''এবে ব্ৰুকছ''' (ডেট্ৰইট, মিচিগান; ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী|অশ্লীল চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] তথা [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ|মাৰ্কিন]] নাগৰিক। তেওঁ লেচবিয়ান দৃশ্যত অধিক উৎসাহী; যদিও তেওঁৰ অভিষেক হৈছিল স্তন সহায়ত হস্তমৈথুন দৃশ্যৰ বাবে। তেওঁ Bang Bros, Reality Kings, Brazzers আদি সংস্থাত কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁ বহুতো ইৰোটিক এক্সপ’ত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।<ref>[http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 Pornstars reúne a 15 actrices porno.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 |date=20160308091430 }} Terra México, ৬ জুন ২০০৮</ref> == বঁটা == * ২০০৮ [[AVN বঁটা]]: মনোনীত * ২০১৪ XBiz Awards: মনোনীত – সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ গাৰ্ল-অন-গাৰ্ল দৃশ্য "Hot and Mean 9 (2013)" চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবে<ref>{{cite web|title=XBiz Awards 2014 Nominee: Best Scene – All-Girl for Hot and Mean 9 (2013)|url=https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|author=Mixxxtv.com|access-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130628/https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|archive-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮}}</ref> == উৎস == {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{official|https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/}} * {{Twitter|abbeybrooksxxx}} * {{IMDb name|2511017|Abbey Brooks}} * {{IAFD নাম|id=AbbeyBrooks|gender=f|name=Abbey Brooks}} * {{AFDB নাম|id=45599|gender=f|name=Abbey Brooks}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] hod2ong81tnmyxopbs56rv2szdsueuj 518851 518849 2025-06-17T09:53:01Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | image = Abbey Brooks01.jpg | caption = এবে ব্ৰুকছ প্লেবয়ৰ মেনচনত | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|2|17}}<ref name="iafd">{{IAFD নাম|id=AbbeyBrooks|gender=f}}</ref> | birth_place = [[ডেট্ৰইট]], [[মিচিগান]], [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | birth_name = | spouse = | measurements = ৩৬DD-২৭-৩৬<ref name="freoones">[http://www.freeones.com/html/a_links/bio_Abbey_Brooks.php এবে ব্ৰুকছৰ জীৱনী] - FreeOnes</ref> | height = ১.৭০ মিটাৰ (৫ ফুট ৭ ইন্সি)<ref name="freoones" /> | weight = ৫৭ কিলোগ্ৰাম (১২৫ পাউণ্ড)<ref name="freoones" /> | eye_color = কেঁচা | hair_color = সোণালী | years_active = ২০০৬–২০১৭ | sexual_orientation = [[বিষমলিংগী]] | movie_orientation = দ্বিলিংগী | ethnicity = ককেছীয় | alias = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | number_of_films = ৩৫৩ (IAFD অনুসৰি)<ref name="iafd" /> | website = https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/ | imdb_id = 2511017 | iafd_id = AbbeyBrooks | afdb_id = 45599 | myspace = therealabbeybrooks }} '''এবে ব্ৰুকছ''' (ডেট্ৰইট, মিচিগান; ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী|অশ্লীল চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] তথা [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ|মাৰ্কিন]] নাগৰিক। তেওঁ লেচবিয়ান দৃশ্যত অধিক উৎসাহী; যদিও তেওঁৰ অভিষেক হৈছিল স্তন সহায়ত হস্তমৈথুন দৃশ্যৰ বাবে। তেওঁ Bang Bros, Reality Kings, Brazzers আদি সংস্থাত কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁ বহুতো ইৰোটিক এক্সপ’ত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।<ref>[http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 Pornstars reúne a 15 actrices porno.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 |date=20160308091430 }} Terra México, ৬ জুন ২০০৮</ref> == বঁটা == * ২০০৮ [[AVN বঁটা]]: মনোনীত * ২০১৪ XBiz Awards: মনোনীত – সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ গাৰ্ল-অন-গাৰ্ল দৃশ্য "Hot and Mean 9 (2013)" চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবে<ref>{{cite web|title=XBiz Awards 2014 Nominee: Best Scene – All-Girl for Hot and Mean 9 (2013)|url=https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|author=Mixxxtv.com|access-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130628/https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|archive-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮}}</ref> == উৎস == {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{official|https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/}} * {{Twitter|abbeybrooksxxx}} * {{IMDb name|2511017|Abbey Brooks}} * {{IAFD নাম|id=AbbeyBrooks|gender=f|name=Abbey Brooks}} * {{AFDB নাম|id=45599|gender=f|name=Abbey Brooks}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] q6lizyyjsmv5pz0yblhon6e969jn365 518852 518851 2025-06-17T09:54:01Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | image = Abbey Brooks01.jpg | caption = এবে ব্ৰুকছ প্লেবয়ৰ মেনচনত | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|2|17}}<ref name="iafd">{{IAFD নাম|id=AbbeyBrooks|gender=f}}</ref> | birth_place = [[ডেট্ৰইট]], [[মিচিগান]], [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | birth_name = | spouse = | measurements = ৩৬DD-২৭-৩৬<ref name="freoones">[http://www.freeones.com/html/a_links/bio_Abbey_Brooks.php এবে ব্ৰুকছৰ জীৱনী] - FreeOnes</ref> | height = ১.৭০ মিটাৰ (৫ ফুট ৭ ইন্সি)<ref name="freoones" /> | weight = ৫৭ কিলোগ্ৰাম (১২৫ পাউণ্ড)<ref name="freoones" /> | eye_color = কেঁচা | hair_color = সোণালী | years_active = ২০০৬–২০১৭ | sexual_orientation = [[বিষমলিংগী]] | movie_orientation = দ্বিলিংগী | ethnicity = ককেছীয় | alias = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | number_of_films = ৩৫৩ (IAFD অনুসৰি)<ref name="iafd" /> | website = https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/ | imdb_id = 2511017 | iafd_id = AbbeyBrooks | afdb_id = 45599 | myspace = therealabbeybrooks }} '''এবে ব্ৰুকছ''' (ডেট্ৰইট, মিচিগান; ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী|অশ্লীল চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] তথা [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ|মাৰ্কিন]] নাগৰিক। তেওঁ লেচবিয়ান দৃশ্যত অধিক উৎসাহী; যদিও তেওঁৰ অভিষেক হৈছিল স্তন সহায়ত হস্তমৈথুন দৃশ্যৰ বাবে। তেওঁ Bang Bros, Reality Kings, Brazzers আদি সংস্থাত কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁ বহুতো ইৰোটিক এক্সপ’ত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।<ref>[http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 Pornstars reúne a 15 actrices porno.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 |date=20160308091430 }} Terra México, ৬ জুন ২০০৮</ref> == বঁটা == * ২০০৮ AVN বঁটা: মনোনীত * ২০১৪ XBiz Awards: মনোনীত – সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ গাৰ্ল-অন-গাৰ্ল দৃশ্য "Hot and Mean 9 (2013)" চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবে<ref>{{cite web|title=XBiz Awards 2014 Nominee: Best Scene – All-Girl for Hot and Mean 9 (2013)|url=https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|author=Mixxxtv.com|access-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130628/https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|archive-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮}}</ref> == উৎস == {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{official|https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/}} * {{Twitter|abbeybrooksxxx}} * {{IMDb name|2511017|Abbey Brooks}} * {{IAFD নাম|id=AbbeyBrooks|gender=f|name=Abbey Brooks}} * {{AFDB নাম|id=45599|gender=f|name=Abbey Brooks}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] kyzmwbqbowh6rxjrzd7yoiqgq1ggr84 518854 518852 2025-06-17T09:54:35Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | image = Abbey Brooks01.jpg | caption = এবে ব্ৰুকছ প্লেবয়ৰ মেনচনত | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|2|17}}<ref name="iafd">{{IAFD নাম|id=AbbeyBrooks|gender=f}}</ref> | birth_place = [[ডেট্ৰইট]], [[মিচিগান]], [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | birth_name = | spouse = | measurements = ৩৬DD-২৭-৩৬<ref name="freoones">[http://www.freeones.com/html/a_links/bio_Abbey_Brooks.php এবে ব্ৰুকছৰ জীৱনী] - FreeOnes</ref> | height = ১.৭০ মিটাৰ (৫ ফুট ৭ ইন্সি)<ref name="freoones" /> | weight = ৫৭ কিলোগ্ৰাম (১২৫ পাউণ্ড)<ref name="freoones" /> | eye_color = কেঁচা | hair_color = সোণালী | years_active = ২০০৬–২০১৭ | sexual_orientation = [[বিষমলিংগী]] | movie_orientation = দ্বিলিংগী | ethnicity = ককেছীয় | alias = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | number_of_films = ৩৫৩ (IAFD অনুসৰি)<ref name="iafd" /> | website = https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/ | imdb_id = 2511017 | iafd_id = AbbeyBrooks | afdb_id = 45599 | myspace = therealabbeybrooks }} '''এবে ব্ৰুকছ''' (ডেট্ৰইট, মিচিগান; ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী|অশ্লীল চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] তথা [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ|মাৰ্কিন]] নাগৰিক। তেওঁ লেচবিয়ান দৃশ্যত অধিক উৎসাহী; যদিও তেওঁৰ অভিষেক হৈছিল [[স্তন]]ৰ সহায়ত কৰা [[হস্তমৈথুন]] দৃশ্যৰ বাবে। তেওঁ Bang Bros, Reality Kings, Brazzers আদি সংস্থাত কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁ বহুতো ইৰোটিক এক্সপ’ত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।<ref>[http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 Pornstars reúne a 15 actrices porno.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 |date=20160308091430 }} Terra México, ৬ জুন ২০০৮</ref> == বঁটা == * ২০০৮ AVN বঁটা: মনোনীত * ২০১৪ XBiz Awards: মনোনীত – সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ গাৰ্ল-অন-গাৰ্ল দৃশ্য "Hot and Mean 9 (2013)" চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবে<ref>{{cite web|title=XBiz Awards 2014 Nominee: Best Scene – All-Girl for Hot and Mean 9 (2013)|url=https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|author=Mixxxtv.com|access-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130628/https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|archive-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮}}</ref> == উৎস == {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{official|https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/}} * {{Twitter|abbeybrooksxxx}} * {{IMDb name|2511017|Abbey Brooks}} * {{IAFD নাম|id=AbbeyBrooks|gender=f|name=Abbey Brooks}} * {{AFDB নাম|id=45599|gender=f|name=Abbey Brooks}} {{Authority control}} [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] tnzz7spv1i8iqhk82tt12ugjz1p20r4 518858 518854 2025-06-17T10:24:24Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | image = Abbey Brooks01.jpg | caption = এবে ব্ৰুকছ প্লেবয়ৰ মেনচনত | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|2|17}}<ref name="iafd">{{IAFD নাম|id=AbbeyBrooks|gender=f}}</ref> | birth_place = [[ডেট্ৰইট]], [[মিচিগান]], [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | birth_name = | spouse = | measurements = ৩৬DD-২৭-৩৬<ref name="freoones">[http://www.freeones.com/html/a_links/bio_Abbey_Brooks.php এবে ব্ৰুকছৰ জীৱনী] - FreeOnes</ref> | height = ১.৭০ মিটাৰ (৫ ফুট ৭ ইন্সি)<ref name="freoones" /> | weight = ৫৭ কিলোগ্ৰাম (১২৫ পাউণ্ড)<ref name="freoones" /> | eye_color = কেঁচা | hair_color = সোণালী | years_active = ২০০৬–২০১৭ | sexual_orientation = [[বিষমলিংগী]] | movie_orientation = দ্বিলিংগী | ethnicity = ককেছীয় | alias = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | number_of_films = ৩৫৩ (IAFD অনুসৰি)<ref name="iafd" /> | website = https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/ | imdb_id = 2511017 | iafd_id = AbbeyBrooks | afdb_id = 45599 | myspace = therealabbeybrooks }} '''এবে ব্ৰুকছ''' (ডেট্ৰইট, মিচিগান; ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী|অশ্লীল চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] তথা [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ|মাৰ্কিন]] নাগৰিক। তেওঁ লেচবিয়ান দৃশ্যত অধিক উৎসাহী; যদিও তেওঁৰ অভিষেক হৈছিল [[স্তন]]ৰ সহায়ত কৰা [[হস্তমৈথুন]] দৃশ্যৰ বাবে। তেওঁ Bang Bros, Reality Kings, Brazzers আদি সংস্থাত কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁ বহুতো ইৰোটিক এক্সপ’ত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।<ref>[http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 Pornstars reúne a 15 actrices porno.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 |date=20160308091430 }} Terra México, ৬ জুন ২০০৮</ref> == বঁটা == * ২০০৮ AVN বঁটা: মনোনীত * ২০১৪ XBiz Awards: মনোনীত – সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ গাৰ্ল-অন-গাৰ্ল দৃশ্য "Hot and Mean 9 (2013)" চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবে<ref>{{cite web|title=XBiz Awards 2014 Nominee: Best Scene – All-Girl for Hot and Mean 9 (2013)|url=https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|author=Mixxxtv.com|access-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130628/https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|archive-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮}}</ref> == উৎস == {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{official|https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/}} * {{Twitter|abbeybrooksxxx}} * {{IMDb name|2511017|Abbey Brooks}} [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] r3bglchm7rfibpmi72vr7910m2lqj9r 518859 518858 2025-06-17T10:25:55Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | image = Abbey Brooks01.jpg | caption = এবে ব্ৰুকছ প্লেবয়ৰ মেনচনত | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|2|17}}<ref name="iafd">{{IAFD নাম|id=AbbeyBrooks|gender=f}}</ref> | birth_place = ডেট্ৰইট, মিচিগান, [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | birth_name = | spouse = | measurements = ৩৬DD-২৭-৩৬<ref name="freoones">[http://www.freeones.com/html/a_links/bio_Abbey_Brooks.php এবে ব্ৰুকছৰ জীৱনী] - FreeOnes</ref> | height = ১.৭০ মিটাৰ (৫ ফুট ৭ ইন্সি)<ref name="freoones" /> | weight = ৫৭ কিলোগ্ৰাম (১২৫ পাউণ্ড)<ref name="freoones" /> | eye_color = কেঁচা | hair_color = সোণালী | years_active = ২০০৬–২০১৭ | sexual_orientation = [[বিষমলিংগী]] | movie_orientation = দ্বিলিংগী | ethnicity = ককেছীয় | alias = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | number_of_films = ৩৫৩ (IAFD অনুসৰি)<ref name="iafd" /> | website = https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/ | imdb_id = 2511017 | iafd_id = AbbeyBrooks | afdb_id = 45599 | myspace = therealabbeybrooks }} '''এবে ব্ৰুকছ''' (ডেট্ৰইট, মিচিগান; ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী|অশ্লীল চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] তথা [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ|মাৰ্কিন]] নাগৰিক। তেওঁ লেচবিয়ান দৃশ্যত অধিক উৎসাহী; যদিও তেওঁৰ অভিষেক হৈছিল [[স্তন]]ৰ সহায়ত কৰা [[হস্তমৈথুন]] দৃশ্যৰ বাবে। তেওঁ Bang Bros, Reality Kings, Brazzers আদি সংস্থাত কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁ বহুতো ইৰোটিক এক্সপ’ত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।<ref>[http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 Pornstars reúne a 15 actrices porno.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 |date=20160308091430 }} Terra México, ৬ জুন ২০০৮</ref> == বঁটা == * ২০০৮ AVN বঁটা: মনোনীত * ২০১৪ XBiz Awards: মনোনীত – সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ গাৰ্ল-অন-গাৰ্ল দৃশ্য "Hot and Mean 9 (2013)" চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবে<ref>{{cite web|title=XBiz Awards 2014 Nominee: Best Scene – All-Girl for Hot and Mean 9 (2013)|url=https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|author=Mixxxtv.com|access-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130628/https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|archive-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮}}</ref> == উৎস == {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{official|https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/}} * {{Twitter|abbeybrooksxxx}} * {{IMDb name|2511017|Abbey Brooks}} [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] lg2wryaejtkvp74ngjlw5g7sva6t4sc 518860 518859 2025-06-17T10:27:18Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | image = Abbey Brooks01.jpg | caption = এবে ব্ৰুকছ প্লেবয়ৰ মেনচনত | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|2|17}}<ref name="iafd">{{IAFD name|id=AbbeyBrooks|gender=f}}</ref> | birth_place = ডেট্ৰইট, মিচিগান, [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | birth_name = | spouse = | measurements = ৩৬DD-২৭-৩৬<ref name="freoones">[http://www.freeones.com/html/a_links/bio_Abbey_Brooks.php এবে ব্ৰুকছৰ জীৱনী] - FreeOnes</ref> | height = ১.৭০ মিটাৰ (৫ ফুট ৭ ইন্সি)<ref name="freoones" /> | weight = ৫৭ কিলোগ্ৰাম (১২৫ পাউণ্ড)<ref name="freoones" /> | eye_color = কেঁচা | hair_color = সোণালী | years_active = ২০০৬–২০১৭ | sexual_orientation = [[বিষমলিংগী]] | movie_orientation = দ্বিলিংগী | ethnicity = ককেছীয় | alias = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | number_of_films = ৩৫৩ (IAFD অনুসৰি)<ref name="iafd" /> | website = https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/ | imdb_id = 2511017 | iafd_id = AbbeyBrooks | afdb_id = 45599 | myspace = therealabbeybrooks }} '''এবে ব্ৰুকছ''' (ডেট্ৰইট, মিচিগান; ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী|অশ্লীল চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] তথা [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ|মাৰ্কিন]] নাগৰিক। তেওঁ লেচবিয়ান দৃশ্যত অধিক উৎসাহী; যদিও তেওঁৰ অভিষেক হৈছিল [[স্তন]]ৰ সহায়ত কৰা [[হস্তমৈথুন]] দৃশ্যৰ বাবে। তেওঁ Bang Bros, Reality Kings, Brazzers আদি সংস্থাত কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁ বহুতো ইৰোটিক এক্সপ’ত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।<ref>[http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 Pornstars reúne a 15 actrices porno.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 |date=20160308091430 }} Terra México, ৬ জুন ২০০৮</ref> == বঁটা == * ২০০৮ AVN বঁটা: মনোনীত * ২০১৪ XBiz Awards: মনোনীত – সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ গাৰ্ল-অন-গাৰ্ল দৃশ্য "Hot and Mean 9 (2013)" চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবে<ref>{{cite web|title=XBiz Awards 2014 Nominee: Best Scene – All-Girl for Hot and Mean 9 (2013)|url=https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|author=Mixxxtv.com|access-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130628/https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|archive-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮}}</ref> == উৎস == {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{official|https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/}} * {{Twitter|abbeybrooksxxx}} * {{IMDb name|2511017|Abbey Brooks}} [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] 6ip9ub615chuveu9t4r832ena4vo2fg 518861 518860 2025-06-17T10:29:54Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | image = Abbey Brooks01.jpg | caption = এবে ব্ৰুকছ প্লেবয়ৰ মেনচনত | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|2|17}}<ref name="IAFD">{{iafd name|id=abbeybrooks|gender=female|name=siri}}</ref> | birth_place = ডেট্ৰইট, মিচিগান, [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | birth_name = | spouse = | measurements = 36DD-27-36<ref name="freoones">[http://www.freeones.com/html/a_links/bio_Abbey_Brooks.php এবে ব্ৰুকছৰ জীৱনী] - FreeOnes</ref> | height = ১.৭০ মিটাৰ (৫ ফুট ৭ ইন্সি)<ref name=AVNFOTB>{{cite web|url=https://www.adultdvdtalk.com/pornstar/abbey-brooks|title=talk|access-date=25 सितंबर 2018}}</ref> | weight = ৫৭ কিলোগ্ৰাম (১২৫ পাউণ্ড)<ref name=AVNFOTB /> | eye_color = কেঁচা | hair_color = সোণালী | years_active = ২০০৬–২০১৭ | sexual_orientation = [[বিষমলিংগী]] | movie_orientation = দ্বিলিংগী | ethnicity = ককেছীয় | alias = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | number_of_films = ৩৫৩ (IAFD অনুসৰি)<ref name="iafd" /> | website = https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/ | imdb_id = 2511017 | iafd_id = AbbeyBrooks | afdb_id = 45599 | myspace = therealabbeybrooks }} '''এবে ব্ৰুকছ''' (ডেট্ৰইট, মিচিগান; ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী|অশ্লীল চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] তথা [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ|মাৰ্কিন]] নাগৰিক। তেওঁ লেচবিয়ান দৃশ্যত অধিক উৎসাহী; যদিও তেওঁৰ অভিষেক হৈছিল [[স্তন]]ৰ সহায়ত কৰা [[হস্তমৈথুন]] দৃশ্যৰ বাবে। তেওঁ Bang Bros, Reality Kings, Brazzers আদি সংস্থাত কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁ বহুতো ইৰোটিক এক্সপ’ত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।<ref>[http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 Pornstars reúne a 15 actrices porno.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 |date=20160308091430 }} Terra México, ৬ জুন ২০০৮</ref> == বঁটা == * ২০০৮ AVN বঁটা: মনোনীত * ২০১৪ XBiz Awards: মনোনীত – সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ গাৰ্ল-অন-গাৰ্ল দৃশ্য "Hot and Mean 9 (2013)" চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবে<ref>{{cite web|title=XBiz Awards 2014 Nominee: Best Scene – All-Girl for Hot and Mean 9 (2013)|url=https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|author=Mixxxtv.com|access-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130628/https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|archive-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮}}</ref> == উৎস == {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{official|https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/}} * {{Twitter|abbeybrooksxxx}} * {{IMDb name|2511017|Abbey Brooks}} [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] 9m7y2iv9v8zeri37bpggz8qycqc87wf 518862 518861 2025-06-17T10:30:50Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | image = Abbey Brooks01.jpg | caption = এবে ব্ৰুকছ প্লেবয়ৰ মেনচনত | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|2|17}} | birth_place = ডেট্ৰইট, মিচিগান, [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | birth_name = | spouse = | measurements = 36DD-27-36<ref name="freoones">[http://www.freeones.com/html/a_links/bio_Abbey_Brooks.php এবে ব্ৰুকছৰ জীৱনী] - FreeOnes</ref> | height = ১.৭০ মিটাৰ (৫ ফুট ৭ ইন্সি)<ref name=AVNFOTB>{{cite web|url=https://www.adultdvdtalk.com/pornstar/abbey-brooks|title=talk|access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref> | weight = ৫৭ কিলোগ্ৰাম (১২৫ পাউণ্ড)<ref name=AVNFOTB /> | eye_color = কেঁচা | hair_color = সোণালী | years_active = ২০০৬–২০১৭ | sexual_orientation = [[বিষমলিংগী]] | movie_orientation = দ্বিলিংগী | ethnicity = ককেছীয় | alias = এবে ব্ৰুকছ | number_of_films = ৩৫৩ (IAFD অনুসৰি)<ref name="iafd" /> | website = https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/ | imdb_id = 2511017 | iafd_id = AbbeyBrooks | afdb_id = 45599 | myspace = therealabbeybrooks }} '''এবে ব্ৰুকছ''' (ডেট্ৰইট, মিচিগান; ১৭ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ১৯৮৩) এগৰাকী [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী|অশ্লীল চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]] তথা [[মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ|মাৰ্কিন]] নাগৰিক। তেওঁ লেচবিয়ান দৃশ্যত অধিক উৎসাহী; যদিও তেওঁৰ অভিষেক হৈছিল [[স্তন]]ৰ সহায়ত কৰা [[হস্তমৈথুন]] দৃশ্যৰ বাবে। তেওঁ Bang Bros, Reality Kings, Brazzers আদি সংস্থাত কাম কৰিছে। তেওঁ বহুতো ইৰোটিক এক্সপ’ত অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছে।<ref>[http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 Pornstars reúne a 15 actrices porno.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloId=676327 |date=20160308091430 }} Terra México, ৬ জুন ২০০৮</ref> == বঁটা == * ২০০৮ AVN বঁটা: মনোনীত * ২০১৪ XBiz Awards: মনোনীত – সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ গাৰ্ল-অন-গাৰ্ল দৃশ্য "Hot and Mean 9 (2013)" চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ বাবে<ref>{{cite web|title=XBiz Awards 2014 Nominee: Best Scene – All-Girl for Hot and Mean 9 (2013)|url=https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|author=Mixxxtv.com|access-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130628/https://www.mixxxtv.com/who-is-porn-star-abbey-brooks-19367.html|archive-date=২ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৮}}</ref> == উৎস == {{reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == * {{official|https://www.abbeybrooks.com/en/}} * {{Twitter|abbeybrooksxxx}} * {{IMDb name|2511017|Abbey Brooks}} [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] hztdhietvw6cg1q7bn8idti1etl8i7c 0 122881 518864 2025-06-17T10:34:11Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী ৷ ২০০৭ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে নাইটমুভছ বঁটা , ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এভিএন বঁটা , ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত... 518864 wikitext text/x-wiki ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী ৷ ২০০৭ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে নাইটমুভছ বঁটা , ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এভিএন বঁটা , ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এক্সআৰচিঅ' বঁটা , আৰু ২০০৮ চনৰ বছৰৰ মহিলা অভিনেতাৰ বাবে এক্সবিআইজ বঁটা আদি কেইবাটাও উদ্যোগ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে । ২০১৮ চনত তেওঁক এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয় । এঞ্জেলিনাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল কেলিফৰ্ণিয়াৰ হান্টিংটন বিচত । [ 2 ] lknb61xqpu1w5fjjfntciz3jz0r6pok 518865 518864 2025-06-17T10:34:30Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 518865 wikitext text/x-wiki ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেত্ৰী। ২০০৭ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে নাইটমুভছ বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এভিএন বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এক্সআৰচিঅ' বঁটা, আৰু ২০০৮ চনৰ বছৰৰ মহিলা অভিনেতাৰ বাবে এক্সবিআইজ বঁটা আদি কেইবাটাও উদ্যোগ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে। ২০১৮ চনত তেওঁক এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়। এঞ্জেলিনাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল কেলিফৰ্ণিয়াৰ হাণ্টিংটন বিচত। [ 2 ] k8c3jb1bdu95vl7io4ktcfd3ie0uoks 518866 518865 2025-06-17T10:36:39Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518866 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]]। ২০০৭ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে নাইটমুভছ বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এভিএন বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এক্সআৰচিঅ' বঁটা, আৰু ২০০৮ চনৰ বছৰৰ মহিলা অভিনেতাৰ বাবে এক্সবিআইজ বঁটা আদি কেইবাটাও উদ্যোগ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে। ২০১৮ চনত তেওঁক এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{r|Roland 2018}} এঞ্জেলিনাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল কেলিফৰ্ণিয়াৰ হাণ্টিংটন বিচত।<ref name="Andersson"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== r6tgitgkv6bao6uofhxuk3n1bfryl52 518867 518866 2025-06-17T10:38:53Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা | image = Eva Angelina 2013 by Glenn Francis.jpg | caption = ২০১৩ চনত এভিএন এডাল্ট এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্ট এক্সপ’ত এঞ্জেলিনা | birth_name = <!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding birth name--> | birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|18|2003}}{{r|Roland 2018}}<!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding full birth date--> | birth_place = {{nowrap|হান্টিংটন বিচ, কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া, [[আমেৰিকা]]।{{r|Andersson}} }} | spouse = {{marriage|ডেনি মাউণ্টেন|2007|2009}}<ref name="Churchward"/> | height = | alias = | website = }} '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]]। ২০০৭ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে নাইটমুভছ বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এভিএন বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এক্সআৰচিঅ' বঁটা, আৰু ২০০৮ চনৰ বছৰৰ মহিলা অভিনেতাৰ বাবে এক্সবিআইজ বঁটা আদি কেইবাটাও উদ্যোগ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে। ২০১৮ চনত তেওঁক এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{r|Roland 2018}} এঞ্জেলিনাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল কেলিফৰ্ণিয়াৰ হাণ্টিংটন বিচত।<ref name="Andersson"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 76d75ycafdghkmyalcg12bpdg4pz5q0 518868 518867 2025-06-17T10:44:18Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা | image = Eva Angelina 2013 by Glenn Francis.jpg | caption = ২০১৩ চনত এভিএন এডাল্ট এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্ট এক্সপ’ত এঞ্জেলিনা | birth_name = <!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding birth name--> | birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|18|2003}}{{r|Roland 2018}}<!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding full birth date--> | birth_place = {{nowrap|হান্টিংটন বিচ, কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া, [[আমেৰিকা]]।{{r|Andersson}} }} | spouse = {{marriage|ডেনি মাউণ্টেন|2007|2009}}<ref name="Churchward"/> | height = | alias = | website = }} '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]]। ২০০৭ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে নাইটমুভছ বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এভিএন বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এক্সআৰচিঅ' বঁটা, আৰু ২০০৮ চনৰ বছৰৰ মহিলা অভিনেতাৰ বাবে এক্সবিআইজ বঁটা আদি কেইবাটাও উদ্যোগ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে। ২০১৮ চনত তেওঁক এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{r|Roland 2018}} এঞ্জেলিনাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল কেলিফৰ্ণিয়াৰ হাণ্টিংটন বিচত।<ref name="Andersson"/> ==কেৰিয়াৰ== এঞ্জেলিনাই বাতৰি কাকতৰ বিজ্ঞাপনৰ উত্তৰ দি পৰ্ণ উদ্যোগত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল; তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম দৃশ্যটো আছিল ২০০৩ চনত মিষ্টাৰ পিটৰ সৈতে ''শ্বেনৰ বিশ্ব'' ধাৰাবাহিকখনৰ বাবে, ১৮ বছৰ বয়সত।<ref name="Perry" /> তেওঁ অভিনয়ৰ সময়ত চশমা পিন্ধাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত।<ref name="Cherry" /> ২০১০ চনত মেক্সিমে পৰ্ণৰ ১২ গৰাকী শীৰ্ষ মহিলা তাৰকাৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maxim.co.uk/girls/ |last=Anselmi |first=Eduardo |title=The dirty dozen |website=Maxim UK |date=June 2010 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331014107/http://www.maxim.co.uk/girls/ |archive-date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ২০১৪ চনত তেওঁ ''ভাইচ''ক কয় যে তেওঁ ৰিয়েল এষ্টেটৰ অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ লাভ কৰিছে আৰু পৰ্ণৰ পৰা আঁতৰি আহিবলৈ বিচাৰিছে।<ref name="Miller 2014"/> ২০২৪ চনত তেওঁ ভিক্সেন মিডিয়া গ্ৰুপৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকৰ ব্ৰেণ্ডৰ বাবে একচেটিয়াভাৱে অনুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰিবলৈ চুক্তিবদ্ধ হৈ পৰ্ণ উদ্যোগলৈ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্যাৱৰ্তন ঘটায়।<ref>{{cite web|url= https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/vixen-media-group-features-eva-angelina-maitland-ward-others-936386.html|title= Vixen Media Group Features Eva Angelina, Maitland Ward, Others|date=October 8, 2024|work=AVN}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 0p1xomge33c50u8l81l57tljt0dmca9 518869 518868 2025-06-17T10:44:57Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা | image = Eva Angelina 2013 by Glenn Francis.jpg | caption = ২০১৩ চনত এভিএন এডাল্ট এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্ট এক্সপ’ত এঞ্জেলিনা | birth_name = <!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding birth name--> | birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|18|2003}}{{r|Roland 2018}}<!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding full birth date--> | birth_place = {{nowrap|হান্টিংটন বিচ, কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া, [[আমেৰিকা]]।{{r|Andersson}} }} | spouse = {{marriage|ডেনি মাউণ্টেন|2007|2009}}<ref name="Churchward"/> | height = | alias = | website = }} '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]]। ২০০৭ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে নাইটমুভছ বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এভিএন বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এক্সআৰচিঅ' বঁটা, আৰু ২০০৮ চনৰ বছৰৰ মহিলা অভিনেতাৰ বাবে এক্সবিআইজ বঁটা আদি কেইবাটাও উদ্যোগ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে। ২০১৮ চনত তেওঁক এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{r|Roland 2018}} এঞ্জেলিনাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল কেলিফৰ্ণিয়াৰ হাণ্টিংটন বিচত।<ref name="Andersson"/> ==কেৰিয়াৰ== এঞ্জেলিনাই বাতৰি কাকতৰ বিজ্ঞাপনৰ উত্তৰ দি পৰ্ণ উদ্যোগত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল; তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম দৃশ্যটো আছিল ২০০৩ চনত মিষ্টাৰ পিটৰ সৈতে ''শ্বেনছ ৱৰ্ল্ড'' ধাৰাবাহিকখনৰ বাবে, ১৮ বছৰ বয়সত।<ref name="Perry" /> তেওঁ অভিনয়ৰ সময়ত চশমা পিন্ধাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত।<ref name="Cherry" /> ২০১০ চনত মেক্সিমে পৰ্ণৰ ১২ গৰাকী শীৰ্ষ মহিলা তাৰকাৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maxim.co.uk/girls/ |last=Anselmi |first=Eduardo |title=The dirty dozen |website=Maxim UK |date=June 2010 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331014107/http://www.maxim.co.uk/girls/ |archive-date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ২০১৪ চনত তেওঁ ''ভাইচ''ক কয় যে তেওঁ ৰিয়েল এষ্টেটৰ অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ লাভ কৰিছে আৰু পৰ্ণৰ পৰা আঁতৰি আহিবলৈ বিচাৰিছে।<ref name="Miller 2014"/> ২০২৪ চনত তেওঁ ভিক্সেন মিডিয়া গ্ৰুপৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকৰ ব্ৰেণ্ডৰ বাবে একচেটিয়াভাৱে অনুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰিবলৈ চুক্তিবদ্ধ হৈ পৰ্ণ উদ্যোগলৈ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্যাৱৰ্তন ঘটায়।<ref>{{cite web|url= https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/vixen-media-group-features-eva-angelina-maitland-ward-others-936386.html|title= Vixen Media Group Features Eva Angelina, Maitland Ward, Others|date=October 8, 2024|work=AVN}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== 1wukb4oc2zmye0hkqsb1kmn3v7kmqg3 518870 518869 2025-06-17T10:46:48Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা | image = Eva Angelina 2013 by Glenn Francis.jpg | caption = ২০১৩ চনত এভিএন এডাল্ট এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্ট এক্সপ’ত এঞ্জেলিনা | birth_name = <!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding birth name--> | birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|18|2003}}{{r|Roland 2018}}<!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding full birth date--> | birth_place = {{nowrap|হান্টিংটন বিচ, কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া, [[আমেৰিকা]]।{{r|Andersson}} }} | spouse = {{marriage|ডেনি মাউণ্টেন|2007|2009}}<ref name="Churchward"/> | height = | alias = | website = }} '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]]। ২০০৭ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে নাইটমুভছ বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এভিএন বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এক্সআৰচিঅ' বঁটা, আৰু ২০০৮ চনৰ বছৰৰ মহিলা অভিনেতাৰ বাবে এক্সবিআইজ বঁটা আদি কেইবাটাও উদ্যোগ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে। ২০১৮ চনত তেওঁক এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{r|Roland 2018}} এঞ্জেলিনাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল কেলিফৰ্ণিয়াৰ হাণ্টিংটন বিচত।<ref name="Andersson"/> ==কেৰিয়াৰ== এঞ্জেলিনাই বাতৰি কাকতৰ বিজ্ঞাপনৰ উত্তৰ দি পৰ্ণ উদ্যোগত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল; তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম দৃশ্যটো আছিল ২০০৩ চনত মিষ্টাৰ পিটৰ সৈতে ''শ্বেনছ ৱৰ্ল্ড'' ধাৰাবাহিকখনৰ বাবে, ১৮ বছৰ বয়সত।<ref name="Perry" /> তেওঁ অভিনয়ৰ সময়ত চশমা পিন্ধাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত।<ref name="Cherry" /> ২০১০ চনত মেক্সিমে পৰ্ণৰ ১২ গৰাকী শীৰ্ষ মহিলা তাৰকাৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maxim.co.uk/girls/ |last=Anselmi |first=Eduardo |title=The dirty dozen |website=Maxim UK |date=June 2010 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331014107/http://www.maxim.co.uk/girls/ |archive-date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ২০১৪ চনত তেওঁ ''ভাইচ''ক কয় যে তেওঁ ৰিয়েল এষ্টেটৰ অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ লাভ কৰিছে আৰু পৰ্ণৰ পৰা আঁতৰি আহিবলৈ বিচাৰিছে।<ref name="Miller 2014"/> ২০২৪ চনত তেওঁ ভিক্সেন মিডিয়া গ্ৰুপৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকৰ ব্ৰেণ্ডৰ বাবে একচেটিয়াভাৱে অনুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰিবলৈ চুক্তিবদ্ধ হৈ পৰ্ণ উদ্যোগলৈ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্যাৱৰ্তন ঘটায়।<ref>{{cite web|url= https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/vixen-media-group-features-eva-angelina-maitland-ward-others-936386.html|title= Vixen Media Group Features Eva Angelina, Maitland Ward, Others|date=October 8, 2024|work=AVN}}</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ২০০৭ চনৰ পৰা ২০০৯ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা ডেনি মাউণ্টেনৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হৈ থাকে।<ref name="Churchward"/> তেওঁৰ দুটা সন্তান আছে।<ref name="Miller 2014"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== ro0a3rztofrz2yl4va4r5ov6k0kzbgl 518871 518870 2025-06-17T10:48:04Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা | image = Eva Angelina 2013 by Glenn Francis.jpg | caption = ২০১৩ চনত এভিএন এডাল্ট এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্ট এক্সপ’ত এঞ্জেলিনা | birth_name = <!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding birth name--> | birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|18|2003}}{{r|Roland 2018}}<!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding full birth date--> | birth_place = {{nowrap|হান্টিংটন বিচ, কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া, [[আমেৰিকা]]।{{r|Andersson}} }} | spouse = {{marriage|ডেনি মাউণ্টেন|2007|2009}}<ref name="Churchward"/> | height = | alias = | website = }} '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]]। ২০০৭ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে নাইটমুভছ বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এভিএন বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এক্সআৰচিঅ' বঁটা, আৰু ২০০৮ চনৰ বছৰৰ মহিলা অভিনেতাৰ বাবে এক্সবিআইজ বঁটা আদি কেইবাটাও উদ্যোগ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে। ২০১৮ চনত তেওঁক এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{r|Roland 2018}} এঞ্জেলিনাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল কেলিফৰ্ণিয়াৰ হাণ্টিংটন বিচত।<ref name="Andersson"/> ==কেৰিয়াৰ== এঞ্জেলিনাই বাতৰি কাকতৰ বিজ্ঞাপনৰ উত্তৰ দি পৰ্ণ উদ্যোগত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল; তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম দৃশ্যটো আছিল ২০০৩ চনত মিষ্টাৰ পিটৰ সৈতে ''শ্বেনছ ৱৰ্ল্ড'' ধাৰাবাহিকখনৰ বাবে, ১৮ বছৰ বয়সত।<ref name="Perry" /> তেওঁ অভিনয়ৰ সময়ত চশমা পিন্ধাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত।<ref name="Cherry" /> ২০১০ চনত মেক্সিমে পৰ্ণৰ ১২ গৰাকী শীৰ্ষ মহিলা তাৰকাৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maxim.co.uk/girls/ |last=Anselmi |first=Eduardo |title=The dirty dozen |website=Maxim UK |date=June 2010 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331014107/http://www.maxim.co.uk/girls/ |archive-date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ২০১৪ চনত তেওঁ ''ভাইচ''ক কয় যে তেওঁ ৰিয়েল এষ্টেটৰ অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ লাভ কৰিছে আৰু পৰ্ণৰ পৰা আঁতৰি আহিবলৈ বিচাৰিছে।<ref name="Miller 2014"/> ২০২৪ চনত তেওঁ ভিক্সেন মিডিয়া গ্ৰুপৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকৰ ব্ৰেণ্ডৰ বাবে একচেটিয়াভাৱে অনুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰিবলৈ চুক্তিবদ্ধ হৈ পৰ্ণ উদ্যোগলৈ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্যাৱৰ্তন ঘটায়।<ref>{{cite web|url= https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/vixen-media-group-features-eva-angelina-maitland-ward-others-936386.html|title= Vixen Media Group Features Eva Angelina, Maitland Ward, Others|date=October 8, 2024|work=AVN}}</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ২০০৭ চনৰ পৰা ২০০৯ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা ডেনি মাউণ্টেনৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হৈ থাকে।<ref name="Churchward"/> তেওঁৰ দুটা সন্তান আছে।<ref name="Miller 2014"/> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="2007 NightMoves">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/3639.html |title=2007 NightMoves Award Winners Announced |website=Adult Video News |date=October 11, 2007 |access-date= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308001954/http://business.avn.com/articles/3639.html |archive-date=March 8, 2010}}</ref> <ref name="2008 XBIZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.xbizawards.com/theshow.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212161056/http://xbizawards.com/theshow.php |archive-date=February 12, 2008 |title=2008 XBIZ Awards Winners |date=February 15, 2008 |publisher=[[XBIZ]]}}</ref> <ref name="2008 XRCO">{{cite web |title=XRCO |publisher=XRCO.com |url=http://xrco.com/ |access-date=February 23, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="2010 AVN">{{cite web |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2010-avn-award-winners-announced-378238.html |title=2010 AVN Award Winners Announced |last=Roland |first=John |date=13 January 2010 |website=www.AVN.com |publisher=AVN |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="2010 XRCO">{{cite web |title=2010 XRCO Award Winners Announced |website=Adult Video News |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2010-xrco-award-winners-announced-395384.html |last=Warren |first=Peter |date=30 April 2010 |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="2011 AVN">{{cite web |title=AVN Announces the Winners of the 2011 AVN Awards |website=Adult Video News |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/avn-announces-the-winners-of-the-2011-avn-awards-421782.html |date=January 9, 2011 |access-date=}}</ref> <ref name="Andersson">{{cite magazine |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/adultvideonews-march-2005-fresh-off-the-bus-eva-angelina-44719.html |title=ADULTVIDEONEWS MARCH 2005 - FRESH OFF THE BUS - Eva Angelina |access-date= |first=Acme |last=Andersson |date=March 1, 2005 |magazine=Adult Video News}}</ref> <ref name="Cherry">{{cite web |url=http://xtrememagazine.com/index.php/eva-avangelina.html |title=Eva Angelina: Sizzling Hot |first=Maya |last=Cherry |publisher=Xtreme Magazine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731204403/http://xtrememagazine.com/index.php/eva-avangelina.html |archive-date=July 31, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="Churchward">{{cite web |url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/4042622.From_a_Saint_to_a_porn_star/ |title=Ex-Saint Danny Mountain has a new career as a porn star in America |first=Sally |last=Churchward |date=January 13, 2009 |work=[[The Northern Echo]] |access-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Katz">{{cite web |title=XBIZ Awards 2010 Winners Announced |publisher=XBiz.com |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/117447/xbiz-awards-2010-winners-announced?ln=web |first=Lyla |last=Katz |date=February 11, 2010 |access-date=}}</ref> <ref name="Miller 2014">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/porn-veteran-eva-angelina-is-now-a-real-estate-agent-666/ |title=Porn Veteran Eva Angelina Is Now A Real Estate Agent |access-date= |first=Marissa |last=Miller |date=August 24, 2014 |magazine=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref> <ref name="Perry">{{Cite magazine |first=Dianne |last=Perry |date=March 2008 |title=Eva Angelina: 2008's Hottest Girl in Porn |magazine=Stiletto Magazine |location=Los Angeles |page=4}}</ref> <ref name="Rutter">{{cite magazine |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/2759.html |title=2008 AVN Awards Winners Announced |first=Jared |last=Rutter |date=January 12, 2008 |magazine=Adult Video News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228062450/http://business.avn.com/articles/2759.html |archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref> }} c5ciz1cz9sgvrs2ohsnf66xpicoga3i 518872 518871 2025-06-17T10:50:02Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা | image = Eva Angelina 2013 by Glenn Francis.jpg | caption = ২০১৩ চনত এভিএন এডাল্ট এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্ট এক্সপ’ত এঞ্জেলিনা | birth_name = <!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding birth name--> | birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|18|2003}}{{r|Roland 2018}}<!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding full birth date--> | birth_place = {{nowrap|হান্টিংটন বিচ, কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া, [[আমেৰিকা]]।{{r|Andersson}} }} | spouse = {{marriage|ডেনি মাউণ্টেন|2007|2009}}<ref name="Churchward"/> | height = | alias = | website = }} '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]]। ২০০৭ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে নাইটমুভছ বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এভিএন বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এক্সআৰচিঅ' বঁটা, আৰু ২০০৮ চনৰ বছৰৰ মহিলা অভিনেতাৰ বাবে এক্সবিআইজ বঁটা আদি কেইবাটাও উদ্যোগ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে। ২০১৮ চনত তেওঁক এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{r|Roland 2018}} এঞ্জেলিনাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল কেলিফৰ্ণিয়াৰ হাণ্টিংটন বিচত।<ref name="Andersson"/> ==কেৰিয়াৰ== এঞ্জেলিনাই বাতৰি কাকতৰ বিজ্ঞাপনৰ উত্তৰ দি পৰ্ণ উদ্যোগত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল; তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম দৃশ্যটো আছিল ২০০৩ চনত মিষ্টাৰ পিটৰ সৈতে ''শ্বেনছ ৱৰ্ল্ড'' ধাৰাবাহিকখনৰ বাবে, ১৮ বছৰ বয়সত।<ref name="Perry" /> তেওঁ অভিনয়ৰ সময়ত চশমা পিন্ধাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত।<ref name="Cherry" /> ২০১০ চনত মেক্সিমে পৰ্ণৰ ১২ গৰাকী শীৰ্ষ মহিলা তাৰকাৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maxim.co.uk/girls/ |last=Anselmi |first=Eduardo |title=The dirty dozen |website=Maxim UK |date=June 2010 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331014107/http://www.maxim.co.uk/girls/ |archive-date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ২০১৪ চনত তেওঁ ''ভাইচ''ক কয় যে তেওঁ ৰিয়েল এষ্টেটৰ অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ লাভ কৰিছে আৰু পৰ্ণৰ পৰা আঁতৰি আহিবলৈ বিচাৰিছে।<ref name="Miller 2014"/> ২০২৪ চনত তেওঁ ভিক্সেন মিডিয়া গ্ৰুপৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকৰ ব্ৰেণ্ডৰ বাবে একচেটিয়াভাৱে অনুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰিবলৈ চুক্তিবদ্ধ হৈ পৰ্ণ উদ্যোগলৈ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্যাৱৰ্তন ঘটায়।<ref>{{cite web|url= https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/vixen-media-group-features-eva-angelina-maitland-ward-others-936386.html|title= Vixen Media Group Features Eva Angelina, Maitland Ward, Others|date=October 8, 2024|work=AVN}}</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ২০০৭ চনৰ পৰা ২০০৯ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা ডেনি মাউণ্টেনৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হৈ থাকে।<ref name="Churchward"/> তেওঁৰ দুটা সন্তান আছে।<ref name="Miller 2014"/> == পুৰস্কাৰ == * ২০০৭ – [[AEBN VOD বঁটা]] – বৰ্ষৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনয়শিল্পী<ref>[https://www.xbiz.com/news/22587/eva-angelina-wins-aebn-performer-of-the-year Eva Angelina wins AEBN Award] xbiz.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830024550/https://www.xbiz.com/news/22587/eva-angelina-wins-aebn-performer-of-the-year |date=৩০ আগষ্ট ২০২৩ }}</ref> * ২০০৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ – [[Twistys]] Treat (মাহটোৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ)<ref>{{Cite web |date=২০০৭-০৯-০৫ |title=Eva Angelina is September Twistys Treat of the Month |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/83727/eva-angelina-is-september-twistys-treat-of-the-month |access-date=১৩ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৩ |website=XBIZ |language=en}}</ref> * ২০০৭ – [[NightMoves বঁটা]] – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী (দৰ্শকৰ বিচাৰ)<ref name="2007 NightMoves">https://www.xbiz.com/news/100572/nightmoves-winners-announced</ref> * ২০০৮ – [[AVN বঁটা]] – [[AVN Award for Best Actress#2005-2009|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী – ভিডিঅ']] – ''Upload''<ref name="Rutter"/> * ২০০৮ – AVN বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ একক যৌন দৃশ্য – ভিডিঅ' – ''Upload''<ref name="Rutter"/> * ২০০৮ – [[DVDEmpire.com|Adult DVD Empire]] – এম্পায়াৰ গাৰ্ল<ref>[https://www.xbiz.com/news/89154/eva-angelina-wins-empire-girl-contest Eva Angelina wins Empire Girl Contest] xbiz.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830024551/https://www.xbiz.com/news/89154/eva-angelina-wins-empire-girl-contest |date=৩০ আগষ্ট ২০২৩ }}</ref> * ২০০৮ – [[XBIZ বঁটা]] – বৰ্ষৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মহিলা অভিনয়শিল্পী<ref name="2008 XBIZ"/> * ২০০৮ – [[XRCO বঁটা]] – একক দৃশ্যত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী – ''Upload''<ref name="2008 XRCO"/> * ২০০৮ – NightMoves বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অল-সেক্স গঞ্জো মুক্তি (সম্পাদকৰ বিচাৰ) – ''E for Eva''<ref>https://www.xbiz.com/news/100572/nightmoves-winners-announced</ref> * ২০১০ – AVN বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ছোৱালীৰ দলগত যৌন দৃশ্য – ''Deviance''<ref name="2010 AVN"/> * ২০১০ – XBIZ বঁটা – বৰ্ষৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পর্নষ্টাৰ ৱেবছাইট<ref name="Katz"/> * ২০১০ – XRCO বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কামবেক<ref name="2010 XRCO"/> * ২০১০ জুন – ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]]'' Pet of the Month<ref>https://penthousegold.com/models/eva-angelina.html</ref> * ২০১০ – Fame Registry বঁটা – দৰ্শকৰ পছন্দ<ref>https://www.xbiz.com/news/124714/fame-registry-announces-porn-award-winners</ref> * ২০১১ – AVN বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ টিজ প্ৰদৰ্শন – ''Car Wash Girls''<ref name="2011 AVN"/> * ২০১১ – Fame Registry বঁটা – দৰ্শকৰ পছন্দ: আটাইতকৈ হট ব্রুনেট<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141003142309/http://www.fameregistry.com/top-100-porn-stars-of-2010/</ref> * ২০১২ – Fame Registry বঁটা – দৰ্শকৰ পছন্দ: আটাইতকৈ হট ব্রুনেট<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121225201120/https://www.fameregistry.com/awards/</ref> * ২০১৮ – [[AVN Hall of Fame]] সদস্যপদ লাভ<ref name="Roland 2018">{{cite web |last1=Roland |first1=John |title=Class of 2018: Meet the New AVN Hall of Famers |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2018-meet-the-new-avn-hall-of-famers-755332.html |website=Adult Video News |access-date=২০ জানুৱাৰী ২০২৩ |date=৬ জানুৱাৰী ২০১৮}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="2007 NightMoves">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/3639.html |title=2007 NightMoves Award Winners Announced |website=Adult Video News |date=October 11, 2007 |access-date= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308001954/http://business.avn.com/articles/3639.html |archive-date=March 8, 2010}}</ref> <ref name="2008 XBIZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.xbizawards.com/theshow.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212161056/http://xbizawards.com/theshow.php |archive-date=February 12, 2008 |title=2008 XBIZ Awards Winners |date=February 15, 2008 |publisher=[[XBIZ]]}}</ref> <ref name="2008 XRCO">{{cite web |title=XRCO |publisher=XRCO.com |url=http://xrco.com/ |access-date=February 23, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="2010 AVN">{{cite web |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2010-avn-award-winners-announced-378238.html |title=2010 AVN Award Winners Announced |last=Roland |first=John |date=13 January 2010 |website=www.AVN.com |publisher=AVN |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="2010 XRCO">{{cite web |title=2010 XRCO Award Winners Announced |website=Adult Video News |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2010-xrco-award-winners-announced-395384.html |last=Warren |first=Peter |date=30 April 2010 |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="2011 AVN">{{cite web |title=AVN Announces the Winners of the 2011 AVN Awards |website=Adult Video News |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/avn-announces-the-winners-of-the-2011-avn-awards-421782.html |date=January 9, 2011 |access-date=}}</ref> <ref name="Andersson">{{cite magazine |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/adultvideonews-march-2005-fresh-off-the-bus-eva-angelina-44719.html |title=ADULTVIDEONEWS MARCH 2005 - FRESH OFF THE BUS - Eva Angelina |access-date= |first=Acme |last=Andersson |date=March 1, 2005 |magazine=Adult Video News}}</ref> <ref name="Cherry">{{cite web |url=http://xtrememagazine.com/index.php/eva-avangelina.html |title=Eva Angelina: Sizzling Hot |first=Maya |last=Cherry |publisher=Xtreme Magazine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731204403/http://xtrememagazine.com/index.php/eva-avangelina.html |archive-date=July 31, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="Churchward">{{cite web |url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/4042622.From_a_Saint_to_a_porn_star/ |title=Ex-Saint Danny Mountain has a new career as a porn star in America |first=Sally |last=Churchward |date=January 13, 2009 |work=[[The Northern Echo]] |access-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Katz">{{cite web |title=XBIZ Awards 2010 Winners Announced |publisher=XBiz.com |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/117447/xbiz-awards-2010-winners-announced?ln=web |first=Lyla |last=Katz |date=February 11, 2010 |access-date=}}</ref> <ref name="Miller 2014">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/porn-veteran-eva-angelina-is-now-a-real-estate-agent-666/ |title=Porn Veteran Eva Angelina Is Now A Real Estate Agent |access-date= |first=Marissa |last=Miller |date=August 24, 2014 |magazine=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref> <ref name="Perry">{{Cite magazine |first=Dianne |last=Perry |date=March 2008 |title=Eva Angelina: 2008's Hottest Girl in Porn |magazine=Stiletto Magazine |location=Los Angeles |page=4}}</ref> <ref name="Rutter">{{cite magazine |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/2759.html |title=2008 AVN Awards Winners Announced |first=Jared |last=Rutter |date=January 12, 2008 |magazine=Adult Video News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228062450/http://business.avn.com/articles/2759.html |archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref> }} q8gwedasgzs0lgbptfvk8lcxx31hktb 518873 518872 2025-06-17T10:50:55Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 518873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা | image = Eva Angelina 2013 by Glenn Francis.jpg | caption = ২০১৩ চনত এভিএন এডাল্ট এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্ট এক্সপ’ত এঞ্জেলিনা | birth_name = <!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding birth name--> | birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|18|2003}}{{r|Roland 2018}}<!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding full birth date--> | birth_place = {{nowrap|হাণ্টিংটন বিচ, কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া, [[আমেৰিকা]]।{{r|Andersson}} }} | spouse = {{marriage|ডেনি মাউণ্টেন|2007|2009}}<ref name="Churchward"/> | height = | alias = | website = }} '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]]। ২০০৭ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে নাইটমুভছ বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এভিএন বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এক্সআৰচিঅ' বঁটা, আৰু ২০০৮ চনৰ বছৰৰ মহিলা অভিনেতাৰ বাবে এক্সবিআইজ বঁটা আদি কেইবাটাও উদ্যোগ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে। ২০১৮ চনত তেওঁক এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{r|Roland 2018}} এঞ্জেলিনাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল কেলিফৰ্ণিয়াৰ হাণ্টিংটন বিচত।<ref name="Andersson"/> ==কেৰিয়াৰ== এঞ্জেলিনাই বাতৰি কাকতৰ বিজ্ঞাপনৰ উত্তৰ দি পৰ্ণ উদ্যোগত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল; তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম দৃশ্যটো আছিল ২০০৩ চনত মিষ্টাৰ পিটৰ সৈতে ''শ্বেনছ ৱৰ্ল্ড'' ধাৰাবাহিকখনৰ বাবে, ১৮ বছৰ বয়সত।<ref name="Perry" /> তেওঁ অভিনয়ৰ সময়ত চশমা পিন্ধাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত।<ref name="Cherry" /> ২০১০ চনত মেক্সিমে পৰ্ণৰ ১২ গৰাকী শীৰ্ষ মহিলা তাৰকাৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maxim.co.uk/girls/ |last=Anselmi |first=Eduardo |title=The dirty dozen |website=Maxim UK |date=June 2010 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331014107/http://www.maxim.co.uk/girls/ |archive-date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ২০১৪ চনত তেওঁ ''ভাইচ''ক কয় যে তেওঁ ৰিয়েল এষ্টেটৰ অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ লাভ কৰিছে আৰু পৰ্ণৰ পৰা আঁতৰি আহিবলৈ বিচাৰিছে।<ref name="Miller 2014"/> ২০২৪ চনত তেওঁ ভিক্সেন মিডিয়া গ্ৰুপৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকৰ ব্ৰেণ্ডৰ বাবে একচেটিয়াভাৱে অনুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰিবলৈ চুক্তিবদ্ধ হৈ পৰ্ণ উদ্যোগলৈ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্যাৱৰ্তন ঘটায়।<ref>{{cite web|url= https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/vixen-media-group-features-eva-angelina-maitland-ward-others-936386.html|title= Vixen Media Group Features Eva Angelina, Maitland Ward, Others|date=October 8, 2024|work=AVN}}</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ২০০৭ চনৰ পৰা ২০০৯ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা ডেনি মাউণ্টেনৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হৈ থাকে।<ref name="Churchward"/> তেওঁৰ দুটা সন্তান আছে।<ref name="Miller 2014"/> == পুৰস্কাৰ == * ২০০৭ – [[AEBN VOD বঁটা]] – বৰ্ষৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনয়শিল্পী<ref>[https://www.xbiz.com/news/22587/eva-angelina-wins-aebn-performer-of-the-year Eva Angelina wins AEBN Award] xbiz.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830024550/https://www.xbiz.com/news/22587/eva-angelina-wins-aebn-performer-of-the-year |date=৩০ আগষ্ট ২০২৩ }}</ref> * ২০০৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ – [[Twistys]] Treat (মাহটোৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ)<ref>{{Cite web |date=২০০৭-০৯-০৫ |title=Eva Angelina is September Twistys Treat of the Month |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/83727/eva-angelina-is-september-twistys-treat-of-the-month |access-date=১৩ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৩ |website=XBIZ |language=en}}</ref> * ২০০৭ – [[NightMoves বঁটা]] – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী (দৰ্শকৰ বিচাৰ)<ref name="2007 NightMoves">https://www.xbiz.com/news/100572/nightmoves-winners-announced</ref> * ২০০৮ – [[AVN বঁটা]] – [[AVN Award for Best Actress#2005-2009|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী – ভিডিঅ']] – ''Upload''<ref name="Rutter"/> * ২০০৮ – AVN বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ একক যৌন দৃশ্য – ভিডিঅ' – ''Upload''<ref name="Rutter"/> * ২০০৮ – [[DVDEmpire.com|Adult DVD Empire]] – এম্পায়াৰ গাৰ্ল<ref>[https://www.xbiz.com/news/89154/eva-angelina-wins-empire-girl-contest Eva Angelina wins Empire Girl Contest] xbiz.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830024551/https://www.xbiz.com/news/89154/eva-angelina-wins-empire-girl-contest |date=৩০ আগষ্ট ২০২৩ }}</ref> * ২০০৮ – [[XBIZ বঁটা]] – বৰ্ষৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মহিলা অভিনয়শিল্পী<ref name="2008 XBIZ"/> * ২০০৮ – [[XRCO বঁটা]] – একক দৃশ্যত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী – ''Upload''<ref name="2008 XRCO"/> * ২০০৮ – NightMoves বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অল-সেক্স গঞ্জো মুক্তি (সম্পাদকৰ বিচাৰ) – ''E for Eva''<ref>https://www.xbiz.com/news/100572/nightmoves-winners-announced</ref> * ২০১০ – AVN বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ছোৱালীৰ দলগত যৌন দৃশ্য – ''Deviance''<ref name="2010 AVN"/> * ২০১০ – XBIZ বঁটা – বৰ্ষৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰ্নষ্টাৰ ৱেবছাইট<ref name="Katz"/> * ২০১০ – XRCO বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কামবেক<ref name="2010 XRCO"/> * ২০১০ জুন – ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]]'' Pet of the Month<ref>https://penthousegold.com/models/eva-angelina.html</ref> * ২০১০ – Fame Registry বঁটা – দৰ্শকৰ পছন্দ<ref>https://www.xbiz.com/news/124714/fame-registry-announces-porn-award-winners</ref> * ২০১১ – AVN বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ টিজ প্ৰদৰ্শন – ''Car Wash Girls''<ref name="2011 AVN"/> * ২০১১ – Fame Registry বঁটা – দৰ্শকৰ পছন্দ: আটাইতকৈ হট ব্ৰুনেট<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141003142309/http://www.fameregistry.com/top-100-porn-stars-of-2010/</ref> * ২০১২ – Fame Registry বঁটা – দৰ্শকৰ পছন্দ: আটাইতকৈ হট ব্ৰুনেট<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121225201120/https://www.fameregistry.com/awards/</ref> * ২০১৮ – [[AVN Hall of Fame]] সদস্যপদ লাভ<ref name="Roland 2018">{{cite web |last1=Roland |first1=John |title=Class of 2018: Meet the New AVN Hall of Famers |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2018-meet-the-new-avn-hall-of-famers-755332.html |website=Adult Video News |access-date=২০ জানুৱাৰী ২০২৩ |date=৬ জানুৱাৰী ২০১৮}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="2007 NightMoves">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/3639.html |title=2007 NightMoves Award Winners Announced |website=Adult Video News |date=October 11, 2007 |access-date= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308001954/http://business.avn.com/articles/3639.html |archive-date=March 8, 2010}}</ref> <ref name="2008 XBIZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.xbizawards.com/theshow.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212161056/http://xbizawards.com/theshow.php |archive-date=February 12, 2008 |title=2008 XBIZ Awards Winners |date=February 15, 2008 |publisher=[[XBIZ]]}}</ref> <ref name="2008 XRCO">{{cite web |title=XRCO |publisher=XRCO.com |url=http://xrco.com/ |access-date=February 23, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="2010 AVN">{{cite web |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2010-avn-award-winners-announced-378238.html |title=2010 AVN Award Winners Announced |last=Roland |first=John |date=13 January 2010 |website=www.AVN.com |publisher=AVN |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="2010 XRCO">{{cite web |title=2010 XRCO Award Winners Announced |website=Adult Video News |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2010-xrco-award-winners-announced-395384.html |last=Warren |first=Peter |date=30 April 2010 |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="2011 AVN">{{cite web |title=AVN Announces the Winners of the 2011 AVN Awards |website=Adult Video News |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/avn-announces-the-winners-of-the-2011-avn-awards-421782.html |date=January 9, 2011 |access-date=}}</ref> <ref name="Andersson">{{cite magazine |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/adultvideonews-march-2005-fresh-off-the-bus-eva-angelina-44719.html |title=ADULTVIDEONEWS MARCH 2005 - FRESH OFF THE BUS - Eva Angelina |access-date= |first=Acme |last=Andersson |date=March 1, 2005 |magazine=Adult Video News}}</ref> <ref name="Cherry">{{cite web |url=http://xtrememagazine.com/index.php/eva-avangelina.html |title=Eva Angelina: Sizzling Hot |first=Maya |last=Cherry |publisher=Xtreme Magazine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731204403/http://xtrememagazine.com/index.php/eva-avangelina.html |archive-date=July 31, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="Churchward">{{cite web |url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/4042622.From_a_Saint_to_a_porn_star/ |title=Ex-Saint Danny Mountain has a new career as a porn star in America |first=Sally |last=Churchward |date=January 13, 2009 |work=[[The Northern Echo]] |access-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Katz">{{cite web |title=XBIZ Awards 2010 Winners Announced |publisher=XBiz.com |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/117447/xbiz-awards-2010-winners-announced?ln=web |first=Lyla |last=Katz |date=February 11, 2010 |access-date=}}</ref> <ref name="Miller 2014">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/porn-veteran-eva-angelina-is-now-a-real-estate-agent-666/ |title=Porn Veteran Eva Angelina Is Now A Real Estate Agent |access-date= |first=Marissa |last=Miller |date=August 24, 2014 |magazine=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref> <ref name="Perry">{{Cite magazine |first=Dianne |last=Perry |date=March 2008 |title=Eva Angelina: 2008's Hottest Girl in Porn |magazine=Stiletto Magazine |location=Los Angeles |page=4}}</ref> <ref name="Rutter">{{cite magazine |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/2759.html |title=2008 AVN Awards Winners Announced |first=Jared |last=Rutter |date=January 12, 2008 |magazine=Adult Video News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228062450/http://business.avn.com/articles/2759.html |archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref> }} [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] alof673u1a7507scyru6pbpx3uvxfp7 518874 518873 2025-06-17T10:52:23Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 518874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা | image = Eva Angelina 2013 by Glenn Francis.jpg | caption = ২০১৩ চনত এভিএন এডাল্ট এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্ট এক্সপ’ত এঞ্জেলিনা | birth_name = <!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding birth name--> | birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|18|2003}}{{r|Roland 2018}}<!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding full birth date--> | birth_place = {{nowrap|হাণ্টিংটন বিচ, কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া, [[আমেৰিকা]]।{{r|Andersson}} }} | spouse = {{marriage|ডেনি মাউণ্টেন|2007|2009}}<ref name="Churchward"/> | height = | alias = | website = }} '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]]। ২০০৭ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে নাইটমুভছ বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এভিএন বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এক্সআৰচিঅ' বঁটা, আৰু ২০০৮ চনৰ বছৰৰ মহিলা অভিনেতাৰ বাবে এক্সবিআইজ বঁটা আদি কেইবাটাও উদ্যোগ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে। ২০১৮ চনত তেওঁক এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{r|Roland 2018}} এঞ্জেলিনাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল কেলিফৰ্ণিয়াৰ হাণ্টিংটন বিচত।<ref name="Andersson"/> ==কেৰিয়াৰ== এঞ্জেলিনাই বাতৰি কাকতৰ বিজ্ঞাপনৰ উত্তৰ দি পৰ্ণ উদ্যোগত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল; তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম দৃশ্যটো আছিল ২০০৩ চনত মিষ্টাৰ পিটৰ সৈতে ''শ্বেনছ ৱৰ্ল্ড'' ধাৰাবাহিকখনৰ বাবে, ১৮ বছৰ বয়সত।<ref name="Perry" /> তেওঁ অভিনয়ৰ সময়ত চশমা পিন্ধাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত।<ref name="Cherry" /> ২০১০ চনত মেক্সিমে পৰ্ণৰ ১২ গৰাকী শীৰ্ষ মহিলা তাৰকাৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maxim.co.uk/girls/ |last=Anselmi |first=Eduardo |title=The dirty dozen |website=Maxim UK |date=June 2010 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331014107/http://www.maxim.co.uk/girls/ |archive-date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ২০১৪ চনত তেওঁ ''ভাইচ''ক কয় যে তেওঁ ৰিয়েল এষ্টেটৰ অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ লাভ কৰিছে আৰু পৰ্ণৰ পৰা আঁতৰি আহিবলৈ বিচাৰিছে।<ref name="Miller 2014"/> ২০২৪ চনত তেওঁ ভিক্সেন মিডিয়া গ্ৰুপৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকৰ ব্ৰেণ্ডৰ বাবে একচেটিয়াভাৱে অনুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰিবলৈ চুক্তিবদ্ধ হৈ পৰ্ণ উদ্যোগলৈ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্যাৱৰ্তন ঘটায়।<ref>{{cite web|url= https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/vixen-media-group-features-eva-angelina-maitland-ward-others-936386.html|title= Vixen Media Group Features Eva Angelina, Maitland Ward, Others|date=October 8, 2024|work=AVN}}</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ২০০৭ চনৰ পৰা ২০০৯ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা ডেনি মাউণ্টেনৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হৈ থাকে।<ref name="Churchward"/> তেওঁৰ দুটা সন্তান আছে।<ref name="Miller 2014"/> == পুৰস্কাৰ == * ২০০৭ – AEBN VOD বঁটা – বৰ্ষৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনয়শিল্পী<ref>[https://www.xbiz.com/news/22587/eva-angelina-wins-aebn-performer-of-the-year Eva Angelina wins AEBN Award] xbiz.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830024550/https://www.xbiz.com/news/22587/eva-angelina-wins-aebn-performer-of-the-year |date=৩০ আগষ্ট ২০২৩ }}</ref> * ২০০৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ – Twistys Treat (মাহটোৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ)<ref>{{Cite web |date=২০০৭-০৯-০৫ |title=Eva Angelina is September Twistys Treat of the Month |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/83727/eva-angelina-is-september-twistys-treat-of-the-month |access-date=১৩ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৩ |website=XBIZ |language=en}}</ref> * ২০০৭ – NightMoves বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী (দৰ্শকৰ বিচাৰ)<ref name="2007 NightMoves">https://www.xbiz.com/news/100572/nightmoves-winners-announced</ref> * ২০০৮ – AVN বঁটা – [[AVN Award for Best Actress#2005-2009|শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী – ভিডিঅ']] – ''Upload''<ref name="Rutter"/> * ২০০৮ – AVN বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ একক যৌন দৃশ্য – ভিডিঅ' – ''Upload''<ref name="Rutter"/> * ২০০৮ – Adult DVD Empire – এম্পায়াৰ গাৰ্ল<ref>[https://www.xbiz.com/news/89154/eva-angelina-wins-empire-girl-contest Eva Angelina wins Empire Girl Contest] xbiz.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830024551/https://www.xbiz.com/news/89154/eva-angelina-wins-empire-girl-contest |date=৩০ আগষ্ট ২০২৩ }}</ref> * ২০০৮ – XBIZ বঁটা – বৰ্ষৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মহিলা অভিনয়শিল্পী<ref name="2008 XBIZ"/> * ২০০৮ – XRCO বঁটা – একক দৃশ্যত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী – ''Upload''<ref name="2008 XRCO"/> * ২০০৮ – NightMoves বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অল-সেক্স গঞ্জো মুক্তি (সম্পাদকৰ বিচাৰ) – ''E for Eva''<ref>https://www.xbiz.com/news/100572/nightmoves-winners-announced</ref> * ২০১০ – AVN বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ছোৱালীৰ দলগত যৌন দৃশ্য – ''Deviance''<ref name="2010 AVN"/> * ২০১০ – XBIZ বঁটা – বৰ্ষৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰ্নষ্টাৰ ৱেবছাইট<ref name="Katz"/> * ২০১০ – XRCO বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কামবেক<ref name="2010 XRCO"/> * ২০১০ জুন – ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]]'' Pet of the Month<ref>https://penthousegold.com/models/eva-angelina.html</ref> * ২০১০ – Fame Registry বঁটা – দৰ্শকৰ পছন্দ<ref>https://www.xbiz.com/news/124714/fame-registry-announces-porn-award-winners</ref> * ২০১১ – AVN বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ টিজ প্ৰদৰ্শন – ''Car Wash Girls''<ref name="2011 AVN"/> * ২০১১ – Fame Registry বঁটা – দৰ্শকৰ পছন্দ: আটাইতকৈ হট ব্ৰুনেট<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141003142309/http://www.fameregistry.com/top-100-porn-stars-of-2010/</ref> * ২০১২ – Fame Registry বঁটা – দৰ্শকৰ পছন্দ: আটাইতকৈ হট ব্ৰুনেট<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121225201120/https://www.fameregistry.com/awards/</ref> * ২০১৮ – AVN Hall of Fame সদস্যপদ লাভ<ref name="Roland 2018">{{cite web |last1=Roland |first1=John |title=Class of 2018: Meet the New AVN Hall of Famers |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2018-meet-the-new-avn-hall-of-famers-755332.html |website=Adult Video News |access-date=২০ জানুৱাৰী ২০২৩ |date=৬ জানুৱাৰী ২০১৮}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="2007 NightMoves">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/3639.html |title=2007 NightMoves Award Winners Announced |website=Adult Video News |date=October 11, 2007 |access-date= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308001954/http://business.avn.com/articles/3639.html |archive-date=March 8, 2010}}</ref> <ref name="2008 XBIZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.xbizawards.com/theshow.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212161056/http://xbizawards.com/theshow.php |archive-date=February 12, 2008 |title=2008 XBIZ Awards Winners |date=February 15, 2008 |publisher=[[XBIZ]]}}</ref> <ref name="2008 XRCO">{{cite web |title=XRCO |publisher=XRCO.com |url=http://xrco.com/ |access-date=February 23, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="2010 AVN">{{cite web |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2010-avn-award-winners-announced-378238.html |title=2010 AVN Award Winners Announced |last=Roland |first=John |date=13 January 2010 |website=www.AVN.com |publisher=AVN |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="2010 XRCO">{{cite web |title=2010 XRCO Award Winners Announced |website=Adult Video News |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2010-xrco-award-winners-announced-395384.html |last=Warren |first=Peter |date=30 April 2010 |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="2011 AVN">{{cite web |title=AVN Announces the Winners of the 2011 AVN Awards |website=Adult Video News |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/avn-announces-the-winners-of-the-2011-avn-awards-421782.html |date=January 9, 2011 |access-date=}}</ref> <ref name="Andersson">{{cite magazine |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/adultvideonews-march-2005-fresh-off-the-bus-eva-angelina-44719.html |title=ADULTVIDEONEWS MARCH 2005 - FRESH OFF THE BUS - Eva Angelina |access-date= |first=Acme |last=Andersson |date=March 1, 2005 |magazine=Adult Video News}}</ref> <ref name="Cherry">{{cite web |url=http://xtrememagazine.com/index.php/eva-avangelina.html |title=Eva Angelina: Sizzling Hot |first=Maya |last=Cherry |publisher=Xtreme Magazine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731204403/http://xtrememagazine.com/index.php/eva-avangelina.html |archive-date=July 31, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="Churchward">{{cite web |url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/4042622.From_a_Saint_to_a_porn_star/ |title=Ex-Saint Danny Mountain has a new career as a porn star in America |first=Sally |last=Churchward |date=January 13, 2009 |work=[[The Northern Echo]] |access-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Katz">{{cite web |title=XBIZ Awards 2010 Winners Announced |publisher=XBiz.com |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/117447/xbiz-awards-2010-winners-announced?ln=web |first=Lyla |last=Katz |date=February 11, 2010 |access-date=}}</ref> <ref name="Miller 2014">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/porn-veteran-eva-angelina-is-now-a-real-estate-agent-666/ |title=Porn Veteran Eva Angelina Is Now A Real Estate Agent |access-date= |first=Marissa |last=Miller |date=August 24, 2014 |magazine=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref> <ref name="Perry">{{Cite magazine |first=Dianne |last=Perry |date=March 2008 |title=Eva Angelina: 2008's Hottest Girl in Porn |magazine=Stiletto Magazine |location=Los Angeles |page=4}}</ref> <ref name="Rutter">{{cite magazine |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/2759.html |title=2008 AVN Awards Winners Announced |first=Jared |last=Rutter |date=January 12, 2008 |magazine=Adult Video News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228062450/http://business.avn.com/articles/2759.html |archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref> }} [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] nuwwm0ku02qmgo223wo83lcgibke0tl 518875 518874 2025-06-17T10:53:15Z Kandarpajit Kallol 6257 /* পুৰস্কাৰ */ 518875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা | image = Eva Angelina 2013 by Glenn Francis.jpg | caption = ২০১৩ চনত এভিএন এডাল্ট এণ্টাৰটেইনমেণ্ট এক্সপ’ত এঞ্জেলিনা | birth_name = <!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding birth name--> | birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|18|2003}}{{r|Roland 2018}}<!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding full birth date--> | birth_place = {{nowrap|হাণ্টিংটন বিচ, কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া, [[আমেৰিকা]]।{{r|Andersson}} }} | spouse = {{marriage|ডেনি মাউণ্টেন|2007|2009}}<ref name="Churchward"/> | height = | alias = | website = }} '''ইভা এঞ্জেলিনা''' এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান [[পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক চলচ্চিত্ৰৰ অভিনেত্ৰী]]। ২০০৭ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে নাইটমুভছ বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এভিএন বঁটা, ২০০৮ চনৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰীৰ বাবে এক্সআৰচিঅ' বঁটা, আৰু ২০০৮ চনৰ বছৰৰ মহিলা অভিনেতাৰ বাবে এক্সবিআইজ বঁটা আদি কেইবাটাও উদ্যোগ বঁটা লাভ কৰিছে। ২০১৮ চনত তেওঁক এভিএন হল অৱ ফেমত অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হয়।{{r|Roland 2018}} এঞ্জেলিনাৰ জন্ম হৈছিল কেলিফৰ্ণিয়াৰ হাণ্টিংটন বিচত।<ref name="Andersson"/> ==কেৰিয়াৰ== এঞ্জেলিনাই বাতৰি কাকতৰ বিজ্ঞাপনৰ উত্তৰ দি পৰ্ণ উদ্যোগত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিছিল; তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম দৃশ্যটো আছিল ২০০৩ চনত মিষ্টাৰ পিটৰ সৈতে ''শ্বেনছ ৱৰ্ল্ড'' ধাৰাবাহিকখনৰ বাবে, ১৮ বছৰ বয়সত।<ref name="Perry" /> তেওঁ অভিনয়ৰ সময়ত চশমা পিন্ধাৰ বাবে পৰিচিত।<ref name="Cherry" /> ২০১০ চনত মেক্সিমে পৰ্ণৰ ১২ গৰাকী শীৰ্ষ মহিলা তাৰকাৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম হিচাপে নিৰ্বাচিত কৰে।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maxim.co.uk/girls/ |last=Anselmi |first=Eduardo |title=The dirty dozen |website=Maxim UK |date=June 2010 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110331014107/http://www.maxim.co.uk/girls/ |archive-date=March 31, 2011}}</ref> ২০১৪ চনত তেওঁ ''ভাইচ''ক কয় যে তেওঁ ৰিয়েল এষ্টেটৰ অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ লাভ কৰিছে আৰু পৰ্ণৰ পৰা আঁতৰি আহিবলৈ বিচাৰিছে।<ref name="Miller 2014"/> ২০২৪ চনত তেওঁ ভিক্সেন মিডিয়া গ্ৰুপৰ সৈতে তেওঁলোকৰ ব্ৰেণ্ডৰ বাবে একচেটিয়াভাৱে অনুষ্ঠান পৰিৱেশন কৰিবলৈ চুক্তিবদ্ধ হৈ পৰ্ণ উদ্যোগলৈ এক উল্লেখযোগ্য প্ৰত্যাৱৰ্তন ঘটায়।<ref>{{cite web|url= https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/vixen-media-group-features-eva-angelina-maitland-ward-others-936386.html|title= Vixen Media Group Features Eva Angelina, Maitland Ward, Others|date=October 8, 2024|work=AVN}}</ref> ==ব্যক্তিগত জীৱন== ২০০৭ চনৰ পৰা ২০০৯ চনলৈকে ব্ৰিটিছ পৰ্ণগ্ৰাফিক অভিনেতা ডেনি মাউণ্টেনৰ সৈতে বিবাহপাশত আবদ্ধ হৈ থাকে।<ref name="Churchward"/> তেওঁৰ দুটা সন্তান আছে।<ref name="Miller 2014"/> == পুৰস্কাৰ == * ২০০৭ – AEBN VOD বঁটা – বৰ্ষৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনয়শিল্পী<ref>[https://www.xbiz.com/news/22587/eva-angelina-wins-aebn-performer-of-the-year Eva Angelina wins AEBN Award] xbiz.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830024550/https://www.xbiz.com/news/22587/eva-angelina-wins-aebn-performer-of-the-year |date=৩০ আগষ্ট ২০২৩ }}</ref> * ২০০৭ ছেপ্টেম্বৰ – Twistys Treat (মাহটোৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ)<ref>{{Cite web |date=২০০৭-০৯-০৫ |title=Eva Angelina is September Twistys Treat of the Month |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/83727/eva-angelina-is-september-twistys-treat-of-the-month |access-date=১৩ ডিচেম্বৰ ২০২৩ |website=XBIZ |language=en}}</ref> * ২০০৭ – NightMoves বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী (দৰ্শকৰ বিচাৰ)<ref name="2007 NightMoves">https://www.xbiz.com/news/100572/nightmoves-winners-announced</ref> * ২০০৮ – AVN বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী – ভিডিঅ' – ''Upload''<ref name="Rutter"/> * ২০০৮ – AVN বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ একক যৌন দৃশ্য – ভিডিঅ' – ''Upload''<ref name="Rutter"/> * ২০০৮ – Adult DVD Empire – এম্পায়াৰ গাৰ্ল<ref>[https://www.xbiz.com/news/89154/eva-angelina-wins-empire-girl-contest Eva Angelina wins Empire Girl Contest] xbiz.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830024551/https://www.xbiz.com/news/89154/eva-angelina-wins-empire-girl-contest |date=৩০ আগষ্ট ২০২৩ }}</ref> * ২০০৮ – XBIZ বঁটা – বৰ্ষৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ মহিলা অভিনয়শিল্পী<ref name="2008 XBIZ"/> * ২০০৮ – XRCO বঁটা – একক দৃশ্যত শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অভিনেত্ৰী – ''Upload''<ref name="2008 XRCO"/> * ২০০৮ – NightMoves বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অল-সেক্স গঞ্জো মুক্তি (সম্পাদকৰ বিচাৰ) – ''E for Eva''<ref>https://www.xbiz.com/news/100572/nightmoves-winners-announced</ref> * ২০১০ – AVN বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ ছোৱালীৰ দলগত যৌন দৃশ্য – ''Deviance''<ref name="2010 AVN"/> * ২০১০ – XBIZ বঁটা – বৰ্ষৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পৰ্নষ্টাৰ ৱেবছাইট<ref name="Katz"/> * ২০১০ – XRCO বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ কামবেক<ref name="2010 XRCO"/> * ২০১০ জুন – ''Penthouse'' Pet of the Month<ref>https://penthousegold.com/models/eva-angelina.html</ref> * ২০১০ – Fame Registry বঁটা – দৰ্শকৰ পছন্দ<ref>https://www.xbiz.com/news/124714/fame-registry-announces-porn-award-winners</ref> * ২০১১ – AVN বঁটা – শ্ৰেষ্ঠ টিজ প্ৰদৰ্শন – ''Car Wash Girls''<ref name="2011 AVN"/> * ২০১১ – Fame Registry বঁটা – দৰ্শকৰ পছন্দ: আটাইতকৈ হট ব্ৰুনেট<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141003142309/http://www.fameregistry.com/top-100-porn-stars-of-2010/</ref> * ২০১২ – Fame Registry বঁটা – দৰ্শকৰ পছন্দ: আটাইতকৈ হট ব্ৰুনেট<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121225201120/https://www.fameregistry.com/awards/</ref> * ২০১৮ – AVN Hall of Fame সদস্যপদ লাভ<ref name="Roland 2018">{{cite web |last1=Roland |first1=John |title=Class of 2018: Meet the New AVN Hall of Famers |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2018-meet-the-new-avn-hall-of-famers-755332.html |website=Adult Video News |access-date=২০ জানুৱাৰী ২০২৩ |date=৬ জানুৱাৰী ২০১৮}}</ref> ==তথ্যসূত্ৰ== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="2007 NightMoves">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/3639.html |title=2007 NightMoves Award Winners Announced |website=Adult Video News |date=October 11, 2007 |access-date= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308001954/http://business.avn.com/articles/3639.html |archive-date=March 8, 2010}}</ref> <ref name="2008 XBIZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.xbizawards.com/theshow.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212161056/http://xbizawards.com/theshow.php |archive-date=February 12, 2008 |title=2008 XBIZ Awards Winners |date=February 15, 2008 |publisher=[[XBIZ]]}}</ref> <ref name="2008 XRCO">{{cite web |title=XRCO |publisher=XRCO.com |url=http://xrco.com/ |access-date=February 23, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="2010 AVN">{{cite web |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2010-avn-award-winners-announced-378238.html |title=2010 AVN Award Winners Announced |last=Roland |first=John |date=13 January 2010 |website=www.AVN.com |publisher=AVN |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="2010 XRCO">{{cite web |title=2010 XRCO Award Winners Announced |website=Adult Video News |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2010-xrco-award-winners-announced-395384.html |last=Warren |first=Peter |date=30 April 2010 |access-date=10 April 2022}}</ref> <ref name="2011 AVN">{{cite web |title=AVN Announces the Winners of the 2011 AVN Awards |website=Adult Video News |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/avn-announces-the-winners-of-the-2011-avn-awards-421782.html |date=January 9, 2011 |access-date=}}</ref> <ref name="Andersson">{{cite magazine |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/adultvideonews-march-2005-fresh-off-the-bus-eva-angelina-44719.html |title=ADULTVIDEONEWS MARCH 2005 - FRESH OFF THE BUS - Eva Angelina |access-date= |first=Acme |last=Andersson |date=March 1, 2005 |magazine=Adult Video News}}</ref> <ref name="Cherry">{{cite web |url=http://xtrememagazine.com/index.php/eva-avangelina.html |title=Eva Angelina: Sizzling Hot |first=Maya |last=Cherry |publisher=Xtreme Magazine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731204403/http://xtrememagazine.com/index.php/eva-avangelina.html |archive-date=July 31, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="Churchward">{{cite web |url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/4042622.From_a_Saint_to_a_porn_star/ |title=Ex-Saint Danny Mountain has a new career as a porn star in America |first=Sally |last=Churchward |date=January 13, 2009 |work=[[The Northern Echo]] |access-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Katz">{{cite web |title=XBIZ Awards 2010 Winners Announced |publisher=XBiz.com |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/117447/xbiz-awards-2010-winners-announced?ln=web |first=Lyla |last=Katz |date=February 11, 2010 |access-date=}}</ref> <ref name="Miller 2014">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/porn-veteran-eva-angelina-is-now-a-real-estate-agent-666/ |title=Porn Veteran Eva Angelina Is Now A Real Estate Agent |access-date= |first=Marissa |last=Miller |date=August 24, 2014 |magazine=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref> <ref name="Perry">{{Cite magazine |first=Dianne |last=Perry |date=March 2008 |title=Eva Angelina: 2008's Hottest Girl in Porn |magazine=Stiletto Magazine |location=Los Angeles |page=4}}</ref> <ref name="Rutter">{{cite magazine |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/2759.html |title=2008 AVN Awards Winners Announced |first=Jared |last=Rutter |date=January 12, 2008 |magazine=Adult Video News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228062450/http://business.avn.com/articles/2759.html |archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref> }} [[শ্ৰেণী:পৰ্ণষ্টাৰ]] ndxisi8pojdut2mukwabbojpggpwtkt 0 122882 518878 2025-06-17T11:02:56Z Dipankar Das 36094 "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1296027024|Materialists (film)]]" পৃষ্ঠাৰ অনুবাদেৰে সৃষ্টি কৰা হৈছে 518878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | image = Materalists Poster.jpg | caption = চিত্ৰগৃহত মুক্তিৰ পোষ্টাৰ | director = চেলিন ছং | writer = চেলিন ছং | producer = {{Plainlist| * ডেভিড হিনোজোছা * ক্রিষ্টিন ভাচন * পামেলা কʼফ্লাৰ * চেলিন ছং }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[ডাকোটা জনছন]] * [[ক্ৰিছ ইভান্স (অভিনেতা)|ক্ৰিছ ইভান্স]] * পেড্ৰʼ পাস্কেল }} | cinematography = শ্বেবিয়েৰ কিৰ্চনাৰ | editing = কিথ ফ্ৰেজ | music = ডেনিয়েল পেম্বাৰ্টন | studio = {{Plainlist| * টুএএম * কিলাৰ ফিল্মছ }} | distributor = এ২৪<br>(আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ)<br> চনী পিকচাৰ্ছ ৰিলিজিং ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল<br>ষ্টেজ ৬ ফিল্মছ<ref>{{cite web |title=MATERIALISTS {{!}} Stage6 |url=https://www.stage6films.com/movies/materialists |website=[[Stage 6 Films]] |publisher=[[Sony Pictures Digital Productions]] |access-date=18 April 2025 |archive-date=April 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419083058/https://stage6films.com/movies/materialists |url-status=live }}</ref><br>(আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়) | released = {{Film date|2025|06|13}} | runtime = ১১৭ মিনিট<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=''MATERIALISTS'' |url=https://www.consumerprotectionbc.ca/motion-picture-ratings/classification-details/?cpbc_id=606649 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=[[British Columbia Film Classification Office]] |language=en-CA}}</ref> | country = [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | language = [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী]] | budget = $২০ মিলিয়ন<ref name=Deadline-Budget/> | gross = $১৫.৫ মিলিয়ন<ref name=NUM>{{Cite web |title= Materialists – Financial Information |url= https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Materialists-(2025)#tab=summary|website=The Numbers |access-date=June 15, 2025}}</ref> }} '''''মেটেৰিয়েলিষ্টছ''''' ({{Lang-en|Materialists}}) হʼল ২০২৫ চনত মুক্তিপ্ৰাপ্ত, চেলিন ছঙৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত তথা পৰিচালিত, এখন [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ|আমেৰিকীয়]] প্ৰণয়ধৰ্মী চলচ্চিত্ৰ। ছবিখনত ডাকোটা জনছন, ক্ৰিছ ইভান্স, জো উইণ্টাৰছ, মেৰিন আয়াৰলেণ্ড, লুইছা জেকবছন আৰু পেড্ৰʼ পাস্কেলে মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছে৷ ছবিখন [[নিউয়ৰ্ক মহানগৰ]]ৰ বিলাসীতা-চালিত ডেটিং সংস্কৃতিৰ পটভূমিত নিৰ্মিত। ছবিখনত এগৰাকী ঘটক (Matchmaker), তেওঁৰ উচ্চাকাংক্ষী প্ৰাক্তন প্ৰেমিক (পেচাত অভিনেতা) আৰু এগৰাকী মনোমোহা কোটিপতিৰ মাজৰ প্ৰেমকাহিনী (Love triangle)ক চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। এই ছবিখন ''পাষ্ট লাইভছ'' (২০২৩)ৰ পিছত চেলিন ছঙৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত দ্বিতীয়খন চলচ্চিত্ৰ। পৰিচালকৰ পূৰ্বৰ ছবিখনৰ দৰে এই ছবিখনতো অন্তৰংগতা, পৰিচয় আৰু আধুনিক সম্পৰ্কৰ অন্বেষণৰ দৰে বৈশিষ্ট্যবোৰ ফুটি উঠিছে। কিলাৰ ফিল্মছ আৰু টুএএমৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰযোজিত এই ছবিখনে ২০২৫ চনৰ ১৩ জুন তাৰিখে এ২৪-ৰ সহযোগিতাত আমেৰিকাত মুক্তি পায় আৰু চনী পিকচাৰ্ছ ৰিলিজিং ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ত ছবিখনৰ বিতৰণ কৰে। ছবিখনে সমালোচকসকলৰ পৰা ইতিবাচক সমালোচনা লাভ কৰিছিল। == অভিনয় শিল্পী == * লুচিৰ চৰিত্ৰত [[ডাকোটা জনছন]] * জনৰ চৰিত্ৰত [[ক্ৰিছ ইভান্স (অভিনেতা)|ক্ৰিছ ইভান্স]] * হেৰী কাষ্টিলোৰ চৰিত্ৰত পেড্ৰ’ পাস্কেল * ছফীৰ চৰিত্ৰত জোৱে উইণ্টাৰছ * ভায়োলেটৰ চৰিত্ৰত মেৰিন আয়াৰলেণ্ড * ডেইজীৰ চৰিত্ৰত দশা নেক্ৰাছোভা * চাৰ্লটৰ চৰিত্ৰত লুইছা জেকবছন * মেছনৰ চৰিত্ৰত ছয়িয়াৰ স্পিলবাৰ্গ * ৰবাৰ্টৰ চৰিত্ৰত এডি কেহিল * ট্ৰেভৰৰ চৰিত্ৰত জোচেফ লীয়ে * মাৰ্ক পিৰ চৰিত্ৰত জন মাগাৰো (কণ্ঠ) * বিবাহৰ সংগীতশিল্পীৰ চৰিত্ৰত বেবী ৰোজ == মুক্তি == এ২৪-ৰ সহযোগিতাত ২০২৫ চনৰ ১৩ জুন তাৰিখে ''মেটেৰিয়েলিষ্টছ'' ছবিখনে আমেৰিকাৰ চিত্ৰগৃহত মুক্তি পাইছিল। চনী পিকচাৰ্ছৰ<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taysom|first=Joe|date=2025-05-22|title='Materialists' reveal new trailer and international release date|url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/celine-song-materialists-starring-dakota-johnson-pedro-pescal/|accessdate=2025-05-22|work=[[Far Out (website)|Far Out]]}}</ref> সহযোগিতাত ২০২৫ চনৰ ১৬ আগষ্ট তাৰিখে ছবিখনে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ত মুক্তি পায়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=March 4, 2025|title=A24 Sets Summer Release For Celine Song's Matchmaker Movie 'Materialists'|url=https://deadline.com/2025/03/chris-evans-dakota-johnson-materialists-release-date-1236310170/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408014000/https://deadline.com/2025/03/chris-evans-dakota-johnson-materialists-release-date-1236310170/|archivedate=April 8, 2025|accessdate=March 4, 2025|work=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Keslassy|first=Elsa|date=2024-02-18|title=Sony Pictures Buys International Rights to Celine Song's ''Materialists'' at the EFM|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/global/sony-pictures-celine-songs-materialists-efm-1235915404/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318220129/https://variety.com/2024/film/global/sony-pictures-celine-songs-materialists-efm-1235915404/|archivedate=March 18, 2025|accessdate=2024-08-22|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> == তথ্য উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == {{IMDb title|id=30253473}} [[শ্ৰেণী:২০২৫ বৰ্ষৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইংৰাজী চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] bosoog2vymc4zghptj6wg9jzzsad74w 518882 518878 2025-06-17T11:08:54Z Dipankar Das 36094 [[ৱিকিপিডিয়া:লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰক|লাচিত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰকৰ]] সহায়ত বৰ্ণাশুদ্ধি নিবাৰণ কৰা হ’ল। 518882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | image = Materalists Poster.jpg | caption = চিত্ৰগৃহত মুক্তিৰ পোষ্টাৰ | director = চেলিন ছং | writer = চেলিন ছং | producer = {{Plainlist| * ডেভিড হিনোজোছা * ক্ৰিষ্টিন ভাচন * পামেলা কʼফ্লাৰ * চেলিন ছং }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[ডাকোটা জনছন]] * [[ক্ৰিছ ইভান্স (অভিনেতা)|ক্ৰিছ ইভান্স]] * পেড্ৰʼ পাস্কেল }} | cinematography = শ্বেবিয়েৰ কিৰ্চনাৰ | editing = কিথ ফ্ৰেজ | music = ডেনিয়েল পেম্বাৰ্টন | studio = {{Plainlist| * টুএএম * কিলাৰ ফিল্মছ }} | distributor = এ২৪<br>(আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ)<br> চনী পিকচাৰ্ছ ৰিলিজিং ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেল<br>ষ্টেজ ৬ ফিল্মছ<ref>{{cite web |title=MATERIALISTS {{!}} Stage6 |url=https://www.stage6films.com/movies/materialists |website=[[Stage 6 Films]] |publisher=[[Sony Pictures Digital Productions]] |access-date=18 April 2025 |archive-date=April 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419083058/https://stage6films.com/movies/materialists |url-status=live }}</ref><br>(আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়) | released = {{Film date|2025|06|13}} | runtime = ১১৭ মিনিট<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=''MATERIALISTS'' |url=https://www.consumerprotectionbc.ca/motion-picture-ratings/classification-details/?cpbc_id=606649 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=[[British Columbia Film Classification Office]] |language=en-CA}}</ref> | country = [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]] | language = [[ইংৰাজী ভাষা|ইংৰাজী]] | budget = $২০ মিলিয়ন<ref name=Deadline-Budget>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |last2=Tartaglione |first2=Nancy |title='How To Train Your Dragon' Won't Be Laggin' At The Summer Box Office With $175M-$185M Global Start For Live Action Redo – Preview |url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/how-to-train-your-dragon-box-office-preview-1236429912/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=June 10, 2025|access-date=June 10, 2025}}</ref> | gross = $১৫.৫ মিলিয়ন<ref name=NUM>{{Cite web |title= Materialists – Financial Information |url= https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Materialists-(2025)#tab=summary|website=The Numbers |access-date=June 15, 2025}}</ref> }} '''''মেটেৰিয়েলিষ্টছ''''' ({{Lang-en|Materialists}}) হʼল ২০২৫ চনত মুক্তিপ্ৰাপ্ত, চেলিন ছঙৰ দ্বাৰা ৰচিত তথা পৰিচালিত, এখন [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ|আমেৰিকীয়]] প্ৰণয়ধৰ্মী চলচ্চিত্ৰ। ছবিখনত ডাকোটা জনছন, ক্ৰিছ ইভান্স, জো উইণ্টাৰছ, মেৰিন আয়াৰলেণ্ড, লুইছা জেকবছন আৰু পেড্ৰʼ পাস্কেলে মুখ্য চৰিত্ৰত অভিনয় কৰিছে। ছবিখন [[নিউয়ৰ্ক মহানগৰ]]ৰ বিলাসিতা-চালিত ডেটিং সংস্কৃতিৰ পটভূমিত নিৰ্মিত। ছবিখনত এগৰাকী ঘটক (Matchmaker), তেওঁৰ উচ্চাকাংক্ষী প্ৰাক্তন প্ৰেমিক (পেচাত অভিনেতা) আৰু এগৰাকী মনোমোহা কোটিপতিৰ মাজৰ প্ৰেমকাহিনী (Love triangle)ক চিত্ৰিত কৰা হৈছে। এই ছবিখন ''পাষ্ট লাইভছ'' (২০২৩)ৰ পিছত চেলিন ছঙৰ দ্বাৰা পৰিচালিত দ্বিতীয়খন চলচ্চিত্ৰ। পৰিচালকৰ পূৰ্বৰ ছবিখনৰ দৰে এই ছবিখনতো অন্তৰংগতা, পৰিচয় আৰু আধুনিক সম্পৰ্কৰ অন্বেষণৰ দৰে বৈশিষ্ট্যবোৰ ফুটি উঠিছে। কিলাৰ ফিল্মছ আৰু টুএএমৰ দ্বাৰা প্ৰযোজিত এই ছবিখনে ২০২৫ চনৰ ১৩ জুন তাৰিখে এ২৪-ৰ সহযোগিতাত আমেৰিকাত মুক্তি পায় আৰু চনী পিকচাৰ্ছ ৰিলিজিং ইণ্টাৰনেশ্যনেলে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ত ছবিখনৰ বিতৰণ কৰে। ছবিখনে সমালোচকসকলৰ পৰা ইতিবাচক সমালোচনা লাভ কৰিছিল। == অভিনয় শিল্পী == * লুচিৰ চৰিত্ৰত [[ডাকোটা জনছন]] * জনৰ চৰিত্ৰত [[ক্ৰিছ ইভান্স (অভিনেতা)|ক্ৰিছ ইভান্স]] * হেৰী কাষ্টিলোৰ চৰিত্ৰত পেড্ৰ’ পাস্কেল * ছফীৰ চৰিত্ৰত জোৱে উইণ্টাৰছ * ভায়োলেটৰ চৰিত্ৰত মেৰিন আয়াৰলেণ্ড * ডেইজীৰ চৰিত্ৰত দশা নেক্ৰাছোভা * চাৰ্লটৰ চৰিত্ৰত লুইছা জেকবছন * মেছনৰ চৰিত্ৰত ছয়িয়াৰ স্পিলবাৰ্গ * ৰবাৰ্টৰ চৰিত্ৰত এডি কেহিল * ট্ৰেভৰৰ চৰিত্ৰত জোচেফ লীয়ে * মাৰ্ক পিৰ চৰিত্ৰতজন মাগাৰো (কণ্ঠ) * বিবাহৰ সংগীতশিল্পীৰ চৰিত্ৰত বেবী ৰোজ == মুক্তি == এ২৪-ৰ সহযোগিতাত ২০২৫ চনৰ ১৩ জুন তাৰিখে ''মেটেৰিয়েলিষ্টছ'' ছবিখনে আমেৰিকাৰ চিত্ৰগৃহত মুক্তি পাইছিল। চনী পিকচাৰ্ছৰ<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taysom|first=Joe|date=2025-05-22|title='Materialists' reveal new trailer and international release date|url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/celine-song-materialists-starring-dakota-johnson-pedro-pescal/|accessdate=2025-05-22|work=[[Far Out (website)|Far Out]]}}</ref> সহযোগিতাত ২০২৫ চনৰ ১৬ আগষ্ট তাৰিখে ছবিখনে আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় পৰ্যায়ত মুক্তি পায়।<ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=March 4, 2025|title=A24 Sets Summer Release For Celine Song's Matchmaker Movie 'Materialists'|url=https://deadline.com/2025/03/chris-evans-dakota-johnson-materialists-release-date-1236310170/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408014000/https://deadline.com/2025/03/chris-evans-dakota-johnson-materialists-release-date-1236310170/|archivedate=April 8, 2025|accessdate=March 4, 2025|work=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Keslassy|first=Elsa|date=2024-02-18|title=Sony Pictures Buys International Rights to Celine Song's ''Materialists'' at the EFM|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/global/sony-pictures-celine-songs-materialists-efm-1235915404/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318220129/https://variety.com/2024/film/global/sony-pictures-celine-songs-materialists-efm-1235915404/|archivedate=March 18, 2025|accessdate=2024-08-22|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> == তথ্য উৎস == {{Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == {{IMDb title|id=30253473}} [[শ্ৰেণী:২০২৫ বৰ্ষৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] [[শ্ৰেণী:ইংৰাজী চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] 7eg6uqz0lsurd9zk0n2u5xr4phlebao 6 122883 518879 2025-06-17T11:05:11Z Dipankar Das 36094 518879 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 518880 518879 2025-06-17T11:05:46Z Dipankar Das 36094 518880 wikitext text/x-wiki == সাৰাংশ == {{Non-free use rationale 2 |Description = This is a poster for ''Materialists''. |Source = http://www.impawards.com/2025/materialists_xlg.html |Author = [[A24]] / [[Sony Pictures Releasing International]] |Article = Materialists (film) |Purpose = to serve as the primary means of visual identification at the top of the article dedicated to the work in question. |Replaceability = Any derivative work based upon the cover art would be a copyright violation, so creation of a free image is not possible. |Minimality = Main infobox. The image is used for identification in the context of critical commentary of the work, product or service for which it serves as poster art. It makes a significant contribution to the user's understanding of the article, which could not practically be conveyed by words alone. The image is placed in the infobox at the top of the article discussing the work, to show the primary visual image associated with the work, and to help the user quickly identify the work, product or service and know they have found what they are looking for. Use for this purpose does not compete with the purposes of the original artwork, namely the creator providing graphic design services, and in turn the marketing of the promoted item. |Commercial = The use of a low resolution image of a work's cover will not impact the commercial viability of the work. }} == অনুজ্ঞাপত্ৰ == {{Non-free film poster|image_has_rationale=yes|2020s American film posters}} 5i9bzoikfb1t9x2rt3smfgqbduevxsb 0 122884 518881 2025-06-17T11:06:17Z Dipankar Das 36094 [[মেটেৰিয়েলিষ্টছ (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)]]-লৈ পুনৰ্নিৰ্দেশ কৰা হ'ল 518881 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[মেটেৰিয়েলিষ্টছ (চলচ্চিত্ৰ)]] efr795ohsnv49cm1rrkmz0u5p5s9gnj